title: Acute Toxicity and Determination of the Active Constituents of Aqueous Extract of Uncaria tomentosa Bark in Hyphessobrycon eques.
abstract: Uncaria tomentosa is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine by Amazon tribes. In this study the constituents of aqueous extract of U. tomentosa bark were quantified by chromatographic technique and its lethal concentration 50 (48 h) in Hyphessobrycon eques was determined. The chromatography showed high levels of oxindole alkaloids, quinovic acid glycosides, and low molecular weight polyphenols. The CL50 48 h was 1816 mg/L. Fish showed behavior changes at concentrations above 2000 mg/L, accompanied by a significant decrease of dissolved oxygen. At the highest concentration 100% mortality was observed attributed to oxygen reduction by the amount of oxindole alkaloids, polyphenols accumulation of the extract in the gills, and the interaction of these compounds with dopamine. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of U. tomentosa did not alter the chemical components and it was shown that U. tomentosa has low toxicity to H. eques; therefore, it can be used safely in this species.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Center of UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1959-4350
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yunis Aguinaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Claudiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Marcusso
authors.affiliation: Weed Science Environmental Research Studies Centre of UNESP, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ikefuti
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silas F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.affiliation: Weed Science Environmental Research Studies Centre of UNESP, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudinei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Center of UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil ; Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliet R E
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Center of UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: João B K
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fernandes
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