title: Caffeine and alcohol intakes and overall nutrient adequacy are associated with longitudinal cognitive performance among U.S. adults.
abstract: Among modifiable lifestyle factors, diet may affect cognitive health. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations may exist between dietary exposures [e.g., caffeine (mg/d), alcohol (g/d), and nutrient adequacy] and cognitive performance and change over time. This was a prospective cohort study, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (n = 628-1305 persons depending on the cognitive outcome; ∼2 visits/person). Outcomes included 10 cognitive scores, spanning various domains of cognition. Caffeine and alcohol intakes and a nutrient adequacy score (NAS) were estimated from 7-d food diaries. Among key findings, caffeine intake was associated with better baseline global cognition among participants with a baseline age (Agebase) of ≥70 y. A higher NAS was associated with better baseline global cognition performance (overall, women, Agebase <70 y), better baseline verbal memory (immediate and delayed recall, Agebase ≥70 y), and slower rate of decline or faster improvement in the attention domain (women). For an Agebase of <70 y, alcohol consumption was associated with slower improvement on letter fluency and global cognition over time. Conversely, for an Agebase of ≥70 y and among women, alcohol intake was related to better baseline attention and working memory. In sum, patterns of diet and cognition associations indicate stratum-specific associations by sex and baseline age. The general observed trend was that of putative beneficial effects of caffeine intake and nutrient adequacy on domains of global cognition, verbal memory, and attention, and mixed effects of alcohol on domains of letter fluency, attention, and working memory. Further longitudinal studies conducted on larger samples of adults are needed to determine whether dietary factors individually or in combination are modifiers of cognitive trajectories among adults.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program (NIA/NIH/IRP), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD baydounm@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: May A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program (NIA/NIH/IRP), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Alyssa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gamaldo
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA.
authors.forename: Hind A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Beydoun
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program (NIA/NIH/IRP), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA; and.
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Sameera A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Talegawkar
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program (NIA/NIH/IRP), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Program (NIA/NIH/IRP), National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D063427:Food Quality; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
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