title: Quantification of crystalline cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy and comparison with other analytical methods.
abstract: The non-centrosymmetry requirement of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy allows the detection and quantification of crystalline cellulose in lignocellulose biomass without spectral interferences from hemicelluloses and lignin. This paper shows a correlation between the amount of crystalline cellulose in biomass and the SFG signal intensity. Model biomass samples were prepared by mixing commercially available cellulose, xylan, and lignin to defined concentrations. The SFG signal intensity was found sensitive to a wide range of crystallinity, but varied non-linearly with the mass fraction of cellulose in the samples. This might be due to the matrix effects such as light scattering and absorption by xylan and lignin, as well as the non-linear density dependence of the SFG process itself. Comparison with other techniques such as XRD, FT-Raman, FT-IR and NMR demonstrate that SFG can be a complementary and sensitive tool to assess crystalline cellulose in biomass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Barnette
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Yong Bum
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heenae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sunkyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Seong H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D003460:Crystallization; D008031:Lignin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014732:Vibration; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C036909:lignocellulose; D008031:Lignin