title: Torsion and antero-posterior bending in the in vivo human tibia loading regimes during walking and running.
abstract: Bending, in addition to compression, is recognized to be a common loading pattern in long bones in animals. However, due to the technical difficulty of measuring bone deformation in humans, our current understanding of bone loading patterns in humans is very limited. In the present study, we hypothesized that bending and torsion are important loading regimes in the human tibia. In vivo tibia segment deformation in humans was assessed during walking and running utilizing a novel optical approach. Results suggest that the proximal tibia primarily bends to the posterior (bending angle: 0.15°-1.30°) and medial aspect (bending angle: 0.38°-0.90°) and that it twists externally (torsion angle: 0.67°-1.66°) in relation to the distal tibia during the stance phase of overground walking at a speed between 2.5 and 6.1 km/h. Peak posterior bending and peak torsion occurred during the first and second half of stance phase, respectively. The peak-to-peak antero-posterior (AP) bending angles increased linearly with vertical ground reaction force and speed. Similarly, peak-to-peak torsion angles increased with the vertical free moment in four of the five test subjects and with the speed in three of the test subjects. There was no correlation between peak-to-peak medio-lateral (ML) bending angles and ground reaction force or speed. On the treadmill, peak-to-peak AP bending angles increased with walking and running speed, but peak-to-peak torsion angles and peak-to-peak ML bending angles remained constant during walking. Peak-to-peak AP bending angle during treadmill running was speed-dependent and larger than that observed during walking. In contrast, peak-to-peak tibia torsion angle was smaller during treadmill running than during walking. To conclude, bending and torsion of substantial magnitude were observed in the human tibia during walking and running. A systematic distribution of peak amplitude was found during the first and second parts of the stance phase.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China; Division of Space Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Peng-Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanno
authors.affiliation: Division of Space Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Bergita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganse
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Timmo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Gert-Peter
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Division of Space Physiology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rittweger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1994 Aug;9(8):1143-52
references.pmid: 7976496
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1982 Dec;101:187-211
references.pmid: 7166694
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Oct;78(10):1523-33
references.pmid: 8876580
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(4):845-50
references.pmid: 16682046
references.citation: J Sports Med. 1974 Jul-Aug;2(4):189-98
references.pmid: 4468337
references.citation: J Biomech. 2007;40(15):3503-9
references.pmid: 17662295
references.citation: J Biomech. 2006;39(15):2819-25
references.pmid: 16289078
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1986 Jul;123:383-400
references.pmid: 3746195
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Oct;12(10):1737-45
references.pmid: 9333136
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1988 Mar 7;131(1):75-92
references.pmid: 3419194
references.citation: Bone. 1996 May;18(5):405-10
references.pmid: 8739897
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 Feb;123(2):156-71
references.pmid: 14730649
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2007 Aug;210(Pt 15):2676-90
references.pmid: 17644682
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Aug;44(8):1580-8
references.pmid: 22330024
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2003 Apr;37(2):160-3
references.pmid: 12663360
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Apr 24;8(4):e62172
references.pmid: 23637993
references.citation: J Biomech. 2010 Feb 10;43(3):387-96
references.pmid: 19880120
references.citation: J Biomech. 1992 Jun;25(6):645-50
references.pmid: 1517259
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1997 Jun;12(6):982-8
references.pmid: 9169359
references.citation: Bone. 2006 Jan;38(1):105-11
references.pmid: 16182625
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2004 Jul;207(Pt 15):2577-88
references.pmid: 15201290
references.citation: Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2012 Nov;226(11):838-47
references.pmid: 23185954
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Oct;30(10):1537-42
references.pmid: 9789855
references.citation: Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009 Mar;24(3):299-302
references.pmid: 19185959
references.citation: J Biomech. 1983;16(8):565-76
references.pmid: 6643529
references.citation: J Bone Miner Res. 1996 Sep;11(9):1356-63
references.pmid: 8864911
references.citation: J Anat. 2010 Apr;216(4):470-81
references.pmid: 20136670
references.citation: J Biomech. 1992 Apr;25(4):347-57
references.pmid: 1583014
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Oct 22;359(6397):726-9
references.pmid: 1436035
references.citation: Osteoporos Int. 2009 Jan;20(1):61-70
references.pmid: 18496638
references.citation: J Invest Surg. 1992 Apr-Jun;5(2):91-108
references.pmid: 1610745
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2010 Feb;31(2):218-22
references.pmid: 19926481
references.citation: J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011 Mar;11(1):8-20
references.pmid: 21364270
references.citation: J Biomech. 2006;39(5):781-90
references.pmid: 16488217
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2000 Jun;34(3):195-9
references.pmid: 10854019
references.citation: J Biomech. 2001 May;34(5):693-8
references.pmid: 11311711
references.citation: J Biomech. 1997 Jan;30(1):49-56
references.pmid: 8970924
references.citation: Bone. 2004 Sep;35(3):750-9
references.pmid: 15336612
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1984 Mar 21;107(2):321-7
references.pmid: 6717041
references.citation: J Biomed Eng. 1992 Jul;14(4):293-302
references.pmid: 1513134
references.citation: J Biomech. 1993 Dec;26(12):1473-7
references.pmid: 8308052
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 1999 Mar;202(Pt 5):543-52
references.pmid: 9929457
references.citation: J Biomech. 2004 Apr;37(4):541-8
references.pmid: 14996566
references.citation: Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2005 Jan;282(1):49-66
references.pmid: 15584036
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1983 May;105(2):136-44
references.pmid: 6865355
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 1998 May;106(1):87-100
references.pmid: 9590526
references.citation: J Biomech. 2010 Aug 10;43(11):2164-73
references.pmid: 20537336
references.citation: Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009 May;24(4):315-26
references.pmid: 19285767
references.citation: J Morphol. 1999 Jun;240(3):237-49
references.pmid: 10367398
references.citation: J Biomech. 1991;24 Suppl 1:19-29
references.pmid: 1791177
references.citation: J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18(6):305-16
references.pmid: 11052462
references.citation: Am J Phys Anthropol. 2001 Dec;116(4):257-65
references.pmid: 11745077
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 1997 Nov;15(6):927-31
references.pmid: 9497820
references.citation: J Biomech. 1992 Sep;25(9):1081-7
references.pmid: 1517269
references.citation: J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2014 Mar;14(1):95-103
references.pmid: 24583544