title: Timelier notification and action with mobile phones-towards malaria elimination in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surveillance with timely follow-up of diagnosed cases is a key component of the malaria elimination strategy in South Africa. The strategy requires each malaria case to be reported within 24 hours, and a case should be followed up within 48 hours. However, reporting delays are common in rural parts of the country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A technical framework was implemented and for eight months a nurse was hired to use a smartphone to report malaria cases to the provincial malaria control programme, from selected primary health care clinics in a rural, malaria-endemic area in South Africa. In addition, a short text message (SMS) notification was sent to the local malaria case investigator for each positive case. The objective was to assess whether reporting over the smartphone led to timelier notification and follow-up of the cases. An evaluation on the simplicity, flexibility, stability, acceptability, and usability of the framework was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using mobile reporting, 18 of 23 cases had basic information entered into the provincial malaria information system within 24 hours. For the study period, the complete case information was entered two to three weeks earlier with the mobile reporting than from other clinics. A major improvement was seen in the number of positive cases being followed up within 48 hours. In 2011/2012, only one case out of 22 reported from the same study clinics was followed up within this timeframe. During the study period in 2012/2013, 15 cases out of 23 were followed up within two days. For the other clinics in the area, only a small improvement was seen between the two periods, in the proportion of cases that was followed up within 48 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SMS notification for each diagnosed malaria case improved the timeliness of data transmission, was acceptable to users and was technically feasible in this rural area. For the malaria case investigations, time to follow-up improved compared to other clinics. Although malaria case numbers in the study were small, the results of the qualitative and quantitative evaluations are convincing and consideration should be given to larger-scale use within the national malaria control programme.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Surveillance and Response, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Gauteng, South Africa. vanessaq@nicd.ac.za.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hulth
authors.forename: Gerdalize
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.forename: Lucille
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blumberg
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012423:Rural Health; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors
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