title: Neuroimaging of mobility in aging: a targeted review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between mobility and cognition in aging is well established, but the relationship between mobility and the structure and function of the aging brain is relatively unknown. This, in part, is attributed to the technological limitations of most neuroimaging procedures, which require the individual to be immobile or in a supine position. Herein, we provide a targeted review of neuroimaging studies of mobility in aging to promote (i) a better understanding of this relationship, (ii) future research in this area, and (iii) development of applications for improving mobility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included (i) aging, older adults, or elderly; (ii) gait, walking, balance, or mobility; and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based morphometry, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, event-related potential, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor mobility outcomes were reliably associated with reduced gray and white matter volume. Fewer studies examined the relationship between changes in task-related brain activation and mobility performance. Extant findings, however, showed that activation patterns in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal and frontal cortices were related to mobility. Increased involvement of the prefrontal cortex was evident in both imagined walking conditions and conditions where the cognitive demands of locomotion were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortical control of gait in aging is bilateral, widespread, and dependent on the integrity of both gray and white matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York. Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York. roee.holtzer@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Roee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holtzer
authors.affiliation: Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Jeannette R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.affiliation: Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Meltem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izzetoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Helena M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blumen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Balance; Brain aging.; Cognition; Gait; Neuroimaging
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