title: The effect of fractal contact lenses on peripheral refraction in myopic model eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test multizone contact lenses in model eyes: Fractal Contact Lenses (FCLs), designed to induce myopic peripheral refractive error (PRE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Zemax ray-tracing software was employed to simulate myopic and accommodation-dependent model eyes fitted with FCLs. PRE, defined in terms of mean sphere M and 90°-180° astigmatism J180, was computed at different peripheral positions, ranging from 0 to 35° in steps of 5°, and for different pupil diameters (PDs). Simulated visual performance and changes in the PRE were also analyzed for contact lens decentration and model eye accommodation. For comparison purposes, the same simulations were performed with another commercially available contact lens designed for the same intended use: the Dual Focus (DF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PRE was greater with FCL than with DF when both designs were tested for a 3.5 mm PD, and with and without decentration of the lenses. However, PRE depended on PD with both multizone lenses, with a remarkable reduction of the myopic relative effect for a PD of 5.5 mm. The myopic PRE with contact lenses decreased as the myopic refractive error increased, but this could be compensated by increasing the power of treatment zones. A peripheral myopic shift was also induced by the FCLs in the accommodated model eye. In regard to visual performance, a myopia under-correction with reference to the circle of least confusion was obtained in all cases for a 5.5 mm PD. The ghost images, generated by treatment zones of FCL, were dimmer than the ones produced with DF lens of the same power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCLs produce a peripheral myopic defocus without compromising central vision in photopic conditions. FCLs have several design parameters that can be varied to obtain optimum results: lens diameter, number of zones, addition and asphericity; resulting in a very promising customized lens for the treatment of myopia progression.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Tecnologías Físicas, Universitat Politècnica de València , Valencia , Spain and.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Vallejo
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benlloch
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Monsoriu
authors.forename: Walter D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Furlan
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Contact lenses; model eyes; myopia; myopia progression; peripheral refraction