title: Development of a non-invasive polysomnography technique for dogs (Canis familiaris).
abstract: Recently dogs (Canis familiaris) have been demonstrated to be a promising model species for studying human behavior as they have adapted to the human niche and developed human-like socio-cognitive skills. Research on dog behavior, however, has so far almost exclusively focused on awake functioning. Here we present a self-developed non-invasive canine polysomnography method that can easily be applied to naive pet dogs. N=22 adult pet dogs (with their owners present) and N=12 adult humans participated in Study I. From these subjects, N=7 dogs returned on two more occasions for Study II. In Study I, we give a descriptive analysis of the sleep electroencephalogram of the dog and compare it to human data. In order to validate our canine polysomnography method in Study II, we compare the sleep macrostructure and the EEG spectrum of dogs after a behaviorally active day without sleep versus passive day with sleep. In Study I, we found that dogs' sleep EEG resembled that of human subjects and was generally in accordance with previous literature using invasive technology. In Study II, we show that similarly to previous results on humans daytime load of novel experiences and sleep deprivation affects the macrostructural and spectral aspects of subsequent sleep. Our results validate the family dog as a model species for studying the effects of pre-sleep activities on the EEG pattern under natural conditions and, thus, broaden the perspectives of the rapidly growing fields of canine cognition and sleep research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary; Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: vargane.kis.anna@ttk.mta.hu.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kis
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Egry József u. 1, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: szurtrikk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sára
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Szakadát
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Enikő
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.affiliation: MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gácsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Egry József u. 1, Budapest, Hungary; Nyírő Gyula Hospital National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, H-1135 Lehel u. 59, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simor
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-2087 Egyetem u. 1, Piliscsaba, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gombos
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Topál
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös University, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, H-1117 Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Adám
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miklósi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary; Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, H-2087 Egyetem u. 1, Piliscsaba, Hungary.
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bódizs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000503:physiopathology; D013045:Species Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Canis familiaris; Day-time experience; Dog; Polysomnography; Sleep deprivation