title: Modeling and imaging cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently recognized as a multisystem disorder affecting several components of the central and peripheral nervous system. This new understanding of PD helps explain the complexity of the patients' symptoms while challenges researchers to identify new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Cardiac neurodegeneration and dysautonomia affect PD patients and are associated with orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and abnormal control of electrical heart activity. They can seriously impact daily life of PD patients, as these symptoms do not respond to classical anti-parkinsonian medications and can be worsened by them. New diagnostic tools and therapies aiming to prevent cardiac neurodegeneration and dysautonomia are needed. In this manuscript we critically review the relationship between the cardiovascular and nervous system in normal and PD conditions, current animal models of cardiac dysautonomia and the application of molecular imaging methods to visualize cardiac neurodegeneration. Our goal is to highlight current progress in the development of tools to understand cardiac neurodegeneration and dysautonomia and monitor the effects of novel therapies aiming for global neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53715, USA.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Joers
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI 53715, USA ; Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Marina E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Emborg
keywords: 11C-MHED; 18F-FDA; Parkinson’s disease; Positron emission tomography; SPECT; cardiac dysautonomia; sympathetic nervous system
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