title: Biochemical recurrence-free survival after robotic-assisted laparoscopic vs open radical prostatectomy for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival and predictors of BCR in intermediate-risk (IR) and high-risk (HR) patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) vs open radical prostatectomy (ORP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study on 1336 men with D'Amico IR or HR prostate cancer who underwent RALP or ORP between 2003 and 2009. Exclusion criteria were use of neoadjuvant therapy, <6 months of follow-up, and insufficient clinicopathologic data. We compared demographic, clinical, and pathologic variables between groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare the 5-year BCR-free survival between groups. Multivariate models were developed to determine whether surgical approach influences BCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 979 IR and HR patients (237 ORP and 742 RALP patients) met inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was shorter for RALP (43 vs 63 months; P<.001). ORP patients had a higher median prostate-specific antigen level (7.9 vs 6.7 ng/mL; P<.002), significantly more Gleason sum 8-10 tumors, and more adverse pathologic features overall. There was no difference in positive surgical margins between groups. Pathologic features including extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, lymph node involvement, pathologic Gleason sum, and positive surgical margin were significant independent predictors of BCR in multivariate analysis. Surgical approach (RALP vs ORP) did not predict BCR when controlling for other known predictors of BCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among IR and HR prostate cancer patients, the oncologic outcomes are similar between RALP and ORP. Not surprisingly, adverse pathologic features are harbingers of BCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: chad.ritch@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Chad R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ritch
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Chaochen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Alexandra T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: S Duke
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Herrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Penson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barocas
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods