title: Endosomal vesicles as vehicles for viral genomes.
abstract: The endocytic pathway is the principal cell entry pathway for large cargos and pathogens. Among the wide variety of specialized lipid structures within endosomes, the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed in early endosomes (EEs) and transferred to late endosomal compartments are emerging as critical effectors of viral infection and immune recognition. Various viruses deliver their genomes into these ILVs, which serve as vehicles to transport the genome to the nuclear periphery for replication. When secreted as exosomes, ILVs containing viral genomes can infect permissive cells or activate immune responses in myeloid cells. We therefore propose that endosomal ILVs and exosomes are key effectors of viral pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nour
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: yorgo.modis@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Yorgo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Modis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004705:Endocytosis; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000821:virology*; D053586:Virus Internalization
keywords: endosomal carrier vesicle; enveloped RNA virus cell entry; exocytic vaccine; infectious exosomes; intraluminal vesicle; virus egress by exocytosis
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jul 22;12(8):517-33
references.pmid: 21779028
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2003 Jul;4(7):723-8
references.pmid: 12783086
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;5(4):317-23
references.pmid: 15071556
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Aug 4;162(3):435-42
references.pmid: 12900395
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Apr 18;496(7445):367-71
references.pmid: 23542590
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Oct 18;12(4):558-70
references.pmid: 23084922
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 30;166(5):645-51
references.pmid: 15337774
references.citation: J Virol. 2010 Sep;84(17):8721-31
references.pmid: 20538858
references.citation: Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Aug;21(4):575-81
references.pmid: 19442504
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2002 Dec;3(12):1156-62
references.pmid: 12426563
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 6;110(32):13109-13
references.pmid: 23878230
references.citation: Traffic. 2003 Apr;4(4):222-31
references.pmid: 12694561
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Jan;85(1):422-31
references.pmid: 20980511
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Aug;7(8):808-16
references.pmid: 16025105
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2003;65:701-34
references.pmid: 12471163
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2009 May 15;315(9):1567-73
references.pmid: 19133258
references.citation: Virology. 2012 Jan 20;422(2):377-85
references.pmid: 22138215
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 19;271(29):17205-10
references.pmid: 8663431
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Mar 1;178(5):3177-85
references.pmid: 17312166
references.citation: J Virol. 2003 Jul;77(14):7856-62
references.pmid: 12829825
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 30;277(35):32157-64
references.pmid: 12065580
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2007 Nov;28(11):503-10
references.pmid: 17950666
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005;21:81-103
references.pmid: 16212488
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Jan;83(1):440-53
references.pmid: 18971266
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Mar 12;392(6672):193-7
references.pmid: 9515966
references.citation: Am J Med. 1989 Apr;86(4):391-9
references.pmid: 2494884
references.citation: Annu Rev Biophys. 2010;39:407-27
references.pmid: 20192774
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 1999 Jun;1(2):113-8
references.pmid: 10559883
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Aug 29;4(8):e1000141
references.pmid: 18769720
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2013 Nov 27;5(4):986-96
references.pmid: 24239351
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008 Jul;15(7):690-8
references.pmid: 18596815
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Dec 1;185(11):6608-16
references.pmid: 21048109
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 12;282(2):821-5
references.pmid: 17130120
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Oct 07;6(10):e1001131
references.pmid: 20949067
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Sep;82(18):9245-53
references.pmid: 18632857
references.citation: J Virol. 2004 Oct;78(20):10920-6
references.pmid: 15452212
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Dec 30;1585(2-3):53-63
references.pmid: 12531537
references.citation: Science. 2004 Jan 23;303(5657):531-4
references.pmid: 14739459
references.citation: EMBO J. 2011 Aug 31;30(17):3481-500
references.pmid: 21878991
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Apr 7;197(7):823-9
references.pmid: 12682107
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(9):e1003585
references.pmid: 24039574
references.citation: Traffic. 2009 Oct;10(10):1528-42
references.pmid: 19682328
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 1986 Jan;67 ( Pt 1):157-66
references.pmid: 3944582
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005 May;62(9):971-88
references.pmid: 15761668
references.citation: J Virol. 2010 Oct;84(20):10438-47
references.pmid: 20686019
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 20;107(16):7431-6
references.pmid: 20231459
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(12):e1003056
references.pmid: 23236278
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;7(7):653-64
references.pmid: 15951806
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;790:178-95
references.pmid: 23884592