title: Functional disruption of yeast metacaspase, Mca1, leads to miltefosine resistance and inability to mediate miltefosine-induced apoptotic effects.
abstract: Miltefosine (MI) is a novel, potential antifungal agent with activity against some yeast and filamentous fungal pathogens. We previously demonstrated in the model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that MI causes disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis-like cell death via interaction with the Cox9p sub-unit of cytochrome c oxidase (COX). To identify additional mechanisms of antifungal action, MI resistance was induced in S. cerevisiae by exposure to the mutagen, ethyl methanesulfonate, and gene mutation(s) responsible for resistance were investigated. An MI-resistant haploid strain (H-C101) was created. Resistance was retained in the diploid strain (D-C101) following mating, confirming dominant inheritance. Phenotypic assessment of individual D-C101 tetrads revealed that only one mutant gene contributed to the MI-resistance phenotype. To identify this gene, the genome of H-C101 was sequenced and 17 mutated genes, including metacaspase-encoding MCA1, were identified. The MCA1 mutation resulted in substitution of asparagine (N) with aspartic acid (D) at position 164 (MCA1(N164D)). MI resistance was found to be primarily due to MCA1(N164D), as single-copy episomal expression of MCA1(N164D), but not two other mutated genes (FAS1(T1417I) and BCK2(T104A)), resulted in MI resistance in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, an MCA1 deletion mutant (mca1Δ) was MI-resistant. MI treatment led to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MI-resistant (MCA1(N164D)-expressing and mca1Δ) strains and MI-susceptible (MCA1-expressing) strains, but failed to activate Mca1 in the MI-resistant strains, demonstrating that ROS accumulation does not contribute to the fungicidal effect of MI. In conclusion, functional disruption of Mca1, leads to MI resistance and inability to mediate MI-induced apoptotic effects. Mca1-mediated apoptosis is therefore a major mechanism of MI-induced antifungal action.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Chayanika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon C-A
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, NSW 2145, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schibeci
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
authors.forename: Jade K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Forwood
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Katrina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jolliffe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Tania C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Sorrell
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: Julianne.djordjevic@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Julianne T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D009154:Mutation; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; C039128:miltefosine; D020169:Caspases; C456272:MCA1 protein, S cerevisiae
keywords: Apoptosis; MCA1/YCA1; Metacaspase; Miltefosine; ROS; Resistance