title: Major and Minor League Baseball Hamstring Injuries: Epidemiologic Findings From the Major League Baseball Injury Surveillance System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hamstring strains are a recognized cause of disability for athletes in many sports, but no study exists that reports the incidence and circumstances surrounding these injuries in professional baseball.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Professional baseball players have a high incidence of hamstring strains, and these injuries are influenced by multiple factors including history of hamstring injury, time period within the season, and activity of base running.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive epidemiologic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the 2011 season, injury data were prospectively collected for every Major League Baseball (MLB) major and minor league team and recorded in the MLB's Injury Surveillance System. Data collected for this study included date of injury, activity in which the player was engaged at the time of injury, and time loss. Injury rates were reported in injuries per athlete-exposure (A-E). Athlete-exposures were defined as the average number of players on a team who were participating in a game multiplied by the number of games.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the major leagues, 50 hamstring strains were reported for an injury rate (IR) of 0.7 per 1000 A-Es and averaged 24 days missed. In the minor leagues, 218 hamstring strains were reported for an IR of 0.7 per 1000 A-Es and averaged 27 days missed. Base running, specifically running to first base, was the top activity for sustaining a hamstring strain in both major and minor leagues, associated with almost two-thirds of hamstring strains. Approximately two-thirds of these injuries in both the major and minor leagues resulted in more than 7 days of time loss. Approximately 25% of these injuries kept the player out for 1 month or longer. History of a previous hamstring strain in the prior year, 2010, was found in 20% of the major league players and 8% of the minor league players. In the major leagues, the month of May had a statistically significant higher frequency of hamstring injuries than any other month in the season (P = .0153).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hamstring strains are a considerable cause of disability in professional baseball and are affected by history of hamstring strain, seasonal timing, and running to first base.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Shoulder, Elbow, and Sports Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA csa4@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Health and Safety Sports Consultants LLC, Carmel, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Randall W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.affiliation: Kauffman Stadium, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Nick D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Curriero
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Keshia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.affiliation: Santa Monica Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Group, Santa Monica, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bert R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Mandelbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MLB; Major League Baseball; hamstring; injury; muscle strain