title: Burden of HIV infection among children aged 18 months to 14 years in Kenya: results from a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Kenya, mathematical models estimate that there are approximately 220,000 children aged less than 15 years infected with HIV. We analyzed data from the second Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey (KAIS 2012) to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection among children aged 18 months to 14 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  KAIS 2012 was a nationally representative 2-stage cluster sample household survey. We studied children aged 18 months to 14 years whose parents or guardians answered questions pertaining to their children by interview. Blood specimens were collected for HIV serology and viral load measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 5162 children who were eligible for the study. Blood was obtained for 3681 (71.3%) children. Among child participants, 16.4% had been tested for HIV infection in the past, and among children with parents or guardians who self-reported HIV-positive status, 52.9% had been tested for HIV infection. Twenty-eight (0.9%) children tested HIV-positive in the survey. Of these, 11 had been previously diagnosed with HIV infection before the survey. All 11 children were in HIV care and receiving cotrimoxazole; 8 were on antiretorivral therapy (ART). Among those on ART, 4 were virologically suppressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV causes a substantial burden of disease in the Kenyan pediatric population. Although most children who had been diagnosed with HIV before the survey were engaged in care and treatment, they represented less than half of HIV-infected children identified in the survey. Future efforts should focus on identifying infected children and getting them into care and on suppressive ART as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya; †National AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; and ‡Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ng'eno
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ng'ang'a
authors.forename: Andrea A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waruru
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mukui
authors.forename: Evelyn W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ngugi
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Rutherford
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
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