title: Capsaicin treatment attenuates cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis.
abstract: Capsaicin, the most abundant pungent molecule produced by pepper plants, represents an important ingredient in spicy foods consumed throughout the world. Studies have shown that capsaicin can relieve inflammation and has anti-proliferative effects on various human malignancies. Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a cancer disease with rising incidence. The prognosis remains dismal with little advance in treatment. The aim of the present study is to explore the anti-tumor activity of capsaicin in cultured human CC cell lines. Capsaicin effectively impaired cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and growth of softagar colonies. Further, we show that capsaicin treatment of CC cells regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide a basis for capsaicin to improve the prognosis of CCs in vivo and present new insights into the effectiveness and mode of action of capsaicin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wutka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Vindhya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palagani
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Samarpita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barat
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Khatib
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Götze
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hanane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Belahmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zender
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bozko
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nisar P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruben R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Plentz
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000473:pathology*; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D002211:Capsaicin
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