title: Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to quantitatively characterize maternal vascular organization in the primate placenta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The maternal microvasculature of the primate placenta is organized into 10-20 perfusion domains that are functionally optimized to facilitate nutrient exchange to support fetal growth. This study describes a dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging method for identifying vascular domains and quantifying maternal blood flow in them.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rhesus macaque on the 133rd day of pregnancy (G133, term = 165 days) underwent Doppler ultrasound procedures, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and Cesarean-section delivery. Serial T1 -weighted images acquired throughout intravenous injection of a contrast reagent bolus were analyzed to obtain contrast reagent arrival time maps of the placenta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Watershed segmentation of the arrival time map identified 16 perfusion domains. The number and location of these domains corresponded to anatomical cotyledonary units observed following delivery. Analysis of the contrast reagent wave front through each perfusion domain enabled determination of volumetric flow, which ranged from 9.03 to 44.9 mL/s (25.2 ± 10.3 mL/s). These estimates are supported by Doppler ultrasound results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging analysis described here provides quantitative estimates of the number of maternal perfusion domains in a primate placenta and estimates flow within each domain. Anticipated extensions of this technique are to the study placental function in non-human primate models of obstetric complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA; Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Frias
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schabel
authors.forename: Victoria H J
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tudorica
authors.forename: Peta L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Grigsby
authors.forename: Karen Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kroenke
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D055806:Microvessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: blood flow; fetal growth; magnetic resonance imaging; obstetrics; perfusion
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