title: Effects of TLR agonists and viral infection on cytokine and TLR expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).
abstract: The development of efficient and cheap vaccines against several aquatic viruses is necessary for a sustainable fish farming industry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have already been used as good adjuvants in human vaccines. With more understanding of TLR expression, function, and ligand specificity in fish, more efficient adjuvants for fish viral vaccines can be developed. In this paper, we examine all known TLRs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and demonstrate that head kidney and spleen are the main organs expressing TLRs in salmon. We also show that adherent head kidney leucocytes from salmon are able to respond to many of the known agonists for human TLRs, and that viral infection can induce up-regulation of several TLRs. These findings substantiate these receptors' role in immune responses to pathogens in salmonids making their ligands attractive as vaccine adjuvant candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnemo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arturas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavaliauskis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: tor.gjoen@farmasi.uio.no.
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gjøen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D060226:Head Kidney / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D007378:Interleukins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Adjuvant; Leucocytes; Salmon; Toll-like receptor; Virus