title: Acoustic parameters for classification of breathiness in continuous speech according to the GRBAS scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to classify objectively breathiness in continuous speech according to a subjective evaluation of voice based on the GRBAS scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 593 records with read text were twice evaluated by five experts according to the GRBAS scale within two sessions with a time delay of at least 2 weeks. The records were subsequently subjected to acoustic analysis using parameters which do not rely on the accurate estimation of fundamental frequency: Glottal-to-Noise Excitation ratio, Cepstral Peak Prominence Pearson r at autocorrelation peak, Breathiness Index, and the ratio of high- to mid/low-frequency energy. These parameters were subsequently analyzed and a total of 92 features were created for each record. After feature space reduction based on Correlation Feature Selection and Information Gain, the feature space was reduced to four parameters. These four parameters were used for classification of breathiness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final set of four, the acoustic parameters have significantly different mean ranks in every grade of breathiness according to the GRBAS scale (Kruskal-Wallis test [P < 0.001]). The accuracy of classifier for objective evaluation of level of breathiness based on the discrete scale of breathiness reached 77%. Assuming continuous grades of breathiness, the classifier reached ρ = 0.92 (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of breathiness in continuous speech can be effectively described by automatic system-based analysis of acoustic measures. The proposed automatic system is able to determine the level of breathiness in continuous speech with sufficient precision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: stranik.adam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stráník
authors.affiliation: Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Čmejla
authors.affiliation: Department of Phoniatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vokřál
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D012119:Respiration; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: BRI; Breathiness; CPP; Classification; Continuous speech; Dysphonic voice; GNE; GRBAS scale; HLR; RPK