title: Incidence and determinants of nevirapine and efavirenz-related skin rashes in West Africans: nevirapine's epitaph?
abstract: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) associated rash is common and frequently leads to discontinuation of NNRTIs. This study assessed the risk of developing rashes and discontinuing NNRTIs and associated factors in a large clinic in central Ghana. In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data were obtained in patients starting efavirenz or nevirapine between 2004-2010. Factors associated with rashes were explored using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Of 3,999 patients who started NNRTI-based ART, 281 (7.0%) experienced at least one episode of NNRTI-related rash with an incidence of 2.63 events/100 person-years, occurring in 10.2% and 5.6% of patients taking nevirapine and efavirenz respectively. Most rashes (94%) were grade 1 or 2 and were reported a median of 2 months following initiation of ART. In multivariate analysis developing a rash was associated with nevirapine use (aHR 1.67, 95% CI 1.28-2.10), female gender (aHR of 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.92) and lower baseline CD4 counts (aHR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.95 per 50 cells/mm³ increment). Patients with nevirapine-associated rash were 11 times more likely to discontinue treatment as patients with efavirenz-associated rash. In contrast to findings in other studies, NNRTI-associated rashes in Ghanaians appear more common in patients with lower baseline CD4 counts. Given the increased frequency of rashes with nevirapine and subsequent discontinuations in many patients, along with other treatment-limiting toxicities, this provides further impetus for the replacement of nevirapine by efavirenz as the first-line NNRTI treatment of choice in Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Fred Stephen
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Sarfo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Maame Anima
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sarfo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Infection, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chadwick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005076:Exanthema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D019829:Nevirapine; C098320:efavirenz
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