title: Antimicrobial N-halamine modified polyethylene: characterization, biocidal efficacy, regeneration, and stability.
abstract: Development of antimicrobial materials that regenerate antimicrobial activity represents a novel technology in preventing microbial cross-contamination. We report a method for the application of regenerably antimicrobial N-halamines onto the surface of polyethylene (PE) materials through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of polyethyleneimine and poly(acrylic acid). A total of 5, 10, 15, and 20 bilayers were applied. Modified PE had from 49.3 to 293.5 nmol cm(-2) antimicrobial N-halamines from 5 to 20 bilayers after 10 min of chlorination. Each variant of N-halamine modified PE was able to reduce by >5 logarithmic cycles Listeria monocytogenes. The stability of N-halamine modified PE was characterized after extended exposure to chlorine, acidic solutions, and an alkaline cleaner. After an initial conditioning period, materials generated more than double the quantity of N-halamines present on as prepared materials, retaining regenerability for up to 100 chlorination cycles. After the equivalent of 300 washing cycles by buffers (pH values 3, 5, and 7) or a commercial alkaline detergent, there was no change in the number of antimicrobial N-halamines on the modified materials. These results indicate that the reported LbL deposition technique results in antimicrobial N-halamine materials capable of long-term reuse and exposure to harsh chemicals as expected in a food-processing environment. Such robust, regenerably antimicrobial materials could be an effective technology in the food industry to prevent cross-contamination of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The food contact surface of polyethylene was modified by layer-by-layer deposition of 2 polymers, resulting in a rechargeably antimicrobial surface. Repeated exposure to chlorine regenerated its antimicrobial activity, resulting in greater than 99.999% reduction in Listeria monocytogenes. Materials were stable against repeated washing and exposure to acidic environments. These food contact materials could support current cleaning and sanitization protocols in improving food safety in the processing environment.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science, Univ. of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bastarrachea
authors.forename: Lynne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McLandsborough
authors.forename: Micha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peleg
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goddard
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011108:Polymers; D002713:Chlorine; D020959:Polyethylene; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: N-halamines; antimicrobial materials; layer-by-layer assembly; polyelectrolyte multilayers; surface modification