title: Greywater use in Israel and worldwide: standards and prospects.
abstract: Water shortage around the world enhanced the search for alternative sources. Greywater (GW) can serve as a solution for water demands especially in arid and semi-arid zones. However, issues considered which include acceptability of GW segregation as a separate water treated stream, allowing its use onsite. Consequently, it is the one of next forthcoming water resources that will be used, primarily in the growing mega-cities. It will be even more rentable when combined with the roof runoff water harvesting and condensing water from air-conditioning systems. Reuse of GW is as well beneficial in the mega-cities subject to the high expenses associated with wastewater and fresh water conveyance in the opposite direction. The main problem associated with GW reuse is the quality of the water and the targeted reuse options. At least two main options can be identified: the public sector that is ready to reuse the GW and the private sector which raises extra issues related to the reuse risks. These risk stems from the on yard use of GW, relatively close to the household location. The main focus of the Israeli guidelines for GW use is on the private and single house. The problem is less rigorous in public facilities, where the amounts are relatively large and the raw GW is relatively diluted. The two main principles adopted for reuse are: (i) greywater can be minimally treated since it differs from the black wastes, and; (ii) no contact exists with the resident around. The aggravated standards are an indication of the sensitivity issues related to the problem.
authors.affiliation: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, B. Institutes for Desert Research, Kiryat Sde-Boker 84990, Israel. Electronic address: gidi@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oron
authors.affiliation: Adel Consulting, Zichron Yaakov, Israel. Electronic address: mikiadel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adel
authors.affiliation: The Ministry of Health, State of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: vered.agmon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vered
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agmon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel. Electronic address: eranf@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friedler
authors.affiliation: Environment and Health, Herzlia, Israel. Electronic address: ramyhal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halperin
authors.affiliation: Environment and Health, Raanana, Israel. Electronic address: ehud.leshem@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leshem
authors.affiliation: The Standards Institute of Israel, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: daniw@sii.org.il.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weinberg
mesh_terms: D001130:Arizona; D001315:Australia; D002140:California; D002170:Canada; D003535:Cyprus; D005191:Family Characteristics; D007557:Israel; D007597:Jordan; D017149:Private Sector; D011634:Public Health; D011639:Public Opinion; D017150:Public Sector; D006113:United Kingdom; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Criteria; Greywater; Private sector; Public sector; Reuse