title: Changes in resting functional connectivity during abstinence in stimulant use disorder: a preliminary comparison of relapsers and abstainers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously identified resting functional connectivity (FC) differences in individuals with stimulant use disorder (SUD) suggest an imbalance in neural regions that mediate behavioral aspects relevant to addiction such as emotion regulation and reward processing. There is a need to further investigate these differences across time between those that relapse and those that do not. This is the first longitudinal study of recently abstinent SUD (SUD-RA) that identifies specific FC changes in subsequent relapsers (vs abstainers). We hypothesized that (1) subsequent relapsers (vs abstainers) will show lower FC of emotion regulation regions and higher FC of reward processing regions and (2) FC differences would be more evident across time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined resting FC in 18 SUD-RAs (8 females, age: M=22.05 ± 2.64) and 15 non-substance abusing controls (NSAC; 5 females, age: M=24.21 ± 5.76) at Time 1 (abstinent ∼5 weeks). Fourteen NSAC and 12 SUD-RAs were re-examined at Time 2 (abstinent ∼13 weeks). With seed-based FC measures, we examined FC differences between SUD-RAs that abstained or relapsed over the subsequent 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relapsers (vs abstainers) had higher FC between (1) nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and left frontopolar cortex (FPC), (2) NAcc and posterior cingulate gyrus and (3) subgenual anterior cingulate and left FPC at Time 1. Relapsers (vs abstainers) showed larger reduction in FC strength within these regions across time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting FC reduction found in relapsers (vs. abstainers) from 5 to 13 weeks of abstinence may be a biological marker of relapse vulnerability. These preliminary findings require replication with larger sample sizes.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Psychiatry Department, United States. Electronic address: jcamchong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jazmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camchong
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Psychology Department, United States.
authors.forename: Angus W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, United States.
authors.forename: Bryon A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Psychiatry Department, United States.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Clinic, Riverside West Building, United States.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Specker
authors.affiliation: Hazelden Foundation, United States.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slaymaker
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Psychiatry Department, United States.
authors.forename: Kelvin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012008:Recurrence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants
keywords: Abstinence; Addiction; Change; Frontal; Functional connectivity; Relapse
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