title: [Analysis on diagnosis and treatment of 15 cases with severe influenza A].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the diagnosis and treatment characteristics of patients with severe Influenza A.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective investigation on the clinical manifestation, chest radiography, electronic fiber bronchoscopy and the histology of the cast, rescue course and outcome was conducted in 15 children with severe influenza A during January to May of 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven cases were male, the range of age was 2 to 6 years; 5 cases were female, the range of age was 1 month to 6 years, accouting for 4.2% of hospitalized children with influenza. Three patients had an underlying chronic disease, two had nephrotic syndrome, and one had congenital heart disease. All the 15 cases were diagnosed as severe influenza A virus infection complicated with pneumonia and respiratory failure, of whom 10 cases were infected with H1N1 virus , the other 5 cases could not be identified as H1N1 virus by using H1N1 kit, but none of the 15 cases were infected with H7N9 virus. Of 15 cases, 8 had atelectasis, 4 had pneumothorax, 3 had pneumomediastinum, 4 had pleural effusion, 1 had pneumorrhagia; 12 patients required mechanical ventilation. 1 only required noninvasive mask CPAP, 2 did not require assisted ventilation, they were just given mask oxygen. Seven cases' sputum culture showed combined infection with bacteria and fungi, sputum smear examination detected: G(+) cocci in 2 cases, and G(-) bacilli in the other 2. By using electronic fiber bronchoscopy, bronchial cast was detected in 5 patiens. Histological examination of the bronchial cast revealed a fibrinous exudation containing large quantity of eosinophils, neutrophils in 1 patients, fibrinous exudation and necrotic material containing large quantity of neutrophils in 4 patients. After the bronchial casts were removed, 4 patients were improved greatly. All patients were treated with postural drainage of left and right side position, massage of electric oscillation, strengthening the sputum suction aiming to improve pulmonary ventilation function. Three patients died: 1 case was compliicated with nephrotic syndrome, another case had congenital heart disease, and 1 case hads pneumorrhagia, renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mortality of severe Influenza A is higher if it is complicated with underlying chronic diseases. In children undergoing rapid and progressive respiratory distress with lung atelectasis, consolidation or emphysema on chest X-ray, plastic bronchitis should be considered. Electronic fiber bronchoscopy should be performed early Lung physicotherapeutics still are important assistant measures for improving the pulmonary ventilation function.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, China.
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Email: yangyy65@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yiyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Zhiyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Sitang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D035583:Rare Diseases; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents