title: An evolutionary perspective on the history of flap reconstruction in the upper extremity.
abstract: Examining the evolution of flap reconstruction of the upper extremity is similar to studying the evolution of biological species. This analogy provides a perspective to appreciate the contributing factors that led to the development of the current arsenal of techniques. It shows the trajectory for the future and provides a glimpse of the factors that that will be influential in the future.
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, 2130 Taubman Center, SPC 5340, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5340, USA.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan Health System, 2130 Taubman Center, SPC 5340, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5340, USA. Electronic address: kecchung@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000266:history* / Q000601:surgery*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000266:history; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000266:history*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000266:history*
keywords: Flap reconstruction; History; Upper extremity
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