title: Structural behavior of human lumbar intervertebral disc under direct shear.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex, flexible joint between adjacent vertebral bodies that provides load transmission while permitting movements of the spinal column. Finite element models can be used to help clarify why and how IVDs fail or degenerate. To do so, it is of importance to validate those models against controllable experiments. Due to missing experimental data, shear properties are not used thus far in validating finite element models. This study aimed to investigate the structural shear properties of human lumbar IVDs in posteroanterior (PA) and laterolateral (LL) loading directions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen lumbar IVDs (median age: 49 years) underwent direct shear in PA and LL loading directions. A custom-build shear device was used in combination with a materials testing machine to load the specimens until failure. Shear stiffness, ultimate shear force and displacement, and work to failure were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each specimen was tested until complete or partial disruption. Median stiffness in PA direction was 490 N/mm and in LL direction 568 N/mm. Median ultimate shear force in the PA direction was 2,877 N and in the LL direction 3,199 N. Work to failure was 12 Nm in the PA and 9 Nm in the LL direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was an experiment to subject IVDs to direct shear. The results could help us to understand the structure and function of IVDs with regard to mechanical spinal stability, and they can be used to validate finite element models of the IVD.
authors.affiliation: 2 Julius Wolff Institut, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin - Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häussler
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wolfram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology