title: Management of chronic heart failure: biomarkers, monitors, and disease management programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of patients with heart failure has been evolving given the complex nature of the disease and the increasing number of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biomarkers, and in particular the natriuretic peptides, have been studied to assist with diagnosis, chronic management, and prognosis in patients with heart failure. Several new biomarkers are emerging and may be used individually or in combination with the natriuretic peptides. The use of cardiac monitoring devices and disease management programs is being established to assist in the care of patients with chronic heart failure. Interventions using phone calls, telemedicine devices, intracardiac pressure monitors, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators have been investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of biomarkers, monitoring devices, and disease management programs shows promise for improving care in this challenging patient population.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY. Electronic address: pgandhi2@partners.org.
authors.forename: Parul U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinney
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides / Q000097:blood*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood; D017216:Telemedicine; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D055316:Cystatin C; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D045265:Natriuretic Peptides; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014336:Troponin
keywords: biomarkers; cardiac monitors; disease management programs; heart failure; natriuretic peptides