title: Lower total and percent of high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentration in South Asian kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnicity is an important determinant of post-renal transplant outcomes. Limited data are available on cardiovascular risk differences in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) based on ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 129 clinically stable age-matched KTR [43 South Asian (SA), 86 Caucasian]) were assessed for plasma total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, cystatin C, apolipoproteins A1 and B, C-reactive protein, uric acid, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and transplant-specific plus traditional Framingham risk factors. SA and Caucasians were compared byt-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum or chi-square testing. Accounting for the matched design, multivariable linear regression was performed to determine predictors of adiponectin concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SA did not differ from Caucasians in background cardiac disease or cardioprotective medication use or risk factors other than smoking (26 versus 56%, P = 0.001). Total adiponectin (9.5 ± 3.5 versus 12.9 ± 6.7 μmg/mL, P < 0.001) and HMW adiponectin (22 ± 9 versus 29 ± 11%, P < 0.001) were significantly lower in SA. Determinants of total adiponectin included SA ethnicity (P = 0.02), cystatin C-eGFR (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0.0001) and waist-to-hip ratio (P < 0.001), while those of HMW adiponectin included SA ethnicity (P < 0.001), cystatin C-eGFR (P = 0.03) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.001). There were no important differences in the other measured biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total and HMW adiponectin concentrations are lower in SA KTR and may be promising exploratory biomarkers of post-transplant cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: G V Ramesh
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vorobeichik
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rapi
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Connelly
keywords: cardiovascular disease; ethnicity; renal transplantation; risk factors
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