title: Distribution of bovine fasciolosis and associated factors in south Espírito Santo, Brazil: an update.
abstract: The geographical distribution and factors associated with bovine fasciolosis in the south of Espírito Santo were updated and the prevalences of this disease and of snails of the genus Lymnaea in the municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro were calculated. In the first stage, fecal samples were collected from 10% of the herds of 115 farms in 23 municipalities and interviews were conducted with owners. Generalized linear mixed models were used. In the second stage, in Jerônimo Monteiro municipality, feces and mollusks were collected from all farms registered in the milk cooperatives in the region. The mollusks were identified and examined for infection by Fasciola hepatica. Fasciolosis was diagnosed in 18 (78%) of the 23 municipalities. Of the 1157 fecal samples examined, 19.01% were positive for eggs of F. hepatica. The final model shows statistical evidence of associations between positive farms and previous cases of fasciolosis and concomitant grazing of cattle with other definitive hosts. In the evaluated farms from the studied municipality the prevalence of fasciolosis and Lymnaea was of 66.7% and 23.8%, respectively. Mollusks were found in flooded areas and the animals' drinking water troughs. The wide geographical distribution of bovine fasciolosis in the south of Espírito Santo requires control measures to prevent its expansion towards the north of this state and other places characterized as F. hepatica free-infection.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ? UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil.
authors.forename: Isabella Vilhena Freire
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ? UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil.
authors.forename: Barbara Rauta de
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Avelar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ? UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil.
authors.forename: Cintia das Chagas
authors.initials: Cd
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo ? UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil.
authors.forename: Alann Casotti de
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leão
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro ? UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maria Julia
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008195:Lymnaea; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors