title: Scaling up stomatal conductance from leaf to canopy using a dual-leaf model for estimating crop evapotranspiration.
abstract: The dual-source Shuttleworth-Wallace model has been widely used to estimate and partition crop evapotranspiration (λET). Canopy stomatal conductance (Gsc), an essential parameter of the model, is often calculated by scaling up leaf stomatal conductance, considering the canopy as one single leaf in a so-called "big-leaf" model. However, Gsc can be overestimated or underestimated depending on leaf area index level in the big-leaf model, due to a non-linear stomatal response to light. A dual-leaf model, scaling up Gsc from leaf to canopy, was developed in this study. The non-linear stomata-light relationship was incorporated by dividing the canopy into sunlit and shaded fractions and calculating each fraction separately according to absorbed irradiances. The model includes: (1) the absorbed irradiance, determined by separately integrating the sunlit and shaded leaves with consideration of both beam and diffuse radiation; (2) leaf area for the sunlit and shaded fractions; and (3) a leaf conductance model that accounts for the response of stomata to PAR, vapor pressure deficit and available soil water. In contrast to the significant errors of Gsc in the big-leaf model, the predicted Gsc using the dual-leaf model had a high degree of data-model agreement; the slope of the linear regression between daytime predictions and measurements was 1.01 (R2 = 0.98), with RMSE of 0.6120 mm s-1 for four clear-sky days in different growth stages. The estimates of half-hourly λET using the dual-source dual-leaf model (DSDL) agreed well with measurements and the error was within 5% during two growing seasons of maize with differing hydrometeorological and management strategies. Moreover, the estimates of soil evaporation using the DSDL model closely matched actual measurements. Our results indicate that the DSDL model can produce more accurate estimation of Gsc and λET, compared to the big-leaf model, and thus is an effective alternative approach for estimating and partitioning λET.
authors.affiliation: Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Risheng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shaozhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Taisheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinmei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research-Beijing, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yanqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000502:physiology*; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D010788:Photosynthesis; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000502:physiology*; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 27;107(30):13372-7
references.pmid: 20624981
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015 Apr 19;370(1666):
references.pmid: 25750234