title: A preliminary study of the influence of age of onset and childhood trauma on cortical thickness in major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder (MDD) neural underpinnings may differ based on onset age and childhood trauma. We assessed cortical thickness in patients who differed in age of MDD onset and examined trauma history influence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with MDD (N=36) and controls (HC; N=18) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty patients had MDD onset<24 years of age (pediatric onset) and 16 had onset>25 years of age (adult onset). The MDD group was also subdivided into those with (N=12) and without (N=19) physical and/or sexual abuse as assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cortical thickness was analyzed with FreeSurfer software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thicker frontal pole and a tendency for thinner transverse temporal cortices existed in MDD. The former was driven by the pediatric onset group and abuse history (independently), particularly in the right frontal pole. Inverse correlations existed between CTQ scores and frontal pole cortex thickness. A similar inverse relation existed with left inferior and right superior parietal cortex thickness. The superior temporal cortex tended to be thinner in pediatric versus adult onset groups with childhood abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary work suggests neural differences between pediatric and adult MDD onset. Trauma history also contributes to cytoarchitectural modulation. Thickened frontal pole cortices as a compensatory mechanism in MDD warrant evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6 ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1 ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jaworska
authors.affiliation: Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6 ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1 ; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8 ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, Canada T3B 6A8.
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: MacMaster
authors.affiliation: The Seaman Family Centre, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaxiola
authors.affiliation: The Seaman Family Centre, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9.
authors.forename: Filomeno
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.affiliation: Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6 ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1 ; The Seaman Family Centre, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goodyear
authors.affiliation: Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6 ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1 ; The Seaman Family Centre, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9 ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 2T9.
authors.forename: Rajamannar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramasubbu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Jun 15;49(12):980-1001
references.pmid: 11430841
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Oct;44(13):799-807
references.pmid: 20122698
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2012 Jun 30;202(3):206-13
references.pmid: 22521631
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;8(4):272-84
references.pmid: 10619420
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;169(11):1185-93
references.pmid: 23534057
references.citation: Child Abuse Negl. 2003 Feb;27(2):169-90
references.pmid: 12615092
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2010 Oct;126(1-2):236-44
references.pmid: 20421135
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2011 Sep;133(1-2):158-64
references.pmid: 21550668
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003 Fall;15(4):422-30
references.pmid: 14627768
references.citation: Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2012 Jan 12;2:1
references.pmid: 22738278
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;22(10):1039-46
references.pmid: 23768683
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 May;22(5):459-64
references.pmid: 24636843
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:449-61
references.pmid: 23579318
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1999 Feb;9(2):195-207
references.pmid: 9931269
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Feb;136(3):1104-13
references.pmid: 22134041
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 May;68(5):527-33
references.pmid: 21536980
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Dec;13(8):569-78
references.pmid: 22515408
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;185:258-9
references.pmid: 15339832
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Jun;20(6):398-404
references.pmid: 20227249
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;67(7):712-9
references.pmid: 20603452
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;170(6):616-23
references.pmid: 23732967
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1149-58
references.pmid: 10450253
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Dec;124(6):435-46
references.pmid: 21923809
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;21(8):794-802
references.pmid: 23567394
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;170(12):1477-86
references.pmid: 23929204
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 1;34(1):98-103
references.pmid: 19835925
references.citation: Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967 Dec;6(4):278-96
references.pmid: 6080235
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Feb 15;71(4):286-93
references.pmid: 22112927
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Feb;37(3):838-49
references.pmid: 22048467
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1999 Feb;9(2):179-94
references.pmid: 9931268
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Nov 1;68(9):832-8
references.pmid: 20692648
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;54(1):105-12
references.pmid: 22880630
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):11050-5
references.pmid: 10984517
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Nov;46(11):1449-55
references.pmid: 22868048
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Dec 1;74(11):845-52
references.pmid: 23954109
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2011 Jul;45(7):886-95
references.pmid: 21276593
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2013 Dec 30;214(3):204-11
references.pmid: 24099630
references.citation: Science. 1999 Mar 19;283(5409):1908-11
references.pmid: 10082463