title: Traumatic brain injury-induced ependymal ciliary loss decreases cerebral spinal fluid flow.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts up to 2 million people annually in the United States and is the primary cause of death and disability in young adults and children. Previous TBI studies have focused predominantly on the morphological, biochemical, and functional alterations of gray matter structures, such as the hippocampus. However, little attention has been given to the brain ventricular system, despite the fact that altered ventricular function is known to occur in brain pathologies. In the present study, we investigated anatomical and functional alterations to mouse ventricular cilia that result from mild TBI. We demonstrate that TBI causes a dramatic decrease in cilia. Further, using a particle tracking technique, we demonstrate that cerebrospinal fluid flow is diminished, thus potentially negatively affecting waste and nutrient exchange. Interestingly, injury-induced ventricular system pathology resolves completely by 30 days after injury as ependymal cell ciliogenesis restores cilia density to uninjured levels in the affected lateral ventricle.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Guoxiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Jaclynn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.forename: Suhali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kundu
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kofonow
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Mitala
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Sherman C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M Sean
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Einhorn
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Akiva S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D002923:Cilia / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004805:Ependyma / Q000473:pathology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
keywords: basal body; hydrocephalus; lateral fluid percussion; particle tracking; β-tubulin
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