title: Maritime halophyte species from southern Portugal as sources of bioactive molecules.
abstract: Extracts of five halophytes from southern Portugal (Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Mesembryanthemum edule, Juncus acutus, Plantago coronopus and Halimione portulacoides), were studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antitumor properties. The most active extracts towards the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were the methanol extracts of M. edule (IC₅₀ = 0.1 mg/mL) and J. acutus (IC₅₀ = 0.4 mg/mL), and the ether extracts of J. acutus (IC₅₀ = 0.2 mg/mL) and A. macrostachyum (IC₅₀ = 0.3 mg/mL). The highest radical scavenging activity (RSA) against the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical was obtained in the ether extract of J. acutus (IC₅₀ = 0.4 mg/mL) and H. portulacoides (IC₅₀ = 0.9 mg/mL). The maximum total phenolic content (TPC) was found in the methanol extract of M. edule (147 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and in the ether extract of J. acutus (94 mg GAE/g). Significant decreases in nitric oxide (NO) production were observed after incubation of macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the chloroform extract of H. portulacoides (IC₅₀ = 109 µg/mL) and the hexane extract of P. coronopus (IC₅₀ = 98.0 µg/mL). High in vitro cytotoxic activity and selectivity was obtained with the ether extract of J. acutus. Juncunol was identified as the active compound and for the first time was shown to display selective in vitro cytotoxicity towards various human cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. mary_p@sapo.pt.
authors.forename: Maria João
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. gangadharkatkam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Katkam N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gangadhar
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. catarina.vizetto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vizetto-Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark. sgw@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Sileshi G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wubshet
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark. nn@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Nils T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. lbarreir@ualg.pt.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barreira
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. jvarela@ualg.pt.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal. lcustodio@ualg.pt.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Custódio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010851:Picrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011174:Portugal; D055051:Salt-Tolerant Plants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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