title: Are different soil metals near the homes of pregnant women associated with mild and severe intellectual disability in children?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We explored the association of relatively low concentrations of metals in the soil proximal to maternal residence during pregnancy, with intellectual disability. We hypothesized different metals would be associated with mild versus severe intellectual disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a mixed methods design, starting with a retrospective cohort from 1996 to 2002, of 10,051 pregnant mothers, soil sampling in the areas where these mothers resided during pregnancy, and follow-up of their children to determine if there was an intellectual disability outcome. We tested the soil and then predicted the soil concentration at the maternal homes, and modeled the association with the severity of the child's intellectual disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant positive association between mild intellectual disability and soil mercury (p=0.007). For severe intellectual disability, there was a significant positive association with the soil arsenic and lead (p=0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of the differential impact of metals in soil and severity of intellectual disability in children. Soil mercury concentration in the area the mother lived during pregnancy is associated with significantly increased odds of mild intellectual disability; a combination of arsenic and lead is associated with significantly increased odds of severe intellectual disability. These associations are present when controlling for maternal, child, and neighborhood characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Weichao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: C Marjorie
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aelion
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013022:South Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic
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