title: Biologically derived soft conducting hydrogels using heparin-doped polymer networks.
abstract: The emergence of flexible and stretchable electronic components expands the range of applications of electronic devices. Flexible devices are ideally suited for electronic biointerfaces because of mechanically permissive structures that conform to curvilinear structures found in native tissue. Most electronic materials used in these applications exhibit elastic moduli on the order of 0.1-1 MPa. However, many electronically excitable tissues exhibit elasticities in the range of 1-10 kPa, several orders of magnitude smaller than existing components used in flexible devices. This work describes the use of biologically derived heparins as scaffold materials for fabricating networks with hybrid electronic/ionic conductivity and ultracompliant mechanical properties. Photo-cross-linkable heparin-methacrylate hydrogels serve as templates to control the microstructure and doping of in situ polymerized polyaniline structures. Macroscopic heparin-doped polyaniline hydrogel dual networks exhibit impedances as low as Z = 4.17 Ω at 1 kHz and storage moduli of G' = 900 ± 100 Pa. The conductivity of heparin/polyaniline networks depends on the oxidation state and microstructure of secondary polyaniline networks. Furthermore, heparin/polyaniline networks support the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of murine myoblasts without any surface treatments. Taken together, these results suggest that heparin/polyaniline hydrogel networks exhibit suitable physical properties as an electronically active biointerface material that can match the mechanical properties of soft tissues composed of excitable cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing , 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hangjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Mingjiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Young Jo
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pitirat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pholpabu
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Chin Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.forename: Hongkun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Huai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matyjaszewski
authors.forename: Christopher John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bettinger
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D020100:Hydrogels; D007477:Ions; D011108:Polymers; C416807:polyaniline; D006493:Heparin; D010100:Oxygen
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