title: Correlation between Cigarette Smoking and Urine Cotinine Level in Gastric Cancer Patients.
abstract: Various substances in cigarette smoke including nicotine have been shown to promote/induce cancer cell proliferation. Since cotinine has a longer half life and stability in the blood, it has become the preferred biomarker for cigarette smoking exposure. Seventy-three gastric cancer patients were included in this study. The tumor tissues were stained with H & E for pathological evaluation. The cotinine levels were measured in urine using a competitive ELISA. Tumors were 90% adenocarcinoma with 63% intestinal and 37% diffuse subtypes. Tumors were poorly (45.2%) or moderately differentiated (41.1%) and localized mainly (77%) in the upper part of stomach. The levels of cotinine were significantly different between smoker (283.83 ± 178.10 ng/mL) and non-smoker (39.28 ± 113.34 ng/mL) groups (p < 0.001). However, there is no-significant correlation between tumor characteristics and cotinine level in smoker patients. Cotinine level correlates with smoking in gastric patients, however, correlation with the tumor features has not been observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babhadiashar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sotoudeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bashiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Didevar
authors.affiliation: Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ghahremani
keywords: Cigarette; Cotinine; Gastric cancer; Smoking; Urine
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