title: Field validation of secondary data sources for enumerating retail tobacco outlets in a state without tobacco outlet licensing.
abstract: Identifying tobacco retail outlets for U.S. FDA compliance checks or calculating tobacco outlet density is difficult in the 13 States without tobacco retail licensing or where licensing lists are unavailable for research. This study uses primary data collection to identify tobacco outlets in three counties in a non-licensing state and validate two commercial secondary data sources. We calculated sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPV) to examine the evidence of validity for two secondary data sources, and conducted a geospatial analysis to determine correct allocation to census tract. ReferenceUSA had almost perfect sensitivity (0.82) while Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) had substantial sensitivity (0.69) for identifying tobacco outlets; combined, sensitivity improved to 0.89. D&B identified fewer "false positives" with a PPV of 0.82 compared to 0.71 for ReferenceUSA. More than 90% of the outlets identified by ReferenceUSA were geocoded to the correct census tract. Combining two commercial data sources resulted in enumeration of nearly 90% of tobacco outlets in a three county area. Commercial databases appear to provide a reasonably accurate way to identify tobacco outlets for enforcement operations and density estimation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina (UNC), Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA. Electronic address: hdangelo@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fleischhacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina (UNC), Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
authors.forename: Shyanika W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina (UNC), Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA; UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ribisl
mesh_terms: D019352:Censuses; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000592:standards*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D009657:North Carolina; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
keywords: Commercial secondary data; Evidence for validity; Tobacco outlets
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