title: Temporal pattern of questing tick Ixodes ricinus density at differing elevations in the coastal region of western Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Climate change can affect the activity and distribution of species, including pathogens and parasites. The densities and distribution range of the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus) and it's transmitted pathogens appears to be increasing. Thus, a better understanding of questing tick densities in relation to climate and weather conditions is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to test predictions regarding the temporal pattern of questing tick densities at two different elevations in Norway. We predict that questing tick densities will decrease with increasing elevations and increase with increasing temperatures, but predict that humidity levels will rarely affect ticks in this northern, coastal climate with high humidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We described the temporal pattern of questing tick densities at ~100 and ~400 m a.s.l. along twelve transects in the coastal region of Norway. We used the cloth lure method at 14-day intervals during the snow-free season to count ticks in two consecutive years in 20 m2 plots. We linked the temporal pattern of questing tick densities to local measurements of the prevailing weather.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questing tick densities were much higher and the season was longer at ~100 compared to at ~400 m a.s.l. There was a prominent spring peak in both years and a smaller autumn peak in one year at ~100 m a.s.l.; but no marked peak at ~400 m a.s.l. Tick densities correlated positively with temperature, from low densities <5°C, then increasing and levelling off >15-17°C. We found no evidence for reduced questing densities during the driest conditions measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tick questing densities differed even locally linked to elevation (on the same hillside, a few kilometers apart). The tick densities were strongly hampered by low temperatures that limited the duration of the questing seasons, whereas the humidity appeared not to be a limiting factor under the humid conditions at our study site. We expect rising global temperatures to increase tick densities and lead to a transition from a short questing season with low densities in the current cold and sub-optimal tick habitats, to longer questing seasons with overall higher densities and a marked spring peak.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qviller
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grøva
authors.forename: Hildegunn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viljugrein
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klingen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P,O, Box 1066, Blindern NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. atle.mysterud@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Atle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mysterud
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002980:Climate; D006813:Humidity; D018884:Ixodes / Q000502:physiology*; D009664:Norway; D011156:Population Density; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
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