title: Changes in acidity and metal geochemistry in soils, groundwater, drain and river water in the Lower Murray River after a severe drought.
abstract: Acid sulfate soils with sulfuric material (pH<4) can have significant impacts on surface water quality and aquatic ecosystems due to low pH and high soluble metal concentrations in runoff and drainage discharges. There has been limited research on the complex geochemical transformations that occur along flow pathways from the soil acidity source to receiving waters. We studied the integrated geochemistry of metals in acid sulfate soils with sulfuric material, groundwater, drain and river water in the Lower Murray River (South Australia) over a 2 year period. The oxidation of an estimated 3500 ha of acid sulfate soils with sulfidic material (pH>4) underlying this former floodplain occurred due to falling river and groundwater levels during the 2006-2010 extreme "millennium" drought. A low pH (<4.5) soil layer was found approximately 1-2.5m below ground level with substantial amounts (up to 0.2 mol H(+)/kg dry weight) of available/soluble acidity and retained acidity in the form of the Fe oxyhydroxy sulfate mineral jarosite. The jarosite appears to be dissolving over time and buffering the sub-surface soil layers at pH≈4. Metal (Fe, Al, Mn) and metalloid (As) lability was greatly increased in the acidic soil layer. Highly acidic and metal rich groundwater (median pH 4.3, Fe, Al, Mn of 0.04-0.52 mmol/L) was observed at the same depths as the acidic soil layers. Nearly all of the dissolved Fe in the groundwater was present as Fe(2+). In the drains, increases in pH and redox potential promoted formation of the Fe oxyhydroxysulfate mineral schwertmannite. This mineral precipitation transferred a portion of the dissolved acidity to the drain sediments. Upon discharge to, and dilution of, the acid drainage in the river, pH neutralisation and rapid oxidation, hydrolysis, and precipitation of solid Al and Fe phases occurred in a localised area. Acidity is persisting (>3 years) following a return to pre-drought water levels.
authors.affiliation: Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), GPO Box 2607, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. Electronic address: luke.mosley@epa.sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Luke M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Rob W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), GPO Box 2607, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Environment Protection Authority (South Australia), GPO Box 2607, Adelaide South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leyden
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; Acid Sulfate Soils Centre, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; School of the Environment, Flinders University, PO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shand
mesh_terms: D055864:Droughts; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013021:South Australia; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D008903:Minerals; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acid drainage; Acid neutralisation; Acid sulfate soils; Pyrite; Soil–water interactions