title: The impact of copper-containing and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptives on cervicovaginal cytology and microbiological flora: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare vaginal microflora and cervical cytology before and after insertion of a copper-containing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) or a levonorgestrel releasing-intrauterine system (LNG-IUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between April 2009 and February 2011, all women requesting insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive for family planning or noncontraceptive indications were enrolled. One hundred and eight Cu-IUDs and 42 LNG-IUSs were placed. Cervical cytological and vaginal microbiological findings before insertion and after 12 months were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With regard to cervical cytology, nonspecific inflammatory changes became more frequent (but not significantly so; p = 0.062) after one year of use of a Cu-IUD, whereas their prevalence remained unchanged among women fitted with a LNG-IUS. Colonisation by Candida spp. and mycoplasma infections were diagnosed significantly more often after one year of use of the Cu-IUD than at baseline. During the study period, women wearing a Cu-IUD complained significantly more frequently of vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and increased menstrual flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of a Cu-IUD - but not that of a LNG-IUS - was associated with an alteration of the vaginal flora and showed a trend towards a higher frequency of nonspecific inflammatory changes affecting cervical cytology.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital , Antalya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simavlı
authors.forename: Aysel Uysal
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Derbent
authors.forename: Aylin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayrım
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kafalı
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000209:etiology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007435:Intrauterine Devices, Copper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000209:etiology; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000209:etiology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D016912:Levonorgestrel
keywords: Cytopathological abnormalities; Intrauterine device; Levonorgestrel releasing-intrauterine system; Microbiological abnormalities; Vaginal flora