title: Accumulated expression level of cytosolic glutamine synthetase 1 gene (OsGS1;1 or OsGS1;2) alter plant development and the carbon-nitrogen metabolic status in rice.
abstract: Maintaining an appropriate balance of carbon to nitrogen metabolism is essential for rice growth and yield. Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme for ammonium assimilation. In this study, we systematically analyzed the growth phenotype, carbon-nitrogen metabolic status and gene expression profiles in GS1;1-, GS1;2-overexpressing rice and wildtype plants. Our results revealed that the GS1;1-, GS1;2-overexpressing plants exhibited a poor plant growth phenotype and yield and decreased carbon/nitrogen ratio in the stem caused by the accumulation of nitrogen in the stem. In addition, the leaf SPAD value and photosynthetic parameters, soluble proteins and carbohydrates varied greatly in the GS1;1-, GS1;2-overexpressing plants. Furthermore, metabolite profile and gene expression analysis demonstrated significant changes in individual sugars, organic acids and free amino acids, and gene expression patterns in GS1;1-, GS1;2-overexpressing plants, which also indicated the distinct roles that these two GS1 genes played in rice nitrogen metabolism, particularly when sufficient nitrogen was applied in the environment. Thus, the unbalanced carbon-nitrogen metabolic status and poor ability of nitrogen transportation from stem to leaf in GS1;1-, GS1;2-overexpressing plants may explain the poor growth and yield.
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Zhuqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Guangda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Fangsen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D009584:Nitrogen
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