title: The difference in spatiotemporal dynamics between modus ponens and modus tollens in the Wason selection task: an event-related potential study.
abstract: High-density, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore differences in spatiotemporal dynamics between modus ponens (MP) and modus tollens (MT) in the Wason selection task. Results showed that MP elicits a more positive P3b-like component than MT from 400 to 800 ms. MP appeared to occur earlier than MT in various stages of proposition testing, such as stimulus processing and response selection. ERP results showed that MT has a longer duration and more negative later negative component (LNC) than MP at 2,000 ms. This result suggests that MT occupies more cognitive resources than MP in the final stages of proposition testing. The short and small left frontal LNC obtained by MP implies examination of the expectable conclusion, whereas the long and large left frontal LNC elicited by MT may be involved in the retention operation of the card in working memory from the monitoring and inspecting putative conclusion in the later stages of proposition testing.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
authors.forename: Bingbing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
authors.forename: Junlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Electronic address: qiuj318@swu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008128:Logic; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: LNC; P3b-like; Wason selection task; proposition testing