title: Role of surgery in the treatment of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma who have a poor response to induction chemotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In instances of high-risk neuroblastoma that do not show a clinical response to induction therapy, whether it is worth performing surgical resection or not and whether gross total resection (GTR) is more important than subtotal resection (STR) remain controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma aged 18 months or older at diagnosis. Primary tumor volumes were measured both at diagnosis and at the first tumor response evaluation (after 6 cycles of induction chemotherapy). If the tumor volume at the first response evaluation was > 50% of the initial tumor volume, the patient was categorized as a poor responder. Otherwise, the patient was categorized as a good responder. Only poor responders were included. Patients were evaluated for event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and complications of surgery based on extent of surgical intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-five patients were included in this study. The 41 patients who underwent surgical intervention had a higher 3-year OS than the 24 patients who had a biopsy only (55.4% ± 8.1% vs. 31.3% ± 10.2%, P=0.02). However, there was limited improvement in 3-year EFS following surgical intervention. Three-year EFS rates of BX group (biopsy only) and OP group (surgical resection) were 24.2% ± 9.3% and 37.7% ± 7.9%, respectively (P=0.063). The extent of resection had no impact on 3-year OS (P=0.631) and 3-year EFS (P=0.796). Patients in the GTR group trended to have more severe surgical complications than patients in the STR group (P=0.105).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For high-risk neuroblastomas that do not show a clinical response to induction therapy, surgical resection is important in predicting outcome, but the extent of resection is not.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 West Beijing Road, Huai'an 223300, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 West Beijing Road, Huai'an 223300, China. Electronic address: zhangchi31@126.com.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China. Electronic address: caiw1978@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yeming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D060828:Induction Chemotherapy; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Neuroblastoma; Postoperative complications; Surgical intervention; Survival