title: Maternal intake of vitamin E and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997 to 2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a recent study, high maternal periconceptional intake of vitamin E was found to be associated with risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). To explore this association further, we investigated the association between total daily vitamin E intake and selected birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 4525 controls and 8665 cases from the 1997 to 2005 National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We categorized estimated periconceptional energy-adjusted total daily vitamin E intake from diet and supplements into quartiles (referent, lowest quartile). Associations between quartiles of energy-adjusted vitamin E intake and selected birth defects were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a statistically significant association with the third quartile of vitamin E intake (odds ratio [OR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.35) and all CHDs combined. Among CHD sub-types, we observed associations with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects, and its sub-type, coarctation of the aorta and the third quartile of vitamin E intake. Among defects other than CHDs, we observed associations between anorectal atresia and the third quartile of vitamin E intake (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.01-2.72) and hypospadias and the fourth quartile of vitamin E intake (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09-1.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selected quartiles of energy-adjusted estimated total daily vitamin E intake were associated with selected birth defects. However, because these few associations did not exhibit exposure-response patterns consistent with increasing risk associated with increasing intake of vitamin E, further studies are warranted to corroborate our findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gilboa
authors.forename: Kyung A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
authors.forename: Flavia K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Traven
authors.forename: Lorenzo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riehle-Colarusso
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Coleen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000071056:Anorectal Malformations; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: birth defects; congenital heart defects; vitamin E
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