title: Identification of microorganisms based on headspace analysis of volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: The identification of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microorganisms may assist in developing a fast and accurate methodology for the determination of pulmonary bacterial infections in exhaled air. As a first step, pulmonary bacteria were cultured and their headspace analyzed for the total amount of excreted VOCs to select those compounds which are exclusively associated with specific microorganisms. Development of a rapid, noninvasive methodology for identification of bacterial species may improve diagnostics and antibiotic therapy, ultimately leading to controlling the antibiotic resistance problem. Two hundred bacterial headspace samples from four different microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect a wide array of VOCs. Statistical analysis of these volatiles enabled the characterization of specific VOC profiles indicative for each microorganism. Differences in VOC abundance between the bacterial types were determined using ANalysis of VAriance-principal component analysis (ANOVA-PCA). These differences were visualized with PCA. Cross validation was applied to validate the results. We identified a large number of different compounds in the various headspaces, thus demonstrating a highly significant difference in VOC occurrence of bacterial cultures compared to the medium and between the cultures themselves. Additionally, a separation between a methicillin-resistant and a methicillin-sensitive isolate of S. aureus could be made due to significant differences between compounds. ANOVA-PCA analysis showed that 25 VOCs were differently profiled across the various microorganisms, whereas a PCA score plot enabled the visualization of these clear differences between the bacterial types. We demonstrated that identification of the studied microorganisms, including an antibiotic susceptible and resistant S. aureus substrain, is possible based on a selected number of compounds measured in the headspace of these cultures. These in vitro results may translate into a breath analysis approach that has the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool in medical microbiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Boots
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smolinska
authors.forename: J J B N
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Berkel
authors.forename: R R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Fijten
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Stobberingh
authors.forename: M L L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boumans
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: E F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Dallinga
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Van Schooten
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds