title: Assessment of hand kinematics using inertial and magnetic sensors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of hand kinematics is important when evaluating hand functioning. Major drawbacks of current sensing glove systems are lack of rotational observability in particular directions, labour intensive calibration methods which are sensitive to wear and lack of an absolute hand orientation estimate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose an ambulatory system using inertial sensors that can be placed on the hand, fingers and thumb. It allows a full 3D reconstruction of all finger and thumb joints as well as the absolute orientation of the hand. The system was experimentally evaluated for the static accuracy, dynamic range and repeatability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RMS position norm difference of the fingertip compared to an optical system was 5±0.5 mm (mean ± standard deviation) for flexion-extension and 12.4±3.0 mm for combined flexion-extension abduction-adduction movements of the index finger. The difference between index and thumb tips during a pinching movement was 6.5±2.1 mm. The dynamic range of the sensing system and filter was adequate to reconstruct full 80 degrees movements of the index finger performed at 116 times per minute, which was limited by the range of the gyroscope. Finally, the reliability study showed a mean range difference over five subjects of 1.1±0.4 degrees for a flat hand test and 1.8±0.6 degrees for a plastic mold clenching test, which is smaller than other reported data gloves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to existing data gloves, this research showed that inertial and magnetic sensors are of interest for ambulatory analysis of the human hand and finger kinematics in terms of static accuracy, dynamic range and repeatability. It allows for estimation of multi-degree of freedom joint movements using low-cost sensors.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine (MIRA), University of Twente, P,O, Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands. h.g.kortier@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Henk G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kortier
authors.forename: Victor I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Sluiter
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roetenberg
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Veltink
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008280:Magnetics; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*
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