title: Virtual humans for inter-ethnic variability training in sedation and analgesia.
abstract: The objective of this research is to enable realistic Virtual Humans (VH) that support inter-ethnic variability training. Inter-ethnic variability refers to differences in response to medical treatment, such as drug administration, due to ethnicity (e.g., Caucasian, African American, or South Asian). Most current approaches to VHs do not model these differences. Our approach consists of driving VH responses based on a real time pharmacodynamic / pharmacokinetic propofol model that includes inter-ethnic variability. Results of a user study with 22 medical students suggest that utilizing VHs for inter-ethnic variability training is feasible and can increase awareness of inter-ethnic variability.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jendrusch
authors.affiliation: University of Florida.
authors.forename: Samsun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampotang
authors.affiliation: University of Florida.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lizdas
authors.affiliation: University of Florida.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gravenstein
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
authors.forename: Dwayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.affiliation: University of Florida.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at San Antonio.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quarles
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000698:Analgesia; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D000066908:Simulation Training