title: Metal nanoparticles: The protective nanoshield against virus infection.
abstract: Re-emergence of resistance in different pathogens including viruses are the major cause of human disease and death, which is posing a serious challenge to the medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnological sectors. Though many efforts have been made to develop drug and vaccines against re-emerging viruses, researchers are continuously engaged in the development of novel, cheap and broad-spectrum antiviral agents, not only to fight against viruses but also to act as a protective shield against pathogens attack. Current advancement in nanotechnology provides a novel platform for the development of potential and effective agents by modifying the materials at nanolevel with remarkable physicochemical properties, high surface area to volume ratio and increased reactivity. Among metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have strong antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential to boost the host immunity against pathogen attack. Nevertheless, the interaction of silver nanoparticles with viruses is a largely unexplored field. The present review discusses antiviral activity of the metal nanoparticles, especially the mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles, against different viruses such HSV, HIV, HBV, MPV, RSV, etc. It is also focused on how silver nanoparticles can be used in therapeutics by considering their cytotoxic level, to avoid human and environmental risks.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India .
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India .
authors.forename: Shivaji D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India .
authors.forename: Avinash P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ingle
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , SGB Amravati University , Amravati , Maharashtra , India .|b Department of Biotechnology , Government Institute of Science , Nipatniranjan Nagar, Caves Road , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India and.
authors.forename: Indarchand R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: c CIRPEB, University of Naples , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galdiero
authors.affiliation: c CIRPEB, University of Naples , Naples , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galdiero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012834:Silver
keywords: Cytotoxicity; drug resistant; immunity booster; nanoparticles; nanoshield; virucidal