title: High prevalence of PfCRT K76T mutation in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Ghana.
abstract: Plasmodium falciparum has successfully developed resistance to almost all currently used antimalarials. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (Pfcrt) gene at position 76 resulting in a change in coding from lysine to threonine (K76T) has been implicated to be the corner stone of chloroquine resistance. Widespread resistance to chloroquine in endemic regions led to its replacement with other antimalarials. In some areas this replacement resulted in a reversion of the mutant T76 allele to the wild-type K76 allele. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of the K76T mutation of the Pfcrt gene eight years after the ban on chloroquine sales and use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 regional hospitals in Ghana. PCR-RFLP was used to analyse samples collected to determine the prevalence of Pfcrt K76T mutation. Of the 1318 participants recruited for this study, 246 were found to harbour the P. falciparum parasites, of which 60.98% (150/246) showed symptoms for malaria. The prevalence of the Pfcrt T76 mutant allele was 58.54% (144/246) and that of the K76 wild-type allele was 41.46% (102/246). No difference of statistical significance was observed in the distribution of the alleles in the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants (P=0.632). No significant association was, again, observed between the alleles and parasite density (P=0.314), as well as between the alleles and Hb levels of the participants (P=0.254). Notwithstanding the decline in the prevalence of the Pfcrt T76 mutation since the antimalarial policy change in 2004, the 58.54% prevalence recorded in this study is considered high after eight years of the abolishment of chloroquine usage in Ghana. This is in contrast to findings from other endemic areas where the mutant allele significantly reduced in the population after a reduction chloroquine use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Electronic address: rafoakwah@ucc.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Richmond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Afoakwah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Electronic address: jonboamus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Johnson N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Boampong
authors.affiliation: Vector Genetics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: egyiryawson@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egyir-Yawson
authors.affiliation: Vector Genetics Laboratory, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana. Electronic address: nwaekene@live.com.
authors.forename: Ekene K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Nwaefuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital, P.O. Box 229, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Electronic address: orishv@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Orish N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Verner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Electronic address: kwamsare@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kwame K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Asare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D002738:Chloroquine
keywords: Chloroquine; Malaria; Mutation; Plasmodium falciparum