title: The association of gene polymorphisms with athlete status in ukrainians.
abstract: Athletic performance is a polygenic trait influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate individually and in combination the association of common gene polymorphisms with athlete status in Ukrainians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 210 elite Ukrainian athletes (100 endurance-oriented and 110 power-orientated athletes) and 326 controls were genotyped for ACE I/D, HIF1A Pro582Ser, NOS3 -786 T/C, PPARA intron 7 G/C, PPARG Pro12Ala and PPARGC1B Ala203Pro gene polymorphisms, most of which were previously reported to be associated with athlete status or related intermediate phenotypes in different populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Power-oriented athletes exhibited an increased frequency of the HIF1A Ser (16.1 vs. 9.4%, P = 0.034) and NOS3 T alleles (78.3 vs. 66.2%, P = 0.0019) in comparison with controls. Additionally, we found that the frequency of the PPARG Ala allele was significantly higher in power-oriented athletes compared with the endurance-oriented athletes (24.7 vs. 13.5%; P = 0.0076). Next, we determined the total genotype score (TGS, from the accumulated combination of the three polymorphisms, with a maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimal polygenic score) in athletes and controls. The mean TGS was significantly higher in power-oriented athletes (39.1 ± 2.3 vs. 32.6 ± 1.5; P = 0.0142) than in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the HIF1A Ser, NOS3 T and PPARG Ala alleles were associated with power athlete status in Ukrainians.
authors.affiliation: National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Department of Sport Biology, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Drozdovska
authors.affiliation: Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sector of Molecular Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Dosenko
authors.affiliation: Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Sport Technology Education Research Laboratory, Kazan, Russia.
authors.forename: I I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Ahmetov
authors.affiliation: National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Department of Sport Biology, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Ilyin
keywords: athletic performance; gene polymorphisms; genetic markers; sport selection
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