title: Association of serum Clara cell protein CC16 with respiratory infections and immune response to respiratory pathogens in elite athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory epithelium integrity impairment caused by intensive exercise may lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Clara cell protein (CC16) has anti-inflammatory properties and its serum level reflects changes in epithelium integrity and airway inflammation. This study aimed to investigate serum CC16 in elite athletes and to seek associations of CC16 with asthma or allergy, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and immune response to respiratory pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in 203 Olympic athletes. Control groups comprised 53 healthy subjects and 49 mild allergic asthmatics. Serum levels of CC16 and IgG against respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were assessed. Allergy questionnaire for athletes was used to determine symptoms and exercise pattern. Current versions of ARIA and GINA guidelines were used when diagnosing allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthma was diagnosed in 13.3% athletes, of whom 55.6% had concomitant allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis without asthma was diagnosed in 14.8% of athletes. Mean CC16 concentration was significantly lower in athletes versus healthy controls and mild asthmatics. Athletes reporting frequent RTIs had significantly lower serum CC16 and the risk of frequent RTIs was more than 2-fold higher in athletes with low serum CC16 (defined as equal to or less than 4.99 ng/ml). Athletes had significantly higher anti-adenovirus IgG than healthy controls while only non-atopic athletes had anti-parainfluenza virus IgG significantly lower than controls. In all athletes weak correlation of serum CC16 and anti-parainfluenza virus IgG was present (R = 0.20, p < 0.01). In atopic athletes a weak positive correlations of CC16 with IgG specific for respiratory syncytial virus (R = 0.29, p = 0.009), parainfluenza virus (R = 0.31, p = 0.01) and adenovirus (R = 0.27, p = 0.02) were seen as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular high-load exercise is associated with decrease in serum CC16 levels. Athletes with decreased CC16 are more susceptible to respiratory infections. Atopy may be an additional factor modifying susceptibility to infections in subjects performing regular high-load exercise.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurowski
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jurczyk
authors.forename: Marzanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarzębska
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moskwa
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Makowska
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krysztofiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, ul, Pomorska 251, bud, C-5, Łódź 92-213, Poland. marek.kowalski@csk.umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Marek L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kowalski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014598:Uteroglobin / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C556389:SCGB1A1 protein, human; D014598:Uteroglobin
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