title: PSMA, EpCAM, VEGF and GRPR as imaging targets in locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy.
abstract: In this retrospective pilot study, the expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in locally recurrent prostate cancer after brachytherapy or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was investigated, and their adequacy for targeted imaging was analyzed. Prostate cancer specimens were collected of 17 patients who underwent salvage prostatectomy because of locally recurrent prostate cancer after brachytherapy or EBRT. Immunohistochemistry was performed. A pathologist scored the immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and stroma. Staining for PSMA was seen in 100% (17/17), EpCAM in 82.3% (14/17), VEGF in 82.3% (14/17) and GRPR in 100% (17/17) of prostate cancer specimens. Staining for PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF was seen in 0% (0/17) and for GRPR in 100% (17/17) of the specimens' stromal compartments. In 11.8% (2/17) of cases, the GRPR staining intensity of prostate cancer was higher than stroma, while in 88.2% (15/17), the staining was equal. Based on the absence of stromal staining, PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF show high tumor distinctiveness. Therefore, PSMA, EpCAM and VEGF can be used as targets for the bioimaging of recurrent prostate cancer after EBRT to exclude metastatic disease and/or to plan local salvage therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands. maxrybalov@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rybalov
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands. h.j.k.ananias@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Hildo J K
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ananias
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands. h.d.hoving@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Hilde D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hoving
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam 1066 CX, The Netherlands. h.vd.poel@nki.nl.
authors.forename: Henk G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: van der Poel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands. s.rosati@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB NL, The Netherlands. i.j.de.jong@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Igle J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D000071858:Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C473848:FOLH1 protein, human; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
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