title: Interactions during feeding with mothers and their infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether maternal-child interaction during feedings was suboptimal in dyads in which the infant had gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and to compare massage therapy to a nonmassage therapy sham treatment in improving the mother-child interaction in these dyads.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, controlled pilot study, infants received massage therapy (n=18) or a nonmassage touch/holding sham treatment (n=18). Mothers, data collectors, and the investigator who scored the feeding observations were blinded to group assignment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dyads were recruited from pediatric care providers in the Denver metropolitan area and online advertisements at the University of Colorado. Treatments were given in the home of the dyad.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy infants, born at 38-42 weeks gestational age, were 5-10 weeks of age at enrollment; had a score of at least 16 on the Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire-Revised; and were diagnosed with GERD by their pediatric provider. Mothers were English speaking and at least 18 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatments were given for 30 minutes twice weekly for 6 weeks. A certified infant massage therapist administered massage, and a registered nurse or physical therapist experienced with infants administered the control treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal and infant scores on the Nursing Child Assessment of Feeding Scale (NCAFS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  NCAFS scores were significantly lower than national norms. Small to moderately sized effects showing improvement in the massage group relative to the nonmassage group were seen for Sensitivity to Cues, Social-Emotional Growth Fostering, Cognitive Growth Fostering, and Clarity of Cues (Cohen d) and ranged from 0.24 to 0.56.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers and infants with GERD experience significantly worse interactions than those without GERD. Massage given twice weekly by a professional trended toward improved interaction during feeding. Daily maternal administration of massage may have a positive effect on the relationship.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Colorado College of Nursing , Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Madalynn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schmiege
authors.forename: Zhaoxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fehringer
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Workman
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcheggianni-Howard
authors.forename: Glenn T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Furuta
mesh_terms: D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D010865:Pilot Projects
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 May;4(5):588-96
references.pmid: 16678075
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2007 Apr;96(4):590-4
references.pmid: 17391475
references.citation: Child Care Health Dev. 2011 Jan;37(1):11-25
references.pmid: 20666781
references.citation: Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17(2):147-56
references.pmid: 19373622
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Winter;20(1):37-54
references.pmid: 18211727
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2010 May;120(5):381-5
references.pmid: 20402578
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 May;104(5):1278-95; quiz 1296
references.pmid: 19352345
references.citation: J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2010 Apr-Jun;24(2):172-81
references.pmid: 20442614
references.citation: Int J Eat Disord. 2006 Mar;39(2):128-34
references.pmid: 16231348
references.citation: J Paediatr Child Health. 2006 Jan-Feb;42(1-2):49-58
references.pmid: 16487390
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2008 Jul;109(1-2):189-92
references.pmid: 18086500
references.citation: Psychopathology. 2004 Nov-Dec;37(6):272-80
references.pmid: 15539778
references.citation: J Nutr. 2011 Mar;141(3):490-4
references.pmid: 21270366
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Aug;157:288-90
references.pmid: 2224383
references.citation: Res Nurs Health. 2003 Dec;26(6):424-33
references.pmid: 14689459
references.citation: Int J Eat Disord. 2010 Mar;43(2):98-111
references.pmid: 20063374
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2007 May;49(4):351-61
references.pmid: 17455226
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011 Oct;53(4):380-5
references.pmid: 21697742
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2006 Jul;42(4):627-42
references.pmid: 16802896
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2005 Dec;81(12):1011-24
references.pmid: 16278060
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008 Jun;29(3):197-205
references.pmid: 18454039
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;179:151-6
references.pmid: 11483477
references.citation: BMC Pediatr. 2012 Apr 11;12:44
references.pmid: 22494700
references.citation: Biol Res Nurs. 2014 Oct;16(4):387-97
references.pmid: 24379449
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2003 Aug;143(2):219-23
references.pmid: 12970637
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2010 Feb;33(1):88-95
references.pmid: 20056283
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2001 Mar;63(1-3):201-7
references.pmid: 11246096
references.citation: Matern Child Health J. 2006 Mar;10(2):139-48
references.pmid: 16397831
references.citation: J Paediatr Child Health. 1999 Apr;35(2):163-9
references.pmid: 10365354
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;51(9):998-1009
references.pmid: 20406336
references.citation: J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2011 Jul;16(3):169-78
references.pmid: 21702877
references.citation: J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2012 Jul;17(3):177-92
references.pmid: 22734872
references.citation: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001 Dec 10;81(23):1420-3
references.pmid: 11930611
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2010 Dec;33(4):605-12
references.pmid: 20723998
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2002 Dec;23(6):410-5
references.pmid: 12476070
references.citation: Sports Med. 1992 Jul;14(1):1-9
references.pmid: 1641539