title: Cognitive control moderates early childhood temperament in predicting social behavior in 7-year-old children: an ERP study.
abstract: Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament associated with heightened vigilance and fear of novelty in early childhood, and social reticence and increased risk for anxiety problems later in development. However, not all behaviorally inhibited children develop signs of anxiety. One mechanism that might contribute to the variability in developmental trajectories is the recruitment of cognitive-control resources. The current study measured N2 activation, an ERP (event-related potential) associated with cognitive control, and modeled source-space activation (LORETA; Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography) at 7 years of age while children performed a go/no-go task. Activation was estimated for the entire cortex and then exported for four regions of interest: ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC), and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). BI was measured in early childhood (ages 2 and 3 years). Anxiety problems and social reticence were measured at 7 years of age to ascertain stability of temperamental style. Results revealed that BI was associated with increased performance accuracy, longer reaction times, greater (more negative) N2 activation, and higher estimated dorsal ACC and DLPFC activation. Furthermore, early BI was only associated with social reticence at age 7 at higher (more negative) levels of N2 activation or higher estimated dorsal ACC or DLPFC activation. Results are discussed in the context of overcontrolled behavior contributing to social reticence and signs of anxiety in middle childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamm
authors.forename: Olga L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Degnan
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Jennifer Martin
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2003 Sep;40(5):752-61
references.pmid: 14696728
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2000 Mar;126(2):220-46
references.pmid: 10748641
references.citation: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24 Suppl C:91-5
references.pmid: 12575492
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:235-62
references.pmid: 15709935
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Sep;115(9):2001-13
references.pmid: 15294202
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35(2):177-93
references.pmid: 20390601
references.citation: Am Psychol. 1991 Aug;46(8):856-62
references.pmid: 1928938
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2007 Summer;19(3):729-46
references.pmid: 17705900
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 Sep;48(9):928-935
references.pmid: 19625982
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2003 Oct;64(1-2):77-90
references.pmid: 14602356
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2009 Jan;12(1):92-8
references.pmid: 19079249
references.citation: J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Dec;23(8):1132-8
references.pmid: 19695828
references.citation: Child Dev. 1996 Feb;67(1):218-35
references.pmid: 8605830
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2003 Mar;3(1):17-26
references.pmid: 12822595
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Dec 15;54(12):1345-54
references.pmid: 14675798
references.citation: Child Dev. 2001 Jan-Feb;72(1):1-21
references.pmid: 11280472
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Nov;20(9):2483-8
references.pmid: 15525290
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2011 Nov;77(2):159-69
references.pmid: 21940093
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 May;54(5):552-64
references.pmid: 23046115
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2012 Aug;79(3):181-7
references.pmid: 22542842
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 Mar;18(3):430-43
references.pmid: 16513007
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2007 Spring;19(2):455-80
references.pmid: 17459179
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011 Jul;39(5):735-47
references.pmid: 21301953
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2008 Sep;44(5):1491-6
references.pmid: 18793079
references.citation: J Pers Assess. 2006 Aug;87(1):102-12
references.pmid: 16856791
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(11):2139-48
references.pmid: 16310813
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2009 Jul;45(4):988-1008
references.pmid: 19586175
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Feb;7(2):184-8
references.pmid: 14703573
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2005;22(3):103-13
references.pmid: 16149043
references.citation: Child Dev. 1996 Apr;67(2):523-40
references.pmid: 8625726
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;47(10):1073-82
references.pmid: 17073986
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 1998 Mar;32(2):113-20
references.pmid: 9526686
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 Jan;31(1):103-11
references.pmid: 1537760
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Dec;112(12):2224-32
references.pmid: 11738192
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;164(10):1476-88
references.pmid: 17898336
references.citation: Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2-3):152-66
references.pmid: 7984158
references.citation: Child Dev. 2001 Sep-Oct;72(5):1394-408
references.pmid: 11699677
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2007 Dec;7(4):367-79
references.pmid: 18189010
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2010 May;167(5):545-54
references.pmid: 20123913
references.citation: Acta Psychol (Amst). 1999 Apr;101(2-3):267-91
references.pmid: 10344188
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 5;106(18):7351-6
references.pmid: 19380750
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Oct;115(10):2195-222
references.pmid: 15351361
references.citation: J Pers. 2003 Aug;71(4):495-513
references.pmid: 12901429
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 1;65(5):445-8
references.pmid: 19108817
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;66(2):170-80
references.pmid: 19188539
references.citation: Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Jan;2(1):152-61
references.pmid: 22308177