title: Multi-method approach for characterizing the interaction between Fusarium verticillioides and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki.
abstract: Bacterial antagonists used as biocontrol agents represent part of an integrated management program to reduce pesticides in the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis is considered a good alternative as a biocontrol agent for suppressing plant pathogens such as Fusarium. In this study, we used microscopy, flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorescence, and high performance liquid chromatography to determine the interaction between B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki LFB-FIOCRUZ (CCGB) 257 and F. verticillioides MRC 826, an important plant pathogen frequently associated with maize. B. thuringiensis showed a strong in vitro suppressive effect on F. verticillioides growth and inhibited fumonisin production. Flow cytometry analysis was found to be adequate for characterizing the fungal cell oscillations and death during these interactions. Further studies of the antagonistic effect of this isolate against other fungi and in vivo testing are necessary to determine the efficacy of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in controlling plant pathogens. This is the first report on the use of flow cytometry for quantifying living and apoptotic F. verticillioides cells and the B. thuringiensis Cry 1Ab toxin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliana O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabina Moser
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tralamazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rabinovitch
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cynara B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benedito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corrêa
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000502:physiology*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000633:toxicity; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D005670:Fusarium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000633:toxicity; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
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