title: Biotransformation of phytosterols under aerobic conditions.
abstract: Phytosterols are plant-derived sterols present in pulp and paper wastewater and have been implicated in the endocrine disruption of aquatic species. Bioassays were performed to assess the effect of an additional carbon source and/or solubilizing agent on the aerobic biotransformation of a mixture of three common phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol). The aerobic biotransformation of the phytosterol mixture by a mixed culture developed from a pulp and paper wastewater treatment system was examined under three separate conditions: with phytosterols as the sole added carbon source, with phytosterols and dextrin as an additional carbon source, and with phytosterols added with ethanol as an additional carbon source and solubilizing agent. Significant phytosterol removal was not observed in assays set up with phytosterol powder, either with or without an additional carbon source. In contrast, all three phytosterols were aerobically degraded when added as a dissolved solution in ethanol. Thus, under the experimental conditions of this study, the bioavailability of phytosterols was limited without the presence of a solubilizing agent. The total phytosterol removal rate was linear for the first six days before re-spiking, with a rate of 0.47 mg/L-d (R(2) = 0.998). After the second spiking, the total phytosterol removal rate was linear for seven days, with a rate of 0.32 mg/L-d (R(2) = 0.968). Following the 7th day, the phytosterol removal rate markedly accelerated, suggesting two different mechanisms are involved in phytosterol biotransformation, more likely related to the production of enzyme(s) involved in phytosterol degradation, induced under different cell growth conditions. β-sitosterol was preferentially degraded, as compared to stigmasterol and campesterol, although all three phytosterols fell below detection limits by the 24th day of incubation.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
authors.forename: Christy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dykstra
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
authors.forename: Hamilton D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 10th Street, N.W., Atlanta, GA 30318, USA.
authors.forename: Sujit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA. Electronic address: spyros.pavlostathis@ce.gatech.edu.
authors.forename: Spyros G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pavlostathis
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D003912:Dextrins / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000378:metabolism*; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000378:metabolism*; D013265:Stigmasterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003912:Dextrins; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000431:Ethanol; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002244:Carbon; D002784:Cholesterol; D013265:Stigmasterol
keywords: Aerobic biodegradation; Campesterol; Cholesterol oxidase; Phytosterols; Stigmasterol; β-Sitosterol