title: Gonadotrophic hormone and reinforcement sensitivity systems in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Behavior inhibition and behavior approach system (BIS/BAS) determine the sensitivity to aversion and rewarding stimuli, respectively. This study aimed at evaluating the BIS/BAS of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and effect of estrogen and progesterone on the BIS/BAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with PMDD without treatment and control subjects were recruited from the community. The PMDD diagnosis was based on psychiatric interviewing and the result of two-menstrual-cycle follow up. A total of 67 women with PMDD and 75 control subjects were recruited and entered the final analysis. They were evaluated with BIS/BAS scale and for estrogen and progesterone levels in both premenstrual and follicular phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that BAS score was higher among women with PMDD in both premenstrual and follicular phases. Progesterone level negatively correlated with fun-seeking, and its change in the menstrual cycle also negatively correlated to a change in fun-seeking score among women with PMDD. Women with PMDD had a higher score in BIS in the premenstrual phase and the BIS score correlated to depression, anxiety, and hostility among them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest reward sensitivity of women with PMDD is vulnerable to the effect of progesterone change in the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, the sensitivity to aversive stimuli plays an important role involving core symptoms of PMDD. The reinforcement sensitivity of PMDD deserves further detailed study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Cheng-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Cheng-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Cheng-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Peng-Wei
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ju-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000097:blood; D009042:Motivation; D065446:Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: aversive sensitivity; menstrual cycle; premenstrual dysphoric disorder; progesterone; reward sensitivity