title: Premorbid self-disorders and lifetime diagnosis in the schizophrenia spectrum: a prospective high-risk study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The notion of a disordered self as a core disturbance of schizophrenia was proposed in many foundational texts. Recent studies, spurred by the development of the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), seem to indicate that self-disorders are a specific manifestation of schizophrenia vulnerability. Follow-up studies of help-seeking, prodromal and first-admission patients have demonstrated the utility of self-disorders for predicting later schizophrenia-spectrum disturbance. We wished to extend these findings by gauging the predictive value of self-disorders in a premorbid, non-clinical population at high risk for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children from the Copenhagen High-Risk Project with high-genetic risk for schizophrenia (N = 212) were assessed premorbidly (average age = 15), and diagnostically re-evaluated after 10 and 25 years. Since the EASE was not available at the time of premorbid assessment, we hypothesized that a proxy scale drawn from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) could distinguish those who later developed a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (N = 68) from those who remained healthy (N = 64). The Self-Disorder Scale comprised 32 items whose content suggested an aspect of self-disorder as measured by the EASE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premorbid Self-Disorder Scale scores significantly predicted lifetime schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis in the high-risk cohort. Although there was considerable item overlap between the new scale and an existing MMPI scale (psychoticism), the overlap did not account for the Self-Disorder Scale's predictive efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the notion of self-disorders as a core vulnerability feature in schizophrenia, detectable premorbidly in those developing later schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
authors.affiliation: Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Psychiatric Center Hvidovre, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parnas
authors.affiliation: Horizon Consumer Science, Glendale, California, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Center Hvidovre, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordgaard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: EASE; MMPI; high risk; schizophrenia spectrum; self-disorder