title: Electrical impedance myography for the in vivo and ex vivo assessment of muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensitive, non-invasive techniques are needed that can provide biomarkers of disease status and the effects of therapy in muscular dystrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated electrical impedance myography (EIM) to serve in this role by studying 2-month-old and 18-month-old mdx and wild-type (WT) animals (10 animals in each of 4 groups).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Marked differences were observed in EIM values between mdx and WT animals; the differences were more pronounced between the older age groups (e.g., reactance of 92.6 ± 4.3 Ω for mdx animals vs. 130 ± 4.1 Ω for WT animals, P<0.001). In addition, in vivo EIM parameters correlated significantly with the extent of connective tissue deposition in the mdx animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EIM has the potential to serve as a valuable non-invasive method for evaluating muscular dystrophy. It can be a useful biomarker to assist with therapeutic testing in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, TCC-810, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tom R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Geisbush
authors.forename: Glenn D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lachey
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulivor
authors.forename: Seward B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rutkove
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009136:Muscular Dystrophies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006909:Hydroxyproline
keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; biomarker; connective tissue; electrical impedance; mdx mouse
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2010 Jan;9(1):77-93
references.pmid: 19945913
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2010 Aug;69(8):771-6
references.pmid: 20613637
references.citation: Eur J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb;18(2):146-53
references.pmid: 19809477
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2010 Jul 15;294(1-2):43-50
references.pmid: 20471037
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD003725
references.pmid: 18254031
references.citation: Curr Gene Ther. 2012 Jun;12(3):245-59
references.pmid: 22554312
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1996 Nov;41(11):2231-49
references.pmid: 8938024
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45004
references.pmid: 23028733
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2009 Dec;40(6):936-46
references.pmid: 19768754
references.citation: Neurology. 2011 Jul 19;77(3):250-6
references.pmid: 21734183
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2013 May;60(5):1446-52
references.pmid: 23314763
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Dec;122(12):2505-11
references.pmid: 21612980
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1973 Sep;55(1):288-91
references.pmid: 4356652
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1996 Nov;41(11):2251-69
references.pmid: 8938025
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2009 Dec;30(12):1415-27
references.pmid: 19887721
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008 Jan;190(1):W8-12
references.pmid: 18094282
references.citation: Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2012 Sep;13(5):439-45
references.pmid: 22670883
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2012 May;45(5):642-7
references.pmid: 22499089
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012 Oct;54(10):879-85
references.pmid: 22713125
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2013 Feb;34(2):203-21
references.pmid: 23353926
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Oct;90(10):1806-10
references.pmid: 19801075
references.citation: Neuromuscul Disord. 2007 Mar;17(3):206-8
references.pmid: 17306535
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2013 Feb;34(2):223-35
references.pmid: 23354000
references.citation: Neurology. 2005 Aug 9;65(3):451-2
references.pmid: 16087913