title: Legislating thresholds for drug trafficking: a policy development case study from New South Wales, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Legal thresholds are used in many parts of the world to define the quantity of illicit drugs over which possession is deemed "trafficking" as opposed to "possession for personal use". There is limited knowledge about why or how such laws were developed. In this study we analyse the policy processes underpinning the introduction and expansion of the drug trafficking legal threshold system in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical legal and historical analysis was undertaken sourcing data from legislation, Parliamentary Hansard debates, government inquiries, police reports and research. A timeline of policy developments was constructed from 1970 until 2013 outlining key steps including threshold introduction (1970), expansion (1985), and wholesale revision (1988). We then critically analysed the drivers of each step and the roles played by formal policy actors, public opinion, research/data and the drug trafficking problem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find evidence that while justified as a necessary tool for effective law enforcement of drug trafficking, their introduction largely preceded overt police calls for reform or actual increases in drug trafficking. Moreover, while the expansion from one to four thresholds had the intent of differentiating small from large scale traffickers, the quantities employed were based on government assumptions which led to "manifest problems" and the revision in 1988 of over 100 different quantities. Despite the revisions, there has remained no further formal review and new quantities for "legal highs" continue to be added based on assumption and an uncertain evidence-base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of legal thresholds for drug trafficking in NSW has been arbitrary and messy. That the arbitrariness persists from 1970 until the present day makes it hard to conclude the thresholds have been well designed. Our narrative provides a platform for future policy reform.
authors.affiliation: Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia. Electronic address: caitlin.hughes@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Caitlin Elizabeth
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Law, UNSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cowdery
mesh_terms: D064423:Drug Trafficking / Q000266:history / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006291:Health Policy / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009517:New South Wales; D011050:Policy Making
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Australia; Drug; Law; Policy process; Trafficking