title: Combined reflectance spectroscopy and stochastic modeling approach for noninvasive hemoglobin determination via palpebral conjunctiva.
abstract: A combination of stochastic photon propagation model in a multilayered human eyelid tissue and reflectance spectroscopy was used to study palpebral conjunctiva spectral reflectance for hemoglobin (Hgb) determination. The developed model is the first biologically relevant model of eyelid tissue, which was shown to provide very good approximation to the measured spectra. Tissue optical parameters were defined using previous histological and microscopy studies of a human eyelid. After calibration of the model parameters the responses of reflectance spectra to Hgb level and blood oxygenation variations were calculated. The stimulated reflectance spectra in adults with normal and low Hgb levels agreed well with experimental data for Hgb concentrations from 8.1 to 16.7 g/dL. The extracted Hgb levels were compared with in vitro Hgb measurements. The root mean square error of cross-validation was 1.64 g/dL. The method was shown to provide 86% sensitivity estimates for clinically diagnosed anemia cases. A combination of the model with spectroscopy measurements provides a new tool for noninvasive study of human conjunctiva to aid in diagnosing blood disorders such as anemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, Indiana.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, 02912, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMurdy
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, 02912, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, Indiana.
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lines
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, Indiana.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, Indiana ; Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 46556, Indiana ; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicince, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alber
keywords: Blood; hemoglobin; modeling; reflectance spectroscopy
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2008 Nov-Dec;13(6):060504
references.pmid: 19123645
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Jan-Feb;64(1-2 Suppl):57-67
references.pmid: 11425178
references.citation: Photochem Photobiol. 1991 Jun;53(6):769-75
references.pmid: 1886936
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2009 Jul;116(7):1402-4
references.pmid: 19427700
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 15;38(10):1454-63
references.pmid: 15156485
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 1987;6(6):494-503
references.pmid: 3573921
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2012 Oct;17(10):101514
references.pmid: 23223990
references.citation: Opt Express. 2010 Aug 30;18(18):18779-92
references.pmid: 20940771
references.citation: Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1995 Jul;47(2):131-46
references.pmid: 7587160
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1997 Jan 1;36(1):416
references.pmid: 18250689
references.citation: Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011 Oct;25(5):344-8
references.pmid: 21976943
references.citation: Ann Biomed Eng. 2002 Nov-Dec;30(10):1291-8
references.pmid: 12540205
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2005 Sep 7;50(17):4075-86
references.pmid: 16177531
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989 Dec;36(12):1162-8
references.pmid: 2606490
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1973 Mar 1;12(3):555-63
references.pmid: 20125343
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2012 Feb;33(2):159-75
references.pmid: 22258326
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 1992 Feb;76(2):212-7
references.pmid: 1472169
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 1999;25(2):131-9
references.pmid: 10455219
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2000 Apr;5(2):221-8
references.pmid: 10938787
references.citation: J Emerg Med. 2007 Aug;33(2):105-11
references.pmid: 17692757
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1995 Nov;40(11):1983-93
references.pmid: 8587945
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1979 Apr 15;18(8):1204-8
references.pmid: 20208908
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2009 Jan-Feb;14(1):014009
references.pmid: 19256697
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1997 May;42(5):803-14
references.pmid: 9172260
references.citation: Am J Med. 2004 Apr 5;116 Suppl 7A:1S-2S
references.pmid: 15050881
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am. 1948 May;38(5):448-57
references.pmid: 18916891
references.citation: Lasers Surg Med. 1995;17(4):350-7
references.pmid: 8684237
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2002 Nov;23(4):741-53
references.pmid: 12450273
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2005 Mar-Apr;10(2):024030
references.pmid: 15910103
references.citation: J Biophotonics. 2010 Jan;3(1-2):53-65
references.pmid: 19739145
references.citation: Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Sep 1;2(9):2461-9
references.pmid: 21991540
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2006 Jan-Feb;11(1):014019
references.pmid: 16526896
references.citation: Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2003 Feb;70(2):179-86
references.pmid: 12507793
references.citation: Appl Opt. 1996 Jul 1;35(19):3321-7
references.pmid: 21102718
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2002 Dec 7;47(23):4271-85
references.pmid: 12502049
references.citation: J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2004 Oct;21(10):1942-52
references.pmid: 15497422
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2008 Feb;54(2):264-72
references.pmid: 18070818
references.citation: Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol. 2004 Jan-Apr;46(1):36-41
references.pmid: 15646393