title: Video-rate optical flow corrected intraoperative functional fluorescence imaging.
abstract: Intraoperative fluorescence molecular imaging based on targeted fluorescence agents is an emerging approach to improve surgical and endoscopic imaging and guidance. Short exposure times per frame and implementation at video rates are necessary to provide continuous feedback to the physician and avoid motion artifacts. However, fast imaging implementations also limit the sensitivity of fluorescence detection. To improve on detection sensitivity in video rate fluorescence imaging, we considered herein an optical flow technique applied to texture-rich color images. This allows the effective accumulation of fluorescence signals over longer, virtual exposure times. The proposed correction scheme is shown to improve signal-to-noise ratios both in phantom experiments and in vivo tissue imaging.
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glatz
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ermolayev
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Groningen, Medical Oncology , 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth G E
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Surgery, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, GermanybHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Re.
authors.forename: Karl-Hans
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Englmeier
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environment and Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ntziachristos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes