title: Unacknowledged threats proffered "in a manner of speaking": recognizing workplace bullying as shaming.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine workplace bullying victims' perceptions of what they heard their bully counterparts say through their use of prosody.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a sampling frame of 89 manuscripts referenced in the authors' previous studies, we identified a subset (n = 10) that included quotes regarding bullying victims' perceptions of communication experiences with their bully perpetrators.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used hermeneutics and a recursive metasynthesis to interpret quotes embedded in the manuscripts chosen for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of language is expressed nonverbally through prosody or "manner of speaking"-rhythm, stress, intonation, and vocabulary choice. We found that as bullies communicated with their intended victims over time, they used prosody across subtle, linked communications, or boldly and openly in public venues, to establish a context-embedded, one-way communication process of "doublespeak."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bullies' confusing prosodic communication processes served to recontexualize victims' situations and, through mechanisms largely unacknowledged by the victims, to subtly demean their personhood, and to shame them and render them voiceless.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study directs formal attention to the language of workplace bullying. Further study might strengthen opportunities to effectively address and curtail the long-term personal, professional, and organizational injuries deriving from workplace bullying.
authors.affiliation: Dean and Professor, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura Cox
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dzurec
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kennison
authors.forename: Raya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albataineh
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D012752:Shame; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Workplace bullying; nonverbal language; policy; subjectivity