title: A three dimensional study of upper airway in adult skeletal Class II patients with different vertical growth patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was performed to compare the 3D pharyngeal airway dimensions in adult skeletal Class II patients with different vertical growth patterns (low, normal, and high angle) and to investigate whether the upper airway dimensions of untreated skeletal Class II adults were affected by vertical skeletal variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records of 64 untreated adult skeletal Class II patients (34 male and 30 female) were collected to evaluate the pharyngeal airway dimensions. Subjects were divided into three subgroups according to the GoGn-SN angle (low angle, normal angle or high angle). All subgroups were matched for sex. ANOVA and SNK-q tests were used to identify differences within and among groups (p<0.05). Coefficient of product-moment correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient) was used to analyze the association between pharyngeal airway dimensions and vertical growth patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that pharyngeal airway measurements were statistically significantly less (p<0.05) in high angle group as compared to normal angle or low angle group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adult skeletal Class II subjects with vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower pharyngeal airways than those with normal or horizontal growth patterns, confirming an association between pharyngeal airway measurements and a vertical skeletal pattern.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tianhu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Radiology and Intervention Therapy, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
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