title: Assessing recovery and disability after physical trauma: the Pediatric Injury Functional Outcome Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish reliability and validity of the Pediatric Injury Functional Outcome Scale (PIFOS), a brief injury-specific rating scale covering motor, self-care, communication, social-emotional, cognition, physical, and academic areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective longitudinal study, the PIFOS structured interview was administered to parents of children 3-15 years of age at 3 and 12 months after hospitalization for traumatic brain injury (TBI) or orthopedic injury (OI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total score had good internal consistency (α = .90-.93) and inter-rater reliability (α = .90) and correlated significantly with injury severity and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Generalized linear modeling showed the PIFOS was sensitive to the type and severity of injury, showed specific initial and persisting difficulties following TBI and OI, and was responsive to change during the first year after injury. Both groups had residual difficulties with coordination, emotionality, social participation, and discomfort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PIFOS is useful in examining recovery in natural history and intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonDepartment of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston linda.ewing-cobbs@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ewing-Cobbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Jane K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Swank
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care
keywords: disability; functional outcome; orthopedic injury; recovery; traumatic brain injury
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2011 Mar;25(2):176-84
references.pmid: 21219074
references.citation: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010 Jun;22(3):346-51
references.pmid: 20442658
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 2001 Feb;84(2):120-4
references.pmid: 11159284
references.citation: J Pediatr Orthop. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2):157-63
references.pmid: 16557127
references.citation: J Trauma. 2001 Jul;51(1):69-76
references.pmid: 11468470
references.citation: Lancet. 1974 Jul 13;2(7872):81-4
references.pmid: 4136544
references.citation: J Trauma. 2007 Mar;62(3):577-83; discussion 583
references.pmid: 17414331
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2008 Jun;17(5):701-13
references.pmid: 18437531
references.citation: J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006 Winter;18(1):21-32
references.pmid: 16525067
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998 Dec;20(6):769-81
references.pmid: 10484689
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jul;75(7):733-41
references.pmid: 8024416
references.citation: J Trauma. 1998 Dec;45(6):1031-8
references.pmid: 9867044
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2009 May;23(3):271-82
references.pmid: 19413442
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):121-37
references.pmid: 12638065
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Mar;160(3):252-60
references.pmid: 16520444
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2002 May;11(3):193-205
references.pmid: 12074258
references.citation: Injury. 2006 Dec;37(12):1185-96
references.pmid: 17087961
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2002 Jan;16(1):15-27
references.pmid: 11853353
references.citation: J Trauma. 1997 Dec;43(6):922-5; discussion 925-6
references.pmid: 9420106
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2012 Mar 1;29(4):678-705
references.pmid: 21644810
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1981 Feb;11(1):49-61
references.pmid: 7208746
references.citation: J Trauma. 2005 Mar;58(3):468-73; discussion 473-4
references.pmid: 15761338
references.citation: J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008 Jun;1(6):461-70
references.pmid: 18518697
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;44(10):1041-9
references.pmid: 16175109
references.citation: Brain Inj. 1998 Apr;12(4):283-96
references.pmid: 9562911
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Nov;128(5):e1129-38
references.pmid: 22025592
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2009 May;23(3):283-96
references.pmid: 19413443
references.citation: Lancet. 1975 Mar 1;1(7905):480-4
references.pmid: 46957
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 Jan;76(1):17-26
references.pmid: 7811169
references.citation: Med Care. 1999 Feb;37(2):126-39
references.pmid: 10024117
references.citation: Med Clin North Am. 1963 Nov;47:1647-58
references.pmid: 14078168
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997 Nov;3(6):581-91
references.pmid: 9448371
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2012 Jun 10;29(9):1717-27
references.pmid: 22435594
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 2006 Oct;105(4 Suppl):287-96
references.pmid: 17328279
references.citation: Injury. 2012 Oct;43(10):1662-6
references.pmid: 22695320
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 May;10(3):412-26
references.pmid: 15147599
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004 Sep;10(5):719-23
references.pmid: 15327719
references.citation: J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005 May-Jun;20(3):229-38
references.pmid: 15908823
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001 Sep;7(6):755-67
references.pmid: 11575597
references.citation: J Neurotrauma. 2012 Apr 10;29(6):1126-39
references.pmid: 22220819
references.citation: Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;28(7):2616-20
references.pmid: 10921604
references.citation: J Trauma. 2005 Apr;58(4):764-9; discussion 769-71
references.pmid: 15824653
references.citation: Lancet. 1976 May 15;1(7968):1031-4
references.pmid: 57446
references.citation: Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1994 Jul;33(7):431-8
references.pmid: 7955782