title: Toll-like receptor expression and signaling in human diabetic wounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the contribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression and activation to the prolonged inflammation often seen in human diabetic wounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Debridement wound tissue was collected from diabetic patients with informed consent. Total RNA and protein were isolated and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR1, 2, 4, and 6 mRNA expressions were increased significantly in wounds of diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic wounds (P < 0.05). MyD88 protein expression was significantly increased in diabetic wounds compared to non-diabetic wounds. Interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentration nuclear factor-kappa B activation, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased in diabetic wounds compared to non-diabetic wounds (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, our novel findings show that increased TLR expression, signaling, and activation may contribute to the hyper inflammation in the human diabetic wounds.
authors.affiliation: Mohan R Dasu, Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95816, United States.
authors.forename: Mohan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dasu
authors.affiliation: Mohan R Dasu, Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95816, United States.
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Martin
keywords: Inflammation; Interleukin-1β; Toll-like receptors 2; Toll-like receptors 4; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Type 2-diabetes mellitus; Wound healing
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