title: Give your ideas some legs: the positive effect of walking on creative thinking.
abstract: Four experiments demonstrate that walking boosts creative ideation in real time and shortly after. In Experiment 1, while seated and then when walking on a treadmill, adults completed Guilford's alternate uses (GAU) test of creative divergent thinking and the compound remote associates (CRA) test of convergent thinking. Walking increased 81% of participants' creativity on the GAU, but only increased 23% of participants' scores for the CRA. In Experiment 2, participants completed the GAU when seated and then walking, when walking and then seated, or when seated twice. Again, walking led to higher GAU scores. Moreover, when seated after walking, participants exhibited a residual creative boost. Experiment 3 generalized the prior effects to outdoor walking. Experiment 4 tested the effect of walking on creative analogy generation. Participants sat inside, walked on a treadmill inside, walked outside, or were rolled outside in a wheelchair. Walking outside produced the most novel and highest quality analogies. The effects of outdoor stimulation and walking were separable. Walking opens up the free flow of ideas, and it is a simple and robust solution to the goals of increasing creativity and increasing physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education, Stanford University.
authors.forename: Marily
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oppezzo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education, Stanford University.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001244:Association; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003405:Creativity; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013334:Students; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*