title: Mass, energy and material balances of SRF production process. Part 1: SRF produced from commercial and industrial waste.
abstract: This paper presents the mass, energy and material balances of a solid recovered fuel (SRF) production process. The SRF is produced from commercial and industrial waste (C&IW) through mechanical treatment (MT). In this work various streams of material produced in SRF production process are analyzed for their proximate and ultimate analysis. Based on this analysis and composition of process streams their mass, energy and material balances are established for SRF production process. Here mass balance describes the overall mass flow of input waste material in the various output streams, whereas material balance describes the mass flow of components of input waste stream (such as paper and cardboard, wood, plastic (soft), plastic (hard), textile and rubber) in the various output streams of SRF production process. A commercial scale experimental campaign was conducted on an MT waste sorting plant to produce SRF from C&IW. All the process streams (input and output) produced in this MT plant were sampled and treated according to the CEN standard methods for SRF: EN 15442 and EN 15443. The results from the mass balance of SRF production process showed that of the total input C&IW material to MT waste sorting plant, 62% was recovered in the form of SRF, 4% as ferrous metal, 1% as non-ferrous metal and 21% was sorted out as reject material, 11.6% as fine fraction, and 0.4% as heavy fraction. The energy flow balance in various process streams of this SRF production process showed that of the total input energy content of C&IW to MT plant, 75% energy was recovered in the form of SRF, 20% belonged to the reject material stream and rest 5% belonged with the streams of fine fraction and heavy fraction. In the material balances, mass fractions of plastic (soft), plastic (hard), paper and cardboard and wood recovered in the SRF stream were 88%, 70%, 72% and 60% respectively of their input masses to MT plant. A high mass fraction of plastic (PVC), rubber material and non-combustibles (such as stone/rock and glass particles), was found in the reject material stream.
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland. Electronic address: muhammad.nasrullah@vtt.fi.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasrullah
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vainikka
authors.affiliation: Lassila & Tikanoja plc, Sepelitie 25, FIN-40320 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hannula
authors.affiliation: Aalto University, Chemical School of Science and Technology, FI 00076 Aalto, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hurme
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kärki
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D056804:Biofuels; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004867:Equipment Design; D017745:Incineration / Q000379:methods; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008280:Magnetics; D010209:Paper; D010969:Plastics; D059027:Recycling; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012408:Rubber; D013696:Temperature; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010969:Plastics; D014866:Waste Products; D012408:Rubber
keywords: Commercial and industrial waste; Input and output streams; Material balances; Mechanical treatment; Solid recovered fuel