title: The molecular evolution of cytochrome P450 genes within and between drosophila species.
abstract: We map 114 gene gains and 74 gene losses in the P450 gene family across the phylogeny of 12 Drosophila species by examining the congruence of gene trees and species trees. Although the number of P450 genes varies from 74 to 94 in the species examined, we infer that there were at least 77 P450 genes in the ancestral Drosophila genome. One of the most striking observations in the data set is the elevated loss of P450 genes in the Drosophila sechellia lineage. The gain and loss events are not evenly distributed among the P450 genes-with 30 genes showing no gene gains or losses whereas others show as many as 20 copy number changes among the species examined. The P450 gene clades showing the fewest number of gene gain and loss events tend to be those evolving with the most purifying selection acting on the protein sequences, although there are exceptions, such as the rapid rate of amino acid replacement observed in the single copy phantom (Cyp306a1) gene. Within D. melanogaster, we observe gene copy number polymorphism in ten P450 genes including multiple cases of interparalog chimeras. Nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) has been associated with deleterious mutations in humans, but here we provide a second possible example of an NAHR event in insect P450s being adaptive. Specifically, we find that a polymorphic Cyp12a4/Cyp12a5 chimera correlates with resistance to an insecticide. Although we observe such interparalog exchange in our within-species data sets, we have little evidence of it between species, raising the possibility that such events may occur more frequently than appreciated but are masked by subsequent sequence change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Good
authors.affiliation: Present address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gramzow
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Battlay
authors.affiliation: Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sztal
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Batterham
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, AustraliaPresent address: Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, GermanyPresent address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia crobin@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D049750:Genome, Insect; D059765:Homologous Recombination; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
keywords: Cyp12a4; Cyp6a20; Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel; cytochrome P450; nonallelic homologous recombination; phantom
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