title: Evaluation of a novel eyelid-warming device in meibomian gland dysfunction unresponsive to traditional warm compress treatment: an in vivo confocal study.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of wet chamber warming goggles (Blephasteam(®)) in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) unresponsive to warm compress treatment. We consecutively enrolled 50 adult patients with low-delivery, non-cicatricial, MGD, and we instructed them to apply warm compresses twice a day for 10 min for 3 weeks and to use Blephasteam(®) (Laboratoires Thea, Clermont-Ferrand, France) twice a day for 10 min for the following 3 weeks. We considered "not-responders" to warm compress treatment the patients who showed no clinically significant Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) improvement after the first 3 weeks. Clinical and in vivo confocal outcome measures were assessed in the worst eye (lower BUT) at baseline, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks. Eighteen/50 patients were not-responders to warm compress treatment. These patients, after 3 weeks of treatment with Blephasteam(®), showed significant improvement of OSDI score (36.4 ± 15.8 vs 20.2 ± 12.4; P < 0.05, paired samples t test), increased BUT (3.4 ± 1.6 vs 7.6 ± 2.7; P < 0.05), and decreased acinar diameter and area (98.4 ± 18.6 vs 64.5 ± 14.4 and 8,037 ± 1,411 vs 5,532 ± 1,172, respectively; P < 0.05). Neither warm compresses nor Blephasteam(®) determined adverse responses. In conclusion, eyelid warming is the mainstay of the clinical treatment of MGD and its poor results may be often due to lack of compliance and standardization. Blephasteam(®) wet chamber warming goggles are a promising alternative to classical warm compress treatment, potentially able to improve the effectiveness of the "warming approach."
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, edoardo.villani@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garoli
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Canton
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pichi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ratiglia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001458:Bandages; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000503:physiopathology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D013666:Tears / Q000502:physiology
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