title: Estimation of recent and long-term malaria transmission in a population by antibody testing to multiple Plasmodium falciparum antigens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tools that estimate recent and long-term malaria transmission in a population would be highly useful for malaria elimination programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of antibodies to 11 Plasmodium falciparum antigens was assessed by cytometric bead assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 1000 people in a highland area of Kenya over 14 months, during a period of interrupted malaria transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies differed by antigen in acquisition with age: rapid (>80% antibody positive by age 20 years, 5 antigens), moderate (>40% positive by age 20 years, 3 antigens), or slow (<40% positive by age 20 years, 3 antigens). Antibody seroreversion rates in the 14 months between samples decreased with age rapidly (7 antigens), slowly (3 antigens), or remained high at all ages (schizont extract). Estimated antibody half-lives in individuals >10 years of age were long (40 to >80 years) for 5 antigens, moderate (5-20 years) for 3 antigens, and short (<1 year) for 3 antigens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibodies to P. falciparum antigens in malaria-endemic areas vary by age, antigen, and time since last exposure to P. falciparum. Multiplex P. falciparum antibody testing could provide estimates of long-term and recent malaria transmission and potentially of a population's susceptibility to future clinical malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Maseno University Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu.
authors.forename: Bartholomew N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Ondigo
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School.
authors.forename: Kathleen F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ireland
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, Maseno University, Kenya.
authors.forename: Ng'wena G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Magak
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lanar
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu.
authors.forename: Sheetij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Narum
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ayub V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ofulla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu.
authors.forename: Chandy C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007223:Infant; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan
keywords: Plasmodium falciparum; antibody; elimination; half-life; malaria
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 Jun 20;10:168
references.pmid: 21689436
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Apr;76(4):1748-55
references.pmid: 18212081
references.citation: Nature. 1990 Aug 23;346(6286):749-51
references.pmid: 2388695
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Mar;16(3):392-9
references.pmid: 20202412
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Oct;99(10):780-6
references.pmid: 16085173
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2009 Mar;77(3):1165-74
references.pmid: 19139189
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32242
references.pmid: 22363818
references.citation: Malar J. 2007 Jun 28;6:82
references.pmid: 17598897
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 1998 Jun;10(3):252-8
references.pmid: 9638360
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 15;197(4):519-26
references.pmid: 18275273
references.citation: Blood. 1990 Nov 1;76(9):1739-47
references.pmid: 2224123
references.citation: Malar J. 2010 Jun 16;9:169
references.pmid: 20553604
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2010 Jul;236:125-38
references.pmid: 20636813
references.citation: Vaccine. 2003 Jun 1;21 Suppl 2:S35-7
references.pmid: 12763680
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Nov 15;171(10):4969-73
references.pmid: 14607890
references.citation: Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Dec;30(12):1037-42
references.pmid: 21817955
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Aug;79(2):173-7
references.pmid: 18689620
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976 Jan;25(1):20-5
references.pmid: 769573
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Dec;76(12):5721-8
references.pmid: 18809666
references.citation: Front Immunol. 2011 Dec 15;2:77
references.pmid: 22566866
references.citation: Immunity. 1998 Mar;8(3):363-72
references.pmid: 9529153
references.citation: Malar J. 2012 Dec 21;11:427
references.pmid: 23259607
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Feb 19;6(2):e1000770
references.pmid: 20174609
references.citation: Malar J. 2008 Sep 30;7:195
references.pmid: 18826573
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15;51(8):e50-60
references.pmid: 20843207
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Dec;15(12):1917-24
references.pmid: 19961670
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Jul;73(1):222-8
references.pmid: 16014863
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975 Sep;24(5):749-54
references.pmid: 1190364
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:367-86
references.pmid: 15771575
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Oct 27;4(10):e7590
references.pmid: 19859562
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2007 Dec;23(12):575-82
references.pmid: 17988945
references.citation: Malar J. 2007 Sep 01;6:117
references.pmid: 17764568
references.citation: Immunol Lett. 2000 Feb 1;71(2):117-26
references.pmid: 10714439
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 May 01;10:108
references.pmid: 21529376
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5108-13
references.pmid: 15792998
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Oct;61(2):315-20
references.pmid: 8264734
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2010 Sep;237(1):140-59
references.pmid: 20727034
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2014 Mar 1;209(5):789-98
references.pmid: 24133188