title: Effect of intestinal autochthonous probiotics isolated from the gut of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) on immune response and growth of A. japonicus.
abstract: The study isolated 224 bacteria from the intestine of Apostichopus japonicus, then selected and identified three of the bacteria (HS1, HS7, and HS10) which demonstrated amylase, lipase, and protease production capacity as candidate probiotics for sea cucumbers. The three potential probiotics showed no pathogenicity both in hemolytic assays on sheep blood agar plates and after immersing sea cucumbers in a suspension of the bacteria. To reveal the effects of these three potential probiotics on the innate immunity of sea cucumbers, total coelomocyte counts, respiratory burst activity, superoxide dismutase activity, lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase activity, and phagocytic activity by coelomocytes were examined after feeding with four different diets for up to 28 days. Also the specific growth rate and survival rate were investigated after a 60-day feeding trial. Sea cucumbers were fed with 4 diets: one control, three diets supplemented with 1 × 10(9) cell g(-1) of HS1, HS7, and HS10 for 28-60 days. Results showed that sea cucumbers fed diets containing HS1, HS7, and HS10 had led to an enhanced cellular and humoral immune response, notably higher total coelomocytes counts, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, acid phosphatase activity, and phagocytic activity, as recorded during the four weeks of probiotics administration. On the other hand, the survival rate among dietary treatments ranged from 90.71 to 97.97% with significant improvement (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control; and the growth rate observed in the sea cucumbers fed HS1 and HS7 showed sharp increases after 60 days feeding. The present study confirmed the potential beneficial effects of Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii HS1, Shewanella japonica HS7, and Vibrio tasmaniensis HS10 as dietary probiotics in A. japonicus.
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Yan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Zhou
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. Electronic address: wanggaoxue@126.com.
authors.forename: Gao-Xue
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019936:Probiotics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D047528:Stichopus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Apostichopus japonicus; Growth; Immunity; Probiotics; Survival