title: Effect of citric acid, tetracycline, and doxycycline on instrumented periodontally involved root surfaces: A SEM study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A surface smear layer consisting of organic and inorganic material is formed on the root surface following mechanical instrumentation and may inhibit the formation of new connective tissue attachment to the root surface. Modification of the tooth surface by root conditioning has resulted in improved connective tissue attachment and has advanced the goal of reconstructive periodontal treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effects of citric acid, tetracycline, and doxycycline on the instrumented periodontally involved root surfaces in vitro using a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 dentin samples obtained from 15 extracted, scaled, and root planed teeth were divided into three groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The root conditioning agents were applied with cotton pellets using the Passive burnishing technique for 5 minutes. The samples were then examined by the scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, version 15.0 for Windows). For all quantitative variables means and standard deviations were calculated and compared. For more than two groups ANOVA was applied. For multiple comparisons post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon statistical analysis the root conditioning agents used in this study were found to be effective in removing the smear layer, uncovering and widening the dentin tubules and unmasking the dentin collagen matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tetracycline HCl was found to be the best root conditioner among the three agents used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Gurparkash Singh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, B. R. S. Dental College and Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kamalpreet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chhina
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, B. R. S. Dental College and Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, B. R. S. Dental College and Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chahal
keywords: Citric acid; scanning electron microscope; tetracycline hydrochloride
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