title: Functional magnetic resonance imaging networks induced by intracranial stimulation may help defining the epileptogenic zone.
abstract: Patients with medically intractable epilepsy often undergo invasive evaluation and surgery, with a 50% success rate. The low success rate is likely due to poor identification of the epileptogenic zone (EZ), the brain area causing seizures. This work introduces a new method using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous direct electrical stimulation of the brain that could help localize the EZ, performed in five patients with medically intractable epilepsy undergoing invasive evaluation with intracranial depth electrodes. Stimulation occurred in a location near the hypothesized EZ and a location away. Electrical recordings in response to stimulation were recorded and compared to fMRI. Multiple stimulation parameters were varied, like current and frequency. The brain areas showing fMRI response were compared with the areas resected and the success of surgery. Robust fMRI maps of activation networks were easily produced, which also showed a significant but weak positive correlation between quantitative measures of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity and measures of electrical activity in response to direct electrical stimulation (mean correlation coefficient of 0.38 for all acquisitions that produced a strong BOLD response). For four patients with outcome data at 6 months, successful surgical outcome is consistent with the resection of brain areas containing high local fMRI activity. In conclusion, this method demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneous direct electrical stimulation and fMRI in humans, which allows the study of brain connectivity with high resolution and full spatial coverage. This innovative technique could be used to better define the localization and extension of the EZ in intractable epilepsies, as well as for other functional neurosurgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: 1 Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rafi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avitsian
authors.forename: Pallab
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bulacio
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cendes
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Enatsu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: Dileep
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Martinez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: connectivity; direct intracranial stimulation; functional MRI; intracranial EEG; intracranial electrodes; intractable epilepsy
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