title: Antibacterial activity of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins A, A₁, A₂, B, B₁, and B₄ on probiotic microorganisms.
abstract: Enniatins (ENs) are secondary metabolites produced by several Fusarium strains, chemically characterized as N-methylated cyclohexadepsipeptides. These compounds are known to act as antifungal and antibacterial agents, but they also possess anti-insect and phytotoxic properties. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of pure fractions of the bioactive compounds ENs A, A₁, A₂, B, B₁, and B₄ was tested towards nine probiotic microrganisms, twenty-two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and nine Bacillus subtilis strains. Antimicrobial analyses were carried out the disc-diffusion method using ENs concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20,000 ng. Plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C before reading the diameter of the inhibition spots. ENs A, A₁, A₂, B, B₁ and B₄, were active against several microorganisms with inhibition halos ranging from 3 to 12 mm in diameter. The most active mycotoxin was the EN A₁, which reduced the microbial growth of 8 strains at the dose of 20,000 ng, with inhibition spots sized between 8 and 12 mm. ENs B and B₄ showed no antimicrobial activity towards the microorganisms tested at doses up to 20,000 ng per disc.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. Electronic address: giuseppe.meca@uv.es.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meca
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mañes
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005506:Food Contamination; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D019936:Probiotics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047630:Depsipeptides; D009183:Mycotoxins; C100264:enniatins
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Bacillus subtilis; Enniatins; Probiotic bacteria; Saccharomyces cerevisiae