title: Analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath condensate in patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important challenge to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) diagnosis and treatment is early detection of occult pulmonary vascular pathology. Symptoms are frequently confused with other disease entities that lead to inappropriate interventions and allow for progression to advanced states of disease. There is a significant need to develop new markers for early disease detection and management of PAH.
  Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were compared from 30 age-matched normal healthy individuals and 27 New York Heart Association functional class III and IV idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertenion (IPAH) patients, a subgroup of PAH. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in EBC samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Individual peaks in GC profiles were identified in both groups and correlated with pulmonary hemodynamic and clinical endpoints in the IPAH group. Additionally, GC/MS data were analyzed using autoregression followed by partial least squares regression (AR/PLSR) analysis to discriminate between the IPAH and control groups. After correcting for medicaitons, there were 62 unique compounds in the control group, 32 unique compounds in the IPAH group, and 14 in-common compounds between groups. Peak-by-peak analysis of GC profiles of IPAH group EBC samples identified 6 compounds significantly correlated with pulmonary hemodynamic variables important in IPAH diagnosis. AR/PLSR analysis of GC/MS data resulted in a distinct and identifiable metabolic signature for IPAH patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate the utility of EBC VOC analysis to discriminate between severe IPAH and a healthy population; additionally, we identified potential novel biomarkers that correlated with IPAH pulmonary hemodynamic variables that may be important in screening for less severe forms IPAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Schelegle
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Cristina E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Walby
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Weixiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Aksenov
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasamontes
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Roblee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000378:metabolism*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
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