title: Disruption of the homogentisate solanesyltransferase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes and root, trichome and stomata defects in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Homogentisate solanesyltransferase (HST) plays an important role in plastoquinone (PQ) biosynthesis and acts as the electron acceptor in the carotenoids and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathways. We isolated and identified a T-DNA insertion mutant of the HST gene that displayed the albino and dwarf phenotypes. PCR analyses and functional complementation also confirmed that the mutant phenotypes were caused by disruption of the HST gene. The mutants also had some developmental defects, including trichome development and stomata closure defects. Chloroplast development was also arrested and chlorophyll (Chl) was almost absent. Developmental defects in the chloroplasts were consistent with the SDS-PAGE result and the RNAi transgenic phenotype. Exogenous gibberellin (GA) could partially rescue the dwarf phenotype and the root development defects and exogenous ABA could rescue the stomata closure defects. Further analysis showed that ABA and GA levels were both very low in the pds2-1 mutants, which suggested that biosynthesis inhibition by GAs and ABA contributed to the pds2-1 mutants' phenotypes. An early flowering phenotype was found in pds2-1 mutants, which showed that disruption of the HST gene promoted flowering by partially regulating plant hormones. RNA-sequencing showed that disruption of the HST gene resulted in expression changes to many of the genes involved in flowering time regulation and in the biosynthesis of PQ, Chl, GAs, ABA and carotenoids. These results suggest that HST is essential for chloroplast development, hormone biosynthesis, pigment accumulation and plant development.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuehui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingchuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Margaret Yvonne
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics; D020524:Thylakoids / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D064201:Trichomes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005875:Gibberellins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; C036483:T-DNA; D002338:Carotenoids; D000040:Abscisic Acid; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C524428:homogentisate solanesyltransferase, Arabidopsis
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1995 Dec;7(12):2139-49
references.pmid: 8718624
references.citation: Cell Res. 2009 Oct;19(10):1205-16
references.pmid: 19581937
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2008 Feb;31(2):227-34
references.pmid: 17996011
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 2006 Oct 2;580(22):5357-62
references.pmid: 16989822
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):413-7
references.pmid: 9492312
references.citation: Planta. 2006 May;223(6):1134-44
references.pmid: 16408209
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 11;285(24):18191-8
references.pmid: 20400515
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2000 Jun;41(6):657-65
references.pmid: 10945334
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45568
references.pmid: 23029105
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1995 Nov 1;233(3):864-72
references.pmid: 8521852
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Feb;125(2):627-33
references.pmid: 11161020
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2011 Sep 22;12:458
references.pmid: 21939539
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1996 Aug;111(4):1321-8
references.pmid: 8756507
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Aug;117(4):1317-23
references.pmid: 9701587
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):779-85
references.pmid: 12805607
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1992 Dec;20(6):1203-7
references.pmid: 1463857
references.citation: Plant J. 1998 Dec;16(6):735-43
references.pmid: 10069079
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004 Apr;16(4):977-92
references.pmid: 15031409
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2013 Jan;64(2):675-84
references.pmid: 23307919
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2002 Dec;14(12):3133-47
references.pmid: 12468732
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1978 Jul 11;163(2):181-7
references.pmid: 355847
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Oct;6(10):1509-18
references.pmid: 7994182
references.citation: Photosynth Res. 2010 Mar;103(3):195-209
references.pmid: 20217233
references.citation: New Phytol. 2006;172(1):92-103
references.pmid: 16945092
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Jun;48:431-460
references.pmid: 15012270
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2012 Oct 04;13:529
references.pmid: 23036081
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2005 Jun;138(2):641-53
references.pmid: 15863698
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2005;286:203-14
references.pmid: 15310923
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2005 Aug;56(418):2071-83
references.pmid: 15983017
references.citation: Science. 1957 Jul 5;126(3262):30-1
references.pmid: 17821027
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Jun;117(2):375-83
references.pmid: 9625690
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2009 Sep;32(9):1201-10
references.pmid: 19302104
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2002;14 Suppl:S61-80
references.pmid: 12045270
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1996 Sep;8(9):1613-26
references.pmid: 8837512
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Apr;116(4):1271-8
references.pmid: 9536043
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1956 Mar;31(2):147-50
references.pmid: 16654850
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2000 Mar;41(3):251-7
references.pmid: 10805587
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 13;96(8):4698-703
references.pmid: 10200325
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2010 Jan 1;26(1):139-40
references.pmid: 19910308
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2012 May;7(5):563-5
references.pmid: 22516812
references.citation: Plant J. 2011 Jan;65(2):206-17
references.pmid: 21223386
references.citation: Plant J. 2003 Jun;34(5):719-31
references.pmid: 12787252
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2009 Nov;36(8):2315-21
references.pmid: 19160069
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2011 Feb;52(2):421-35
references.pmid: 21217124
references.citation: Planta. 2007 Sep;226(4):1067-73
references.pmid: 17569077
references.citation: Cell Res. 2010 Jun;20(6):688-700
references.pmid: 20404857
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2013 Apr 25;14(4):R36
references.pmid: 23618408
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1957 Jan;32(1):39-41
references.pmid: 16654939
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2003 Jan;15(1):151-63
references.pmid: 12509528
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Nov;5(11):e1000740
references.pmid: 19936069
references.citation: Biochem J. 2012 May 15;444(1):11-25
references.pmid: 22533671
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2000 Sep;124(1):95-104
references.pmid: 10982425
references.citation: Dev Genet. 1999 Sep;25(3):194-8
references.pmid: 10528260
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Dec;6(12):1713-1729
references.pmid: 12244232
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Nov 17;5(11):e14012
references.pmid: 21103336
references.citation: New Phytol. 2010 Jan;185(2):387-400
references.pmid: 19878461
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1980 Oct 15;204(2):544-50
references.pmid: 7447462
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7496-9
references.pmid: 11607209
references.citation: Cell Res. 2007 May;17(5):471-82
references.pmid: 17486124
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 15;268(2):1494-9
references.pmid: 8419349
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jul;38(Web Server issue):W64-70
references.pmid: 20435677