title: Endoscopic large balloon sphincteroplasty is a useful, safe adjunct for difficult to treat choledocholithiasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of large balloon sphincteroplasty when used in conjunction with endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for therapy of choledocholithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective audit of all ERCP's performed for choledocholithiasis between January 2012 and October 2013 at one institution was performed. Procedures that utilized large balloon sphincteroplasty were compared with those underwent standard endoscopic stone extraction. Outcomes including stone clearance rate for the individual procedure type, post-ERCP complications and need for surgical exploration of the bile duct were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 346 procedures on 306 patients that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Fifty-four (15.6%) procedures included large balloon sphincteroplasty and were compared with 292 (84.4%) procedures that used standard balloon extraction techniques. Despite those patients in the large balloon sphincteroplasty group having a higher rate of previous ERCP (33.3% versus 19.5%, P = 0.031) and a larger proportion of patients with stones greater than 10 mm (40.3% versus 11.3%, P < 0.001), the overall initial clearance rate was similar at 83%. Ultimately, only 14 out of 306 (4.6%) of all patients required surgical intervention. There was no significant difference in the rate of post-ERCP pancreatitis between the two groups (5.6% versus 3.8%, P = 0.466).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large balloon sphincteroplasty of the sphincter of Oddi is a safe and effective adjunct to endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy in difficult to treat choledocholithiasis. The current study demonstrated large balloon sphincteroplasty did not result in more complications despite a tendency to being used for larger stones.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Greg A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ing
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Saxon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Connor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D054869:Clinical Audit; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016717:Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ERCP; choledocholithiasis; endoscopic sphincterotomy; sphincteroplasty