title: Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In vitro, animal, and ecological studies suggest that inadequate vitamin D intake could increase prostate cancer risk, but results of biomarker-based longitudinal studies are inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this case (n = 1,731) and cohort (n = 3,203) analysis are from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cox proportional hazard models were used to test whether baseline plasma vitamin D (25-hydroxy) concentration, adjusted for season of blood collection, was associated with the risk of total and Gleason score 2-6, 7-10, and 8-10 prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were U-shaped associations of vitamin D with total cancer risk: compared with the first quintile, HRs were 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-1.03; P = 0.092], 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59-0.92; P = 0.008), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.69-1.07; P = 0.181), and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.78-1.21; P = 0.823), for the second through fifth quintiles, respectively. For Gleason 7-10 cancer, corresponding HRs were 0.63 (95% CI, 0.45-0.90; P = 0.010), 0.66 (95% CI, 0.47-0.92; P = 0.016), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56-1.10; P = 0.165), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.63-1.22; P = 0.436). Among African American men (n = 250 cases), higher vitamin D was associated with reduced risk of Gleason 7-10 cancer only: in the a posteriori contrast of quintiles 1-2 versus 3-5, the HR was 0.55 (95% CI, 0.31-0.97; P = 0.037), with no evidence of dose-response or a U-shaped association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both low and high vitamin D concentrations were associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, and more strongly for high-grade disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal range of circulating vitamin D for prostate cancer prevention may be narrow. Supplementation of men with adequate levels may be harmful. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(8); 1494-504. ©2014 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program; Departments of Epidemiology and Akristal@fhcrc.org.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kristal
authors.affiliation: SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center;
authors.forename: Cathee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Till
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program; SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center;
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.affiliation: SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center;
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhauser
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas-San Antonio Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas;
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California;
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Meyskens
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and.
authors.forename: Lori M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Minasian
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and.
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Parnes
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012643:Selenium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D012643:Selenium
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