title: Near-infrared fluorescence laparoscopy of the cystic duct and artery in pigs: performance of a preclinical dye.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Near-infrared fluorescence laparoscopy after intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) administration has been proposed as a promising surgical imaging technique for real-time visualization of the extrahepatic bile ducts and arteries in clinical laparoscopic cholecystectomies. However, optimization of this new technique with respect to the imaging system combined with the fluorophore is desirable. The performance of a preclinical near-infrared dye, CW800-CA, was compared with that of ICG for near-infrared fluorescence laparoscopy of the cystic duct and artery in pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in six pigs (average weight, 35 kg) using a commercially available laparoscopic fluorescence imaging system. The fluorophores CW800-CA and ICG (both 800 nm fluorescent dyes) were administered by intravenous injection in four and two pigs, respectively. CW800-CA was administered in three different doses (consecutively 0.25, 1, and 3 mg); ICG was intravenously injected (2.5 mg) for comparison. Intraoperative recognition of the biliary structures was recorded at set time points. The target-to-background ratio was determined to quantify the fluorescence signal of the designated tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A clinically proven dose of 2.5 mg of ICG resulted in a successful fluorescence delineation of both the cystic duct and artery. In the CW800-CA-injected pigs a clear visualization of the cystic duct and artery was obtained after administration of 3 mg of CW800-CA. Time from injection until fluorescence identification of the cystic duct was reduced when CW800-CA was used compared with ICG (11.5 minutes versus 21.5 minutes, respectively). CW800-CA provided clearer illumination of the cystic artery, in terms of target-to-background ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As well as ICG, CW800-CA can be applied for fluorescence identification of the cystic artery and duct using a commercially available laparoscopic fluorescence imaging system. Fluorescence cholangiography of the cystic duct can be obtained earlier after intravenous injection of CW800-CA, compared with ICG. These findings increase the possibilities of use and of optimization of this imaging technique.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Rutger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.forename: Toine M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lodewick
authors.forename: Nicole D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Bouvy
authors.forename: Dieuwertje A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Wilhelmus J H J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meijerink
authors.forename: Gooitzen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Cornelis H C
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Dejong
authors.forename: Laurents P S
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Stassen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000379:methods*; D003549:Cystic Duct / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000032:analysis; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: C587557:CW800-CA; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007211:Indoles; D007208:Indocyanine Green