title: Sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression in patients with oral lichen planus: a case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The psychological factors and their association with chronic inflammatory disease, aren't well recognized, yet their importance in oral lichen planus is still debated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression and their association in patient with oral lichen planus.
  
  
  METHODS
  50 patients with oral lichen planus vs. equal number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Questionnaires examining insomnia symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness (Pittsburgh sleep quality index and Epworth aleepiness scale) depression and anxiety (The Hamilton rating scale for Depression and Anxiety) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with oral lichen planus had statistically higher scores in all items of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, the Hamilton rating scale for depression and anxiety and Epworth sleepiness scale than the healthy controls. The median and inter-quartile range of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index was 5-2 and for the oral lichen planus patients and 4-2 for the healthy controls (P < 0.011). In the study group, a depressed mood and anxiety correlated positively with sleep disturbances. The Pearson correlations were 0.76 for Pittsburgh sleep quality Index vs. Hamilton rating scale for depression (P < 0.001) and 0.77 for Pittsburgh sleep quality Index vs. Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral lichen planus patients report a greater degree of sleep problems, depressed mood and anxiety as compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest to screen sleep disturbances in patients with oral lichen planus because they could be considered a prodromal symptoms of mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruoppo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leuci
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Statistics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aria
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mignogna
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017676:Lichen Planus, Oral / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
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