title: Effects of aged garlic extract and endurance exercise on skeletal muscle FNDC-5 and circulating irisin in high-fat-diet rat models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irisin, a newly identified hormone, is associated with energy homeostasis. We investigated whether aged garlic extract (AGE) and exercise training intervention could improve body weight, insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle fibronectin domain containing protein 5 (FNDC-5) levels, and plasma irisin in high-fat diet (HFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a ND (normal diet, n = 5) or HFD (n = 28) for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, all rats were divided into 5 groups for the next 4 weeks: ND, (normal diet, n = 5), HFD (high-fat diet, n = 7), HFDA (high-fat diet + aged garlic extract, n = 7), HFDE (high-fat diet + exercise, n = 7), and HFDEA (high-fat diet + exercise + aged garlic extract, n = 7). Exercise groups performed treadmill exercises for 15-60 min, 5 days/week, and AGE groups received AGE (2.86 g/kg, orally injected) for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decreases in body weight were observed in the ND, HFDE, and HFDEA groups, as compared with the HFD group. Neither intervention affected the masses of the gastrocnemius muscle or liver. There were no significant differences in glucose levels across the groups. The homeostatic model assessments of insulin resistance were significantly higher in the HFD group, as compared with the ND, HFDA, HFDE, and HFDEA groups. However, skeletal muscle FNDC-5 levels and plasma irisin concentrations were unaffected by AGE or exercise in obese rats. AGE supplementation and exercise training did not affect skeletal muscle FNDC-5 or plasma irisin, which are associated with insulin sensitivity in obese rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the protection against HFD-induced increases in body fat/weight and insulin resistance that are provided by AGE supplementation and exercise training may not be mediated by the regulation of FNDC-5 or irisin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Bum
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ryul
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeun Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: In-Sung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Nari
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Humanities and Social Science, POSTECH, Gyecngbuk 790-784, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung Doo
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Division of Leisure & Sports Science, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin, Busan 633-165, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
keywords: Combined treatment; Insulin resistance; Muscle metabolism; Myokine
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