title: Recent developments in antibody-based assays for the detection of bacterial toxins.
abstract: Considering the urgent demand for rapid and accurate determination of bacterial toxins and the recent promising developments in nanotechnology and microfluidics, this review summarizes new achievements of the past five years. Firstly, bacterial toxins will be categorized according to their antibody binding properties into low and high molecular weight compounds. Secondly, the types of antibodies and new techniques for producing antibodies are discussed, including poly- and mono-clonal antibodies, single-chain variable fragments (scFv), as well as heavy-chain and recombinant antibodies. Thirdly, the use of different nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), quantum dots (QDs) and carbon nanomaterials (graphene and carbon nanotube), for labeling antibodies and toxins or for readout techniques will be summarized. Fourthly, microscale analysis or minimized devices, for example microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip (LOC), which have attracted increasing attention in combination with immunoassays for the robust detection or point-of-care testing (POCT), will be reviewed. Finally, some new materials and analytical strategies, which might be promising for analyzing toxins in the near future, will be shortly introduced.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany. zhukcau@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany. r.dietrich@mh.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany. a.didier@mh.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany. dominik.doyscher@mh.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doyscher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany. e.maertlbauer@mh.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Märtlbauer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology*; D001666:Binding Sites, Antibody; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000639:trends*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000639:trends*; D049329:Nanostructures; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001427:Bacterial Toxins
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