title: A prediction model for renal artery stenosis using carotid ultrasonography measurements in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) are well-known indicators of atherosclerosis. However, few studies have reported the value of CIMT and CAP for predicting renal artery stenosis (RAS). We investigated the predictive value of CIMT and CAP for RAS and propose a model for predicting significant RAS in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients who underwent renal angiography at the time of CAG in a single center in 2011 were included. RAS ≥50% was considered significant. Multiple logistic regression analysis with step-down variable selection method was used to select the best model for predicting significant RAS and bootstrap resampling was used to validate the best model. A scoring system for predicting significant RAS was developed by adding the closest integers proportional to the coefficients of the regression formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant RAS was observed in 60 of 641 patients (9.6%) who underwent CAG. Hypertension, diabetes, significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage ≥3 were more prevalent in patients with significant RAS. Mean age, CIMT and number of anti-hypertensive medications (AHM) were higher and body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol level were lower in patients with significant RAS. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified significant CAD (odds ratio (OR) 5.6), unilateral CAP (OR 2.6), bilateral CAP (OR 4.9), CKD stage ≥3 (OR 4.8), four or more AHM (OR 4.8), CIMT (OR 2.3), age ≥67 years (OR 2.3) and BMI <22 kg/m2 (OR 2.4) as independent predictors of significant RAS. The scoring system for predicting significant RAS, which included these predictors, had a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 81.6%. The predicted frequency of the scoring system agreed well with the observed frequency of significant RAS (coefficient of determination r2 = 0.957).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIMT and CAP are independent predictors of significant RAS. The proposed scoring system, which includes CIMT and CAP, may be useful for predicting significant RAS in patients undergoing CAG.
authors.forename: Yonggu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jeong-Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Hwan-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Soon Gil
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri City, Kyeungg-do, Republic of Korea. saint536@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Seong-il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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