title: Creation of an in vitro biomechanical model of the trachea using rapid prototyping.
abstract: Previous in vitro models of the airways are either rigid or, if flexible, have not matched in vivo compliance characteristics. Rapid prototyping provides a quickly evolving approach that can be used to directly produce in vitro airway models using either rigid or flexible polymers. The objective of this study was to use rapid prototyping to directly produce a flexible hollow model that matches the biomechanical compliance of the trachea. The airway model consisted of a previously developed characteristic mouth-throat region, the trachea, and a portion of the main bronchi. Compliance of the tracheal region was known from a previous in vivo imaging study that reported cross-sectional areas over a range of internal pressures. The compliance of the tracheal region was matched to the in vivo data for a specific flexible resin by iteratively selecting the thicknesses and other dimensions of tracheal wall components. Seven iterative models were produced and illustrated highly non-linear expansion consisting of initial rapid size increase, a transition region, and continued slower size increase as pressure was increased. Thickness of the esophageal interface membrane and initial trachea indention were identified as key parameters with the final model correctly predicting all phases of expansion within a value of 5% of the in vivo data. Applications of the current biomechanical model are related to endotracheal intubation and include determination of effective mucus suctioning and evaluation of cuff sealing with respect to gases and secretions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Ross L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Walenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States. Electronic address: pwlongest@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: P Worth
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Longest
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Gobalakrishnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003187:Compliance; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009093:Mucus; D011312:Pressure; D013396:Suction; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Compliant airway model; Endotracheal intubation; Endotracheal tube with inflatable cuff; In vitro airway experiments; Mucus leakage; Rapid prototyping