title: Personalized medicine in systemic sclerosis: facts and promises.
abstract: The concept of personalized medicine has led to a paradigm shift in recent years. It integrates multiple clinical and biological levels of investigation aimed at offering the best possible and patient-tailored healthcare. This holds great potential in a rare and heterogeneous disease such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). The development of validated clinical screening algorithms and the identification of predictors for disease outcomes can help in stratifying patients according to their individual risk of progression. The ongoing search for biomarkers and key pathogenic molecules has brought valuable insights into molecular networks operative in SSc. In parallel, genetic and genomic studies have revealed new SSc susceptibility loci and validated gene expression profiles that might identify patients benefiting from specific therapies. In this review, we focus on recent findings relevant for the concept of personalized medicine in patients with SSc.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 25, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rucsandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dobrota
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mihai
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Distler
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Feb;62(2):580-8
references.pmid: 20112379
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Feb 15;21(4):926-33
references.pmid: 22076442
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Nov;69(11):1958-64
references.pmid: 20511617
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Jul;7(7):e1002091
references.pmid: 21750679
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Dec;60(12):3807-14
references.pmid: 19950302
references.citation: J Cell Commun Signal. 2012 Jun;6(2):111-3
references.pmid: 22350706
references.citation: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013 Jan;15(1):297
references.pmid: 23288576
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Oct;62(10):3093-100
references.pmid: 20556823
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69 Suppl 1:i52-56
references.pmid: 19995745
references.citation: Nitric Oxide. 2013 Jan 15;28:65-70
references.pmid: 23099297
references.citation: J Immunol. 2012 Sep 1;189(5):2635-44
references.pmid: 22826322
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jan;60(1):225-33
references.pmid: 19116937
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jul;71(7):1197-202
references.pmid: 22440820
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jul;56(7):2422-31
references.pmid: 17599771
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Sep;65(9):2403-11
references.pmid: 23754201
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 May;68(5):620-8
references.pmid: 19147617
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Sep;65(9):2412-23
references.pmid: 23740572
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2011 Dec;25(6):843-58
references.pmid: 22265265
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb;37(4):223-35
references.pmid: 17692364
references.citation: Biomark Med. 2010 Feb;4(1):133-47
references.pmid: 20387310
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Aug;133(8):1979-89
references.pmid: 23677167
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jul;71(7):1235-42
references.pmid: 22586157
references.citation: Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014 Mar;66(3):489-95
references.pmid: 23983198
references.citation: Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Jun;66(6):1625-35
references.pmid: 24591477
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1233-8
references.pmid: 23172754
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014 Feb;43(4):536-41
references.pmid: 24012044
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Dec;63(12):3979-87
references.pmid: 21898345
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Jun 15;21(12):2825-35
references.pmid: 22407130
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Mar;71(3):394-9
references.pmid: 22085793
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63(3):783-94
references.pmid: 21360508
references.citation: Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair. 2012 Jun 06;5(Suppl 1):S19
references.pmid: 23259845
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Oct;49(10):1920-8
references.pmid: 20571123
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2012 Mar;180(3):1080-1094
references.pmid: 22245215
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Feb;5(2):122-4
references.pmid: 16431341
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013 Nov;25(6):679-85
references.pmid: 24047603
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Apr;72(4):602-7
references.pmid: 22896740
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Apr;69(4):700-5
references.pmid: 19815934
references.citation: Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul;7(4):463-73
references.pmid: 21790289
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan;73(1):191-7
references.pmid: 23349131
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2012 Dec;39(12):2294-302
references.pmid: 23027890
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jun 1;177(11):1248-54
references.pmid: 18369202
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Jun;74(6):1124-31
references.pmid: 24981642
references.citation: Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Dec;75(6):650-5
references.pmid: 18838329
references.citation: Eur J Intern Med. 2013 Oct;24(7):671-6
references.pmid: 23697634
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Sep;63(9):2797-808
references.pmid: 21547897
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jul 16;3(7):e2696
references.pmid: 18648520
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Apr 24;14(2):R85
references.pmid: 22531499
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Dec;72(12):2032-8
references.pmid: 23444193
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jan;71(1):67-70
references.pmid: 21917823
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2012 May;132(5):1363-73
references.pmid: 22318389
references.citation: Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008;66(3):198-202
references.pmid: 18937632
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Sep;65(9):2236-9
references.pmid: 23754769
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Jul;7(7):e1002178
references.pmid: 21779181
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2012 Nov;75(10):1721-8
references.pmid: 22906526
references.citation: J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Mar;60(3):426-35
references.pmid: 19231640
references.citation: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008 Jul;10(3):205-11
references.pmid: 18638428
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Dec;65(12):3194-201
references.pmid: 24022584
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun;71(6):1034-41
references.pmid: 22402147
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Dec;72(12):2039-46
references.pmid: 24013728
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Feb;60(2):584-91
references.pmid: 19180499
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e23082
references.pmid: 21931594
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2010 Nov;37(11):2290-8
references.pmid: 20810505
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Mar-Apr;31(2 Suppl 76):115-7
references.pmid: 23557914
references.citation: J Invest Dermatol. 2010 Mar;130(3):694-705
references.pmid: 19812599
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 30;370(5):433-43
references.pmid: 24350901
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Jan;52(1):155-60
references.pmid: 23065360
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 May;42(5):426-9
references.pmid: 20383147
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012 Nov;24(6):677-84
references.pmid: 23026857
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Oct;64(10):3420-9
references.pmid: 22328195
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Apr;70(4):638-41
references.pmid: 21187296
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Jan;63(1):247-56
references.pmid: 20967855
references.citation: BMC Med. 2013 Jan 11;11:9
references.pmid: 23311619
references.citation: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011 Feb;13(1):4-12
references.pmid: 21046295
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 22;354(25):2655-66
references.pmid: 16790698
references.citation: Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2011 Jul;7(4):399-401
references.pmid: 21790280
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan;70(1):180-3
references.pmid: 20971717