title: Predictors, indicators, and validated measures of dependence in menthol smokers.
abstract: This article presents a comprehensive review of the menthol cigarette dependence-related literature and results from an original analysis of the Total Exposure Study (TES), which included 1,100 menthol and 2,400 nonmenthol adult smokers. The substantial scientific evidence available related to age of first cigarette, age of regular use, single-item dependence indicators (smoking frequency, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette, night waking to smoke), smoking duration, numerous validated and widely accepted measures of nicotine/cigarette dependence, and our analysis of the TES do not support that menthol smokers are more dependent than nonmenthol smokers or that menthol increases dependence.
authors.affiliation: a Altria Client Services Inc., Center for Research and Technology , Richmond , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frost-Pineda
authors.forename: Raheema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muhammad-Kah
authors.forename: Lonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008610:Menthol
keywords: CPD; FTND; Menthol; TTFC; addiction; dependence; smoking
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