title: Link between vitamin D and airway remodeling.
abstract: In the last decade, many epidemiologic studies have investigated the link between vitamin D deficiency and asthma. Most studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of asthma and allergies. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with asthma severity and loss of control, together with recurrent exacerbations. Remodeling is an early event in asthma described as a consequence of production of mediators and growth factors by inflammatory and resident bronchial cells. Consequently, lung function is altered, with a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second and exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness. Subepithelial fibrosis and airway smooth muscle cell hypertrophy are typical features of structural changes in the airways. In animal models, vitamin D deficiency enhances inflammation and bronchial anomalies. In severe asthma of childhood, major remodeling is observed in patients with low vitamin D levels. Conversely, the antifibrotic and antiproliferative effects of vitamin D in smooth muscle cells have been described in several experiments. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding the relationship between vitamin D and asthma, and focus on its effect on airway remodeling and its potential therapeutic impact for asthma.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, and Research Unit 12SP15 Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Anissa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berraies
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, and Research Unit 12SP15 Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamzaoui
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Department, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Ariana, and Research Unit 12SP15 Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamzaoui
keywords: airway remodeling; airway smooth muscle; asthma; supplementation; vitamin D
references.citation: Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Jun 10;321(2):103-11
references.pmid: 20156523
references.citation: J Asthma. 2008 Nov;45(9):735-9
references.pmid: 18972287
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 1;202(5):809-14
references.pmid: 20632889
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2011 Jun;37(6):1366-70
references.pmid: 21071468
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2006 Dec;6(8):831-41
references.pmid: 17168735
references.citation: Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013 Sep 23;7:1003-13
references.pmid: 24082782
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 May 1;179(9):765-71
references.pmid: 19179486
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Sep 1;173(5):3432-6
references.pmid: 15322208
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul;126(1):52-8.e5
references.pmid: 20538327
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Apr 1;181(7):699-704
references.pmid: 20075384
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2012 Oct;42(10):2697-708
references.pmid: 22903229
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2010 Jun;156(6):948-952
references.pmid: 20236657
references.citation: J Asthma Allergy. 2012;5:11-9
references.pmid: 22690128
references.citation: Respiration. 2011;81(6):469-75
references.pmid: 21124013
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Nov;140(2):148-55
references.pmid: 23792089
references.citation: BMC Med Genet. 2013 Nov 25;14:122
references.pmid: 24274704
references.citation: Bone. 2013 Aug;55(2):400-9
references.pmid: 23624390
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5):1065-72
references.pmid: 17900681
references.citation: Hum Immunol. 2013 Feb;74(2):234-40
references.pmid: 23200756
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2013 Dec;305(12):L912-33
references.pmid: 24142517
references.citation: Physiol Genomics. 2007 Apr 24;29(2):161-8
references.pmid: 17213369
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2010 Mar;222(3):729-37
references.pmid: 20020446
references.citation: Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011 Oct;3(4):251-5
references.pmid: 21966605
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012 Jul 1;523(1):123-33
references.pmid: 22503810
references.citation: Chest. 2007 Jul;132(1):238-45
references.pmid: 17475634
references.citation: J Asthma. 2010 Nov;47(9):951-8
references.pmid: 20831469
references.citation: Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008 Jan 1;5(1):89-96
references.pmid: 18094090
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Aug 15;167(4):1945-53
references.pmid: 11489974
references.citation: Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Apr;12(2):179-85
references.pmid: 22266772
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2011 Jan;127(1):e180-7
references.pmid: 21187313
references.citation: Eur J Nutr. 2013 Jun;52(4):1405-15
references.pmid: 23015061
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Mar 4;406(1):127-33
references.pmid: 21300024
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Nov 1;303(9):C954-62
references.pmid: 22932684
references.citation: Chest. 2005 Dec;128(6):3792-8
references.pmid: 16354847
references.citation: Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2013 Aug;12(4):239-45
references.pmid: 23782205
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2009 Oct;133(1):126-31
references.pmid: 19615945
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jan;324(1):23-33
references.pmid: 17911375
references.citation: Allergol Int. 2007 Dec;56(4):321-9
references.pmid: 17965575
references.citation: Respirology. 2013 Aug;18(6):996-1002
references.pmid: 23600594
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Oct 22;8(10):e77795
references.pmid: 24167583
references.citation: J Immunol. 2009 Apr 15;182(8):4624-32
references.pmid: 19342637
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jan 24;9(1):e86755
references.pmid: 24475177
references.citation: Endocr Rev. 2005 Aug;26(5):662-87
references.pmid: 15798098
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Dec 15;184(12):1342-9
references.pmid: 21908411
references.citation: Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012 Dec;37(8):889-96
references.pmid: 22924547
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 May;125(5):995-1000
references.pmid: 20381849
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81
references.pmid: 17634462
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov 1;170(9):967-73
references.pmid: 15282199
references.citation: J Clin Virol. 2011 Mar;50(3):194-200
references.pmid: 21242105
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 May;127(5):1294-6
references.pmid: 21315433
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov 15;170(10):1057-65
references.pmid: 15282200
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan 15;185(2):124-32
references.pmid: 22016447
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):221-7
references.pmid: 20302932
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep 15;186(6):508-13
references.pmid: 22798322
references.citation: Allergy. 1999 Jul;54(7):757-9
references.pmid: 10442534
references.citation: J Asthma. 2013 Mar;50(2):133-40
references.pmid: 23157452
references.citation: J Asthma. 2012 Dec;49(10):1004-11
references.pmid: 23088211
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66627
references.pmid: 23826104
references.citation: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011 Sep;29(3):201-8
references.pmid: 22053589
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 May;22(3):327-33
references.pmid: 20880353
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;62(1):68-77
references.pmid: 17311057
references.citation: Clin Transl Allergy. 2012 Aug 21;2(1):14
references.pmid: 22908984
references.citation: Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Jun;39(6):875-82
references.pmid: 19522996
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2013 Oct;25(12):653-60
references.pmid: 24102466
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 Dec;130(6):1108-10
references.pmid: 6508008
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2013 Jul 5;288(27):19450-8
references.pmid: 23671281
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Nov;158(6):1429-41
references.pmid: 19814732
references.citation: Allergy. 2014 Feb;69(2):246-53
references.pmid: 24180595
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):853-9
references.pmid: 17344509
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011 Dec;22(8):784-93
references.pmid: 21929603
references.citation: Mol Med Rep. 2013 Dec;8(6):1663-8
references.pmid: 24126595
references.citation: Science. 1983 Sep 16;221(4616):1181-3
references.pmid: 6310748
references.citation: Chest. 2006 Apr;129(4):1068-87
references.pmid: 16608960
references.citation: J Asthma. 2010 Oct;47(8):841-8
references.pmid: 20854030
references.citation: Indian J Pediatr. 2014 Jul;81(7):650-4
references.pmid: 24193954
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Jan;116(1):146-55
references.pmid: 16341266
references.citation: Exp Mol Pathol. 2012 Aug;93(1):91-8
references.pmid: 22542712
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2011 Mar;158(3):437-41
references.pmid: 20870246
references.citation: Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Jun;43(6):672-83
references.pmid: 23711130
references.citation: Allergy. 2010 May;65(5):666-7
references.pmid: 19845573
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Feb 15;118(3):142-50
references.pmid: 19931390
references.citation: J Asthma. 2010 May;47(4):374-80
references.pmid: 20528589
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011 Jun;300(6):L951-7
references.pmid: 21460120
references.citation: Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012;157(2):168-75
references.pmid: 21986034
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 May 31;120(2-3):86-95
references.pmid: 20227496
references.citation: Cell Immunol. 2012 Nov;280(1):22-35
references.pmid: 23246832
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):788-95
references.pmid: 17344501
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2011 Oct;286(3-4):237-46
references.pmid: 21850575
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014 Jan;50(1):40-50
references.pmid: 23941558
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Aug;132(2):297-304.e3
references.pmid: 23683514
references.citation: J Investig Med. 2011 Dec;59(8):1200-2
references.pmid: 21941209
references.citation: Exp Mol Med. 2012 May 31;44(5):319-29
references.pmid: 22314196