title: The transport behaviour of elemental mercury DNAPL in saturated porous media: analysis of field observations and two-phase flow modelling.
abstract: Mercury is a contaminant of global concern. The use of elemental mercury in various (former) industrial processes, such as chlorine production at chlor-alkali plants, is known to have resulted in soil and groundwater contaminations worldwide. However, the subsurface transport behaviour of elemental mercury as an immiscible dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) in porous media has received minimal attention to date. Even though, such insight would aid in the remediation effort of mercury contaminated sites. Therefore, in this study a detailed field characterization of elemental mercury DNAPL distribution with depth was performed together with two-phase flow modelling, using STOMP. This is to evaluate the dynamics of mercury DNAPL migration and the controls on its distribution in saturated porous media. Using a CPT-probe mounted with a digital camera, in-situ mercury DNAPL depth distribution was obtained at a former chlor-alkali-plant, down to 9 m below ground surface. Images revealing the presence of silvery mercury DNAPL droplets were used to quantify its distribution, characteristics and saturation, using an image analysis method. These field-observations with depth were compared with results from a one-dimensional two-phase flow model simulation for the same transect. Considering the limitations of this approach, simulations reasonably reflected the variability and range of the mercury DNAPL distribution. To further explore the impact of mercury's physical properties in comparison with more common DNAPLs, the migration of mercury and PCE DNAPL in several typical hydrological scenarios was simulated. Comparison of the simulations suggest that mercury's higher density is the overall controlling factor in controlling its penetration in saturated porous media, despite its higher resistance to flow due to its higher viscosity. Based on these results the hazard of spilled mercury DNAPL to cause deep contamination of groundwater systems seems larger than for any other DNAPL.
authors.affiliation: Deltares, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, Environmental Hydrogeology Group, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: T.Sweijen@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sweijen
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, Environmental Hydrogeology Group, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hartog
authors.affiliation: Deltares, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marsman
authors.affiliation: Philips Innovation Services, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas J S
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Keijzer
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009426:Netherlands; D016062:Porosity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Camera push-probe; DNAPL; Mercury; Multi-phase flow; PCE; STOMP