title: Assessing quality of life in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic and standardized comparison of available instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to obtain a standardized evaluation of available prostate cancer-specific quality of life instruments used in patients with early-stage disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out systematic literature reviews in the PubMed database to identify manuscripts which contained information regarding either the development process or metric properties of prostate cancer-specific quality of life instruments. Each instrument was evaluated by two experts, independently, using the Evaluating Measures of Patient-Reported Outcomes (EMPRO) tool. An overall and seven attribute-specific EMPRO scores were calculated (range 0-100, worst to best): measurement model, reliability, validity, responsiveness, interpretability, burden and alternative forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight instruments and 57 manuscripts (2-15 per instrument) were identified. The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) was the best rated (overall EMPRO score 83.1 points). Good results were also obtained by University of California Los Angeles-Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI), Patient-Oriented Prostate Utility Scale (PORPUS) and Prostate Cancer Quality of Life Instrument (PC-QoL) with 77.3, 70.5 and 64.8 points, respectively. These four instruments passed with distinction the validity and responsiveness evaluation. Insufficient reliability results were observed for UCLA-PCI and PORPUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence supports the choice of EPIC, PORPUS or PC-QoL. Attribute-specific EMPRO results facilitate selecting the adequate instrument for every purpose. For longitudinal studies or clinical trials, where responsiveness is the priority, EPIC or PC-QoL should be considered. We recommend the PORPUS for economic evaluations because it allows cost-utility analysis, and EPIC short versions to minimize administration burden.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Garin
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Valderas
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rebollo
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rajmil
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia-Forero
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
references.citation: Urology. 1993 Dec;42(6):622-9
references.pmid: 8256394
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2005 May;58(5):466-74
references.pmid: 15845333
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2010 May;19(4):539-49
references.pmid: 20169472
references.citation: Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005 Mar 08;3:12
references.pmid: 15755325
references.citation: Int J Urol. 2010 Feb;17(2):125-38
references.pmid: 20039976
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2014 Mar;23(2):495-508
references.pmid: 23943258
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2008 Nov;44(16):2418-24
references.pmid: 18774706
references.citation: Actas Urol Esp. 2002 Apr;26(4):242-9
references.pmid: 12090181
references.citation: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Mar;23(3):434-44
references.pmid: 24406123
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2013 Apr;49(6):1374-403
references.pmid: 23485231
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 1;28(31):4687-96
references.pmid: 20921463
references.citation: J Urol. 2010 Jun;183(6):2186-92
references.pmid: 20399466
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2002 May;11(3):193-205
references.pmid: 12074258
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 20;23(12):2772-80
references.pmid: 15837992
references.citation: Urology. 2005 Aug;66(2):338-43
references.pmid: 16098363
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 20;27(24):3916-22
references.pmid: 19620493
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jun;17(6):1654-63
references.pmid: 10561201
references.citation: Value Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):124-9
references.pmid: 18647260
references.citation: Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2008 Feb;12(1):81-6
references.pmid: 18258577
references.citation: Pharmacoeconomics. 1999 Aug;16(2):127-40
references.pmid: 10539394
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2000;9(6):645-65
references.pmid: 11236855
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1999 Sep;17(9):2882-8
references.pmid: 10561366
references.citation: Value Health. 2008 Jul-Aug;11(4):700-8
references.pmid: 18194398
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Dec 6;155(11):762-71
references.pmid: 21984740
references.citation: Heart Fail Rev. 2014 May;19(3):359-67
references.pmid: 23681849
references.citation: BMC Cancer. 2009 Aug 23;9:295
references.pmid: 19698163
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Feb;51(2):137-45
references.pmid: 9474074
references.citation: Urology. 1997 Dec;50(6):920-8
references.pmid: 9426724
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 20;358(12):1250-61
references.pmid: 18354103
references.citation: Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2013 Jun;16(2):111-22
references.pmid: 23381695
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 2003 Jun;12(4):459-64
references.pmid: 12797718
references.citation: Med Care. 1998 Jul;36(7):1002-12
references.pmid: 9674618
references.citation: Urology. 2010 Nov;76(5):1245-50
references.pmid: 20350762
references.citation: Int J Clin Oncol. 2002 Oct;7(5):306-11
references.pmid: 12402065
references.citation: Urology. 2003 Feb;61(2):302-7
references.pmid: 12597935
references.citation: Urology. 2000 Dec 20;56(6):899-905
references.pmid: 11113727
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2005 May-Jun;23(3):208-15
references.pmid: 15907723
references.citation: Clin Prostate Cancer. 2005 Sep;4(2):100-8
references.pmid: 16197610
references.citation: J Urol. 1997 Aug;158(2):493-6
references.pmid: 9224331
references.citation: Med Decis Making. 2012 Jan-Feb;32(1):11-30
references.pmid: 21653804
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Sep;53(9):920-30
references.pmid: 11004418
references.citation: Int J Impot Res. 2005 Jul-Aug;17(4):307-19
references.pmid: 15875061
references.citation: Aten Primaria. 2001 Sep 30;28(5):349-56
references.pmid: 11602106
references.citation: Urol Oncol. 2015 Feb;33(2):69.e19-28
references.pmid: 24433753
references.citation: J Urol. 2011 Sep;186(3):865-72
references.pmid: 21788038
references.citation: Cancer J. 2007 Sep-Oct;13(5):318-26
references.pmid: 17921731
references.citation: JAMA. 2013 Feb 27;309(8):814-22
references.pmid: 23443445
references.citation: Cancer. 2003 Jan 15;97(2):377-88
references.pmid: 12518362
references.citation: Med Care. 2001 Oct;39(10):1118-30
references.pmid: 11567174
references.citation: Urology. 2012 Nov;80(5):1021-6
references.pmid: 22990056