title: Nutrient restriction induces failure of reproductive function and molecular changes in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in postpubertal gilts.
abstract: People on a diet to lose weight may be at risk of reproductive failure. To investigate the effects of nutrient restriction on reproductive function and the underlying mechanism, changes of reproductive traits, hormone secretions and gene expressions in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined in postpubertal gilts at anestrus induced by nutrient restriction. Gilts having experienced two estrus cycles were fed a normal (CON, 2.86 kg/d) or nutrient restricted (NR, 1 kg/d) food regimens to expect anestrus. NR gilts experienced another three estrus cycles, but did not express estrus symptoms at the anticipated fourth estrus. Blood samples were collected at 5 days' interval for consecutive three times for measurement of hormone concentrations at the 23th day of the fourth estrus cycle. Individual progesterone concentrations of NR gilts from three consecutive blood samples were below 1.0 ng/mL versus 2.0 ng/mL in CON gilts, which was considered anestrus. NR gilts had impaired development of reproductive tract characterized by absence of large follicles (diameter ≥ 6 mm), decreased number of corepus lutea and atrophy of uterus and ovary tissues. Circulating concentrations of IGF-I, kisspeptin, estradiol, progesterone and leptin were significantly lower in NR gilts than that in CON gilts. Nutrient restriction down-regulated gene expressions of kiss-1, G-protein coupled protein 54, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, estrogen receptor α, progesterone receptor, leptin receptor, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of gilts. Collectively, nutrient restriction resulted in impairment of reproductive function and changes of hormone secretions and gene expressions in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which shed light on the underlying mechanism by which nutrient restriction influenced reproductive function.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, and Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China, 280085681@qq.com.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.forename: Lianqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059648:Kisspeptins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D059648:Kisspeptins; D020738:Leptin; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
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