title: Inflammatory molecular signature associated with infectious agents in psychosis.
abstract: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental condition with onset in young adulthood. The identification of molecular biomarkers that reflect illness pathology is crucial. Recent evidence suggested immune and inflammatory cascades in conjunction with infection may play a role in the pathology. To address this question, we investigated molecular changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from antipsychotic-naïve patients with SZ and at risk mental status for psychosis (ARMS), in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). We measured 90 analytes using a broad multiplex platform focusing on immune and inflammatory cascades then selected 35 with our quality reporting criteria for further analysis. We also examined Toxoplasma gondii (TG) and herpes simplex virus 1 antibody levels in CSF. We report that expression of 15 molecules was significantly altered in the patient groups (SZ and ARMS) compared with HCs. The majority of these molecular changes (alpha-2-macroglobulin [α2M], fibrinogen, interleukin-6 receptor [IL-6R], stem cell factor [SCF], transforming growth factor alpha [TGFα], tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 [TNFR2], IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 2 [MCP-2/CCL8], testosterone [for males], angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], and epidermal growth factor receptor) were consistent between SZ and ARMS patients, suggesting these may represent trait changes associated with psychotic conditions in general. Interestingly, many of these analytes (α2M, fibrinogen, IL-6R, SCF, TGFα, TNFR2, IL-8, MCP-2/CCL8, and testosterone [for males]) were exacerbated in subjects with ARMS compared with subjects with SZ. Although further studies are needed, we optimistically propose that these molecules may be good candidates for predictive markers for psychosis from an early stage. Lastly, reduction of IL-6R, TGFα, and ACE was correlated with positivity of TG antibody in the CSF, suggesting possible involvement of TG infection in the pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Lindsay N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Emily G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Severance
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Leek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gressitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;
authors.forename: Cathrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rohleder
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;
authors.forename: F Markus
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Leweke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD asawa1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012306:Risk; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; at risk mental status; biomarker; cerebrospinal fluid; inflammation; schizophrenia
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