title: Efficacy of slow-release tags impregnated with aggregation-attachment pheromone and deltamethrin for control of Amblyomma variegatum on St. Kitts, West Indies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amblyomma variegatum is an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economic losses in Africa and the West Indies. Attempts to control and/or eradicate the tick from the Caribbean have largely been unsuccessful because of difficulties relating to the biology of the three-host tick and problems with applying acaricides on a regular basis to free-ranging domestic ruminants. While plastic collars impregnated with insecticides are widely and effectively used in companion animals to control external parasites there is little information on this technology in ruminants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 21 months we tested the efficacy of slow-release plastic tags impregnated with deltamethrin (7%) and aggregation-attachment pheromones (DPITs) in controlling A. variegatum on free-ranging cattle on two farms on St. Kitts. The tags were replaced every three months or when found to be lost.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On sentinel animals fitted with tags containing only aggregation-attachment pheromones there were an average of 23.1 ticks per semi-monthly visit although this number varied considerably, peaking in the dry season around May and being lowest in August to October during the wet season. Significantly fewer ticks (3.5 on average) were found on cattle with DPITs at each visit (P < 0.001). Although the DIPTs provided good control (92% on average), they did not significantly reduce A. variegatum in the environment with tick numbers on sentinels being higher in the second year of the study, despite up to 44% of animals being fitted with DPITs. The tags were economical, costing 0.2% of the 1% flumethrin pour-on treatment widely recommended for A. variegatum control in the Caribbean. The major problem encountered was that 38% of tail tags were lost before they were due for replacement every three months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has shown that DPITs are cheap to produce, easy to place, only require handling of animals every three months, and are very effective in protecting cattle from A. variegatum. Before DPITs can be considered for eradication programs the problems needing to be addressed include loss of tail tags, particularly in thick vegetation, and the optimum number of animals that must be treated to reduce numbers of ticks in the environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St, Kitts and Nevis, West Indies. pkelly@rossvet.edu.kn.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Helene M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Craig M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ackerson
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013983:Tick Control / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D014900:West Indies / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D010675:Pheromones; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin
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