title: A comprehensive review of milk fouling on heated surfaces.
abstract: Heat exchanger performance degrades rapidly during operation due to formation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces which ultimately reduces service life of the equipment. Due to scaling, product deteriorates which causes lack of proper heating. Chemistry of milk scaling is qualitatively understood and the mathematical models for fouling at low temperatures have been produced but the behavior of systems at ultra high temperature processing has to be studied further to understand in depth. In diversified field, the effect of whey protein fouling along with pressure drop in heat exchangers were conducted by many researchers. Adding additives, treatment of heat exchanger surfaces and changing of heat exchanger configurations are notable areas of investigation in milk fouling. The present review highlighted information about previous work on fouling, influencing parameters of fouling and its mitigation approach and ends up with recommendations for retardation of milk fouling and necessary measures to perform the task.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadeghinezhad
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahari
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Safaei
authors.forename: Rad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badarudin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D013193:Stainless Steel; C020243:calcium phosphate
keywords: Heat exchanger; crystallization; dissolved salts; milk fouling; mitigation