title: Simulating the impact of changing trends in smoking and obesity on productivity of an industrial population: an observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the impact of trends in smoking and obesity prevalence on productivity loss among petrochemical employees from 1980 to 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking and obesity informations were collected during company physical examinations. Productivity loss was calculated as differential workdays lost between smokers and non-smokers, and obese and normal-weight employees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 1980-2009, smoking prevalence decreased from 32% to 17%, while obesity prevalence increased from 14% to 42%. In 1982, lost productivity from obesity was an estimated 43 days/100 employees, and for smoking, 65 days/100 employees, but by 1987, workdays lost due to obesity exceeded that attributable to smoking. In 2007, workdays lost from obesity were 3.7 times higher than for smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Owing to the increasing trend in obesity, the productivity impact on employers from obesity will continue to rise without effective measures supporting employee efforts to achieve healthy weight through sustainable lifestyle changes.
authors.affiliation: Shell Oil Company, Shell Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Faiyaz A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bhojani
authors.forename: Shan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Judy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Koller
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D002617:Chemical Industry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Occupational & Industrial Medicine; Public Health
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Oct 9;288(14):1723-7
references.pmid: 12365955
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Nov 13;58(44):1227-32
references.pmid: 19910909
references.citation: J Occup Med. 1991 Nov;33(11):1119-24
references.pmid: 1765851
references.citation: Occup Environ Med. 2009 Dec;66(12):840-7
references.pmid: 19934118
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2007 Aug;97(8):1510-4
references.pmid: 17600266
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Jul 26;51(29):642-5
references.pmid: 12186222
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2009 Nov-Dec;59(6):352-65
references.pmid: 19897839
references.citation: J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004 Sep-Oct;17(5):359-69
references.pmid: 15355950
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45
references.pmid: 15010446
references.citation: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001 Sep;74(7):477-82
references.pmid: 11697450
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253
references.pmid: 11234459
references.citation: J Occup Environ Med. 1997 May;39(5):455-62
references.pmid: 9172091
references.citation: JAMA. 2005 Apr 20;293(15):1861-7
references.pmid: 15840860
references.citation: JAMA. 2010 Jan 20;303(3):235-41
references.pmid: 20071471
references.citation: J Occup Environ Med. 2005 Aug;47(8):838-46
references.pmid: 16093934
references.citation: J Occup Environ Med. 2007 Sep;49(9):975-80
references.pmid: 17848853
references.citation: Occup Med (Lond). 2010 Aug;60(5):362-8
references.pmid: 20308262
references.citation: J Health Econ. 2006 Mar;25(2):183-97; discussion 389-93
references.pmid: 16165234
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2004 Feb;94(2):251-2
references.pmid: 14759934
references.citation: Am J Health Promot. 1998 Nov-Dec;13(2):120-7
references.pmid: 10346659
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 3;361(23):2252-60
references.pmid: 19955525
references.citation: Br J Ind Med. 1991 Mar;48(3):155-63
references.pmid: 2015205
references.citation: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009 Oct;35(5):325-33
references.pmid: 19554244
references.citation: Health Aff (Millwood). 2002 Mar-Apr;21(2):245-53
references.pmid: 11900166
references.citation: J Health Econ. 2004 May;23(3):565-87
references.pmid: 15120471
references.citation: J Occup Environ Med. 2010 Oct;52(10):971-6
references.pmid: 20881629
references.citation: Occup Med (Lond). 2006 Oct;56(7):469-74
references.pmid: 16818473
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2009 Jan;10(1):17-27
references.pmid: 18778315
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 1992 Apr;21(2):293-7
references.pmid: 1428483
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2008 Jan;18(1):8-14
references.pmid: 17890102