title: Degree of chronic orofacial pain associated to the practice of musical instruments in orchestra's participants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The practice of playing musical instruments can affect structures of the head, neck, mouth, and the masticatory system. The aim of this study was to obtain information regarding the prevalence of orofacial pain in musicians according to the type of instrument they play, by applying a specific questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventeen musicians of Sao Paulo state's orchestras participated in this study. They answered an anamnesis questionnaire with 20 questions regarding their personal data, type of instrument played, hours of daily practice, and presence or absence of orofacial pain according to the Chronic Pain Grade Classification (CPGC). Musicians were divided into two groups in accordance with the risk of affecting TMJ: RG (risk group, including violin, viola, vocalist, trombone, tuba, clarinet and saxophone); CG (control group, other instruments). They received an informative brochure about the subject. Data obtained from the questionnaire were submitted to descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and Z-test for difference between two proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The participants were from 15 to 62 years old. Pain degree showed positive correlation for reported symptoms (P = 0.002) and hour/day practice (P = 0.030). Regarding the prevalence of pain degree, data were, for RG: Grade 0 (54.5%), Grade 1 (30.3%), and Grade ≥2 (15.1%). For CG, Grade 0 (84.4%), Grade 1 (8.9%), and Grade ≥2 (6.6%). Z-test showed positive difference between groups (P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the musicians of risk group presented higher prevalence of orofacial pain than control (non-risk) group.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biotechnology, UnP - Laureatte University, Natal, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Renato Cavalcanti
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Queiroz
authors.forename: Fernanda Brandão
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Mollica
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benetti
authors.forename: Maria Amélia Maximo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Araujo
authors.forename: Márcia Carneiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009146:Music; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult