title: Cardiovascular pathophysiology in chronic kidney disease: opportunities to transition from disease to health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, and is associated with a high burden of cardiovascular disease. This cardiovascular risk is incompletely explained by traditional risk factors, calling attention to a need to better understand the pathways in CKD contributing to adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathophysiological derangements associated with CKD, including disordered sodium, potassium, and water homeostasis, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic activity, anemia, bone and mineral metabolism, uremia, and toxin accumulation may contribute directly to progression of cardiovascular disease and adverse outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving cardiovascular health in patients with CKD requires improved understanding of renocardiac pathophysiology. Ultimately, the most successful strategy may be prevention of incident CKD itself.
authors.affiliation: Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Electronic address: matthew.tomey@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tomey
authors.affiliation: Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: cardiorenal syndrome; cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; renocardiac syndrome