title: Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and timing of karyotype analysis in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following assisted reproduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the prevalence and type of karyotype abnormalities in RIF patients and to evaluate the adequate timing for analysis and the presence of possible risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  615 patients (317 women and 298 men) with RIF, having undergone at least 3 sequential failed IVF/ICSI cycles prior to karyotype analysis, were included in this study. Anomaly rates found were compared with published series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chromosomal abnormalities were diagnosed in 2.1% of patients (13/615): 8 females (2.5%) and 5 males (1.7%) which is significantly higher for the females than in unselected newborns (0.8%) and normo-ovulatory women (0.6%) but lower than in women with high-order implantation failure (10.8%). No significant differences were found with couples at the start of IVF/ICSI (2.0%). Karyotyping all patients prior to IVF/ICSI results in a higher cost than selecting RIF patients. Two subgroups showed an increased prevalence of abnormalities: secondary infertile women with a history of only miscarriages (9.1%) and women with female infertility (6.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A karyotype analysis is indicated in all women with RIF. Nulliparous women with a history of mis-carriage and women with documented infertility are at greater risk of CA and are to be advised to undergo -karyotyping.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Sutter
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stadhouders
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dutré
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerris
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhont
keywords: ART; IVF/ICSI; assisted reproduction; infertility; karyotype; miscarriage; recurrent implantation failure
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