title: Mimicking pregnancy as a strategy for breast cancer prevention.
abstract: Pregnancy and its effects on breast cancer risk have been widely investigated; there is consensus among researchers that early pregnancy confers protection against breast cancer later in life, whereas nulliparity and late-age parity have been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. The answer to the question of how pregnancy reduces breast cancer risk has been elusive; however, pregnancy, like breast cancer, is a similar hormone-dependent entity under direct control of estrogen, progesterone and, of particular importance, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In this report, we emphasize the main changes, previously described by our laboratory, in morphology and gene expression levels of the mammary gland of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to known cancer-preventative conditions (pregnancy, hCG and progesterone + estrogen). In addition, we postulate a protective mechanism induced by hCG that could reduce the cell's potential to be transformed by carcinogens.
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santucci-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armiss
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Irma H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Johana E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vanegas
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Fathima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sheriff
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Ricardo Lopez
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: de Cicco
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Yanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Bidinotto
authors.affiliation: Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russo
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