title: Clinical evaluation of the anterior translation of glenohumeral joint using ultrasonography: an intra- and inter-rater reliability study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of ultrasonography (US) to measure anterior translation of the humeral head (ATHH) among healthy subjects and patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included a total of 22 shoulder joints from 11 subjects. Six subjects were healthy and 5 had sacroiliac joint dysfunction. Anterior translation of the humeral head was measured twice using US by two different investigators. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1), standard error of measurements (SEMs), coefficient of variations (CVs) and Bland-Altman plot were used as analytical tests to investigate intra- and inter-rater reliability, amount of error and agreeability of the measurements between investigators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94, showing a high level of intra-rater reliability of the first investigator with SEMs (0.01 cm) and CV (5.1%) in measuring ATHH. Intra-rater reliability of the second investigator was 0.84 with SEMs (0.03 cms) and CV (9.6%), indicating a high level of reliability. Inter-rater reliability was high, with an ICC value of 0.92 with SEMs (0.02 cms) and CV (5.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of US as a measurement of ATHH has good levels of intra- and inter-rater reliability in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rizuana I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ubon
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pirunsan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Amaramalar S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Naicker
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ohnmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Htwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Aatit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paungmali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards