title: Effects of ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate and 3-nitrooxypropanol on ruminal fermentation, microbial abundance, and methane emissions in sheep.
abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of feeding ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate (E3NP) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3 NP), 2 recently developed compounds with potential antimethanogenic activity, in vitro and in vivo in nonlactating sheep on ruminal methane production, fermentation pattern, the abundance of major microbial groups, and feed degradability. Three experiments were conducted, 1 in vitro and 2 in vivo. The in vitro batch culture trial (experiment 1) tested 2 doses of E3NP and 3 NP (40 and 80 μL/L), which showed a substantial reduction of methane production (up to 95%) without affecting concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The 2 in vivo trials were conducted over 16 d (experiment 2) and 30 d (experiment 3) to study their effects in sheep. In experiment 2, 6 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP at 2 doses (50 and 500 mg/animal per day). After 7, 14, and 15 d of treatment, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers and rumen fluid samples were collected for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. Methane production decreased by 29% compared with the control with the higher dose of E3NP on d 14 to 15. A decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio was observed without detrimental effects on dry matter intake. In experiment 3, 9 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed with alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP or 3 NP at one dose (100mg/animal per day) over 30 d. On d 14 and d 29 to 30, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 29 and 30 for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. In addition, on d 22 and 23, samples of oats and alfalfa hay were incubated in the rumen of sheep to determine dry matter ruminal degradation over 24 and 48 h, respectively; no effect was observed (78.6, 78.3, and 78.8% of alfalfa and 74.2, 74.0, and 70.6% of oats in control, E3NP, and 3 NP groups, respectively). A reduction in methane production was observed for both additives at d 14 and d 29 to 30. In both treatments, the acetate:propionate ratio was significantly decreased. Likewise, total concentrations of the analyzed microbial groups in the rumen showed no difference among treatments and doses for both experiments. Both tested compounds showed promise as methane inhibitors in the rumen, with no detrimental effects on fermentation or intake, which would need to be confirmed in lactating animals.
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abecia
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arco
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1213, Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Herbivores, Theix,63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantalapiedra-Hijar
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Martín-García
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molina-Alcaide
authors.affiliation: DSM Nutritional Products, PO Box 2676, Bldg. 241/858, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kindermann
authors.affiliation: DSM Nutritional Products, Research Centre for Animal Nutrition and Health, BP 170, F-68305 Saint-Louis Cedex, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Camino del Jueves s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: david.yanez@eez.csic.es.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Yáñez-Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D018554:Avena; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D007774:Lactation; D000455:Medicago sativa; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D064307:Microbiota; D020005:Propanols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: C000603069:3-nitrooxypropanol; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D020005:Propanols; D011422:Propionates; C000603070:ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate; D008697:Methane
keywords: 3-nitrooxypropanol; ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate; methane; rumen; sheep