title: Optic neuropathy induced by experimentally reduced cerebrospinal fluid pressure in monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of experimentally reduced cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and neuroretinal rim area of the optic nerve head.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study included nine monkeys that underwent implantation of a lumbar-peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt. In the study group (n = 4 monkeys), the shunt was opened to achieve a CSF of approximately 40 mm H2O, while the shunt remained closed in the control group (n = 5 monkeys). At baseline and in monthly intervals thereafter, optical coherence tomographic and photographic images of the optic nerve head and RNFL were taken of all monkeys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two out of four monkeys in the study group showed bilaterally a progressive reduction in RNFL thickness between 12% and 30%, reduction in neuroretinal rim area and volume, and increase in cup-to-disc area ratios. A third monkey developed a splinter-like disc hemorrhage in one eye. The fourth monkey in the study group did not develop morphologic changes during follow-up, nor did any monkey in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental and chronic reduction in CSF in monkeys was associated with the development of an optic neuropathy in some monkeys.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Diya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jidi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruowu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kegao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huaizhou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jinghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Sumeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yiwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruojin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qingjun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology
keywords: cerebrospinal fluid pressure; glaucoma; glaucomatous optic neuropathy; intraocular pressure; normal-pressure glaucoma; trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference