title: Momentary negative moods and being with friends precede cigarette use among Korean American emerging adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine contextual antecedents to smoking among Korean American emerging adult (KAEA) smokers using ecological momentary assessment. Based on extant theory and data documenting the importance of negative affect (NA) and social context, we examined the extent to which being with friends and NA independently and concomitantly were associated with the likelihood of subsequent smoking, over and beyond other known situational correlates of smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two KAEA daily smokers recorded their smoking events in real time and participated in short surveys implemented on mobile phones for 7 days. Individual, interpersonal, and situational contexts immediately preceding and during smoking events were examined in comparison to nonsmoking events using a within-subject modeling approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both NA and being with friends independently were correlated with increased likelihood of smoking. We also found an interaction showing that the effects of NA on smoking were significant only in presence of friends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unlike more established smokers, these younger smokers may be strongly influenced by peer contexts as well as unpleasant affect. The interaction between social contexts and NA highlights a potential window for intervention for the population of KAEA smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; jimihuh@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Jimi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Heesung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spruijt-Metz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Zarina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abramova
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerrada
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hedeker
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunton
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D055815:Young Adult