title: A novel technique for morphometric quantification of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced microglia activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurologic catastrophe and poor outcome is typically attributed to vasospasm; however, there is also evidence that SAH causes a pro-inflammatory state and these two phenomena may be interrelated. SAH causes activation of microglia, but the time course and degree of microglial activation after SAH and its link to poor patient outcome and vasospasm remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice expressing eGFP under the control of the CX3CR1 locus, in which microglia are endogenously fluorescent, were randomly assigned to control or SAH groups. Immunohistochemistry for CD-68 and CD-31 was performed at different time points after SAH. Using confocal microscopy and MatLab software, we have developed a novel technique to detect and quantify the stages of microglial activation and return to quiescence using an automated computerized morphometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected a statistically significant decrease in microglial process complexity 2 and 7 days following SAH. In addition, we detected a statistically significant increase in microglial domain volume 1 day following SAH; however, microglial domain volume returned to baseline by 2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most techniques for microglia assessment are qualitative, not quantitative, and are therefore inadequate to address the effects of anti-inflammatory drug treatment or other therapies after SAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using novel image analysis techniques we were able to reproducibly quantify activation of microglia following SAH, which will improve our ability to study the biology of microglial activation, and may ultimately improve management of disease progression and response to therapies directed at microglial activation.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Benjamin_Plog@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Plog
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Katherine_Moll@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Hongy_Kang@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Hongyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: iliffj@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Iliff
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Matthew_Dashnaw@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dashnaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Maiken_Nedergaard@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Maiken
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nedergaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translation Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: Edward_Vates@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: G Edward
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Vates
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D002196:Capillaries / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002452:Cell Count; D048429:Cell Size; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011897:Random Allocation; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C471885:Cx3cr1 protein, mouse; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: Inflammation; Microglia; Morphology; Mouse; Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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