title: Distribution of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in Rattus norvegicus in the Netherlands according to Vkorc1 mutations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rodenticide resistance to anticoagulants in Rattus norvegicus will lead to increased difficulties in combating these pest animals. Here, the authors present the results of a survey in the Netherlands where tissue samples and droppings were tested using a newly developed TaqMan PCR test for genotypic variation at codon 139 in the Vkorc1 gene associated with anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. Test results are linked to results of a questionnaire that was conducted among pest controllers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in R. norvegicus can be encountered in many parts of the Netherlands. In 34/61 rat tails, a genotype was found that is linked to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance (56%). In droppings, 42/169 samples (25%) showed a resistance-mediating genotype. In addition, indications of a clear genetic substructure in the Netherlands were found. In some regions, only resistance-mediating genotypes were found, corroborating results from the questionnaire in which pest controllers indicated they suspected resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of multiple genetic mutations at codon 139 of the Vkorc1 gene in R. norvegicus in the Netherlands. As rodenticides should keep their efficacy because they are a last resort in rodent management, more studies are urgently needed that link specific genetic mutations to the efficacy of active substances.
authors.affiliation: Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bastiaan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Meerburg
authors.forename: Marga P E
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van Gent-Pelzer
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schoelitsz
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esther
authors.forename: Theo A J
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: van der Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005243:Feces; D014644:Genetic Variation; D009154:Mutation; D009426:Netherlands; D051381:Rats / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012375:Rodent Control / Q000379:methods; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D012378:Rodenticides; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases
keywords: anticoagulants, integrated pest management; genetic mutation; rat; rodent control; rodenticide resistance
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