title: Co-option of a photoperiodic growth-phase transition system during land plant evolution.
abstract: Photoperiodic control of the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is critical for land plants. The GIGANTEA (GI) and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX1 (FKF1) protein complex controls this process in angiosperms. However, little is known about how plants evolved this regulatory system. Here, we report that orthologues of GI and FKF1 are present in a basal plant, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, and describe the molecular interaction between their products. Knockout of either the GI or FKF1 orthologue completely abolishes the long-day-dependent growth-phase transition in M. polymorpha. Overexpression of either gene promotes growth-phase transition, even under short-day conditions. Introduction of the GI orthologue partially rescues the late-flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana gi mutant. Our findings suggest that plants had already acquired the GI-FKF1 system to regulate growth-phase transition when they colonized land, and that this system was co-opted from gametophyte to sporophyte generation during evolution.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Akane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: 1] Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitsune
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishihama
authors.affiliation: 1] Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan [2] Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Yamato
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohchi
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D047008:Marchantia / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017440:Photoperiod; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C410504:FKF1 protein, Arabidopsis; C121183:GI protein, Arabidopsis; D010940:Plant Proteins