title: Delay in apoptosome formation attenuates apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation.
abstract: Differentiation is an inseparable process of development in multicellular organisms. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) represent a valuable research tool to conduct in vitro studies of cell differentiation. Apoptosis as a well known cell death mechanism shows some common features with cell differentiation, which has caused a number of ambiguities in the field. The research question here is how cells could differentiate these two processes from each other. We have investigated the role of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and cell energy level during differentiation of mESCs into the cardiomyocytes and their apoptosis. p53 expression, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, and caspase-3/7 activation are observed upon induction of both apoptosis and differentiation. However, remarkable differences are detected in time of cytochrome c appearance, apoptosome formation, and caspase activity upon induction of both processes. In apoptosis, apoptosome formation and caspase activity were observed rapidly following the cytochrome c release. Unlike apoptosis, the release of cytochrome c upon differentiation took more time, and the maximum caspase activity was also postponed for 24 h. This delay suggests that there is a regulatory mechanism during differentiation of mESCs into cardiomyocytes. The highest ATP content of cells was observed immediately after cytochrome c release 6 h after apoptosis induction and then decreased, but it was gradually increased up to 48 h after differentiation. These observations suggest that a delay in the release of cytochrome c or delay in ATP increase attenuate apoptosome formation, and caspase activation thereby discriminates apoptosis from differentiation in mESCs.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akbari-Birgani
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, saman_h@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Saman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosseinkhani
authors.affiliation: the Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran, and.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mollamohamadi
authors.affiliation: the Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran, and the Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran Baharvand@RoyanInstitute.org.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baharvand
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053478:Apoptosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020169:Caspases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D053478:Apoptosomes; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D020169:Caspases
keywords: ATP; Apoptosis; Bioluminescence; Caspase; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Mitochondrial Apoptosis
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