title: Undermining optimistic denial reactions to domestic and campus emergency warning messages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals who prepare for public emergencies can mitigate the effects of an incident, but denial of personal susceptibility may reduce the likelihood of preparation. Some denial may be due to a positive self-image that is at odds with being "at risk". The potential for an enhanced warning message that included a positive image of a protector to circumvent this denial was tested in two studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimistic denial threat orientation was measured. Then participants received either a traditional or a positive protector warning message about terrorism (Study 1; nationally representative sample of US adults; N = 587) or campus emergency preparation (Study 2; US college students; N = 179).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As predicted, in the enhanced image condition optimistic denial was no longer related to stronger denial reactions and lower intentions to protect oneself. In addition, Study 2 tested explanatory mediators and found that negative perceptions of and low similarity to a protector partially explained the denial of those higher in optimistic denial and why their denial was dampened in the positive image condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An enhanced message including a positive image of protector may be an effective way to encourage protection for those prone to optimistic denial.
authors.affiliation: Pomona College, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Michele M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schlehofer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004630:Emergencies / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: denial; emergency preparedness; health behaviors; threat orientations