title: Analysis of prostate-specific antigen transcripts in chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, baboons, and African green monkeys.
abstract: The function of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is to liquefy the semen coagulum so that the released sperm can fuse with the ovum. Fifteen spliced variants of the PSA gene have been reported in humans, but little is known about alternative splicing in nonhuman primates. Positive selection has been reported in sex- and reproductive-related genes from sea urchins to Drosophila to humans; however, there are few studies of adaptive evolution of the PSA gene. Here, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product cloning and sequencing, we study PSA transcript variant heterogeneity in the prostates of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis), and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Six PSA variants were identified in the chimpanzee prostate, but only two variants were found in cynomolgus monkeys, baboons, and African green monkeys. In the chimpanzee the full-length transcript is expressed at the same magnitude as the transcripts that retain intron 3. We have found previously unidentified splice variants of the PSA gene, some of which might be linked to disease conditions. Selection on the PSA gene was studied in 11 primate species by computational methods using the sequences reported here for African green monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon, and chimpanzee and other sequences available in public databases. A codon-based analysis (dN/dS) of the PSA gene identified potential adaptive evolution at five residue sites (Arg45, Lys70, Gln144, Pro189, and Thr203).
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mubiru
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Biomatters Inc., Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carolina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Livi
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owston
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Forey
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Shade
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000235:genetics*; D010215:Papio / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
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