title: Update on treatments for dystonia.
abstract: Oral medication, botulinum toxin injections, and deep brain stimulation are the current mainstays of treatment for dystonia. In addition, physical and other supportive therapies may help prevent further complications (eg, contractures) and improve function. This review discusses evidence-based medical treatment of dystonia with an emphasis on recent advances in treatment. We will also review the current treatment approaches and suggest ways in which these therapies can be applied to individuals with dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: D Cristopher
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Nutan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
references.citation: Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2010;88(5):304-10
references.pmid: 20588082
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2012 Aug;71(2):325-30
references.pmid: 22811083
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2007 Jan 15;22(2):193-7
references.pmid: 17133512
references.citation: Eur J Neurol. 2000 Nov;7(6):713-8
references.pmid: 11136361
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov;6(11):624-36
references.pmid: 21045798
references.citation: Neurotox Res. 2012 Nov;22(4):265-73
references.pmid: 22359151
references.citation: Neurology. 1998 Sep;51(3):815-9
references.pmid: 9748032
references.citation: Neurology. 1986 Feb;36(2):160-4
references.pmid: 3511401
references.citation: Neurology. 2008 May 6;70(19):1699-706
references.pmid: 18458230
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2012 Dec;11(12):1014-5
references.pmid: 23123072
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978-90
references.pmid: 17093249
references.citation: Brain Dev. 2010 Mar;32(3):223-8
references.pmid: 19403250
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2000 Nov;23(11):1752-6
references.pmid: 11054755
references.citation: Adv Neurol. 1976;14:215-33
references.pmid: 945938
references.citation: Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2879-86
references.pmid: 17905796
references.citation: Toxicon. 2013 Jun 1;67:94-114
references.pmid: 23380701
references.citation: PM R. 2014 Jun;6(6):506-513.e1
references.pmid: 24355547
references.citation: Toxins (Basel). 2013 Feb 04;5(2):249-66
references.pmid: 23381141
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2010 Jul 30;25(10):1477-81
references.pmid: 20629157
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2011 Mar;26(4):691-8
references.pmid: 21312284
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001 Oct;43(10):652-7
references.pmid: 11665821
references.citation: J Neurol. 1992 Jan;239(1):9-15
references.pmid: 1541974
references.citation: J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013 Dec;12(6):582-7
references.pmid: 24093589
references.citation: JAMA Neurol. 2013 Feb;70(2):163-71
references.pmid: 23407652
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863-73
references.pmid: 23649720
references.citation: Neurology. 2009 Jul 7;73(1):53-8
references.pmid: 19564584
references.citation: Front Neurol. 2012 Apr 17;3:58
references.pmid: 22529836
references.citation: Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2012 Apr 1;2(2):221-232
references.pmid: 23526920
references.citation: Mov Disord. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):1001-12
references.pmid: 23893456