title: Superantigen profiling of Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis isolates.
abstract: The frequency of superantigen production among Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with endocarditis is not well defined. We tested 154 S. aureus isolates from definite infective endocarditis cases for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins A-E, H, and TSST-1 by PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and using an HLA-DR3 transgenic mouse splenocyte proliferation assay. Sixty-three isolates (50.8%) tested positive for at least 1 superantigen gene, with 21 (16.9%) testing positive for more than 2. tst (28.6%) was most common, followed by seb (27%), sea (22.2%), sed (20.6%), see (17.5%), and sec (11.1%). Of 41 methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 21 had superantigen genes, with sed being more frequently detected in this group compared to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (P < 0.05). Superantigen genes were not associated with mortality (P = 0.81). 75% of PCR-positive isolates induced robust splenocyte proliferation. Overall, more than half of S. aureus isolates causing endocarditis carry superantigen genes, of which most are functional.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Karau
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kerryl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Greenwood-Quaintance
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Ashenafi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tilahun
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Shahryar Rostamkolaei
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Khaleghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Chella S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: Rajagopalan.govindarajan@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Govindarajan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000382:microbiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018089:Superantigens
keywords: Infective endocarditis; S. aureus; Superantigen
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