title: Association of affective temperaments measured by TEMPS-a with cognitive deficits in patients with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Affective temperaments such as cyclothymia, which may be the fundamental substrates for bipolar disorder and bipolar II in particular, have been reported to be associated with abnormalities in the regions that are related to cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. However, few studies have examined the effects of affective temperaments on neuropsychological performance in individuals with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a six-week prospective study, we administered Chinese version of TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, San Diego-Autoquestionnair) to 93 patients with bipolar I depression, 135 patients with bipolar II depression, and 101 healthy controls. Cognitive function was assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tasks, including attention, processing speed, set shifting, planning, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, and visual spatial memory. Mixed-effects statistical models were used to assess the effects of affective temperaments on cognitive function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bipolar patients with hyperthymic temperament showed greater cognitive deficits in set shifting (p=0.05) and verbal working memory (p=0.026) than did bipolar patients with non-predominant temperaments (predominant temperament was defined as one standard deviation above the mean). The differences in estimated marginal means were -0.624 (95% CI, -1.25 to 0) and -0.429 (95% CI, -0.81 to -0.05), respectively. Significant temperament X bipolar subtype interaction effects were observed for set shifting (Wald X(2)=18.161, p<0.001), planning (Wald X(2)=7.906, p=0.048), and visual spatial memory (Wald X(2)=16.418, p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anxious temperament was not evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that hyperthymic temperament may be associated with cognitive deficits in some specific domains in bipolar disorder; and that the effect of temperaments may be different across subtypes of bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guiyun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weicong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Neuroscience Research Institute, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Huiyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yamei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yangbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bessonov
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kareen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: Department of Affective Disorder, Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong. Electronic address: Klin@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Kangguang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorders; Cognition; Neuropsychological test; TEMPS-A; Temperament