title: Ultrastructural analysis of nanoparticles and ions released in periprosthetic membranes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distribution and relationship of hydroxyapatite debris, nanometric organic and metal wear particles and metal ions on periimplant interface membranes following aseptic and septic arthroplastic loosening were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopic analysis were used to analyze debris and ion distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroxyapatite debris appeared with different morphology in a particular distribution among several membranes. These differences may reflect the occurrence of different friction forces taking place between prosthesis and bone interface in the several types of prostheses studied. Metal wear particles were detected in greater numbers in membranes from noncemented prostheses compared with those from cemented ones. In contrast, more organic particles were present in membrane from cemented prosthesis. No differences were observed between aseptic and septic membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the need to evaluate the occurrence of friction forces that periprosthetic bone debris production may induce to exacerbate cellular reactivity. Furthermore, cellular engulfment of debris and the high level of different ions released indicate the occurrence of a toxic environment that may induce failure of any reparative pathways.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health Science, Research Center of Biocompatibility and Tissue Engineering, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Alessandria, Novara, Vercelli - Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabbatini
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renò
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosetti
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marchese
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008566:Membranes / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007477:Ions