title: Effect of Lithothamnium sp and calcium supplements in strain- and infection-induced bone resorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of Lithothamnium sp (LTT) supplement, a calcium-rich alga widely used for mineral reposition, on strain-induced (orthodontic tooth movement [OTM]) and infection-induced bone resorption (periodontal disease [PD]) in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were divided into two bone resorption models: one with an orthodontic appliance and the other with PD induced by the oral inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans (Aa). Both groups were fed a regular diet (vehicle), LTT-rich diet (LTT), or calcium-rich diet (CaCO3). Alveolar bone resorption (ABR), the number of osteoclasts, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), calcium, and vitamin D3 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of osteoclasts was reduced in LTT and CaCO3 mice, which led to diminished OTM and infection-induced alveolar bone loss. In addition, LTT- and calcium-treated groups also presented decreased levels of TNF-α in periodontal tissues and increased levels of calcium in serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the LTT supplement influences ABR, probably due to its calcium content, by affecting osteoclast function and local inflammatory response, thus modulating OTM and PD.
authors.affiliation: a  Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana Rodrigues
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque Taddei
authors.forename: Mila Fernandes Moreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Madeira
authors.forename: Izabella Lucas
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: de Abreu Lima
authors.forename: Celso Martins
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Queiroz-Junior
authors.forename: Adriana Pedrosa
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Dauro Douglas
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Ildeu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: da Glória Souza
authors.forename: Mauro Martins
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Tarcília Aparecida
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000502:physiology; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002452:Cell Count; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016871:Pasteurellaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D007527:Isoenzymes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D002117:Calcitriol; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Bone resorption; Calcium; Orthodontic tooth movement
references.citation: J Biomech. 2012 Nov 15;45(16):2729-35
references.pmid: 23036306
references.citation: Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2012 Jul-Aug;67(7-8):391-7
references.pmid: 23016278
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 May;1813(5):979-83
references.pmid: 21075150
references.citation: Am J Orthod. 1981 Sep;80(3):256-62
references.pmid: 6945049
references.citation: Mar Drugs. 2013 Jul 18;11(7):2595-615
references.pmid: 23873335
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 1981 Jan 1;110(1):61-72
references.pmid: 7212270
references.citation: Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:56-83
references.pmid: 22142957
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995 Nov;80(5):612-6
references.pmid: 8556469
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 1984;4:471-91
references.pmid: 6380541
references.citation: Nutrients. 2010 May;2(5):505-22
references.pmid: 22254038
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2007 Nov;86(11):1089-94
references.pmid: 17959902
references.citation: Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2003 Jan;104(1):13-22
references.pmid: 12495202
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2012 Feb;14(2):198-206
references.pmid: 22016007
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Aug;61(2):391-3
references.pmid: 4008614
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):736-43
references.pmid: 15741380
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 2006 Feb 3;1104(1-2):198-202
references.pmid: 16376355
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 May;50(5):1399-404
references.pmid: 22386818
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006 Feb;21(1):12-20
references.pmid: 16390336
references.citation: J Steroid Biochem. 1979 Jul;11(1A):35-52
references.pmid: 226791
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Jul;54(1 Suppl):245S-260S
references.pmid: 2053570
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2011 Jan;82(1):25-32
references.pmid: 20809866
references.citation: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012 Feb;141(2):153-60
references.pmid: 22284282