title: Infrared spectroscopy of pollen identifies plant species and genus as well as environmental conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is imperative to have reliable and timely methodologies for analysis and monitoring of seed plants in order to determine climate-related plant processes. Moreover, impact of environment on plant fitness is predominantly based on studies of female functions, while the contribution of male gametophytes is mostly ignored due to missing data on pollen quality. We explored the use of infrared spectroscopy of pollen for an inexpensive and rapid characterization of plants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on measurement of pollen samples by two Fourier transform infrared techniques: single reflectance attenuated total reflectance and transmission measurement of sample pellets. The experimental set, with a total of 813 samples, included five pollination seasons and 300 different plant species belonging to all principal spermatophyte clades (conifers, monocotyledons, eudicots, and magnoliids).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectroscopic-based methodology enables detection of phylogenetic variations, including the separation of confamiliar and congeneric species. Furthermore, the methodology enables measurement of phenotypic plasticity by the detection of inter-annual variations within the populations. The spectral differences related to environment and taxonomy are interpreted biochemically, specifically variations of pollen lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and sporopollenins. The study shows large variations of absolute content of nutrients for congenital species pollinating in the same environmental conditions. Moreover, clear correlation between carbohydrate-to-protein ratio and pollination strategy has been detected. Infrared spectral database with respect to biochemical variation among the range of species, climate and biogeography will significantly improve comprehension of plant-environment interactions, including impact of global climate change on plant communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohler
mesh_terms: D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014887:Weather
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