title: The anatomy of the bifurcated neural spine and its occurrence within Tetrapoda.
abstract: Vertebral neural spine bifurcation has been historically treated as largely restrictive to sauropodomorph dinosaurs; wherein it is inferred to be an adaptation in response to the increasing weight from the horizontally extended cervical column. Because no extant terrestrial vertebrates have massive, horizontally extended necks, extant forms with large cranial masses were examined for the presence of neural spine bifurcation. Here, I report for the first time on the soft tissue surrounding neural spine bifurcation in a terrestrial quadruped through the dissection of three Ankole-Watusi cattle. With horns weighing up to a combined 90 kg, the Ankole-Watusi is unlike any other breed of cattle in terms of cranial weight and presence of neural spine bifurcation. Using the Ankole-Watusi as a model, it appears that neural spine bifurcation plays a critical role in supporting a large mobile weight adjacent to the girdles. In addition to neural spine bifurcation being recognized within nonavian dinosaurs, this vertebral feature is also documented within many members of temnospondyls, captorhinids, seymouriamorphs, diadectomorphs, Aves, marsupials, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and Primates, amongst others. This phylogenetic distribution indicates that spine bifurcation is more common than previously thought, and that this vertebral adaptation has contributed throughout the evolutionary history of tetrapods. Neural spine bifurcation should now be recognized as an anatomical component adapted by some vertebrates to deal with massive, horizontal, mobile weights adjacent the girdles.
authors.affiliation: Museum of the Rockies, Bozeman, Montana; Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
authors.forename: D Cary
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Woodruff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001368:Axis, Cervical Vertebra / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D008022:Ligaments / Q000166:cytology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: Ankole-Watusi; nuchal ligament