title: The effects of mild-to-severe retinopathy of prematurity on the development of refractive errors and strabismus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of mild-to-severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on refractive state and the incidence of strabismus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants born ≤32 weeks of gestation were prospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria were a follow-up of at least 6 months and at least stage 1 ROP. Group 1 included stage 1 ROP cases. Cases with stage 2 or 3 ROP without indication for treatment formed the second group. Group 3 included cases who received treatment for ROP. Logistic regression, adjusted for birth weight and gestational age, and multiple comparison tests were used to compare outcomes among groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up time was 20.9 ± 6.6 months. In the first (n = 21), second (n = 22), and third groups (n = 23), the right spherical equivalents (SE) were 1.17 ± 1.33, -0.18 ± 3.09, and -1.08 ± 4.05 diopters, and the left SEs were 1.23 ± 1.34, -0.09 ± 3.24, and -1.46 ± 4.02 diopters, respectively (p = 0.026 for right SE and 0.008 for left SE). The incidences of anisometropia were 3/21, 4/22, and 11/23 in the first, second, and third groups, respectively (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] for group 3 vs 1 = 5.39, aOR for group 3 vs 2 = 4.06). Strabismus developed in 7/21, 6/22, and 10/23 in groups one, two, and three, respectively (aOR for group 3 vs 1 = 2.06, aOR for group 3 vs 2 = 2.27). Eighteen of these were esotropias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refractive errors and strabismus were associated with mild-to-severe ROP. Esotropia was the most frequent type of strabismus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty , Eskişehir , Turkey .
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gursoy
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Basmak
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilgin
authors.forename: Nazmiye
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colak
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: Refractive errors; retinopathy of prematurity; retinopathy of prematurity stage; strabismus