title: Digging up the human genome: current progress in deciphering adverse drug reactions.
abstract: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major clinical problem. In addition to their clinical impact on human health, there is an enormous cost associated with ADRs in health care and pharmaceutical industry. Increasing studies revealed that genetic variants can determine the susceptibility of individuals to ADRs. The development of modern genomic technologies has led to a tremendous advancement of improving the drug safety and efficacy and minimizing the ADRs. This review will discuss the pharmacogenomic techniques used to unveil the determinants of ADRs and summarize the current progresses concerning the identification of biomarkers for ADRs, with a focus on genetic variants for genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug-transporter proteins, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA). The knowledge gained from these cutting-edge findings will form the basis for better prediction and management for ADRs, ultimately making the medicine personalized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung-Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Chi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4263-7654
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 199 Tung-Hwa North Road, Taipei 105, Taiwan ; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hua First Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Infection and Immunity Research Center, VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shuen-Iu
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6531-5538
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D001692:Biological Transport; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015894:Genome, Human; D023281:Genomics; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006680:HLA Antigens
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