title: Maternal prepregancy BMI and lipid profile during early pregnancy are independently associated with offspring's body composition at age 5-6 years: the ABCD study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing evidence that disturbances in maternal metabolism and, subsequently, intrauterine conditions affect foetal metabolism. Whether this has metabolic consequences in offspring later in life is not fully elucidated. We investigated whether maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) is associated with offspring's adiposity at age 5-6 years and whether this association is mediated by the mother's lipid profile during early pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from a multi-ethnic birth cohort, the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study (inclusion 2003-2004). During early gestation mothers completed a questionnaire during pregnancy (pBMI) and random non-fasting blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and total free fatty acids (FFA) in early gestation. At age 5-6 years, child's BMI, waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) and fat% were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only non-diabetic mothers with at term-born children were included (n = 1727). Of all women, 15.1% were overweight(BMI: 25-29.9 kg/m2) and 4.3% were obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2). After adjustments for confounders, every unit increase in pBMI was linearly associated with various offspring variables: BMI (β 0.10; 95% CI 0.08-0.12), WHtR*100 (β 0.13; 95% CI 0.09-0.17), fat% (β 0.21; 95% CI 0.13-0.29) and increased risk for overweight (OR:1.15; 95% CI 1.10-1.20). No convincing proof for mediation by maternal lipid profile during early gestation was found. Moreover, maternal FFA was associated with the child's fat percentage, BMI and risk for overweight. Maternal ApoB and TC were positively associated with the offspring's fat percentage and maternal TG was positively associated with their children's WHtR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both pBMI and maternal lipids during early pregnancy are independently related to offspring adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike G J
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gademan
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriëtte J J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oostvogels
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tessa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Roseboom
authors.affiliation: Research center for the prevention of overweight, Windesheim and VU University, EMGO+, Zwolle/Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tommy L S
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Eijsden
authors.affiliation: Department Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marcel T B
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Twickler
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tanja G M
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Vrijkotte
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009426:Netherlands; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
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