title: Soft tissue artefacts of the human back: comparison of the sagittal curvature of the spine measured using skin markers and an open upright MRI.
abstract: Soft tissue artefact affects the determination of skeletal kinematics. Thus, it is important to know the accuracy and limitations of kinematic parameters determined and modelled based on skin marker data. Here, the curvature angles, as well as the rotations of the lumbar and thoracic segments, of seven healthy subjects were determined in the sagittal plane using a skin marker set and compared to measurements taken in an open upright MRI scanner in order to understand the influence of soft tissue artefact at the back. The mean STA in the flexed compared to the extended positions were 10.2±6.1 mm (lumbar)/9.3±4.2 mm (thoracic) and 10.7±4.8 mm (lumbar)/9.2±4.9 mm (thoracic) respectively. A linear regression of the lumbar and thoracic curvatures between the marker-based measurements and MRI-based measurements resulted in coefficients of determination, R2, of 0.552 and 0.385 respectively. Skin marker measurements therefore allow for the assessment of changes in the lumbar and thoracic curvature angles, but the absolute values suffer from uncertainty. Nevertheless, this marker set appears to be suitable for quantifying lumbar and thoracic spinal changes between quasi-static whole body postural changes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zemp
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: List
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gülay
authors.affiliation: Spine Surgery, Küsnacht, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Elsig
authors.affiliation: Röntgeninstitut Zurich-Altstetten, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naxera
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorenzetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001415:Back / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001824:Body Constitution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult
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