title: Use of antiepileptic drugs and lipid-lowering agents in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) are used as first-line treatment in the United States remains unknown. Studies suggest that EIAEDs produce elevation of serum lipids, which could require additional treatment. We assessed the current use of EIAED in monotherapy for epilepsy in the U.S., as well as the correlation between the use of EIAEDs and subsequent new prescriptions for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins") for hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We queried the MarketScan databases between July 2009 and January 2013, covering 66 million patients with commercial or supplemental Medicare insurance. We identified individuals who had a diagnosis of seizures, continuous enrollment in the database from 6months prior to 24 months after the epilepsy diagnosis, no utilization of an AED or a statin prior to that diagnosis, and at least 1 new AED prescription. We tabulated the fraction of subjects who were prescribed EIAEDs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, or barbiturates) and those prescribed all other AEDs. Rates of new statin prescription between 1 and 24months after AED prescription were assessed among the two groups, restricted to those with no prior history of vascular disease who had lipid serology obtained subsequent to the new AED prescription.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 11,893 patients with newly treated epilepsy, 2425 (20.4%) were started on an EIAED, and 9468 (79.6%) were started on a noninducing AED. There was a consistent and significant trend for EIAEDs to be increasingly prescribed with increasing age (p<0.0001). Among patients meeting the criteria, 66 (13.3%) of 496 EIAED-treated patients and 178 (9.2%) of 1930 noninducing AED patients were newly prescribed a statin (p<0.007). This difference remained significant after accounting for age and gender (p=0.015). A patient who was started on an EIAED was 46% more likely to be subsequently prescribed a statin than a patient who was started on a noninducing AED (95% CI=1.08-1.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug prescription for epilepsy appears to increase with increasing age in the U.S. despite the absence of a cogent rationale for this practice, suggesting a failure to appreciate the complications of EIAED therapy among U.S. physicians. Statins were more often prescribed to those newly treated with EIAEDs compared with those given noninducing AEDs. These preliminary data provide further evidence suggesting that EIAEDs elevate lipids in a clinically meaningful manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mintzer
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maio
authors.affiliation: Truven Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; Enzyme induction; Lipid-lowering agents; United States
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