title: Increased expression of CXCR3 axis components and matrix metalloproteinase in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by extensive intestinal involvement and rapid early progression, the precise cause and specific factors involved in disease aggravation have not been well established. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of pediatric IBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of inflammatory molecules in colon samples taken from active ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients was compared with those of controls. Three children each with UC and CD in both the active and remission phase and their controls were enrolled, and the inflammatory gene expression in the mucosa was examined by microarray. Additionally, six children from each group were further enrolled in a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and an immunohistochemical study to examine the expression of CXCL9, 10, 11, CXCR3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, -7, and -10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The microarray analysis revealed enhanced expression of the CXCL9, 10, and 11 genes in the active phase of CD. The expression of MMP-1, -3, -7, and -10 was significantly enhanced in the active phase of UC. These changes were also confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced expression of CXCL9, 10, and 11 in both the lamina propria and epithelial cells in these patients. CXCR3-positive cells were also confirmed in the lamina propria. The expression of MMP-1, -3, -7, and -10 was also enhanced in the mucosal epithelial cells and the lamina propria in both CD and UC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CXCR3 axis components and MMP play an important role in the mucosal damage in pediatric IBD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jimbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Research, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naho
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohbayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikuse
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C515187:CXCR3 protein, human; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: CXCR3 axis components; inflammatory bowel disease; matrix metalloproteinase families; microarray; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction