title: Sleep problems predict and are predicted by generalized anxiety/depression and oppositional defiant disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether sleep problems co-occur with, precede, and/or follow common psychiatric disorders during childhood and adolescence. We also clarified the role of comorbidity and tested for specificity of associations among sleep problems and psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a representative population sample of 1,420 children, assessed 4 to 7 times per person between ages 9 and 16 years for major Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) disorders and sleep problems. Sleep-related symptoms were removed from diagnostic criteria when applicable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep problems during childhood and adolescence were common, with restless sleep and difficulty falling asleep being the most common symptoms. Cross-sectional analyses showed that sleep problems co-occurred with many psychiatric disorders. Longitudinal analyses revealed that sleep problems predicted increases in the prevalence of later generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and high GAD/depression symptoms, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). In turn, GAD and/or depression and ODD predicted increases in sleep problems over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep problems both predict and are predicted by a diagnostic cluster that includes ODD, GAD, and depression. Screening children for sleep problems could offer promising opportunities for reducing the burden of mental illness during the early life course.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Electronic address: lilly_shanahan@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Lilly
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.affiliation: Duke University.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: Duke University.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angold
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Carmen L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bondy
authors.affiliation: Duke University.
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D057189:Checklist / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States
keywords: GAD; ODD; adolescence; depression; sleep problems
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