title: High-efficiency genome editing via 2A-coupled co-expression of fluorescent proteins and zinc finger nucleases or CRISPR/Cas9 nickase pairs.
abstract: Targeted endonucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/Cas9 are increasingly being used for genome editing in higher species. We therefore devised a broadly applicable and versatile method for increasing editing efficiencies by these tools. Briefly, 2A peptide-coupled co-expression of fluorescent protein and nuclease was combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to allow for efficient isolation of cell populations with increasingly higher nuclease expression levels, which translated into increasingly higher genome editing rates. For ZFNs, this approach, combined with delivery of donors as single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides and nucleases as messenger ribonucleic acid, enabled high knockin efficiencies in demanding applications, including biallelic codon conversion frequencies reaching 30-70% at high transfection efficiencies and ∼ 2% at low transfection efficiencies, simultaneous homozygous knockin mutation of two genes with ∼ 1.5% efficiency as well as generation of cell pools with almost complete codon conversion via three consecutive targeting and FACS events. Observed off-target effects were minimal, and when occurring, our data suggest that they may be counteracted by selecting intermediate nuclease levels where off-target mutagenesis is low, but on-target mutagenesis remains relatively high. The method was also applicable to the CRISPR/Cas9 system, including CRISPR/Cas9 mutant nickase pairs, which exhibit low off-target mutagenesis compared to wild-type Cas9.
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lindsey A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lonowski
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kofoed-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibarra
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Delay
authors.affiliation: Sigma-Aldrich Biotechnology, Gene Regulation, 2909 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA.
authors.forename: Qiaohua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Odontology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, the Panum Institute 24.6.38, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Sigma-Aldrich Biotechnology, Gene Regulation, 2909 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA.
authors.forename: Shondra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pruett-Miller
authors.affiliation: Departments of Odontology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, the Panum Institute 24.6.38, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Departments of Odontology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, the Panum Institute 24.6.38, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wandall
authors.affiliation: Sigma-Aldrich Biotechnology, Gene Regulation, 2909 Laclede Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: GI Cell Biology Research Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Steen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark morten.frodin@bric.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frödin
mesh_terms: D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002469:Cell Separation; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D055879:Gene Knock-In Techniques; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D016335:Zinc Fingers
chemical_list: D064130:CRISPR-Associated Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases
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