title: Molecular systematics of subtribe Orchidinae and Asian taxa of Habenariinae (Orchideae, Orchidaceae) based on plastid matK, rbcL and nuclear ITS.
abstract: The subtribe Orchidinae, distributed predominantly in Eastern Asia and the Mediterranean, presents some of the most intricate taxonomic problems in the family Orchidaceae with respect to generic delimitation. Based on three DNA markers (plastid matK, rbcL, and nuclear ITS), morphological characters, and a broad sampling of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae mainly from Asia (a total of 153 accessions of 145 species in 31 genera), generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Orchidinae and Habenariinae from Asia were assessed. Orchidinae and Asian Habenariinae are monophyletic, and Orchidinae is divided into distinct superclades. Many genera, such as Amitostigma, Habenaria, Hemipilia, Herminium, Platanthera, Peristylus and Ponerorchis, are not monophyletic. Habenaria is subdivided into two distantly related groups, while Platanthera is subdivided into three even more disparate groups. Many previously undetected phylogenetic relationships, such as clades formed by the Amitostigma-Neottianthe-Ponerorchis complex, Platanthera latilabris group, Ponerorchis chrysea, Sirindhornia, and Tsaiorchis, are well supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. We propose to combine Hemipiliopsis with Hemipilia, Amitostigma and Neottianthe with Ponerorchis, Smithorchis with Platanthera, and Aceratorchis and Neolindleya with Galearis, and to establish a new genus to accommodate Ponerorchis chrysea. Tsaiorchis and Sirindhornia are two distinctive genera supported by both molecular data and morphological characters. A new genus, Hsenhsua, and 41 new combinations are proposed based on these findings.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China. Electronic address: jinweitao@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Wei-Tao
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China. Electronic address: orchid@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives Directorate, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK. Electronic address: A.Schuiteman@kew.org.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schuiteman
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China. Electronic address: dzl@mail.kib.ac.cn.
authors.forename: De-Zhu
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10093, China. Electronic address: xiangxg2010@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chenhua Road 3888, Songjiang, Shanghai 201602, China. Electronic address: hwc_zx@126.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Chang
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Township, Mengla County, Yunnan 666303, China. Electronic address: ljw@xtbg.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Resource Centre for Chinese Material Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China. Electronic address: huangluqi01@126.com.
authors.forename: Lu-Qi
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Asia; Generic delimitation; Habenariinae; Molecular phylogenetics; Orchidinae