title: Salivary glucose concentration and daily variation in the oral fluid of healthy patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and the variations of salivary glucose in healthy patients who were sampled at five different intervals during the day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of un-stimulated saliva have been collected from 21 healthy patients using the drooling technique and they were divided into two categories. In the first category, patients were asked not to toothbrush their teeth in the 8 hours prior to collection of the salivary sample. Patients in the second category were instead asked to toothbrush 90 minutes before the collection of the first sample of saliva. The glucose concentration was measured in all patients via an enzymatic spectrophotometry. Patients have been selected following a strict inclusion criteria, which included <5% of plaque presence e according to the plaque Index and a total absence of oral disease that could possibly interfere with sample taking or oral fluid analysis. The average age of patients was 22,4±2,6 years old of which 45% were female and 55% were male. Samples were collected five times between 8 am and 12 pm, before and after breakfast. Data was statistically analyzed using the Skewness/Kurtosis Test, Shapiro-Wilk Test, Kruskal Wallis Test and Linear Regression Model, considering values of p<0,05 to be significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average rate of un-stimulated salivary flow was 0,53±0,21 ml/min. There were no significant differences between salivary glucose values and salivary flow in female and male patients. However, we observed a typical trend which recurred for each patient and resembled a "pseudo-glycemic curve".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The collected data suggests that glucose concentration results did not show statistically significant differences (p>0,078) which could however be due to the little number of patients assessed, nonetheless there is a trend, recalling a "pseudo-glycemic curve" not referable to changes in flow rates, probably due to glucose catabolism and shunt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polimeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tremolati
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Milan and Sensors Group of the Italian Chemical Society, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Falciola
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Milan and Sensors Group of the Italian Chemical Society, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pifferi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ierardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Farronato
keywords: oral fluid; oral hygiene; saliva; salivary glucose; spectrophotometry
references.citation: Oral Sci Rev. 1976;(8):25-47
references.pmid: 790252
references.citation: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009 Oct 01;14(10):e510-3
references.pmid: 19680215
references.citation: Pak J Pharm Sci. 2001 Jan;14(1):33-7
references.pmid: 16414850
references.citation: J Diabetes Complications. 1993 Jan-Mar;7(1):57-62
references.pmid: 8481552
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 1964 Feb;22:121-35
references.pmid: 14158464
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2011 Jun;90(6):752-8
references.pmid: 21406610
references.citation: Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011 Dec;31(6):347-57
references.pmid: 22323845
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Sep;92(3):281-91
references.pmid: 11552145
references.citation: J Am Dent Assoc. 2012 Oct;143(10 Suppl):6S-11S
references.pmid: 23024320
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Feb;91(2):166-73
references.pmid: 11174593
references.citation: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2006 Jul 01;11(4):E309-14
references.pmid: 16816810
references.citation: Caries Res. 2002 Jan-Feb;36(1):31-5
references.pmid: 11961327
references.citation: Proc Finn Dent Soc. 1988;84(4):247-52
references.pmid: 3194385
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2009 Mar;80(3):436-46
references.pmid: 19254128
references.citation: Dent Clin North Am. 2005 Jul;49(3):551-71, vi
references.pmid: 15978241
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2011 Sep;111(3):631-41
references.pmid: 21672100
references.citation: J Diabet Complications. 1988 Apr-Jun;2(2):96-9
references.pmid: 2458369
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Mar;1098:362-74
references.pmid: 17435142
references.citation: Pediatr Dent. 1996 Jul-Aug;18(4):306-11
references.pmid: 8857659
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 1963 Dec;21:533-51
references.pmid: 14121956
references.citation: Dent Cadmos. 1987 Apr 30;55(7):59-63
references.pmid: 3499355
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Mar;1098:230-51
references.pmid: 17435132
references.citation: Public Health Nutr. 2002 Aug;5(4):553-60
references.pmid: 12186664
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2009;2009:430426
references.pmid: 19503844
references.citation: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2004 Mar 5;801(2):355-8
references.pmid: 14751806