title: Urethral prolapse in dogs: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the signalment, clinical signs, treatment, and outcome of dogs with urethral prolapse and identify risk factors associated with prolapse or treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs (n = 48) with urethral prolapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records (May 1995-June 2010) from 2 referral centers were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment, complications, results of long-term follow-up. Records from Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) were evaluated to determine odds ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratio for urethral prolapse in English bulldogs compared to all breeds was 366.99 (95% CI: 265.83, 506.65). Of 48 affected dogs, 46 had either resection and anastomosis (43 dogs) or urethropexy (3 dogs). The most common early postoperative complication was hemorrhage (39%); postoperative hemorrhage was less common when a simple continuous pattern was used for resection and anastomosis. Prolapse recurred in 57% of dogs available for long-term follow-up; recurrence was less common in dogs that were administered postoperative butorphanol or acepromazine. Gender was not associated with urethral prolapse or postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urethral prolapse occurs most commonly in English bulldogs. Postoperative hemorrhage and prolapse recurrence may be reduced with use of a simple continuous pattern for urethral anastomosis and by administration of postoperative sedation, respectively. Castration status did not appear to affect prolapse development or outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Jennifer G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D011391:Prolapse; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*