title: A UK analysis of the cost of switching renal transplant patients from an immediate-release to a prolonged-release formulation of tacrolimus based on differences in trough concentration variability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Randomized controlled trials have shown that a once-daily prolonged-release (PR) tacrolimus formulation (PR tacrolimus; Advagraf * ), is non-inferior to a twice-daily immediate-release (IR) tacrolimus formulation (IR tacrolimus; Prograf † ) in terms of biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft failure and mortality in renal transplant recipients. However, relative to IR tacrolimus, PR tacrolimus exhibits reduced tacrolimus trough concentration variability, which has been associated with reduced graft failure. Based on these data, the present study evaluated the cost of switching UK renal transplant patients from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK-specific data on acute rejection, graft failure, and mortality were used to construct a budget impact model to assess the costs of switching from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus on a 1:1 mg:mg basis. The model assumed that 3.1% of patients on PR tacrolimus had high tacrolimus trough concentration variability compared with 17.4% on IR tacrolimus, based on a study comparing PR tacrolimus and IR tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. A relative graft failure risk of 2.38 was applied to high variability patients based on data from a tacrolimus variability study in which 10/148 patients with low variability experienced graft failure, compared with 24/149 in the high variability group. Cost data were taken from the British National Formulary and 2012-2013 NHS tariff information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean per-patient cost (including tacrolimus, concomitant immunosuppressive medications, dialysis after graft failure, and treatment for acute rejection) was GBP 26,941 (standard deviation [SD] = GBP 2765) with PR tacrolimus vs GBP 30,356 (SD = GBP 3085) for IR tacrolimus over a 5-year period, corresponding to a saving of GBP 3415 (SD = GBP 516) per patient or GBP 341,500 in a hypothetical 100-patient transplant center. Cost savings were driven primarily by lower dialysis costs resulting from the lower proportion of PR tacrolimus patients with high tacrolimus trough concentration variability (leading to lower graft failure risk).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main limitation of the study was the use of heterogeneous data sources to capture the effect of within-patient variability on graft failure. The most important difference between the studies was the definition of the threshold between low and high within-patient variability. This was explored in sensitivity analyses in which the inter-arm difference in the inter-arm proportions of patients with high and low variability was abolished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Converting UK renal transplant recipients from IR tacrolimus to PR tacrolimus was associated with lower pharmacy and dialysis costs.
authors.affiliation: Astellas Pharma Europe Limited , Chertsey , UK.
authors.forename: Gorden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muduma
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odeyemi
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000191:economics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000191:economics*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D018803:Models, Economic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016559:Tacrolimus
keywords: Costs and cost analysis; Great Britain; Pharmacokinetics; Tacrolimus