title: The 2011 measles outbreak in Tokyo. An analysis of surveillance data.
abstract: The study was conducted with the intention of establishing a strategy to eliminate measles on the basis of an analysis of the epidemiological profile of measles cases reported in Tokyo during the year 2011.
  
  
  
  We investigated measles cases reported to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 2011, recorded as part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases. Factors analyzed included age, vaccination status for each patient, cases for which records were discarded after laboratory confirmation, genotype of the measles virus and relationships between dates of specimen collection and results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM antibody tests.
  
  
  
  A total of 178 measles cases were reported in Tokyo during 2011, and the majority of cases (128, 71.9%) were reported during the peak period from epiweeks 13 to 24. The largest age group reported was one to four years of age (40, 22.5%) followed by groups of 20-29 and 30-39 years of age (both 34, 19.1%). Most cases were sporadic, with only six outbreaks occurring. Even then, the numbers of cases for each outbreak was less than five. More than half of the patients in all age groups, except for the 1-4-year-old group, had not been vaccinated or did not have a record of vaccination. Genotypes D4 and D9 of measles virus were detected in most cases. However, genotype D5, which had been circulating in Japan before 2008, was not detected.
  
  
  
  Imported viruses were the cause of measles cases reported in Tokyo during 2011. The disease control was better than that in 2007 and 2008 because of the swift and appropriate responses to the occurrences. It is also possible that there has been an increase in the proportion of people with immunity to measles. Increasing the rate of immunization, performing effective surveillance, and confirming suspicious measles cases by using molecular methods are important for achieving the elimination of measles.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nadaoka
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayata
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugishita
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kajiwara
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Michihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Yukinao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sumitomo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018563:Disease Notification; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D014041:Tokyo / Q000453:epidemiology