title: Theories about evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus in primates and humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human hepatitis B virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and is considered one of the most serious human health issues by the World Health Organization, causing thousands of deaths per year. There are similar viruses belonging to the Hepadnaviridae family that infect non-human primates and other mammals as well as some birds. The majority of non-human primate virus isolates were phylogenetically close to the human hepatitis B virus, but like the human genotypes, the origins of these viruses remain controversial. However, there is a possibility that human hepatitis B virus originated in primates. Knowing whether these viruses might be common to humans and primates is crucial in order to reduce the risk to humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the existing knowledge about the evolutionary origins of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review was done by reading several articles that provide information about the Hepadnaviridae virus family in non-human primates and humans and the possible origins and evolution of these viruses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evolutionary origin of viruses of the Hepadnaviridae family in primates has been dated back to several thousand years; however, recent analyses of genomic fossils of avihepadnaviruses integrated into the genomes of several avian species have suggested a much older origin of this genus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis B virus have been debated since the '90s. One theory suggested a New World origin because of the phylogenetic co-segregation between some New World human hepatitis B virus genotypes F and H and woolly monkey human hepatitis B virus in basal sister-relationship to the Old World non-human primates and human hepatitis B virus variants. Another theory suggests an Old World origin of human hepatitis B virus, and that it would have been spread following prehistoric human migrations over 100,000 years ago. A third theory suggests a co-speciation of human hepatitis B virus in non-human primate hosts because of the proximity between the phylogeny of Old and New World non-human primate and their human hepatitis B virus variants. The importance of further research, related to the subject in South American wild fauna, is paramount and highly relevant for understanding the origin of human hepatitis B virus.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Breno Frederico de Carvalho Dominguez
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Santos de
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mila de Oliveira Hughes Veiga do
authors.initials: Mde O
authors.lastname: Rosário
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, University Hospital Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: enetto@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Eduardo Martins
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Netto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011323:Primates / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Evolutionary origins; Hepadnaviridae; Hepatitis B virus; Non-human primates
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