title: Oxidative stress is differentially present in multiple sclerosis courses, early evident, and unrelated to treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is well documented in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, but its correspondence at peripheral level is still controversial. Objective. To evaluate peripheral oxidative stress markers in MS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied total blood levels of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidized-low-density lipoproteins (anti-oxLDL) antibodies, and antioxidant power (PAO) in 87 patients with different MS clinical phenotypes and in 77 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CoQ10 was lower whereas anti-oxLDL antibodies titer was higher in MS patients than in controls. The benign variant of MS displayed both higher CoQ10 and higher anti-oxLDL than other MS clinical variants. Female patients had lower CoQ10 and PAO and higher ROS than male patients. Differences were greater in younger patients with shorter disease duration. Surprisingly, there was no difference for these markers between treated and untreated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found lower antioxidant agents and higher anti-oxLDL antibodies in MS, and the highest antibody titers occurred in the benign form. We suggest that natural anti-oxLDL antibodies can be protective against MS, saving blood brain barrier integrity. Our findings also suggest that milder MS is associated with a distinct oxidative stress pattern, which may provide a useful biomarker of disease prognosis.
authors.affiliation: INSPE, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy ; CAM, Centro Polidiagnostico, Viale Elvezia Angolo Via Martiri delle Foibe 1, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gironi
authors.affiliation: INSPE, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy ; CAM, Centro Polidiagnostico, Viale Elvezia Angolo Via Martiri delle Foibe 1, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borgiani
authors.affiliation: CAM, Centro Polidiagnostico, Viale Elvezia Angolo Via Martiri delle Foibe 1, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.affiliation: CAM, Centro Polidiagnostico, Viale Elvezia Angolo Via Martiri delle Foibe 1, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cursano
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Don Gnocchi, Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendozzi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Don Gnocchi, Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavarretta
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Don Gnocchi, Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saresella
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Don Gnocchi, Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
authors.affiliation: INSPE, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS, S. Maria Nascente, Don Gnocchi, Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovaris
authors.affiliation: INSPE, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Furlan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D010455:Peptides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D014451:Ubiquinone; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D016899:Interferon-beta; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D005978:Glutathione
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 Mar 27;8(5):255-63
references.pmid: 22450508
references.citation: Altern Med Rev. 2005 Dec;10(4):268-93
references.pmid: 16366737
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2008 Jul;35(3):283-7
references.pmid: 18566918
references.citation: Biofactors. 2008;32(1-4):237-43
references.pmid: 19096121
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 15;82(10):1490-9
references.pmid: 21824468
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 Sep-Oct;8(9-10):1549-61
references.pmid: 16987010
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 20;854:155-70
references.pmid: 9928427
references.citation: Cell Mol Life Sci. 2012 Jul;69(14):2409-27
references.pmid: 22581365
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2012 Jan;45(1-2):26-30
references.pmid: 22019955
references.citation: Brain. 2011 Jul;134(Pt 7):1914-24
references.pmid: 21653539
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2000 Jan;148(1):171-7
references.pmid: 10580183
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 Nov 5;8(11):647-56
references.pmid: 23007702
references.citation: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;20(7):332-40
references.pmid: 19733481
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2014 Dec;262 Pt A:2-7
references.pmid: 24342027
references.citation: BMC Neurol. 2012 Mar 07;12:11
references.pmid: 22397318
references.citation: Nutrition. 2010 Mar;26(3):250-4
references.pmid: 19932599
references.citation: Can J Appl Physiol. 2000 Aug;25(4):274-87
references.pmid: 10953066
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2010 Apr;120(4):301-4
references.pmid: 20374079
references.citation: Mult Scler. 2009 Jul;15(7):789-94
references.pmid: 19465450
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2009 Jul;42(10-11):1001-6
references.pmid: 19341721
references.citation: Neurodegener Dis. 2011;8(3):129-37
references.pmid: 20838029
references.citation: Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:708659
references.pmid: 24174971
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Apr;55(4):458-68
references.pmid: 15048884
references.citation: Nutr Neurosci. 2003 Jun;6(3):189-96
references.pmid: 12793524
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2011 Feb;69(2):292-302
references.pmid: 21387374
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Aug;188(1-2):1-12
references.pmid: 17493689
references.citation: Nat Med. 2002 Nov;8(11):1218-26
references.pmid: 12411948
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2012 Apr;45(6):440-4
references.pmid: 22330938
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2013 Feb;125(2):231-43
references.pmid: 23073717
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):503-16
references.pmid: 11239408
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Mar 18;29(11):3442-52
references.pmid: 19295150
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2010 Jul;17(7):1083-91
references.pmid: 19927157
references.citation: CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2012 Aug;11(5):589-97
references.pmid: 22583438
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007 May-Jun;34(5-6):432-8
references.pmid: 17439412
references.citation: Acta Neurol Belg. 2012 Sep;112(3):275-80
references.pmid: 22450709
references.citation: J Neurol. 2004 Mar;251(3):261-8
references.pmid: 15015004
references.citation: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011 May;118(5):747-52
references.pmid: 21373761
references.citation: Brain. 2012 Mar;135(Pt 3):886-99
references.pmid: 22366799
references.citation: J Neurol. 2005 May;252(5):611-2
references.pmid: 15726247
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Dec 15;45(12):1729-37
references.pmid: 18930811
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2012 Oct 15;321(1-2):49-53
references.pmid: 22883481
references.citation: Int J Neurosci. 2013 Nov;123(11):776-82
references.pmid: 23659338
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2013 Sep 30;168(2):1378-85
references.pmid: 23305858
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Aug 08;8(8):e71329
references.pmid: 23951137
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2010 May;38(5):1461-71
references.pmid: 19798466
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Aug;301(2):H506-13
references.pmid: 21602467
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2009 Apr;203(2):528-32
references.pmid: 18809177
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 06;8(9):e73457
references.pmid: 24039949
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Dec 1;49(11):1603-16
references.pmid: 20840865
references.citation: Circulation. 1997 Feb 18;95(4):1062-71
references.pmid: 9054771
references.citation: Microvasc Res. 2012 Jan;83(1):45-55
references.pmid: 21570987
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Apr;17(4):495-9
references.pmid: 21441916
references.citation: Acta Neurol Scand. 2000 Mar;101(3):209-11
references.pmid: 10705945
references.citation: Int J Mol Med. 2013 Feb;31(2):400-6
references.pmid: 23229094
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Apr;126(1):82-93
references.pmid: 20122960
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;37(6):1208-18
references.pmid: 15778085
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 2005 Dec;38(12):1141-4
references.pmid: 16300751