title: Trends in the financial burden of medical care for nonelderly adults with diabetes, 2001 to 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in out-of-pocket spending and the financial burden of care for persons with diabetes between 2001 and 2009, and to examine whether these trends are consistent with trends in access to prescription drugs and utilization of hospital services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from the 2001 to 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The sample includes persons aged 18 to 64 years with diagnosed diabetes. The primary outcome variable is the percent of people with out-of-pocket spending on insurance premiums and services that exceed 10% of family income. Secondary outcome measures include the percent with diabetes-related prescription drug use, perceived access to prescription drugs, hospital inpatient stays, and emergency department use in the past 12 months. Multiple regression analysis is used to control for changes in comorbid chronic conditions and other characteristics of persons with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both out-of-pocket spending and the percent with high financial burden decreased markedly for persons with diabetes between 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009. The decrease in spending was driven primarily by a decrease in spending on prescription drugs, including diabetes-related prescriptions. The shift from brand name drugs to generics accounts for much of this decline, although decreases in out-of-pocket spending for both brand name and generic drugs also contributed. During the same period, utilization of and access to diabetes-related prescriptions increased, and hospital use decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes continues to increase, treatment is becoming more affordable, especially prescription drugs. This may offset some of the costs to the healthcare system of higher prevalence by reducing complications of uncontrolled diabetes that result in more costly hospital use.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, PO Box 980430, Richmond, VA 23298-0430. E-mail: pjcunningham@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents