title: The essential role of infection-detection technologies for malaria elimination and eradication.
abstract: Recent emphasis on malaria elimination and eradication (E&E) goals is changing the way that experts evaluate malaria diagnostic tools and tactics. As prevalence declines, the focus of malaria management is pivoting toward low-density, subclinical infections and geographically and demographically concentrated reservoirs. These and other changes present challenges and opportunities for innovations in malaria diagnostics aimed at meeting the needs of malaria elimination programs. Developing such technologies requires a review of the operational approaches to detecting malaria infections in areas of declining prevalence. Here we review recent research on epidemiology and biology related to malaria elimination and operational factors that influence E&E strategies. We further propose use-scenarios and a target product profile framework to define and prioritize the required attributes of infection-detection technologies.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tietje
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clerk
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ebels
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGray
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crudder
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Okell
authors.affiliation: Diagnostics Development Group, Technology Solutions, PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: plabarre@path.org.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: LaBarre
mesh_terms: D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D060740:Disease Eradication; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: active surveillance; asymptomatic; elimination; low density; malaria