title: Dietary patterns in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: The role of diet in the behavior of children has been controversial, but the association of several nutritional factors with childhood behavioral disorders has been continually suggested. We conducted a case-control study to identify dietary patterns associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study included 192 elementary school students aged seven to 12 years. Three non-consecutive 24-h recall (HR) interviews were employed to assess dietary intake, and 32 predefined food groups were considered in a principal components analysis (PCA). PCA identified four major dietary patterns: the "traditional" pattern, the "seaweed-egg" pattern, the "traditional-healthy" pattern, and the "snack" pattern. The traditional-healthy pattern is characterized by a diet low in fat and high in carbohydrates as well as high intakes of fatty acids and minerals. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of ADHD for the highest tertile of the traditional-healthy pattern in comparison with the lowest tertile was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.12-0.79). The score of the snack pattern was positively associated with the risk of ADHD, but a significant association was observed only in the second tertile. A significant association between ADHD and the dietary pattern score was not found for the other two dietary patterns. In conclusion, the traditional-healthy dietary pattern was associated with lower odds having ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea. eastsea93@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hae Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea. ellebass@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dong Woo
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. juhui978@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Seoub
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. juhui978@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yu-Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, 32, Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Korea. juhui978@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ju-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. bmchoe@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byeong Moo
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. pjhkorea@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jae Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea. forevery99@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Je-Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. pedendo@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea. hwchueh@dau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hee Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, 262, Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-702, Korea. agasoa@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179, Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-739, Korea. glory0123@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Min Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Korea. jskim@ncc.re.kr.
authors.forename: Jeongseon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D016017:Odds Ratio; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014131:Trace Elements
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