title: Effects of deer velvet extract from Formosan sika deer on the embryonic development and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression in mouse embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The deer velvet or its extracts has been widely used in clinic. It has been used in promoting reproductive performances and treating of oxidation and aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of velvet extract from Formosan sika deer (Formosan sika deer; Cervus nippon taiouanus, FSD) velvet on mouse embryonic development and anti-oxidant ability in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse 4-cells embryos were divided into 16 groups for 72 h in vitro incubation. The embryonic development stages and morphology were evaluated every 12h in experimental period. The quantitative real time PCR was used to measure the CuZn-SOD, GPx and CAT mRNA expression of the blastocysts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 4-cells embryos of hydrogen peroxide (HP) groups did not continue developing after oxidant stress challenged. The blastocyst developmental rate (90.0-90.4%, P>0.05) and normal morphological rate (84.4-85.1%, P>0.05) of the 1% and 2% DV extract groups were similar to those in the control group (90.7% and 88.8%, respectively). The embryos challenged by HP (5, 10 and 25 μM) and subsequently incubated in mHTF medium with 1% and 2% of deer velvet (DV) extracts were able to continue development; the blastocyst developmental rate of these groups were similar to that in the control group. The relative mRNA expression of the focused anti-oxidative enzymes in the mouse embryos did not significantly differ among the designed DV treatment groups (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FSD velvet extract in adequate concentration could promote anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression followed the challenge of hydrogen peroxide, relieve the mouse embryo under oxidative stress, and maintain the blastocyst developmental ability in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shih-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ming-Che
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Perng-Chih
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shyh-Shyan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: flea957@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bing-Tsan
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003670:Deer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000975:Antioxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Anti-oxidative enzymes; Antioxidation; Formosan sika deer velvet; Mouse embryo; Reactive oxygen species