title: Relationship between Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy and Periodontal Disease in Iranian Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease in diabetic patients can compromise a patient's ability to maintain a proper metabolic control and may be associated with diabetic complication.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the frequency of periodontal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and how this was related with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A comparison was made of periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), periodontal disease severity measured in quartiles of probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL)) in a group of diabetic patients with retinopathy (n = 84) versus a group of diabetic patients without retinopathy (n = 129). In addition, 73 age- and sex-matched individuals were selected to serve as the control group. Analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between periodontal disease and DR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of PI, no statistically significant differences were observed, so, oral hygiene was similar in both groups. Diabetic patients with retinopathy had greater CPITN (P < 0.001) and more severe periodontal disease (P < 0.001) than no retinopathy. Also, our results indicated a relationship between type 2 DM and periodontal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients with diabetes retinopathy appear to show increased periodontal disease susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Bu Ali-Sina Clinical Research Development Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran ; Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dental Faculty, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Avideh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maboudi
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahar
authors.affiliation: Bu Ali-Sina Clinical Research Development Unit, Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Asadollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farokhfar
authors.affiliation: Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Daneshvar
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Khoshgoeian
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasohi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khalilian
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic retinopathy; Periodontitis
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