title: Efficacy of crude extract of Emblica officinalis (amla) in arsenic-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in splenocytes of mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arsenic, an environmental contaminant naturally occurred in groundwater and has been found to be associated with immune-related health problems in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In view of increasing risk of arsenic exposure due to occupational and non-occupational settings, the present study has been focused to investigate the protective efficacy of amla against arsenic-induced spleenomegaly in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arsenic exposures (3 mg/kg body weight p.o for 30 days) in mice caused an increase production of ROS (76%), lipid peroxidation (84%) and decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (53%) and catalase (54%) in spleen as compared to controls. Arsenic exposure to mice also caused a significant increase in caspases-3 activity (2.8 fold) and decreases cell viability (44%), mitochondrial membrane potential (47%) linked with apoptosis assessed by the cell cycle analysis (subG1-28.72%) and annexin V/PI binding in spleen as compared to controls. Simultaneous treatment of arsenic and amla (500 mg/kg body weight p.o for 30 days) in mice decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation (33%), ROS production (24%), activity of caspase-3 (1.4 fold), apoptosis (subG1 12.72%) and increased cell viability (63%), levels superoxide dismutase (80%), catalase (77%) and mitochondrial membrane potential (66%) as compared to mice treated with arsenic alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the present study indicate that the effect of arsenic is mainly due to the depletion of glutathione in liver associated with enhanced oxidative stress that has been found to be protected following simultaneous treatment of arsenic and amla.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Manish Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Suraj Singh
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh Singh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Uma Shanker
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Laboratory, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Yogeshwar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kamlesh Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khattri
keywords: Amla; apoptosis; arsenic; mice; oxidative stress; spleen
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