title: In vivo effects of environmental concentrations of produced water on the reproductive function of polar cod (Boreogadus saida).
abstract: Offshore oil and gas drilling processes generate operational discharges such as produced water (PW), a complex mixture of seawater with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and alkylphenols (AP). Some of these compounds may interact with the endocrine system of marine organisms and alter reproductive functions. In this study, polar cod were exposed for up to 28 d to a mixture of PAH, alkylated PAH, and AP simulating the composition of North Sea PW, at low and high concentrations (1:2000 and 1:1000 dilution of the original concentrate, respectively). Potential adverse effects of PW on polar cod physiology were investigated through biomarkers of biotransformation (hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase [EROD] activity and bile PAH metabolites), endocrine disruption (plasma vitellogenin [VTG] levels and sex steroid concentrations), and gonad histology. Plasma sexual steroid levels in fish were not markedly affected by PW exposure, while higher plasma VTG concentrations were measured in females exposed to the high PW treatment for 7 and 28 d. In males exposed to the higher PW concentration, inhibition of spermatogenesis was observed after 28 d in addition to increase of melano-macrophage occurrence in testis. Females exposed to the high PW treatment for 21 d showed a significant increase of atresia incidence. Finally, a significant decrease in oocyte number was observed in high PW exposed female ovaries after 28 d of exposure.
authors.affiliation: a UMR SEBIO - SFR 4116 SCALE, University of Le Havre. ComUE Normandie University.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geraudie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nahrgang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forget-Leray
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minier
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Camus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D048388:Gadiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009659:North Sea; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013256:Steroids / Q000097:blood; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013256:Steroids; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1