title: Transfemoral amputations: is there an effect of residual limb length and orientation on energy expenditure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Energy cost of ambulation has been evaluated using a variety of measures. With aberrant motions resulting from compensatory strategies, persons with transfemoral amputations generally exhibit a larger center of mass excursion and an increased energy cost. However, few studies have analyzed the effect of residual femur length and orientation or energy cost of ambulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare residual limb length and orientation with energy efficiency in patients with transfemoral amputation. We hypothesized that patients with shorter residual limbs and/or more abnormal residual femur alignment would have higher energy expenditure cost and greater center of mass movement than those with longer residual limbs resulting from lacking musculature, shorter and/or misoriented lever arms, and greater effort required to ambulate through use of compensatory movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six adults with acute, trauma-related unilateral transfemoral amputations underwent gait and metabolic analysis testing. Patients were separated into groups for analysis based on residual limb length and residual femoral angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohorts with longer residual limbs walked faster than those with shorter residual limbs (self-selected walking velocity 1.28 m/s versus 1.11 m/s, measured effect size = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = short 1.10-1.12, long 1.26-1.30; p = 0.04). However, there were no differences found with the numbers available between the compared cohorts regardless of limb length or orientation in regard to O2 cost or other metabolic variables, including the center of mass motion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those with longer residual limbs after transfemoral amputation chose a faster self-selected walking velocity, mirroring previous studies; however, metabolic energy and center of mass metrics did not demonstrate a difference in determining whether energy expenditure is affected by length or orientation of the residual limb after transfemoral amputation. These factors may therefore have less effect on transfemoral amputee gait efficiency and energy requirements than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Center for Performance & Clinical Research, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA, johannacbell@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Johanna C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Barri L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Schnall
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tis
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Potter
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D000674:Amputees; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005080:Exercise Test; D005269:Femur / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008887:Military Medicine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014728:Veterans; D014741:Video Recording; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
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