title: Current evidence of anti-tumor necrosis factor α treatment efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis approach of individual drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize evidence regarding the effectiveness of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) treatments in childhood autoimmune chronic uveitis (ACU), refractory to previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search between January 2000 and October 2012 was conducted using EMBase, Ovid Medline, Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Reviews: American College of Physicians Journal Club, Cochrane libraries, and EBM Reviews. Studies investigating the efficacy of anti-TNFα therapy, in children ages ≤16 years, as the first treatment with a biologic agent for ACU, refractory to topical and/or systemic steroid therapy and at least 1 DMARD, were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome measure was the improvement of intraocular inflammation, as defined by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Working Group criteria. We determined a combined estimate of the proportion of children responding to anti-TNFα treatment, including etanercept (ETA), infliximab (INF), or adalimumab (ADA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We initially identified 989 articles, of which 148 were potentially eligible. In total, 22 retrospective chart reviews and 1 randomized clinical trial were deemed eligible, thus including 229 children (ADA: n = 31, ETA: n = 54, and INF: n = 144). On pooled analysis of observational studies, the proportion of responding children was 87% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 75-98%) for ADA, 72% (95% CI 64-79%) for INF, and 33% (95% CI 19-47%) for ETA. There was no difference in the proportion of responders between ADA and INF (χ(2) = 3.06, P = 0.08), although both showed superior efficacy compared with ETA (ADA versus ETA: χ(2) = 20.9, P < 0.001 and INF versus ETA: χ(2) = 20.9, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although randomized controlled trials are needed, the available evidence suggests that INF and ADA provide proven similar benefits in the treatment of childhood ACU, and they are both superior to ETA.
authors.affiliation: University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonini
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Druce
authors.forename: Rolando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cimaz
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Gareth T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D012074:Remission Induction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014605:Uveitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha