title: Bio-based phenols and fuel production from catalytic microwave pyrolysis of lignin by activated carbons.
abstract: The aim of this study is to explore catalytic microwave pyrolysis of lignin for renewable phenols and fuels using activated carbon (AC) as a catalyst. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to optimize the reaction condition. The effects of reaction temperature and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV, h(-1)) on product yields were investigated. GC/MS analysis showed that the main chemical compounds of bio-oils were phenols, guaiacols, hydrocarbons and esters, most of which were ranged from 71% to 87% of the bio-oils depending on different reaction conditions. Bio-oils with high concentrations of phenol (45% in the bio-oil) were obtained. The calorific value analysis revealed that the high heating values (HHV) of the lignin-derived biochars were from 20.4 to 24.5 MJ/kg in comparison with raw lignin (19 MJ/kg). The reaction mechanism of this process was analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA. Electronic address: hlei@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Hanwu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Yupeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yadavalli
authors.affiliation: Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA.
authors.forename: Juming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002384:Catalysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D010636:Phenols; D002606:Charcoal; D008031:Lignin
keywords: Activated carbon; Catalytic pyrolysis; Lignin; Phenols; Reaction mechanism