title: Molecular evolution of GPCRs: Somatostatin/urotensin II receptors.
abstract: Somatostatin (SS) and urotensin II (UII) are members of two families of structurally related neuropeptides present in all vertebrates. They exert a large array of biological activities that are mediated by two families of G-protein-coupled receptors called SSTR and UTS2R respectively. It is proposed that the two families of peptides as well as those of their receptors probably derive from a single ancestral ligand-receptor pair. This pair had already been duplicated before the emergence of vertebrates to generate one SS peptide with two receptors and one UII peptide with one receptor. Thereafter, each family expanded in the three whole-genome duplications (1R, 2R, and 3R) that occurred during the evolution of vertebrates, whereupon some local duplications and gene losses occurred. Following the 2R event, the vertebrate ancestor is deduced to have possessed three SS (SS1, SS2, and SS5) and six SSTR (SSTR1-6) genes, on the one hand, and four UII (UII, URP, URP1, and URP2) and five UTS2R (UTS2R1-5) genes, on the other hand. In the teleost lineage, all these have been preserved with the exception of SSTR4. Moreover, several additional genes have been gained through the 3R event, such as SS4 and a second copy of the UII, SSTR2, SSTR3, and SSTR5 genes, and through local duplications, such as SS3. In mammals, all the genes of the SSTR family have been preserved, with the exception of SSTR6. In contrast, for the other families, extensive gene losses occurred, as only the SS1, SS2, UII, and URP genes and one UTS2R gene are still present.
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France htostivi@mnhn.fr isabelle.lihrmann@univ-rouen.fr Dan.Larhammar@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tostivint
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ocampo Daza
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bergqvist
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Feng B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bougerol
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France htostivi@mnhn.fr isabelle.lihrmann@univ-rouen.fr Dan.Larhammar@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lihrmann
authors.affiliation: Evolution des Régulations EndocriniennesUMR 7221 CNRS and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceDepartment of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenInserm U982Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation (IRIB), Rouen University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France htostivi@mnhn.fr isabelle.lihrmann@univ-rouen.fr Dan.Larhammar@neuro.uu.se.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larhammar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000235:genetics*; D014579:Urotensins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C121697:UTS2R protein, human; D014579:Urotensins; D013004:Somatostatin; C029677:urotensin II
keywords: GPCR; duplication; multigene families; neuropeptides; somatostatin; tetraploidization; urotensin II