title: Influence of cutaneous and muscular circulation on spatially resolved versus standard Beer-Lambert near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: The potential interference of cutaneous circulation on muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) remains an important limitation of this technique. Spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) was reported to minimize the contribution of superficial tissue layers in cerebral monitoring but this characteristic has never been documented in muscle tissue monitoring. This study aims to compare SRS with the standard Beer-Lambert (BL) technique in detecting blood volume changes selectively induced in muscle and skin. In 16 healthy subjects, the biceps brachii was investigated during isometric elbow flexion at 70% of the maximum voluntary contractions lasting 10 sec, performed before and after exposure of the upper arm to warm air flow. From probes applied over the muscle belly the following variables were recorded: total hemoglobin index (THI, SRS-based), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb, BL-based), tissue oxygenation index (TOI, SRS-based), and skin blood flow (SBF), using laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood volume indices exhibited similar changes during muscle contraction but only tHb significantly increased during warming (+5.2 ± 0.7 μmol/L·cm, an effect comparable to the increase occurring in postcontraction hyperemia), accompanying a 10-fold increase in SBF. Contraction-induced changes in tHb and THI were not substantially affected by warming, although the tHb tracing was shifted upward by (5.2 ± 3.5 μmol/L·cm, P < 0.01). TOI was not affected by cutaneous warming. In conclusion, SRS appears to effectively reject interference by SBF in both muscle blood volume and oxygenation monitoring. Instead, BL-based parameters should be interpreted with caution, whenever changes in cutaneous perfusion cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messere
authors.affiliation: Department Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvestro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roatta
keywords: Muscle blood flow; muscle blood volume; muscle oxygenation; near‐infrared spectroscopy; skin blood flow
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1967 Sep;213(3):683-9
references.pmid: 6036785
references.citation: Stroke. 2001 Nov;32(11):2492-500
references.pmid: 11692006
references.citation: J Biomed Opt. 2007 Nov-Dec;12(6):062104
references.pmid: 18163807
references.citation: J Physiol. 1943 Jun 30;102(1):5-20
references.pmid: 16991588
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006 Jan;100(1):221-4
references.pmid: 16150842
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 1988 Dec;33(12):1433-42
references.pmid: 3237772
references.citation: Stroke. 1997 Feb;28(2):331-8
references.pmid: 9040685
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991 Dec;71(6):2476-82
references.pmid: 1778949
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Sep;111(3):818-24
references.pmid: 21680875
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005 Jan;93(4):429-34
references.pmid: 15490222
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Sep;90(1-2):159-64
references.pmid: 14504948
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000 Jul;28(3):123-7
references.pmid: 10916704
references.citation: Circ Res. 1995 Dec;77(6):1222-8
references.pmid: 7586235
references.citation: Neurol Res. 1998;20 Suppl 1:S19-22
references.pmid: 9584918
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Oct;109(4):1229-38
references.pmid: 20522732
references.citation: Jpn J Physiol. 2005 Aug;55(4):241-4
references.pmid: 16197604
references.citation: Stroke. 1997 May;28(5):906-11
references.pmid: 9158623
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2007 Dec;105(6):1681-7, table of contents
references.pmid: 18042867
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Apr;86(4):1185-90
references.pmid: 10194201
references.citation: Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011 Nov 28;369(1955):4591-604
references.pmid: 22006908
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2001 Feb;22(2):97-102
references.pmid: 11281624
references.citation: Anesth Analg. 2012 Dec;115(6):1373-83
references.pmid: 23144435
references.citation: J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009 Apr;19(2):e1-11
references.pmid: 17890107
references.citation: J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1981 Apr;50(4):814-8
references.pmid: 7263365
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Feb;88(2):738-44
references.pmid: 10658045
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Nov;93(5):1644-9
references.pmid: 12381749
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Jul;97(5):582-90
references.pmid: 16767440
references.citation: J Appl Physiol. 1975 Dec;39(6):920-4
references.pmid: 1213973
references.citation: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009 Jan;296(1):H51-6
references.pmid: 19011042
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1987 Nov;253(5 Pt 2):H993-1004
references.pmid: 3318504
references.citation: J Anesth. 2002;16(2):145-9
references.pmid: 14517666
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 1990 Aug;73(2):218-24
references.pmid: 2382847
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Jun;110(6):1646-55
references.pmid: 21474700
references.citation: Anesthesiology. 1994 Mar;80(3):671-9
references.pmid: 8141463
references.citation: Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011 Nov 28;369(1955):4577-90
references.pmid: 22006907
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Dec;77(6):2740-7
references.pmid: 7896615
references.citation: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1992;20:59-97
references.pmid: 1623893
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Nov;99(5):1816-21
references.pmid: 16037402
references.citation: Methods. 2008 Aug;45(4):289-99
references.pmid: 18539160
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 Jun;72(6):2364-8
references.pmid: 1629092
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Jul;95(1):149-58
references.pmid: 12611769
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Mar;24(3):303-12
references.pmid: 1549024
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010 Nov;110(5):1083-9
references.pmid: 20700602
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;701:347-52
references.pmid: 21445808
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Jan;102(1):358-67
references.pmid: 17023569
references.citation: Med Sci Sports. 1979 Spring;11(1):36-41
references.pmid: 481154
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986 Nov;61(5):1613-22
references.pmid: 3536836