title: Antioxidant and renoprotective activity of chitosan in nephrectomized rats.
abstract: The effect of chitosan on oxidative stress and chronic renal failure was investigated using 5/6 nephrectomized rats. The ingestion of chitosan over a 4-week period resulted in a significant decrease in total body weight, glucose, serum creatinine and indoxyl sulfate levels (P=0.0011, P=0.0006, P=0.0012, and P=0.0005, respectively), compared with the non-treated nephrectomized group. The ingestion of chitosan also resulted in a lowered ratio of oxidized to reduced albumin (P=0.003) and an increase in biological antioxidant potential (P=0.023). Interestingly, the oxidized albumin ratio was correlated with serum indoxyl sulfate levels in vivo. These results suggest that the ingestion of chitosan results in a significant reduction in the levels of pro-oxidants, such as uremic toxins, in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby inhibiting the subsequent development of oxidative stress in the systemic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anraku
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomida
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michihara
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Daiju
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iohara
authors.affiliation: Nippon Kayaku Food Techno Co., Ltd., Gunma 370-1208, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maezaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaneto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uekama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otagiri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007200:Indican / Q000097:blood; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012709:Serum Albumin; D048271:Chitosan; D007501:Iron; D007200:Indican