title: A framework for the next generation of risk science.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated the NexGen project to develop a new paradigm for the next generation of risk science.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NexGen framework was built on three cornerstones: the availability of new data on toxicity pathways made possible by fundamental advances in basic biology and toxicological science, the incorporation of a population health perspective that recognizes that most adverse health outcomes involve multiple determinants, and a renewed focus on new risk assessment methodologies designed to better inform risk management decision making.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NexGen framework has three phases. Phase I (objectives) focuses on problem formulation and scoping, taking into account the risk context and the range of available risk management decision-making options. Phase II (risk assessment) seeks to identify critical toxicity pathway perturbations using new toxicity testing tools and technologies, and to better characterize risks and uncertainties using advanced risk assessment methodologies. Phase III (risk management) involves the development of evidence-based population health risk management strategies of a regulatory, economic, advisory, community-based, or technological nature, using sound principles of risk management decision making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of a series of case study prototypes indicated that many aspects of the NexGen framework are already beginning to be adopted in practice.
authors.affiliation: McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krewski
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.forename: Melvin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.forename: Weihsueh A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Zoughool
authors.forename: Maxine C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Croteau
authors.forename: Lyle D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Burgoon
authors.forename: Ila
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cote
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
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