title: Intracranial stenosis, cerebrovascular diseases, and cognitive impairment in chinese.
abstract: Extracranial carotid artery disease has been shown to be related to cognitive deficits. However, limited data are available on intracranial stenosis (ICS) and cognitive impairment. We investigate the association between ICS and cognitive impairment in Chinese. Subjects (n=278), recruited from the Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore Study, underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including 3-dimensional-time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Cognitive function was expressed as composite and domain-specific Z-scores. Cognitive impairment no dementia and dementia were diagnosed according to internationally accepted diagnostic criteria. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, education, vascular risk factors, and other MRI markers. A total of 29 (10.4%) persons had ICS on MRA, which was significantly associated with both composite cognitive Z-scores [mean difference in Z-score, presence vs. absence of ICS: -0.37 (95% confidence interval: -0.63, -0.12)] and specific domains including executive function, language, visuomotor speed, verbal memory, and visual memory. ICS was also related to significant cognitive impairment (odds ratio: 5.10 [1.24 to 21.02]). With respect to other MRI markers, adjusted for the presence of lacunar infarcts, the associations of ICS with both composite and domain-specific Z-scores, and significant cognitive impairment became nonsignificant; however, adjustment for other MRI markers did not alter these associations. In this Chinese population, presence of ICS was associated with cognitive impairment independent of vascular risk factors. These associations may be mediated through the presence of infarcts.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Pharmacology ††Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore ‡Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore †Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, National University Health System Departments of §Medicine #Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital **Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center ‡‡Neuroscience Clinic, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore ∥Departments of Radiology & Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam ¶Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hilal
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Chuen Seng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Joseree A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Catindig
authors.forename: Yan Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Rachelle L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Holandez
authors.forename: Wiro J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Henri A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Vrooman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Narayanaswamy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venketasubramanian
authors.forename: Mohammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ikram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests