title: Quantification of Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation in Glioblastoma Cells: A New Technique.
abstract: Introduction. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) is a precursor of heme synthesis. A metabolite, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), selectively accumulates in neoplastic tissue including glioblastoma. Presurgical administration of 5-ALA forms the basis of fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) of glioblastoma (GBM) tumors. However, not all gliomas accumulate sufficient quantities of PpIX to fluoresce, thus limiting the utility of FGR. We therefore developed an assay to determine cellular and pharmacological factors that impact PpIX fluorescence in GBM. This assay takes advantage of a GBM cell line engineered to express yellow fluorescent protein. Methods. The human GBM cell line U87MG was transfected with a YFP expression vector. After treatment with a series of 5-ALA doses, both PpIX and YFP fluorescence were measured. The ratio of PpIX to YFP fluorescence was calculated. Results. YFP fluorescence permitted the quantification of cell numbers and did not interfere with 5-ALA metabolism. The PpIX/YFP fluorescence ratio provided accurate relative PpIX levels, allowing for the assessment of PpIX accumulation in tissue. Conclusion. Constitutive YFP expression strongly correlates with cell number and permits PpIX quantification. Absolute PpIX fluorescence alone does not provide information regarding PpIX accumulation within the cells. Our research indicates that our PpIX/YFP ratio assay may be a promising model for in vitro 5-ALA testing and its interactions with other compounds during FGR surgery.
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Johnathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
authors.forename: Ashish S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Division of Neurosurgery, Marquette General Hospital, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rovin
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Belton
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; School of Clinical Sciences, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bammert
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center, Marquette, MI 49855, USA ; Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Winn
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