title: Prevalence, associated factors, and comorbid conditions for Ménière's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Ménière's disease and investigate its relationship with: demographic factors; symptoms and conditions that are known or hypothesized to be associated with Ménière's disease; other physical diseases; mental health.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used cross-sectional data from the UK Biobank to compare 1376 self-reported Ménière's participants with over 500,000 without Ménière's. The data set has comprehensive anthropometric measures, questionnaire data investigating health, well-being, diet, and medical and drug-prescribing history for each participant. The authors used logistic regression models to investigate the relationship of Ménière's disease with: demographic factors; symptoms and conditions that are known or hypothesized to be associated with Ménière's disease; other physical diseases; and mental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ménière's disease was more common in participants who were older (adjusted odds ratio per 10-year increase: 1.5 [95% confidence interval:1.4-1.6]), white (odds ratio: 1.7;1.2-2.3), female (1.4;1.3-1.6), and having higher body mass index categories (p < 0.001). The Ménière's group had greater odds of hearing difficulty (10.9;9.6-12.5), current tinnitus (68.3;47.8-97.5), and had fallen more than once in the last year (2.1;1.8-2.5). Ménière's participants had greater odds of reporting at least one disease from each grouping of allergic, immune dysfunction, or autonomic dysfunction (2.2;1.8-2.6), and poor mental health (2.1;1.8-2.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides an evidence base that improves understanding of Ménière's disease. Associations were noted with a number of diseases, and the authors hypothesize a role for the autonomic nervous system and immune system dysfunction in Ménière's etiology. The study also highlights the physical and mental health correlates of the condition.
authors.affiliation: 1European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro Campus, Cornwall, United Kingdom; 2Department of ENT Surgery, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, United Kingdom; and 3PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tyrrell
authors.forename: David J D
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Whinney
authors.forename: Obioha C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ukoumunne
authors.forename: Lora E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Osborne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008575:Meniere Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology