title: Maternal tobacco smoke increased visceral adiposity and serum corticosterone levels in adult male rat offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal tobacco smoke (MTS) predisposes human and rat offspring to visceral obesity in early adulthood. Glucocorticoid excess also causes visceral obesity. We hypothesized that in utero MTS would increase visceral adiposity and alter the glucocorticoid pathway in young adult rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a novel model of in utero MTS exposure in pregnant rats by exposing them to cigarette smoke from E11.5 to term. Neonatal rats were cross-fostered to control dams and weaned to standard rat chow through young adulthood (postnatal day 60).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated increased visceral adiposity (193%)*, increased visceral adipose 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 mRNA (204%)*, increased serum corticosterone (147%)*, and no change in glucocorticoid receptor protein in adult male MTS rat offspring. Female rats exposed to MTS in utero demonstrated no change in visceral or subcutaneous adiposity, decreased serum corticosterone (60%)*, and decreased adipose glucocorticoid receptor protein (66%)*. *P < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in utero MTS exposure increased visceral adiposity and altered in the glucocorticoid pathway in a sex-specific manner. We speculate that in utero MTS exposure programs adipose dysfunction in adult male rat offspring via alteration in the glucocorticoid pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Zinkhan
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Brook Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Baifeng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Chengshe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzhugh
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Marjanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malleske
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Kurt H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Albertine
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joss-Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D012906:Smoke; D042842:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D003367:Cotinine; D003345:Corticosterone