title: Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by decreased attention span, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Autonomic nervous system imbalance was previously described in this population. We aim to compare the autonomic function of children with ADHD and controls by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children rested in supine position with spontaneous breathing for 20 minutes. Heart rate was recorded beat by beat. HRV analysis was performed in the time and frequency domains and Poincaré plot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight children with ADHD (22 boys, aged 9.964 years) and 28 controls (15 boys, age 9.857 years) participated in this study. It was determined that the mean and standard deviation of indexes which indicate parasympathetic activity is higher in children with ADHD than in children without the disorder: high frequency in normalized units, 46.182 (14.159) versus 40.632 (12.247); root mean square of successive differences, 41.821 (17.834) versus 38.150 (18.357); differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals greater than 50 milliseconds, 199.75 (144.00) versus 127.46 (102.21) (P<0.05); percentage of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals greater than 50 milliseconds, 23.957 (17.316) versus 16.211 (13.215); standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat interval, 29.586 (12.622) versus 26.989 (12.983).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparison of the autonomic function by analyzing HRV suggests an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems in children with ADHD in relation to the control group.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil ; Laboratório de Escrita Científica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiana Dias
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Núcleo Especializado em Aprendizagem, Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wajnsztejn
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Escrita Científica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil ; Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Abreu
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisioterapia da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Marques Vanderlei
authors.affiliation: Núcleo Transdisciplinar de Estudos do Caos e da Complexidade. Faculdade de Medicina de São José de Rio Preto, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moacir Fernandes
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Escrita Científica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fonoaudiologia da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Marília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Escrita Científica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil ; Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos B M
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Escrita Científica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen Cristina
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: da Cruz Martins
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreira
keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autonomic nervous system; children; heart rate variability
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