title: Relative availability of zinc in ground beef and soybean protein for young swine compared with zinc carbonate as the standard.
abstract: The experimental objective was to determine the relative availability of endogenous Zn in soybean protein (SP) and cooked ground beef (GB) compared with the availability of Zn from ZnCO(3) for young swine. Crossbred pigs (4 trials with total n = 104) were weaned at an average age of 11 d, placed in metabolism cages, and allotted to 13 treatments. The basal semipurified negative control (NC) diet contained 2 mg of Zn/kg and wet-autoclaved spray-dried egg albumen (AEA) as the protein source. Reference diets were made by adding 3, 6, or 9 mg of Zn/kg from ZnCO(3) to the NC diet. The AEA in the NC diet was replaced with SP or GB to make diets with 3, 6, and 9 mg of Zn/kg from SP and GB. Positive control (PC) diets were made by adding 101 mg of Zn/kg from ZnCO(3) to the diets with 9 mg of Zn/kg from ZnCO(3), SP, or GB. Diets were mixed with deionized water and fed to appetite in gruel form every 3 h from 0800 to 2300 h. Pigs were weighed and blood samples were taken on d 7, 14, 21, and 28. Plasma concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, glucose, and urea N were determined. Total urine and fecal grab samples (Cr(2)O(3) in diets) were collected from d 7 to 14 and d 21 to 28 to determine Cu, Fe, Zn, and N apparent balance and energy utilization. On d 29, pigs were scored visually for parakeratosis and dosed orally with (65)Zn from ZnCl(2). Pigs were counted for whole body gamma radioactivity on d 29 and d 34 to 36, with Zn retention estimated by extrapolation to zero time. Pigs were killed on d 36 (NC on d 29). Samples of skin, tongue, and esophagus were taken for histological evaluation, and a tibia bone was excised for measurements and breaking strength. Pigs fed the diets with 9 mg Zn/kg from GB or ZnCO(3) were not different in Zn availability and retained about 70% Zn (apparent balance and (65)Zn) compared with 30% (P ≤ 0.05) for pigs fed the diet with 9 mg Zn/kg from SP. Also, pigs fed the diets with 9 mg Zn/kg from GB or ZnCO(3) had greater (P ≤ 0.05) growth performance, bone weight and breaking strength, % N retention, and % ME utilization, and smaller plasma urea N concentrations and parakeratosis scores (visual and histological) than pigs fed the diet with 9 mg Zn/kg from SP. Pigs fed the PC diets were not different in any response criteria. In conclusion, apparent Zn availability was not different from cooked GB and ZnCO(3), and Zn availability from cooked GB and ZnCO(3) was markedly greater than Zn availability from SP for young swine.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station and Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211 veumt@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Veum
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station and Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ellersieck
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Experiment Station and Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: O'Dell
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002254:Carbonates; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D014886:Weaning; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017967:Zinc Compounds
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C036650:zinc carbonate; D015032:Zinc
keywords: bone characteristics; growth performance; parakeratosis; plasma zinc and urea N; young swine; zinc availability