title: Changes in food and beverage environments after an urban corner store intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In response to the obesity epidemic, interventions to improve the food environment in corner stores have gained attention. This study evaluated the availability, quality, and price of foods in Philadelphia corner stores before and after a healthy corner store intervention with two levels of intervention intensity ("basic" and "conversion").
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational measures of the food environment were completed in 2011 and again in 2012 in corner stores participating in the intervention, using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Corner Stores (NEMS-CS). Main analyses included the 211 stores evaluated at both time-points. A time-by-treatment interaction analysis was used to evaluate the changes in NEMS-CS scores by intervention level over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Availability of fresh fruit increased significantly in conversion stores over time. Specifically, there were significant increases in the availability of apples, oranges, grapes, and broccoli in conversion stores over time. Conversion stores showed a trend toward a significantly larger increase in the availability score compared to basic stores over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions aimed at increasing healthy food availability are associated with improvements in the availability of low-fat milk, fruits, and some vegetables, especially when infrastructure changes, such as refrigeration and shelving enhancements, are offered.
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: cavanaugh.erica@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: shgreen@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 1401 JFK Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Electronic address: giridhar.mallya@phila.gov.
authors.forename: Giridhar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mallya
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: atier@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: cbrensin@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brensinger
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: kglanz@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glanz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019649:Food Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D005523:Food Supply / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005638:Fruit / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D015143:Philadelphia; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D014504:Urban Health; D014675:Vegetables / Q000600:supply & distribution
keywords: Corner stores; Food environment; NEMS; Obesity prevention