title: Lifestyle and host defense mechanisms of the dung beetle, Euoniticellus intermedius: the toll signaling pathway.
abstract: The dung beetle, Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an important ecological and agricultural agent. Their main activity, the burying of dung, improves quality of the soil and reduces pests that could cause illness in animals. E. intermedius are therefore important for agriculture and for good maintenance of the environment, and are regarded as effective biological control agents for parasites of the gastrointestinal tract in livestock. The ability of E. intermedius to co-exist comfortably with many microorganisms, some of which are important human pathogens, stimulated our interest in its host defense strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the Toll signaling pathway, which is strongly activated by fungi. Gene expression associated with fungal infection was analyzed by using 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy. Furthermore, the partial adult transcriptome was investigated for the presence of known immune response genes by using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. The results presented here suggest that E. intermedius responds to fungal challenge via the Toll signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Molecular & Cell Biology. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Private Bag X3, Wits. 2050, South Africa.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaouna
authors.forename: Lucky
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khanyile
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Monde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ntwasa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D052982:Beauveria / Q000502:physiology; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D019476:Insect Proteins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
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