title: Design and applications of bispecific heterodimers: molecular imaging and beyond.
abstract: Ligand-based molecular imaging probes have been designed with high affinity and specificity for monitoring biological process and responses. Single-target recognition by traditional probes can limit their applicability for disease detection and therapy because synergistic action between disease mediators and different receptors is often involved in disease progression. Consequently, probes that can recognize multiple targets should demonstrate higher targeting efficacy and specificity than their monospecific peers. This concept has been validated by multiple bispecific heterodimer-based imaging probes that have demonstrated promising results in several animal models. This review summarizes the design strategies for bispecific peptide- and antibody-based heterodimers and their applications in molecular targeting and imaging. The design and application of bispecific heterodimer-conjugated nanomaterials are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States.
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Sarah P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000737:chemistry*; D019281:Dimerization; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D008024:Ligands; D015335:Molecular Probes; D010455:Peptides
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