title: Gene expression in fetal murine keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early fetuses heal wounds without the formation of a scar. Many studies have attempted to explain this remarkable phenomenon. However, the exact mechanism remains unknown. Herein, we examine the predominant cell types of the epidermis and dermis--the keratinocyte and fibroblast--during different stages of fetal development to better understand the changes that lead to scarring wound repair versus regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were harvested and cultured from the dorsal skin of time-dated BALB/c fetuses. Total RNA was isolated and microarray analysis was performed using chips with 42,000 genes. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to select genes with >2-fold expression differences with a false discovery rate<2. Enrichment analysis was performed on significant genes to identify differentially expressed pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By comparing the gene expression profile of keratinocytes from E16 versus E18 fetuses, we identified 24 genes that were downregulated at E16. Analysis of E16 and E18 fibroblasts revealed 522 differentially expressed genes. Enrichment analysis showed the top 20 signaling pathways that were downregulated in E16 keratinocytes and upregulated or downregulated in E16 fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data reveal 546 differentially expressed genes in keratinocytes and fibroblasts between the scarless and scarring transition. In addition, a total of 60 signaling pathways have been identified to be either upregulated or downregulated in these cell types. The genes and pathways recognized by our study may prove to be essential targets that may discriminate between fetal wound regeneration and adult wound repair.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Januszyk
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida.
authors.forename: Wan Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Walmsley
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Zielins
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Atashroo
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Zeshaan N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i.
authors.forename: Danny M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Takanishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gurtner
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: plorenz@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Hermann Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lorenz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000502:physiology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C495267:CTNNB1 protein, mouse; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D051176:beta Catenin; D013481:Superoxides
keywords: Microarray; Regeneration; Scarless repair; Wound healing
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