title: Prevaccine era human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 seropositivity in the U.S.A., National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A vaccine is available to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16 and 18; in the prevaccine era, seropositivity to vaccine types is a measure of natural exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe HPV seropositivity in the USA among 14-59-year-olds using the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seropositivity to HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 was 17.5%, 6.8%, 15.1% and 5.9%, respectively, among women, and 7.0%, 2.4%, 5.2% and 1.5%, respectively, among men. Overall in both sexes, seropositivity was 22.5% for any vaccine type (31.8% in women and 12.9% in men), but substantially lower for three or more types (1.7% overall, 2.8% in women and 0.6% in men).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost a quarter of the participants were seropositive to any HPV vaccine type but few were seropositive to at least three vaccine HPV types in the prevaccine era. Further study is needed to assess if seropositivity would be useful as a biological marker of vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Camille E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Introcaso
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Eileen F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Gitika
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panicker
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Lauri E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Markowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D052140:Human papillomavirus 11 / Q000276:immunology*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000276:immunology*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000276:immunology*; D052163:Human papillomavirus 6 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Epidemiology (General); HPV; Surveillance; Virology Clinical