title: A mystery unraveled: nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells in human adult tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have emerged as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells and the class of stem cell with the highest potential for contribution to regenerative and therapeutic application; however, their translational use is often impeded by teratoma formation, commonly associated with pluripotency. We discuss a population of nontumorigenic pluripotent stem cells, termed Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) cells, which offer an innovative and exciting avenue of exploration for the potential treatment of various human diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review discusses the origin of Muse cells, describes in detail their various unique characteristics, and considers future avenues of their application and investigation with respect to what is currently known of adult pluripotent stem cells in scientific literature. We begin by defining cell potency, then discuss both mesenchymal and various reported populations of pluripotent stem cells, and finally delve into Muse cells and the characteristics that set them apart from their contemporaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muse cells derived from adipose tissue (Muse-AT) are efficiently, routinely and painlessly isolated from human lipoaspirate material, exhibit tripoblastic differentiation both spontaneously and under media-specific induction, and do not form teratomas. We describe qualities specific to Muse-AT cells and their potential impact on the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
authors.affiliation: The University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951740, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740 , USA +1 310 206 3670 ; gchazenbalk@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Ariel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Simerman
authors.forename: Marcelo J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Perone
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dumesic
authors.forename: Gregorio D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Chazenbalk
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D000328:Adult; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000637:transplantation; D044968:Regenerative Medicine
keywords: Muse cells; human pluripotent stem cells; nontumorigenic; regenerative medicine
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