title: Diabetes and depression.
abstract: Diabetes and depression occur together approximately twice as frequently as would be predicted by chance alone. Comorbid diabetes and depression are a major clinical challenge as the outcomes of both conditions are worsened by the other. Although the psychological burden of diabetes may contribute to depression, this explanation does not fully explain the relationship between these 2 conditions. Both conditions may be driven by shared underlying biological and behavioral mechanisms, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, inflammation, sleep disturbance, inactive lifestyle, poor dietary habits, and environmental and cultural risk factors. Depression is frequently missed in people with diabetes despite effective screening tools being available. Both psychological interventions and antidepressants are effective in treating depressive symptoms in people with diabetes but have mixed effects on glycemic control. Clear care pathways involving a multidisciplinary team are needed to obtain optimal medical and psychiatric outcomes for people with comorbid diabetes and depression.
authors.affiliation: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Developmental Sciences (IDS Building), MP887, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK, R.I.G.Holt@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard I G
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Sherita Hill
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Golden
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(4):413-26
references.pmid: 10885160
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Jul-Aug;32(4):380-95
references.pmid: 20633742
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2005 Dec 12-26;165(22):2631-8
references.pmid: 16344421
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71
references.pmid: 13688369
references.citation: CMAJ. 2008 Apr 8;178(8):997-1003
references.pmid: 18390942
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 May;33(5):1034-6
references.pmid: 20150291
references.citation: Ann Behav Med. 2011 Aug;42(1):29-41
references.pmid: 21445720
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Nov-Dec;26(6):430-6
references.pmid: 15567208
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2000 Jul;23(7):934-42
references.pmid: 10895843
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2006 May;49(5):837-45
references.pmid: 16520921
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1988 Sep;11(8):605-12
references.pmid: 3219966
references.citation: Prev Med. 2013 Mar;56(3-4):225-30
references.pmid: 23295173
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Sep;37(8):1346-62
references.pmid: 23680701
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Oct;142 Suppl:S42-55
references.pmid: 23062857
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2009 Nov;10 Suppl 2:37-45
references.pmid: 19849800
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2007 May;261(5):453-60
references.pmid: 17444884
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;22 Suppl 3:S476-81
references.pmid: 22959112
references.citation: Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Dec;10(6):396-405
references.pmid: 20878274
references.citation: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Dec;112(12):2022-7
references.pmid: 23174689
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 1997 May-Jun;59(3):241-50
references.pmid: 9178335
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2398-403
references.pmid: 19033420
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2012 Oct;75(7):1271-9
references.pmid: 22766311
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Oct;142 Suppl:S1-3
references.pmid: 23062852
references.citation: J Behav Med. 2014 Jun;37(3):501-10
references.pmid: 23515932
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(2):261-4
references.pmid: 9230640
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;61(10):1042-9
references.pmid: 15466678
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1998 Oct 15;129(8):613-21
references.pmid: 9786808
references.citation: Neuropsychobiology. 2006;54(4):208-14
references.pmid: 17337914
references.citation: Value Health. 2012 Mar-Apr;15(2):249-54
references.pmid: 22433755
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Feb;29(2):265-70
references.pmid: 16443871
references.citation: Qual Life Res. 1997 Jan;6(1):11-20
references.pmid: 9062437
references.citation: Arch Med Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;36(2):159-65
references.pmid: 15847950
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2001 Jun;24(6):1069-78
references.pmid: 11375373
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2011 Apr;54(4):741-8
references.pmid: 21221528
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan;33(1):23-8
references.pmid: 19837786
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70
references.pmid: 6880820
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;66(8):878-87
references.pmid: 19652127
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb;34(2):332-4
references.pmid: 21270190
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Dec;31(12):2383-90
references.pmid: 19033418
references.citation: Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;57(7):422-8
references.pmid: 22762297
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Nov;23(4):1167-86
references.pmid: 22018088
references.citation: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Dec;94(3):311-21
references.pmid: 22079683
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Aug 1;54(3):317-29
references.pmid: 12893107
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010 Sep;35(1):23-32
references.pmid: 19931557
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;179:450-5
references.pmid: 11689404
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2010 Dec;53(12):2480-6
references.pmid: 20711716
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2008 Nov;25(11):1324-9
references.pmid: 19046223
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2011 Jan;28(1):86-9
references.pmid: 21210541
references.citation: Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2011 Jan;16(1):42-5
references.pmid: 21206443
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Feb;34(2):320-5
references.pmid: 21216855
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2001 Jul-Aug;63(4):619-30
references.pmid: 11485116
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010 Jul-Aug;32(4):345-59
references.pmid: 20633738
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2012 Sep;75(6):1038-47
references.pmid: 22698925
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2000 May;23(5):618-23
references.pmid: 10834419
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Oct;142 Suppl:S72-9
references.pmid: 23062860
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2012 Oct;142 Suppl:S4-7
references.pmid: 23062856
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45419
references.pmid: 23049799
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar;30(3):459-66
references.pmid: 17327305
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008 Apr;117(4):306-12
references.pmid: 18321355
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2013 Oct;36(10):3337-45
references.pmid: 24065841
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2611-20
references.pmid: 21190455
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1999 Mar;22(3):448-52
references.pmid: 10097927
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Jan;9(1):46-56
references.pmid: 18073775
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Sep;30(9):2222-7
references.pmid: 17536067
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):464-70
references.pmid: 11874931
references.citation: J Youth Adolesc. 2013 Jun;42(6):792-806
references.pmid: 23086016
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13(1):26-34
references.pmid: 19698595
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1066-70
references.pmid: 15111522
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Dec;45(12):1069-77
references.pmid: 2848472
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;64(1):65-72
references.pmid: 17199056
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2011 May;12(5):e130-42
references.pmid: 20630024
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2009 Apr;26(4):447-50
references.pmid: 19388977
references.citation: BMC Health Serv Res. 2010 Aug 12;10:235
references.pmid: 20704720
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2012 Feb;29(2):164-75
references.pmid: 21824180
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr;30(4):801-6
references.pmid: 17392541
references.citation: Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013 May-Jun;35(3):217-25
references.pmid: 23415577
references.citation: J Gen Intern Med. 1997 Jul;12(7):439-45
references.pmid: 9229283
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012 Jan;66(1):24-9
references.pmid: 20736487
references.citation: Health Place. 2011 Mar;17(2):625-32
references.pmid: 21292535
references.citation: JAMA. 2008 Jun 18;299(23):2751-9
references.pmid: 18560002
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1):105-7
references.pmid: 17934145
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2005 Mar;22(3):293-300
references.pmid: 15717877
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2012 Jul;35(7):1479-81
references.pmid: 22584134
references.citation: N S W Public Health Bull. 2002 Jul;13(7):155-8
references.pmid: 12451410
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):491-9
references.pmid: 19478286
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Mar;34(3):752-62
references.pmid: 21357362
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2008 Jan;25(1):91-6
references.pmid: 18199136
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;71(10):1259-72
references.pmid: 21062615
references.citation: Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;26(5):569-80
references.pmid: 22980041
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2013 Feb;36(2):480-9
references.pmid: 23349152
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1992 Aug;13(6):492-6
references.pmid: 1428382