title: Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a pro-apoptotic effect in SGC-7901 of the essential oil from Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. (TSL), a popular vegetable in China, have anti-inflammatory, antidoting, and worm-killing effects and are used in folk medicine for the treatment of enteritis, dysentery, carbuncles, boils, and especially abdominal tumors. Our aim was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and anticancer property of the essential oil from TSL (TSL-EO), especially the pro-apoptotic effect in SGC-7901.
  
  
  METHODS
  TSL-EO obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/MS and was tested in vitro against twenty clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA 1-20), which were either methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and two standard strains viz. ATCC 25923 and ATCC 43300. The anticancer activity of TSL-EO was evaluated in vitro against HepG2, SGC7901, and HT29 through MTT assay. Moreover, the apoptosis-inducing activity of TSL-EO in SGC7901 cells was determined by Hoechst 33324 staining and flow cytometry methods. Also, the apoptosis-related proteins viz. Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were detected by western-blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC-MS analysis showed that TSL-EO contained a high amount of sesquiterpenes (84.64%), including copaene (8.27%), β-caryophyllene (10.16%), caryophyllene (13.18%) and β-eudesmene (5.06%). TSL-EO inhibited the growth of both MSSA and MRSA, with the lowest MIC values of 0.125 and 1mg/ml, respectively. Treatment with TSL-EO for 24h could significantly suppress the viability of three different cancer cell lines (P<0.05). Furthermore, the apoptosis-inducing activity of TSL-EO in SGC7901 cells increased in a dose-dependent manner, potentially resulting from the up-regulated expression of Bax, caspase-3 and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSL-EO possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells and particularly prominent pro-apoptotic activity in SGC7901 cells. These bioactivities were probably due to the high content of sesquiterpenes. Our results suggested that TSL-EO possessed potential health benefits and could serve as a promising natural food addictive.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China. Electronic address: wjg1419@126.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Fujian Institute of Education, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China.
authors.forename: Ti-Qiang
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Ka-Hing
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China. Electronic address: jinzhongfj@126.com.
authors.forename: Jin-Zhong
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D029582:Meliaceae; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494826:BAX protein, human; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D064209:Phytochemicals; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Anti-Staphlococcal activity; Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; Essential oil; Sesquiterpene; Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem.
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