title: Chemical and toxicological investigations of a previously unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma terreum.
abstract: The established tradition of consuming and marketing wild mushrooms has focused attention on mycotoxicity, which has become a global issue. In the present study, we describe the toxins found in a previously unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma terreum. Fifteen new triterpenoids terreolides A-F (1-6) and saponaceolides H-P (8-16) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the toxic mushroom T. terreum. Terreolides A-C (1-3) possessed a unique 5/6/7 trioxaspiroketal system, whereas terreolides D-F (4-6) possessed an unprecedented carbon skeleton. Two abundant compounds in the mushroom, saponaceolide B (7) and saponaceolide M (13), displayed acute toxicity, with LD50 values of 88.3 and 63.7 mg kg(-1) when administered orally in mice. Both compounds were found to increase serum creatine kinase levels in mice, indicating that T. terreum may be the cause of mushroom poisoning ultimately leading to rhabdomyolysis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 871-65219934; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (P.R. China).
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Jian-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: Yun-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zheng-Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ze-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ji-Kai
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009145:Mushroom Poisoning; D055439:Tricholoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014315:Triterpenes; C000597316:saponaceolide B; C000597317:saponaceolide M; D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: NMR spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; enzymes; natural products; structure elucidation