title: Inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity by the alkaloids of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seeds and aerial parts of Peganum harmala L. are widely used in Algeria as anti-inflammatory remedies. Evaluation of Peganum harmala total alkaloids extracts and pure β-carboline compounds as an anti-inflammatory treatment by the inhibition of an enzyme key of inflammatory, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and HPLC quantification of the alkaloids from the different parts of plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  MPO inhibition was tested using taurine chloramine test. The inhibition of LDL oxidation induced by MPO was carried out. The molecular docking analysis of Peganum harmala alkaloids on MPO was performed using the Glide XP docking protocol and scoring function and the redox potential of alkaloids was determined using an Epsilon potentiostat. The concentration of harmala alkaloids was determined using HPLC analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HPLC profiling of the active total alkaloids indicates that β-carboline e.g. harmine, harmaline, harmane, harmol and harmalol are major components. As β-carbolines resemble tryptamine, of which derivatives are efficient inhibitors of MPO, the harmala alkaloids were tested for their activity on this enzyme. Total alkaloids of the seeds and of the aerial parts strongly inhibited MPO at 20µg/mL (97±5% and 43±4%, respectively) whereas, at the same concentration, those of the roots showed very low inhibition (15±6%). Harmine, harmaline and harmane demonstrated a significant inhibition of MPO at IC50 of 0.26, 0.08 and 0.72µM respectively. These alkaloids exerted a similar inhibition effects on MPO-induced LDL oxidation. Molecular docking analysis of Peganum harmala alkaloids on MPO showed that all active Peganum harmala alkaloids have a high affinity on the active site of MPO (predicted free energies of binding up to -3.1kcal/mol). Measurement of redox potentials versus the normal hydrogen electrode clearly differentiated (i) the high MPO inhibitory activity of harmine, harmaline and harmane (+1014, 1014 and 1003mV, respectively); and (ii) the low activity of harmalol and harmol (+629/778 and 532/644mV, respectively). A reverse phase HPLC method has been developed to determine simultaneously five alkaloids of Peganum harmala. Seeds contained all five β-carboline derivatives with the main active alkaloids, harmaline and harmine, being up to 3.8% and 2.9%, respectively. Up to 3.2% of harmine was determined in the roots. The four β-carboline derivatives, harmine, harmaline, harmane and harmalol were identified in the aerial parts. The highest inhibitory effect observed in seeds and the moderate effect of aerial parts could be explained by their harmine and harmaline content. In contrast, the very weak inhibition of the root extract, despite the presence of harmine, may tentatively be explained by the high concentration of harmol which can reduce Compound II of MPO to the native form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inhibition of MPO by Peganum harmala β-carboline alkaloids, herein reported for the first time, may explain the anti-inflammatory effect traditionally attributed to its herbal medicine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie; Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique. Electronic address: bensalemsihem06@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Sihem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bensalem
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique. Electronic address: jalal.soubhye@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soubhye
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Iyas
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aldib
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bournine
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Anh Tho
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhaeverbeek
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rousseau
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Médicine Expérimentale, CHU Charleroi, A. Vesale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgique.
authors.forename: Karim Zouaoui
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Boudjeltia
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Instrumentale et Bioélectrochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarakbi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Instrumentale et Bioélectrochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Jean Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kauffmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nève
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prévost
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stévigny
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Fadila
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maiza-Benabdesselam
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Biotechnologie Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: Fatiha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bedjou
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique Organique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique; Plateforme Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Antwerpen
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Bromatologie et Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duez
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D032443:Peganum / Q000737:chemistry*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009195:Peroxidase
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Docking; HPLC; Myeloperoxidase; Peganum harmala; β-Carboline alkaloids