title: R2* and R2 mapping for quantifying recruitment of superparamagnetic iron oxide-tagged endothelial progenitor cells to injured liver: tracking in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical 3.0T magnetic resonance for tracking and quantifying superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vitro and homing to liver with acute injury in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The bone marrow-derived EPCs were isolated and cultured for 4 days and examined in vitro for lineage markers. Then the cultured cells were labeled with a ferumoxides-protamine sulfate complex. Iron uptake was analyzed with an electron microscope and Prussian blue staining. Agarose gel phantoms containing different amounts of EPCs (0-2.5 × 10(6) cells per milliliter of 1.0% agarose gel) were analyzed with 3.0T R2 and R2* relaxometry. For in vivo tracking, liver injury was induced in healthy C57 mice (female, 6 weeks old, weight 19-20 g) by administration of carbon tetrachloride by single intraperitoneal injection. The R2* and R2 mapping of injured and normal livers of C57 mice were conducted by using 3.0T magnetic resonance on Days 0, 1, 4, and 8 after intravenous SPIO-tagged cells transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electron microscope and Perls Prussian blue stain revealed the efficiency of SPIO particles uptake was more than 95% and no structural changes of labeled cells were found compared with control group. R2 and R2* values were linearly correlated with the number of iron-loaded cells in the agarose gel phantoms, and R2* values were significantly greater than R2 (P<0.01). R2* values in all groups were obviously greater than R2 (P<0.01). The R2* values of the injured livers were greater than normal on Days 1 and 4 (P<0.01). No significant difference of R2 values could be found among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative R2* mapping provides a useful method for quantifying intravascular administered SPIO-tagged EPCs homing to injured livers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Hongkou District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingguo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Hongkou District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kangan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Hongkou District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qimeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Hongkou District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guixiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D058948:Cell Tracking / Q000379:methods*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride
keywords: EPC; cell recruitment; magnetic resonance imaging
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