title: School closures during the 2009 influenza pandemic: national and local experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  School closure is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that was considered in many national pandemic plans developed prior to the start of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic, and received considerable attention during the event. Here, we retrospectively review and compare national and local experiences with school closures in several countries during the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Our intention is not to make a systematic review of country experiences; rather, it is to present the diversity of school closure experiences and provide examples from national and local perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered during and following a meeting, organized by the European Centres for Disease Control, on school closures held in October 2010 in Stockholm, Sweden. A standard data collection form was developed and sent to all participants. The twelve participating countries and administrative regions (Bulgaria, China, France, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Serbia, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United States) provided data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our review highlights the very diverse national and local experiences on school closures during the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. The processes including who was in charge of making recommendations and who was in charge of making the decision to close, the school-based control strategies, the extent of school closures, the public health tradition of responses and expectations on school closure varied greatly between countries. Our review also discusses the many challenges associated with the implementation of this intervention and makes recommendations for further practical work in this area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single most important factor to explain differences observed between countries may have been the different public health practises and public expectations concerning school closures and influenza in the selected countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK. simon.cauchemez@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cauchemez
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Kerkhove
authors.forename: Brett N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cetron
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cowling
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kojouharova
authors.forename: Predrag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.forename: Kumnuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ungchusak
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshitani
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saour
authors.forename: Tomimase
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Amra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uzicanin
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wachtel
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weisfuse
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoll
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012574:Schools / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
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