title: Class I HDACs Affect DNA Replication, Repair, and Chromatin Structure: Implications for Cancer Therapy.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The contribution of epigenetic alterations to cancer development and progression is becoming increasingly clear, prompting the development of epigenetic therapies. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) represent one of the first classes of such therapy. Two HDIs, Vorinostat and Romidepsin, are broad-spectrum inhibitors that target multiple histone deacetylases (HDACs) and are FDA approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. However, the mechanism of action and the basis for the cancer-selective effects of these inhibitors are still unclear.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  While the anti-tumor effects of HDIs have traditionally been attributed to their ability to modify gene expression after the accumulation of histone acetylation, recent studies have identified the effects of HDACs on DNA replication, DNA repair, and genome stability. In addition, the HDIs available in the clinic target multiple HDACs, making it difficult to assign either their anti-tumor effects or their associated toxicities to the inhibition of a single protein. However, recent studies in mouse models provide insights into the tissue-specific functions of individual HDACs and their involvement in mediating the effects of HDI therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we describe how altered replication contributes to the efficacy of HDAC-targeted therapies as well as discuss what knowledge mouse models have provided to our understanding of the specific functions of class I HDACs, their potential involvement in tumorigenesis, and how their disruption may contribute to toxicities associated with HDI treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairment of DNA replication by HDIs has important therapeutic implications. Future studies should assess how best to exploit these findings for therapeutic gain.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Kristy R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Stengel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee.|2 Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hiebert
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects*; D004261:DNA Replication; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D047630:Depsipeptides; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D000077337:Vorinostat; C087123:romidepsin; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
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