title: Periodontitis as a risk factor of atherosclerosis.
abstract: Over the last two decades, the amount of evidence corroborating an association between dental plaque bacteria and coronary diseases that develop as a result of atherosclerosis has increased. These findings have brought a new aspect to the etiology of the disease. There are several mechanisms by which dental plaque bacteria may initiate or worsen atherosclerotic processes: activation of innate immunity, bacteremia related to dental treatment, and direct involvement of mediators activated by dental plaque and involvement of cytokines and heat shock proteins from dental plaque bacteria. There are common predisposing factors which influence both periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Both diseases can be initiated in early childhood, although the first symptoms may not appear until adulthood. The formation of lipid stripes has been reported in 10-year-old children and the increased prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is a risk factor contributing to lipid stripes development. Endothelium damage caused by the formation of lipid stripes in early childhood may lead to bacteria penetrating into blood circulation after oral cavity procedures for children as well as for patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jirina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sommerova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lyuya-Mi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mysak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jarmila
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2984-2776
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prochazkova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5926-173X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duskova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janatova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical and Experimental Dental Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Karlovo Namesti 32, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Stepan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Podzimek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2007 Dec;42(6):495-502
references.pmid: 17956461
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2001 Nov;1(2):135-45
references.pmid: 11905821
references.citation: Angiology. 2014 Aug;65(7):602-6
references.pmid: 23847106
references.citation: Science. 1973 Jun 29;180(4093):1332-9
references.pmid: 4350926
references.citation: Microb Pathog. 1999 May;26(5):275-80
references.pmid: 10222212
references.citation: Ann Periodontol. 1998 Jul;3(1):206-12
references.pmid: 9722704
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2014 Jan;41(1):70-9
references.pmid: 24111886
references.citation: Circulation. 2004 Jun 29;109(25):3196-201
references.pmid: 15184277
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 2):S534-6
references.pmid: 10539867
references.citation: Curr Infect Dis Rep. 1999 Apr;1(1):33-38
references.pmid: 11095764
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 May;120(2):285-93
references.pmid: 10792378
references.citation: Circulation. 2012 May 22;125(20):2520-44
references.pmid: 22514251
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1998 Apr;66(4):1660-5
references.pmid: 9529095
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 Feb;12(2):259-67
references.pmid: 15699420
references.citation: Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2005;59:1-8
references.pmid: 15761380
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 2009 Oct;206(2):604-10
references.pmid: 19410250
references.citation: J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010 Aug 31;17(8):796-804
references.pmid: 20379054
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2001 Oct;36(5):285-94
references.pmid: 11585115
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1996 Oct;67(10 Suppl):1138-42
references.pmid: 8910832
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 2):S419-20
references.pmid: 10539839
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Jun;20(6):1417-20
references.pmid: 10845851
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1990 Oct;69(10):1691-5
references.pmid: 2212215
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:57-71
references.pmid: 16128830
references.citation: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Oct;21(10):755-7
references.pmid: 12415477
references.citation: Herz. 2000 Mar;25(2):87-90
references.pmid: 10829245
references.citation: J Intern Med. 1993 Mar;233(3):227-32
references.pmid: 8450290
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 2):S476-8
references.pmid: 10539852
references.citation: Am J Med. 2002 Oct 15;113(6):462-7
references.pmid: 12427494
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2004 Mar;75(3):420-8
references.pmid: 15088881
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1997 Dec;76(12):1833-9
references.pmid: 9390476
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 1964 Jul-Aug;9:401-14
references.pmid: 14179048
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000 Apr;20(4):1057-60
references.pmid: 10764673
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1995 Nov;66(11):1004-7
references.pmid: 8558389
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2000 Oct;71(10):1554-60
references.pmid: 11063387
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Aug 1;23(8):1405-11
references.pmid: 12816879
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2012 Oct;39(10):923-30
references.pmid: 22882677
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Jun;33(4):356-60
references.pmid: 15145038
references.citation: Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2013;34(3):200-6
references.pmid: 23685417
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2001 Feb;72(2):210-4
references.pmid: 11288795
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Apr;152(4):913-23
references.pmid: 9546352
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1991 Aug;62(8):510-23
references.pmid: 1920019
references.citation: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004 Nov;28(5):553-8
references.pmid: 15465379
references.citation: J Periodontol (1930). 1965 May-Jun;36:177-87
references.pmid: 14296927
references.citation: J Cardiovasc Risk. 1999 Feb;6(1):7-11
references.pmid: 10197286
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1998 Jul 20;188(2):305-15
references.pmid: 9670043
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(30):3073-83
references.pmid: 17979750
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006 Aug;21(4):206-11
references.pmid: 16842503
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2005;39:91-117
references.pmid: 16135066
references.citation: BMJ. 1993 Mar 13;306(6879):688-91
references.pmid: 8471920
references.citation: J Dent Res. 1999 Aug;78(8):1393-400
references.pmid: 10439026
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2006 Oct;33(10):724-9
references.pmid: 16901299
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2004 Aug;39(4):236-41
references.pmid: 15206916
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 2001 Jun;59(3):131-8
references.pmid: 11501881
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003 May;95(5):559-69
references.pmid: 12738947
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 2003 Aug;38(4):388-93
references.pmid: 12828655
references.citation: Am Heart J. 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 2):S431-3
references.pmid: 10539842
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1980 Jan;27(1):124-32
references.pmid: 7358424
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 2006 Oct;33(10):730-6
references.pmid: 16968327
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995;371B:1127-9
references.pmid: 7502767
references.citation: J Dent Res. 2003 Oct;82(10):796-801
references.pmid: 14514759
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1998 Jun;66(6):2736-42
references.pmid: 9596741
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2001 Dec;22(12):665-9
references.pmid: 11738996
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 1965 Jan-Feb;10:29-33
references.pmid: 14270476
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 1997 Jan;32(1 Pt 2):200-5
references.pmid: 9085235
references.citation: Circulation. 2013 Oct 8;128(15):1689-712
references.pmid: 24016455
references.citation: Oral Dis. 2007 Jan;13(1):56-62
references.pmid: 17241431
references.citation: Ann Periodontol. 2001 Dec;6(1):9-15
references.pmid: 11887476
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Jul 7;275(27):20260-7
references.pmid: 10751418
references.citation: Eur J Orthod. 2004 Aug;26(4):443-7
references.pmid: 15366390
references.citation: Braz Oral Res. 2012 Sep-Oct;26(5):436-42
references.pmid: 22892878
references.citation: Am Heart J. 2003 Jul;146(1):69-74
references.pmid: 12851610
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Mar 5;105(9):1135-43
references.pmid: 11877368
references.citation: JAMA. 2000 Sep 20;284(11):1406-10
references.pmid: 10989403
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2013 Jun;62(1):271-86
references.pmid: 23574472
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 1999 Oct;34(7):331-9
references.pmid: 10685357
references.citation: Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl. 1990;78(5):403-6
references.pmid: 2150256
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2005 May;76(5):731-6
references.pmid: 15898933
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2007 Aug;6(7):438-43
references.pmid: 17643930
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Mar;69(3):1477-82
references.pmid: 11179315
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Aug 1;23(8):1309-11
references.pmid: 12909566
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1991 Oct;62(10):602-7
references.pmid: 1770419
references.citation: J Korean Med Sci. 2013 Jun;28(6):929-33
references.pmid: 23772160
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5 Suppl):1297S-1306S
references.pmid: 11063472
references.citation: Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996 Jun;109(6):639-44
references.pmid: 8659474
references.citation: J Periodontol. 2000 Oct;71(10):1528-34
references.pmid: 11063384
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 1985 Feb;19(1):85-94
references.pmid: 3968707
references.citation: Circulation. 1999 Jun 29;99(25):3218-20
references.pmid: 10385492
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Jun;70(6):3304-7
references.pmid: 12011031
references.citation: Oral Dis. 2000 Nov;6(6):335-50
references.pmid: 11355266
references.citation: J Periodontal Res. 1999 Oct;34(7):340-5
references.pmid: 10685358
references.citation: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1993 Oct;7(3):281-7
references.pmid: 8275059
references.citation: Prim Dent Care. 2007 Apr;14(2):59-66
references.pmid: 17462139
references.citation: Jpn J Pharmacol. 1999 May;80(1):75-9
references.pmid: 10446759
references.citation: Periodontol 2000. 2004;35:75-100
references.pmid: 15107059
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 May;70(5):2492-501
references.pmid: 11953387