title: Evaluation of alpha and gamma aluminum oxide nanoparticle accumulation, toxicity, and depuration in Artemia salina larvae.
abstract: In this study, Artemia salina (crustacean filter feeders) larvae were used as a test model to investigate the toxicity of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) on marine microorganisms. The uptake, toxicity, and elimination of α-Al2O3 (50 nm and 3.5 μm) and γ-Al2O3 (5 nm and 0.4 μm) NPs were studied. Twenty-four and ninety-six hour exposures of different concentrations of Al2O3 NPs to Artemia larvae were conducted in a seawater medium. When suspended in water, Al2O3 NPs aggregated substantially with the sizes ranging from 6.3 nm to >0.3 µm for spherical NPs and from 250 to 756 nm for rod-shaped NPs. The phase contrast microscope images showed that NPs deposited inside the guts as aggregates. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis showed that large particles (3.5 μm α-Al2O3) were not taken up by Artemia, whereas fine NPs (0.4 μm γ-Al2O3) and ultra-fine NPs (5 nm γ-Al2O3 and 50 nm α-Al2O3) accumulated substantially. Differences in toxicity were detected as changing with NP size and morphology. The malondialdehyde levels indicated that smaller γ-Al2O3 (5 nm) NPs were more toxic than larger γ-Al2O3 (0.4 µm) particulates in 96 h. The highest mortality was measured as 34% in 96 h for γ-Al2O3 NPs (5 nm) at 100 mg/L (LC50 > 100 mg/L). γ-Al2O3 NPs were more toxic than α-Al2O3 NPs at all conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, PO Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi, 39217, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Tunceli University, Tunceli, 62000, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ates
authors.forename: Veysel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Zikri
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Ibrahim O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: Corneliu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogatu
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D007814:Larva; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Artemia; accumulation; aluminum oxide; nanoparticles; oxidative stress; toxicity
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