title: Meta-analysis of the global gene expression profile of triple-negative breast cancer identifies genes for the prognostication and treatment of aggressive breast cancer.
abstract: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype lacking expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and HER2, thus limiting therapy options. We hypothesized that meta-analysis of TNBC gene expression profiles would illuminate mechanisms underlying the aggressive nature of this disease and identify therapeutic targets. Meta-analysis in the Oncomine database identified 206 genes that were recurrently deregulated in TNBC compared with non-TNBC and in tumors that metastasized or led to death within 5 years. This 'aggressiveness gene list' was enriched for two core functions/metagenes: chromosomal instability (CIN) and ER signaling metagenes. We calculated an 'aggressiveness score' as the ratio of the CIN metagene to the ER metagene, which identified aggressive tumors in breast cancer data sets regardless of subtype or other clinico-pathological indicators. A score calculated from six genes from the CIN metagene and two genes from the ER metagene recapitulated the aggressiveness score. By multivariate survival analysis, we show that our aggressiveness scores (from 206 genes or the 8 representative genes) outperformed several published prognostic signatures. Small interfering RNA screen revealed that the CIN metagene holds therapeutic targets against TNBC. Particularly, the inhibition of TTK significantly reduced the survival of TNBC cells and synergized with docetaxel in vitro. Importantly, mitosis-independent expression of TTK protein was associated with aggressive subgroups, poor survival and further stratified outcome within grade 3, lymph node-positive, HER2-positive and TNBC patients. In conclusion, we identified the core components of CIN and ER metagenes that identify aggressive breast tumors and have therapeutic potential in TNBC and aggressive breast tumors. Prognostication from these metagenes at the mRNA level was limited to ER-positive tumors. However, we provide evidence that mitosis-independent expression of TTK protein was prognostic in TNBC and other aggressive breast cancer subgroups, suggesting that protection of CIN/aneuploidy drives aggressiveness and treatment resistance.
authors.affiliation: Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Ejeh
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sanus
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Population Studies, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalimutho
authors.affiliation: Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: 1] Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kutasovic
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raghavendra
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madore
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Cancer Genetics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chenevix-Trench
authors.affiliation: 1] The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [3] Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lakhani
authors.affiliation: 1] Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Khanna
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