title: Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: an update 2013.
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus are two common conditions and they are widely prevalent across all ages, races, geographical regions, and socioeconomic conditions. Epidemiologic studies have shown association of vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The identification of 1,25(OH)2D receptors and 1-α-hydroxilase expression in pancreatic beta cells, in cells of the immune system, and in various others tissues, besides the bone system support the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Observational studies have revealed an association between 25(OH) D deficiency and the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. This review will focus on the concept of vitamin D deficiency, its prevalence, and its role in the pathogenesis and risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases Division of Agamenon Magalhães Hospital, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Henrique Maciel
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Griz
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases Division of Agamenon Magalhães Hospital, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division and Diabetes Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica Andrade Lima
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gabbay
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division and Diabetes Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio Atala
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Epidemiology Division, UFPE, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Freese de
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D015984:Causality; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D