title: Health-related quality of life and treatment effects on children with functional incontinence, and their parents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze treatment outcomes and the association between treatment effects and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for incontinent children, and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health-related quality of life in 70 consecutively treated children, and their parents, was assessed with the Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire and the WHO-Quality-Of-Life-BREF questionnaire. This was assessed before and after three months of standardized treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 44.3% of children, symptoms decreased by 50-89%. After three months of treatment, the HRQoL of children improved significantly. Children with bladder and bowel dysfunction had a significantly lower HRQoL than children with isolated nocturnal enuresis, daytime urinary incontinence or fecal incontinence. Parental HRQoL did not change significantly within three months of treatment. Parents showed a significantly lower mean in the 'psychological' domain of the WHO-QoL-BREF questionnaire compared to norms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with different subtypes of incontinence can be treated effectively within three months of therapy. After three months, significant improvements of HRQoL were shown. Parents showed no general reduction in their quality of life (QoL). Specific aspects of parental QoL were impaired, but did not improve during the treatment of their children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany. Electronic address: monika.equit@uks.eu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Equit
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany. Electronic address: jennyhi06@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany. Electronic address: Amelie1605@gmx.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.gontard@uks.eu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D053207:Diurnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Bladder and bowel dysfunction; Daytime urinary incontinence; Fecal incontinence; Health-related quality of life; Nocturnal enuresis; Treatment