title: Postural threat during walking: effects on energy cost and accompanying gait changes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Balance control during walking has been shown to involve a metabolic cost in healthy subjects, but it is unclear how this cost changes as a function of postural threat. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of postural threat on the energy cost of walking, as well as on concomitant changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters, muscle activity and perturbation responses. In addition, we examined if and how these effects are dependent on walking speed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy subjects walked on a treadmill under four conditions of varying postural threat. Each condition was performed at 7 walking speeds ranging from 60-140% of preferred speed. Postural threat was induced by applying unexpected sideward pulls to the pelvis and varied experimentally by manipulating the width of the path subjects had to walk on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that the energy cost of walking increased by 6-13% in the two conditions with the largest postural threat. This increase in metabolic demand was accompanied by adaptations in spatiotemporal gait parameters and increases in muscle activity, which likely served to arm the participants against a potential loss of balance in the face of the postural threat. Perturbation responses exhibited a slower rate of recovery in high threat conditions, probably reflecting a change in strategy to cope with the imposed constraints. The observed changes occurred independent of changes in walking speed, suggesting that walking speed is not a major determinant influencing gait stability in healthy young adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that in healthy adults, increasing postural threat leads to a decrease in gait economy, independent of walking speed. This could be an important factor in the elevated energy costs of pathological gait.
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands. t.ijmker@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Trienke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: IJmker
authors.forename: Claudine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lamoth
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Houdijk
authors.forename: Lucas H V
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: van der Woude
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
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