title: Influence of smoking on wound healing in patients undergoing nail matrix phenolization: a prospective randomized clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enhance the learner's competence with knowledge of the effect of smoking on wound healing in patients undergoing nail matrix phenolization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:1. Summarize factors that affect wound cicatrization and pathophysiologic mechanisms of impaired healing from smoking as found in prior studies from review of the literature.2. Analyze components and findings of this research study on how healing from phenol ablation is influenced by smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Healing time can be delayed by extrinsic factors such as smoking. No controlled study has analyzed the influence of smoking on wound healing in patients undergoing nail matrix phenolization. The main objective of this work was to analyze wound healing burns after segmental phenolization in smoker versus nonsmoker patients; the secondary aim was to examine the influence of curettage in both groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective clinical study, 90 podiatric patients (53 smokers and 37 nonsmokers) with onychocryptosis were randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms: phenolization with curettage and phenolization alone. The primary outcome was to analyze the healing time (in days) after the segmental phenolization in both groups. Healing was monitored for spontaneous wound closure by clinical assessments and by digital photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The healing time in the curettage group was (8.80 ± 1.51 days in smokers vs 6.72 ± 1.26 days in nonsmokers; P < .0001) and (13.24 ± 1.8 days in the smoker group vs 10.67 ± 1.78 days in the nonsmoker group; P < .0001) in the phenolization alone group. Significant differences were found in respect to time to healing among smokers in both groups (13.24 ± 1.8 days in the phenolization group vs 8.80 ± 1.51 days in the curettage group; P < .0001). Similarly, significant differences were found with respect to time to healing among nonsmokers in both groups (10.46 ± 2.04 days in the phenolization group vs 6.71 ± 1.11 days in the curettage group; P = .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Burn wounds of smokers take longer to heal than those of nonsmokers. Curettage of the cauterized tissue reduces healing time and should be systematically considered.
authors.affiliation: Jesús Álvarez-Jiménez, DP, PhD • Associate Professor • Department of Podiatry • Seville University • Seville, Spain Antonio Córdoba-Fernández, DP, PhD • Professor of Podiatric Surgery • Department of Podiatry • Seville University • Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Jiménez
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Córdoba-Fernández
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003475:Curettage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009263:Nails, Ingrown / Q000628:therapy*; D019800:Phenol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014034:Toes; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D019800:Phenol