title: Differential diagnosis of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess all the possible differential diagnosis of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), both in acute and chronic presentation, reviewing the data reported in published studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is an increase of reported cases of FPIES in recent years. As the disease presents with nonspecific symptoms, it can be misunderstood in many ways. The differential diagnosis includes, in acute presentations, the following: sepsis, other infectious diseases, acute gastrointestinal episodes, surgical emergencies, food allergies. In its chronic forms, FPIES may mimic malabsorption syndromes, metabolic disorders, primary immunodeficiencies, neurological conditions, coagulation defects, and other types of non-IgE-mediated food allergy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough clinical evaluation, including symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, is necessary to lead the clinicians toward the diagnosis of FPIES. The major reason for delayed diagnosis appears to be the lack of knowledge of the disease.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City bUnit of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University-Hospital Pediatric Department, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City cUnit of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Vatican City dPediatric Division, Santa Corona Hospital, Garbagnate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiocchi
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Claps
authors.forename: Lamia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dahdah
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brindisi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dionisi-Vici
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martelli
mesh_terms: D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004760:Enterocolitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
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