title: Made-to-measure malaria vector control strategies: rational design based on insecticide properties and coverage of blood resources for mosquitoes.
abstract: Eliminating malaria from highly endemic settings will require unprecedented levels of vector control. To suppress mosquito populations, vector control products targeting their blood hosts must attain high biological coverage of all available sources, rather than merely high demographic coverage of a targeted resource subset, such as humans while asleep indoors. Beyond defining biological coverage in a measurable way, the proportion of blood meals obtained from humans and the proportion of bites upon unprotected humans occurring indoors also suggest optimal target product profiles for delivering insecticides to humans or livestock. For vectors that feed only occasionally upon humans, preferred animal hosts may be optimal targets for mosquito-toxic insecticides, and vapour-phase insecticides optimized to maximize repellency, rather than toxicity, may be ideal for directly protecting people against indoor and outdoor exposure. However, for vectors that primarily feed upon people, repellent vapour-phase insecticides may be inferior to toxic ones and may undermine the impact of contact insecticides applied to human sleeping spaces, houses or clothing if combined in the same time and place. These concepts are also applicable to other mosquito-borne anthroponoses so that diverse target species could be simultaneously controlled with integrated vector management programmes. Measurements of these two crucial mosquito behavioural parameters should now be integrated into programmatically funded, longitudinal, national-scale entomological monitoring systems to inform selection of available technologies and investment in developing new ones.
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Kilombero, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania. gkilleen@ihi.or.tz.
authors.forename: Gerry F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Killeen
authors.forename: Aklilu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seyoum
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gimnig
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Drakeley
authors.forename: Nakul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chitnis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D013534:Survival
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides
references.citation: Malar J. 2014 Mar 14;13:97
references.pmid: 24629066
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(4):379-89
references.pmid: 1088351
references.citation: Malar J. 2007 Aug 08;6:109
references.pmid: 17686176
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001262
references.pmid: 22802742
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;42(1):247-9
references.pmid: 23508414
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb;32(1):157-60
references.pmid: 12690029
references.citation: Annu Rev Entomol. 2001;46:511-43
references.pmid: 11112178
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2010 Aug 10;7(8):
references.pmid: 20711482
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 14;(4):CD006657
references.pmid: 20393950
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37661
references.pmid: 22701527
references.citation: Malar J. 2013 Feb 25;12:77
references.pmid: 23442575
references.citation: Malar J. 2013 Feb 07;12:56
references.pmid: 23388506
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004 May;70(5):486-98
references.pmid: 15155980
references.citation: Biol Lett. 2012 Oct 23;8(5):874-7
references.pmid: 22647930
references.citation: Malar J. 2012 Jan 11;11:17
references.pmid: 22236388
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 May 02;8(5):e62995
references.pmid: 23658792
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2012 May 30;5:101
references.pmid: 22647493
references.citation: Malar J. 2013 Apr 11;12:124
references.pmid: 23577656
references.citation: Evolution. 2013 Apr;67(4):1218-30
references.pmid: 23550770
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 Jul 28;10:207
references.pmid: 21798023
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 May;88(5):809-816
references.pmid: 23589532
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;42(1):235-47
references.pmid: 23396849
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60(3):427-32
references.pmid: 6982776
references.citation: Trop Med Int Health. 2005 Mar;10(3):251-62
references.pmid: 15730510
references.citation: Nature. 1964 Dec 19;204:1173-5
references.pmid: 14268587
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2010 Jun 15;7(6):e1000290
references.pmid: 20563310
references.citation: J R Soc Interface. 2011 Jun 6;8(59):799-806
references.pmid: 21084340
references.citation: Malar J. 2007 Sep 19;6:126
references.pmid: 17880679
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1968;38(2):239-53
references.pmid: 5302300
references.citation: J Parasitol Res. 2012;2012:280583
references.pmid: 22934152
references.citation: Malar J. 2006 Jul 27;5:63
references.pmid: 16872529
references.citation: Malar J. 2013 Feb 05;12:49
references.pmid: 23379959
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2013 Jun 07;6:172
references.pmid: 23758937
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 May;88(5):817-827
references.pmid: 23589530
references.citation: Malar J. 2012 May 14;11:164
references.pmid: 22583679
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Aug 03;4(8):e774
references.pmid: 20689816
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2014 Apr;30(4):191-204
references.pmid: 24657042
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1964;30:241-61
references.pmid: 14153413
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Apr 04;5:69
references.pmid: 22475528
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 May 18;10:133
references.pmid: 21592366
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Jun 9;357(9271):1837-41
references.pmid: 11410192
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20179
references.pmid: 21629651
references.citation: Malar J. 2011 Apr 09;10:80
references.pmid: 21477321
references.citation: J R Soc Interface. 2012 Oct 7;9(75):2624-38
references.pmid: 22628212
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2013 Feb 22;6:46
references.pmid: 23433393
references.citation: J R Soc Interface. 2013 Feb 13;10(81):20120921
references.pmid: 23407571
references.citation: Malar J. 2013 Apr 15;12:126
references.pmid: 23587051
references.citation: PLoS One. 2007 Aug 08;2(8):e716
references.pmid: 17684562
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31481
references.pmid: 22438864
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(4):e1002588
references.pmid: 22496640
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2010 Aug 03;7(8):e1000303
references.pmid: 20689800
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972 Sep;21(5):755-63
references.pmid: 4561523
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2013 Jan 16;6:17
references.pmid: 23324456
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Sep-Oct;95(5):469-76
references.pmid: 11706651