title: A chicken embryo model for the study of umbilical and supraumbilical body wall malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE; The embryology of ventral body wall malformations is only partially understood, although their incidence is relatively common. As only few experimental data exist on the development of those defects, the aim of our study was to compare the teratogenic effect of trypan blue (TB) and suramin (SA) in their capability to induce umbilical and supraumbilical abdominal wall malformations in a chicken egg model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 255 fertilized chicken eggs were incubated at 38 °C and 75% relative humidity. Embryos were treated in ovo on incubation day 2.5 (Hamburger/Hamilton (HH) stage 13). The eggshell was windowed, and solutions of TB or SA were injected into the coelomic cavity at the region of the umbilicus. The window was closed and the embryos reincubated until examination on day 8 (HH 34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 60 embryos survived in each group. The largest number of embryos presented with defects in the umbilical and supraumbilical region (25% in the SA group and 40% in the TB group). A combination of both defects (thoracoabdominoschisis) was seen in 20% of the TB and 8.3% of the SA groups, respectively. Associated anomalies found in both groups were head and eye defects, abnormal pelvic configurations, leg deformities, and mild forms of cloacal exstrophies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TB and SA have both a high potential to induce umbilical and supraumbilical ventral body wall malformations in chicken embryos. This novel animal model might help to establish a more profound understanding of the developmental steps in ventral body wall formation and the embryology for its malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ridderbusch
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergholz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fattouh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eschenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Appl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maenner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reinshagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kluth
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002988:Cloaca; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000196:embryology; D023421:Models, Animal; D013498:Suramin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013723:Teratogens; D014343:Trypan Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D013498:Suramin; D014343:Trypan Blue