title: Cocaine use severity and cerebellar gray matter are associated with reversal learning deficits in cocaine-dependent individuals.
abstract: Cocaine addiction involves persistent deficits to unlearn previously rewarded response options, potentially due to neuroadaptations in learning-sensitive regions. Cocaine-targeted prefrontal systems have been consistently associated with reinforcement learning and reversal deficits, but more recent interspecies research has raised awareness about the contribution of the cerebellum to cocaine addiction and reversal. We aimed at investigating the link between cocaine use, reversal learning and prefrontal, insula and cerebellar gray matter in cocaine-dependent individuals (CDIs) varying on levels of cocaine exposure in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). Twenty CDIs and 21 HCs performed a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT) and were subsequently scanned in a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. In the PRLT, subjects progressively learn to respond to one predominantly reinforced stimulus, and then must learn to respond according to the opposite, previously irrelevant, stimulus-reward pairing. Performance measures were errors after reversal (reversal cost), and probability of maintaining response after errors. Voxel-based morphometry was conducted to investigate the association between gray matter volume in the regions of interest and cocaine use and PRLT performance. Severity of cocaine use correlated with gray matter volume reduction in the left cerebellum (lobule VIII), while greater reversal cost was correlated with gray matter volume reduction in a partially overlapping cluster (lobules VIIb and VIII). Right insula/inferior frontal gyrus correlated with probability of maintaining response after errors. Severity of cocaine use detrimentally impacted reversal learning and cerebellar gray matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno-López
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perales
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Son
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albein-Urios
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soriano-Mas
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Reinout W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wiers
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdejo-García
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cerebellum; cocaine; inferior frontal gyrus; insula; reversal learning