title: Enteral and parenteral lipid requirements of preterm infants.
abstract: Lipids provide infants with most of their energy needs. The major portion of the fat in human milk is found in the form of triglycerides, the phospholipids and cholesterol contributing for only a small proportion of the total fat. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are crucial for normal development of the central nervous system and have potential for long-lasting effects that extend beyond the period of dietary insufficiency. Given the limited and highly variable formation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from α-linolenic acid, and because DHA is critical for normal retinal and brain development in the human, DHA should be considered to be conditionally essential during early development. In early enteral studies, the amount of LC-PUFAs administered in formula was chosen to produce the same concentration of arachidonic acid and DHA as in term breast milk. Recent studies report outcome data in preterm infants fed formula with DHA content 2-3 times higher than the current concentration. Overall, these studies show that providing larger amounts of DHA supplements is associated with better neurological outcomes and may provide other health benefits. One study further suggests that the smallest babies are the most vulnerable to DHA deficiency and likely to reap the greatest benefit from high-dose DHA supplementation. Current nutritional management may not provide sufficient amounts of preformed DHA during the parenteral and enteral nutrition periods and in very preterm/very low birth weight infants until due date and higher amounts than those routinely used are likely to be necessary to compensate for intestinal malabsorption, DHA oxidation, and early deficit. Recommendations for the healthcare provider are made in order to prevent lipid and more specifically LC-PUFA deficit. Research should be continued to fill the gaps in knowledge and to further refine the adequate intake for each group of preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Paris Descartes University, APHP Necker Hospital, Paris, France, and CNRC, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapillonne
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D018977:Micronutrients; D014280:Triglycerides; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid