title: Anakinra treatment in patients with gout and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: We report three Caucasian patients affected by gout and type 2 diabetes, who were treated with the recombinant nonglycosylated human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (100 mg/day subcutaneously) after an unsatisfactory or incomplete response to urate-lowering therapy, colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and prednisone. The remarkable clinical improvement in joint symptoms within 24 h and in glycemic control during a 6-month period gives anakinra a potential therapeutic role in the management of gout and type 2 diabetes. When anakinra was discontinued, a gout attack occurred within 3-25 days in all three patients. The contribution of anakinra in the treatment of such syndromes is encouraging, but requires further studies to establish its long-term efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Systemic Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantarini
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigante
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardelli
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000493:Allopurinol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002219:Carbamates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003078:Colchicine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D000069465:Febuxostat / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006073:Gout / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006074:Gout Suppressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000493:Allopurinol; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002219:Carbamates; D003078:Colchicine; D000069465:Febuxostat; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006074:Gout Suppressants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D008687:Metformin; D010880:Piperidines; D014527:Uric Acid; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C072379:repaglinide
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