title: Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), popularly known in Brazil as "folha-da-fortuna", is a plant species used in folk medicine for the external and internal treatment of inflammation, infection, wound, burn, boil, ulcers and gastritis, and several other diseases. The present study aimed to perform the chemical characterization and the evaluation of the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves (EEBP) in acute and chronic mice ear edema models induced by different irritant agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The EEBP chemical characterization was performed by HPLC-UV DAD. Ear edema on Swiss mice was induced by the topical application of Croton oil (single and multiple applications), arachidonic acid, phenol, capsaicin and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP). The topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP was evaluated by measuring the ear weight (acute inflammation models) and thickness (chronic inflammation model). Histopathological analyses of ear tissue samples sensitized with Croton oil (single and multiple applications) were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The flavonoids rutin, quercetin, luteolin and luteolin7-O-β-d-glucoside were detected in EEBP. Topical application of EEBP significantly (P<0.001) inhibited the ear edema induced by Croton oil single application (inhibition of 57%), arachidonic acid (inhibition of 67%), phenol (inhibition of 80%), capsaicin (inhibition of 72%), EPP (inhibition of 75%) and Croton oil multiple application (55% after 9 days). Histopathological analyses confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP since it was observed reduction of edema, epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cells infiltration and vasodilation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that EEBP is effective as a topical anti-inflammatory agent in acute and chronic inflammatory processes possibly due to inhibition of arachidonic acid pathway, which justify the traditional use of Bryophyllum pinnatum as a remedy for skin disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: lucano.farm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Chibli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: kamillacoelho@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Kamilla C M
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: carolina.gasparetto@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Carolina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gasparetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: nickbioquimica@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nícolas C C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: rodrigolfabri@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Rodrigo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Fabri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: elita.scio@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Elita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: alves_ms2005@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: glauciemar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Glauciemar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Del-Vechio-Vieira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, CEP 36036-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: orlando.sousa@ufjf.edu.br.
authors.forename: Orlando V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003436:Croton Oil / Q000494:pharmacology; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D031962:Kalanchoe / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010936:Plant Extracts; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D000431:Ethanol; D003436:Croton Oil; D002211:Capsaicin
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Bryophyllum pinnatum; Crassulaceae; Ear edema; Flavonoids; Herbal medicines