title: Non-union in forearm fractures.
abstract: Non-union in forearm fractures is an uncommon but complex problem. This is especially given the unique anatomical structure and function of the forearm, making treatment distinctly different to that of other long bone fractures. Anatomical restoration of length, alignment, rotation and the radial bow maintains the optimal stabilising effects of the forearm muscles and interosseous membrane, as well as maximising the range of movement, particularly pronation and supination. Contemporary plate osteosynthesis using variations of the dynamic compression plate (DCP) developed by the AO group combined with established techniques of internal fixation have revolutionised the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures. Non-union rates have been minimised to below 5% and good to excellent functional outcomes are achieved. Non-union of the forearm is also intimately associated with a significant pain experience, marked pre-operative functional disability and physical and psychosocial morbidity. This review examines the literature and presents a guide to management as well as the current controversies and future directions related to this challenging problem.
authors.affiliation: The Hand and Upper Extremity Service. Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA. USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayakumar
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jupiter
mesh_terms: D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery