title: Cognitive control in opioid dependence and methadone maintenance treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance misuse is associated with cognitive dysfunction. We used a stop signal task to examine deficits in cognitive control in individuals with opioid dependence (OD). We examined how response inhibition and post-error slowing are compromised and whether methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), abstinence duration, and psychiatric comorbidity are related to these measures in individuals with OD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred-and-sixty-four men with OD who were incarcerated at a detention center and abstinent for up to 2 months (n = 108) or at a correctional facility and abstinent for approximately 6 months (n = 156), 65 OD men under MMT at a psychiatric clinic, and 64 age and education matched healthy control (HC) participants were assessed. We computed the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) to index the capacity of response inhibition and post-error slowing (PES) to represent error-related behavioral adjustment, as in our previous work. We examined group effects with analyses of variance and covariance analyses, followed by planned comparisons. Specifically, we compared OD and HC participants to examine the effects of opioid dependence and MMT and compared OD sub-groups to examine the effects of abstinence duration and psychiatric comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SSRT was significantly prolonged in OD but not MMT individuals, as compared to HC. The extent of post-error slowing diminished in OD and MMT, as compared to HC (trend; p = 0.061), and there was no difference between the OD and MMT groups. Individuals in longer abstinence were no less impaired in these measures. Furthermore, these results remained when psychiatric comorbidities including misuse of other substances were accounted for.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methadone treatment appears to be associated with relatively intact cognitive control in opioid dependent individuals. MMT may facilitate public health by augmenting cognitive control and thereby mitigating risky behaviors in heroin addicts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Bali Psychiatric Center, Department of Health, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ding-Lieh
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Bali Psychiatric Center, Department of Health, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Su-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Shin
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wei-Ti
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tony Szu-Hsien
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pau-Chung
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chiang-Shan R
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D008691:Methadone
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