title: Degrees of kidney disease in nigerian adults with sickle-cell disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study degrees of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using creatinine clearance in adult Nigerian patients with sickle-cell disease (SCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred SCD patients, made up of 79 HbSS (homozygous haemoglobin S) patients and 21 HbSC (heterozygous haemoglobins S and C) patients, were investigated prospectively, along with 50 normal controls. Their sociodemographic data, weight and drug history were documented. Each participant underwent dipstick urinalysis, and creatinine clearance was calculated following a 24-hour urine collection and serum creatinine measurement. They were categorized into stages of CKD based on the creatinine clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 79 HbSS patients, 14 (18%), 28 (35%), 33 (42%) and 4 (5%) had stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 CKD, respectively. In the HbSC group, 3 (14%), 9 (43%) and 9 (43%) patients had stage 1, 2 and 3 CKD, respectively. Proteinuria was noted in 16 (20%) HbSS patients but not in any of the HbSC patients. Of the subjects aged ≤24 years (n = 49), 9 (18%), 18 (37%), 21 (43%) and 1 (2%) had stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 CKD, respectively. Of those aged >24 years (n = 51), 8 (16%), 19 (37%), 21 (41%) and 3 (6%) had stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 CKD, respectively. None of the subjects had stage 5 CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the adult subjects with SCD had various degrees of CKD. Adequate follow-up and active intervention are advocated to delay the onset of end-stage nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Aneke
authors.forename: Adegbola O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Adegoke
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oyekunle
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Osho
authors.forename: Abubakra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sanusi
authors.forename: Emmanuel C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Okocha
authors.forename: Nancy C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ibeh
authors.forename: Norah O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Akinola
authors.forename: Muheez A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Durosinmi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
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