title: Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in humans living in high pig density areas of Germany.
abstract: An increase in acute autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections has been recorded in Germany. These are suspected to be zoonotically transmitted from wild boar, deer and domestic pig. The latter may represent a major reservoir for HEV. In this study, 537 sera from humans living in Westphalia and Lower Saxony, representing areas of high pig density in Germany, were tested for the presence of HEV-specific antibodies. Among them were 302 individuals with occupational, direct contact to pigs and 235 individuals without direct contact to pigs. Two commercial tests and one in-house assay were applied for the detection of HEV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Sera were also tested in an assay that detects all classes of HEV-specific antibodies. Depending on the test used, the seroprevalence ranged from 4.1 to 27.9 %. Exposition to pigs was found to be associated with a significantly higher seroprevalence in subjects with contact to pigs (13.2-32.8 %) compared with that in non-exposed humans (7.7-21.7 %). In particular, individuals younger than 40 years with occupational exposure exhibited a markedly higher HEV seroprevalence compared with non-exposed individuals of that age group. In general, HEV seroprevalence increased with age resulting in a similar prevalence level in the age group of ≥ 50 years for exposed and non-exposed individuals. Analysis of all sera by a commercial anti-HEV IgM ELISA revealed 35 positive and 25 borderline samples. However, only one positive serum could be confirmed by an IgM line assay. Selected samples from IgM and/or IgG as well as total HEV antibody-positive individuals were also tested for the presence of HEV RNA. In one of the 78 samples, the only IgM ELISA positive and IgM line assay confirmed sample, RNA of HEV genotype 3 was detected. This sequence has high similarity to HEV sequences obtained from wild boars and domestic pigs from Germany and The Netherlands. This study demonstrates that in addition to the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, direct contact to pigs has to be considered as an additional risk factor for HEV infection.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany, krumbholz@infmed.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Andi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krumbholz
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joel
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dremsek
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neubert
authors.forename: Reimar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johne
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dürrwald
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kühnel
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wutzler
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sauerbrei
authors.forename: Rainer G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D016751:Hepatitis E / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D034421:Sus scrofa; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
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