title: Breast cancer: early prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using parametric response maps for MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively compare the performance of dynamic contrast material-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using parametric response map (PRM) analysis with that using pharmacokinetic parameters (transfer constant [K(trans)], rate constant [kep ], and relative extravascular extracellular space [ve]) in the early prediction of pathologic responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional review board approved this study; informed consent was obtained. Between August 2010 and December 2012, 48 women (mean age, 46.4 years; range, 29-65 years) with breast cancer were enrolled and treated with an anthracycline-taxane regimen. DCE MR imaging was performed before and after the first cycle of chemotherapy, and the pathologic response was assessed after surgery. Tumor size and volume, PRM characteristics, and pharmacokinetic parameters (K(trans), kep, and ve) on MR images were assessed and compared according to the pathologic responses by using the Fisher exact test or the independent-sample t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six of 48 (12%) patients showed pathologic complete response (CR) (pCR) and 42 (88%) showed nonpathologic CR (npCR). Thirty-eight (79%) patients showed a good response (Miller-Payne score of 3, 4, or 5), and 10 (21%) showed a minor response (Miller-Payne score of 1 or 2). The mean proportion of voxels with increased signal intensity (PRMSI+) in the pCR or good response group was significantly lower than that in the npCR or minor response group (14.0% ± 6.5 vs 40.7% ± 27.2, P < .001; 34.3% ± 26.4 vs 52.8% ± 24.9, P = .041). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PRMSI+ in the pCR group was 0.770 (95% confidence interval: 0.626, 0.879), and that for the good response group was 0.716 (95% confidence interval: 0.567, 0.837). No difference in tumor size, tumor volume, or pharmacokinetic parameters was found between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRM analysis of DCE MR images may enable the early identification of the pathologic response to NAC after the first cycle of chemotherapy, whereas pharmacokinetic parameters (K(trans), kep, and ve) do not.
authors.affiliation: Form the Departments of Radiology (N.C., M.L., W.K.M.), Internal Medicine (S.A.I., K.H.L.), Pathology (I.A.P.), and Surgery (W.H., D.Y.N.), Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nariya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Seock-Ah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: In-Ae
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyung-Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mulan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wonshik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dong-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Woo Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003287:Contrast Media; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D056910:Republic of Korea; D043823:Taxoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D043823:Taxoids; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000077143:Docetaxel; C090600:gadobutrol; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide