title: A rosemary extract rich in carnosic acid selectively modulates caecum microbiota and inhibits β-glucosidase activity, altering fiber and short chain fatty acids fecal excretion in lean and obese female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carnosic acid (CA) and rosemary extracts (RE) show body-weight, energy metabolism and inflammation regulatory properties in animal models but the mechanisms are not yet understood. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the host metabolism and inflammatory status and is modulated by the diet. The aim of this research was to investigate whether a RE enriched in CA affected caecum microbiota composition and activity in a rat model of genetic obesity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A RE (40% CA) was administered with the diet (0.5% w/w) to lean (fa/+) and obese (fa/fa) female Zucker rats for 64 days. Changes in the microbiota composition and β-glucosidase activity in the caecum and in the levels of macronutrients and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces were examined. The RE increased the Blautia coccoides and Bacteroides/Prevotella groups and reduced the Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc/Pediococccus group in both types of animals. Clostridium leptum was significantly decreased and Bifidobacterium increased only in the lean rats. β-Glucosidase activity was significantly reduced and fecal fiber excretion increased in the two genotypes. The RE also increased the main SCFA excreted in the feces of the obese rats but decreased them in the lean rats reflecting important differences in the uptake and metabolism of these molecules between the two genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the consumption of a RE enriched in CA modifies microbiota composition and decreases β-glucosidase activity in the caecum of female Zucker rats while it increases fiber fecal elimination. These results may contribute to explain the body weight gain reducing effects of the RE. The mutated leptin receptor of the obese animals significantly affects the microbiota composition, the SCFA fecal excretion and the host response to the RE intake.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romo-Vaquero
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Selma
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larrosa
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obiol
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Villalba
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-Barrio
authors.affiliation: Naturex SL, Quart de Poblet, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Issaly
authors.affiliation: Naturex SA, Site d'AgroParc, Avignon, France.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Naturex SA, Site d'AgroParc, Avignon, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roller
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Tomás-Barberán
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: García-Conesa
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002432:Cecum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D027542:Rosmarinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000516:alpha-Amylases; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; C018381:salvin
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