title: Increased oxidation-related glutathionylation and carbonic anhydrase activity in endometriosis.
abstract: This study examined the possible involvement of carbonic anhydrase activation in response to an endometriosis-related increase in oxidative stress. Peripheral blood samples obtained from 27 healthy controls and 30 endometriosis patients, classified as having endometriosis by histological examination of surgical specimens, were analysed by multiple immunoassay and carbonic anhydrase activity assay. Red blood cells (RBC) were analysed for glutathionylated protein (GSSP) content in the membrane, total glutathione (GSH) in the cytosol and carbonic anhydrase concentration and activity. In association with a membrane increase of GSSP and a cytosolic decrease of GSH content in endometriosis patients, carbonic anhydrase significantly increased (P < 0.0001) both monomerization and activity compared with controls. This oxidation-induced activation of carbonic anhydrase was positively and significantly correlated with the GSH content of RBC (r = 0.9735, P < 0.001) and with the amount of the 30-kDa monomer of carbonic anhydrase (r = 0.9750, P < 0.001). Because carbonic anhydrase activation is implied in many physiological and biochemical processes linked to pathologies such as glaucoma, hypertension, obesity and infections, carbonic anhydrase activity should be closely monitored in endometriosis. These data open promising working perspectives for diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis and hopefully of other oxidative stress-related diseases. Endometriosis is a chronic disease associated with infertility and local inflammatory response, which is thought to spread rapidly throughout the body as a systemic subclinical inflammation. One of the causes in the pathogenesis/evolution of endometriosis is oxidative stress, which occurs when reactive oxygen species are produced faster than the endogenous antioxidant defence systems can neutralize them. Once produced, reactive oxygen species can alter the morphological and functional properties of endothelial cells, including permeability and adhesion molecule expression, thus contributing to ongoing inflammation. Due to their main cellular functions--delivery of O2 from lung to tissue and removal of CO2 from tissue to lung--red blood cells (RBC) are exposed to oxidative stress. Carbon dioxide in tissue capillaries diffuses into red cells, where it is rapidly hydrated by the action of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase. Analysis of the oxidation status of endometriotic RBC membranes showed a high content of glutathionylated proteins, indicating pre-existing oxidation-related alterations. The increase in glutathionylated proteins was correlated to increased carbonic anhydrase activity in endometriotic RBC compared with healthy controls. Carbonic anhydrase is a family of metalloenzymes involved in many physiological processes such as acid-base homeostasis, respiration, carbon dioxide and ion transport, and bone resorption, and in the regulation of ureagenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and tumourigenesis. Due to the potential implication of carbonic anhydrase activation in many pathologies, such as glaucoma, hypertension, obesity and infections, carbonic anhydrase activity should be closely monitored in endometriosis to prevent possible complications and/or worsening of related conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrisani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine-Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donà
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine-Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brunati
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine-Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Decio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Armanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambrosini
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine-Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy. Electronic address: luciana.bordin@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bordin
mesh_terms: D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: carbonic anhydrase; endometriosis; glutathione (GSH); glutathionylation; oxidative stress; red blood cell