title: Trends in death attributed to myocardial infarction, heart failure and pulmonary embolism in Europe and Canada over the last decade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases and cancer account for ∼40% of deaths. Certain reports have shown a progressive decrease in mortality. Our main objective was to assess mortality trends related to myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  MI, HF and PE were studied as cause of death based on the analysis of death certificates in Canada (C), England and Wales (E), France (F) and Sweden (S). We also used a multiple cause approach. Age-standardized death rates (SDR) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SDR for MI, HF or PE as the underlying cause of death, all decreased during the last decade. The decrease in SDR secondary to MI exceeded that for HF or PE. Concerning multiple cause of death, a greater decrease was also found for MI, compared with HF or PE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We confirm the beneficial trends in SDR with MI, HF or PE both as underlying or multiple causes in the studied countries. For HF and PE, multiple cause approach seems more accurate to describe the burden of these two pathologies. Our study also suggests that more efforts should be dedicated to HF and PE in order to achieve similar trends than in MI.
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Laribois
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laribi
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aouba
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Resche-Rigon
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eb
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masip
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ezekowitz
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Laribois
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen-Solal
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jougla
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Laribois
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plaisance
authors.affiliation: From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France, GREAT network (http://www.greatnetwork.org), Center of Epidemiology for Medical Causes of Death (Inserm, CépiDc, Kremlin-Bicêtre), France, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France, Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, APHP, Saint-Louis University Hospital, INSERM U717, Paris, France, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, Intensive Care Department, Consorci Sanitari Integral, University of Barcelona, Spain, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France From the INSERM, UMRS 942, Biomarkers and cardiac diseases, 75010 Paris, France, Emergency Department, APHP, Hôpital Laribois
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mebazaa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000401:mortality*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult