title: (Trans)Gender Role Expectations and Child Care in Samoa.
abstract: Samoan transgendered males are known as fa'afafine. Although Samoan women are characterized as the primary child care providers, fa'afafine report elevated willingness to invest in nieces and nephews compared to men and women. We hypothesized that Samoans hold unique transgender role expectations such that fa'afafine are expected to invest more toward nieces and nephews compared to others. Participants (N = 214) included Samoan men (30.23 years ±8.19), women (30.00 years ±10.93), and fa'afafine (30.25 years ±7.45). For a variety of child care activities, participants nominated men, women, fa'afafine, or all three of these categories of individuals as responsible for investing toward nieces and nephews. Participants also reported how frequently their family members asked them to perform these activities for nieces and nephews. Responsibility for performing these activities was typically designated for women; men and women viewed fa'afafine as least responsible. Men's, but not fa'afafine's, family members asked them to allocate investment toward nieces and nephews more frequently. These findings are not consistent with the transgender role expectation hypothesis. Discussion details how the findings contribute to the literature on child care in Samoa. Alternate hypotheses for explaining why fa'afafine report elevated willingness to invest in nieces and nephews are considered.
authors.affiliation: a Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth, and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
authors.forename: Doug P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: VanderLaan
authors.forename: Lanna J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Petterson
authors.forename: Ryan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mallard
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Vasey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018947:Samoa / Q000208:ethnology; D063106:Transgender Persons; D055815:Young Adult