title: Effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on the reflex recruitment of the genioglossus during airway obstruction in the anesthetized rat.
abstract: We sought to test the hypothesis that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-a feature of sleep-disordered breathing in humans-impairs reflex recruitment of the genioglossus (GG, pharyngeal dilator) during obstructive airway events. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to 20 cycles of normoxia and hypoxia (5% O2 at nadir) per hour, 8h a day for 7 days (CIH, N=7). The sham group (N=7) were exposed to normoxia in parallel. Following gas treatments, rats were anesthetized with an i.p. injection of urethane (1.5g/kg; 20%, w/v). Fine concentric needle electrodes were inserted into the GG and the costal diaphragm. Discriminated GG motor unit potentials and whole electromyograph (EMG), together with arterial blood pressure and arterial O2 saturation, were recorded during quiet basal breathing and during nasal airway occlusion. Airway occlusion significantly increased GG EMG activity in all animals; but there was no difference in the reflex response to airway occlusion between sham and CIH-treated animals (+105±22% vs. +105±17%, mean±SEM for area under the curve of integrated GG EMG, % increase from baseline, p=0.99). Occluded breaths were characterized by a significant increase in the firing frequency of phasically active units and the recruitment of large motor units that were quiescent under basal conditions. Though there are reports of impaired control of the upper airway following CIH in the rat, we conclude that reflexly evoked motor discharge to the GG is not affected by 7 days of CIH, a paradigm that we have shown increases apnea index in sleeping rats.
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: dedge@ucc.ie.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Fiona B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: James F X
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Aidan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradford
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ken D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Halloran
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: chronic intermittent hypoxia; genioglossus; motor unit; obstructive sleep apnea; reflex recruitment; respiratory EMG; upper airway dysfunction