title: Complementary assessments of executive function in preterm and full-term preschoolers.
abstract: Executive functions (EFs) are interrelated cognitive processes that have been studied in relation to behavior, attention, academic achievement, and developmental disorders. Studies of EF skills assessed through parent report and performance-based measures show correlations between them ranging from none to modest. Few studies have examined the relationship between EF skills measured through parent report and performance-based measures in relation to adaptive function. The present study included preschool children born preterm as a population at high risk for EF impairments. Preschool children (N = 149) completed a battery of EF tasks that assess working memory, response inhibition, idea generation, and attention shifting or cognitive flexibility. Parents reported on children's EF and adaptive skills. Preterm children showed more parent-rated and performance-based EF impairments than did full-term children. The combined use of either parent report or performance-based measures resulted in the identification of a large number of children at risk for EF impairment, especially in the preterm group. Both parent report and performance-based EF measures were associated with children's adaptive function. EF skills are measurable in young child'ren, and we suggest that EF skills may serve as targets for intervention to improve functional outcomes. We recommend the use of both parent report and performance-based measures to characterize children's EF profiles and to customize treatment.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Irene M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Loe
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatav
authors.forename: Nidia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alduncin
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Adaptive function; Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; Executive function; Premature birth; Working memory
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2009 Jan;15(1):53-72
references.pmid: 18608232
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28(2):573-94
references.pmid: 16144428
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2007 Jul;21(4):569-86
references.pmid: 17613979
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2000 Sep;6(3):235-8
references.pmid: 11419452
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34(4):393-421
references.pmid: 20183707
references.citation: Cognition. 1994 Nov;53(2):129-53
references.pmid: 7805351
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2008 Sep;44(5):1335-53
references.pmid: 18793067
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(1):139-59
references.pmid: 23153181
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2011 Sep;14(5):1161-75
references.pmid: 21884331
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jan;8(1):110-24
references.pmid: 19081519
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006 Dec;27(6):459-69
references.pmid: 17164618
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010 Feb;38(2):163-71
references.pmid: 19763816
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(11):2149-57
references.pmid: 16303150
references.citation: Child Dev. 2012 Jul-Aug;83(4):1229-44
references.pmid: 22537276
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2011 Jan;14(1):83-91
references.pmid: 21159090
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(2):137-61
references.pmid: 21347918
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2014 Mar;20(2):145-61
references.pmid: 23360101
references.citation: Child Dev. 2000 Mar-Apr;71(2):358-75
references.pmid: 10834470
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2013 Mar;131(3):e747-54
references.pmid: 23400616
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2012;18(6):586-99
references.pmid: 22122351
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2011 May;14(3):591-601
references.pmid: 21477197
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33(2):160-78
references.pmid: 18443975
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Dec;8(4):249-57
references.pmid: 12759822
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2004;26(1):403-22
references.pmid: 15276902
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Jun 13;7:271
references.pmid: 23781192
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011 Nov;17(6):1067-79
references.pmid: 21923973
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28(2):595-616
references.pmid: 16144429
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2008 Summer;20(3):821-43
references.pmid: 18606033
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2014;20(1):1-13
references.pmid: 23030631
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2009 Jan;12(1):106-13
references.pmid: 19120418
references.citation: Clin Neuropsychol. 2010 Apr;24(3):454-67
references.pmid: 18821179
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2012 Feb;88(2):111-8
references.pmid: 21849240
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2001 Nov;50(5):553-62
references.pmid: 11641446
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 2000 Aug;41(1):49-100
references.pmid: 10945922
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Dec;8(4):241-8
references.pmid: 12759821
references.citation: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2008 Jan;14(1):90-101
references.pmid: 18078535
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):71-82
references.pmid: 12638061
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):50-7
references.pmid: 15231907
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2006 Jul;42(4):627-42
references.pmid: 16802896
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34(3):254-71
references.pmid: 19437202
references.citation: Appl Neuropsychol. 2002;9(3):187-91
references.pmid: 12584085
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):83-92
references.pmid: 12638062
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009 Oct;37(7):981-93
references.pmid: 19488851
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2010 Feb;72(1):101-13
references.pmid: 19765880
references.citation: Child Dev. 2001 Jul-Aug;72(4):1032-53
references.pmid: 11480933
references.citation: Science. 2007 Nov 30;318(5855):1387-8
references.pmid: 18048670
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55994
references.pmid: 23390558
references.citation: Appl Neuropsychol Child. 2013;2(2):125-32
references.pmid: 23442015
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;47(1):4-15
references.pmid: 16405635
references.citation: Brain. 2005 Nov;128(Pt 11):2578-87
references.pmid: 16150850
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(1):22-41
references.pmid: 21253989
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2008 Jan;134(1):31-60
references.pmid: 18193994
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010 May;25(3):157-73
references.pmid: 20197297
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2005 Dec;11(6):479-95
references.pmid: 16306023
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012 Apr;33(3):202-13
references.pmid: 22245934
references.citation: Child Dev. 2007 Mar-Apr;78(2):647-63
references.pmid: 17381795
references.citation: Child Dev. 1996 Apr;67(2):490-507
references.pmid: 8625724
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2011;17(3):255-80
references.pmid: 21246422
references.citation: Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010 Jul;95(4):F267-72
references.pmid: 20488865
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2011;17(4):313-29
references.pmid: 21347908
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2009 Aug;124(2):717-28
references.pmid: 19651588
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):297-301
references.pmid: 17406248
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;32(1):521-42
references.pmid: 17650992
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Sep;165(9):819-25
references.pmid: 21893648
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2014 Mar;20(2):129-44
references.pmid: 23458400
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005 Dec;26(6):427-40
references.pmid: 16344661
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2011 Apr;158(4):555-561.e4
references.pmid: 21130467
references.citation: Neuropsychology. 2011 Jul;25(4):466-76
references.pmid: 21463038
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;43(6):785-96
references.pmid: 12236613
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(1):5-21
references.pmid: 21253988
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):121-37
references.pmid: 12638065
references.citation: Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Dec;8(4):231-40
references.pmid: 12759820