title: Npro of classical swine fever virus contributes to pathogenicity in pigs by preventing type I interferon induction at local replication sites.
abstract: Classical swine fever (CSF) caused by CSF virus (CSFV) is a highly contagious disease of pigs. The viral protein Npro of CSFV interferes with alpha- and beta-interferon (IFN-α/β) induction by promoting the degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). During the establishment of the live attenuated CSF vaccine strain GPE-, Npro acquired a mutation that abolished its capacity to bind and degrade IRF3, rendering it unable to prevent IFN-α/β induction. In a previous study, we showed that the GPE- vaccine virus became pathogenic after forced serial passages in pigs, which was attributed to the amino acid substitutions T830A in the viral proteins E2 and V2475A and A2563V in NS4B. Interestingly, during the re-adaptation of the GPE- vaccine virus in pigs, the IRF3-degrading function of Npro was not recovered. Therefore, we examined whether restoring the ability of Npro to block IFN-α/β induction of both the avirulent and moderately virulent GPE--derived virus would enhance pathogenicity in pigs. Viruses carrying the N136D substitution in Npro regained the ability to degrade IRF3 and suppress IFN-α/β induction in vitro. In pigs, functional Npro significantly reduced the local IFN-α mRNA expression in lymphoid organs while it increased quantities of IFN-α/β in the circulation, and enhanced pathogenicity of the moderately virulent virus. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that functional Npro influences the innate immune response at local sites of virus replication in pigs and contributes to pathogenicity of CSFV in synergy with viral replication.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruggli
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Summerfield
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan. sakoda@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakoda
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D006692:Classical Swine Fever Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D013552:Swine; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D014764:Viral Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D010450:Endopeptidases; C505229:N(pro) protein, swine fever virus
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