title: Sex differences in response to reduced nicotine content cigarettes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When switching from usual brand cigarettes, very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes lead to a reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked, toxicant exposure, withdrawal symptoms and dependence. One area that has been relatively unexplored is what factors might moderate the effects of VLNC cigarettes. This exploratory analysis focuses on sex differences in responses to VLNC cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  An exploratory secondary analysis of a randomized trial of 235 participants (58% female, mean age 47 years) comparing a) 0.05-0.09 mg nicotine yield cigarettes; b) 21 mg nicotine patch and 3) 0.05-0.09 nicotine yield cigarettes with 21 mg nicotine patch was conducted. We focused on sex differences in product use, and impact of products on withdrawal response from usual brand cigarettes and abstinence by randomized group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of VLNC cigarettes and nicotine patch was more effective in reducing use of VLNC cigarettes and withdrawal symptoms among males than females, whereas females were equally responsive to VLNC cigarettes with and without the nicotine patch. Females were more likely to quit smoking than males when assigned to either of the conditions that incorporated the VLNC cigarettes; however, males were more likely to quit smoking in the nicotine patch alone condition than females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sex of the smoker may be an important determinant for effects of VLNC cigarettes and nicotine patch. Future large randomized trials to confirm these results are needed.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Rachel Isaksson
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hertsgaard
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dermody
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Xianghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Lor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moua
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN, United States; University of Minnesota, Family Medicine and Community Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Duluth, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States; University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN, United States; University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States. Electronic address: hatsu001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Dorothy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Cigarette consumption; Reduced nicotine cigarettes; Sex differences; Tobacco addiction
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