title: Cytokines as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: RA is a complex disease that develops as a series of events often referred to as disease continuum. RA would benefit from novel biomarker development for diagnosis where new biomarkers are still needed (even if progresses have been made with the inclusion of ACPA into the ACR/EULAR 2010 diagnostic criteria) and for prognostic notably in at risk of evolution patients with autoantibody-positive arthralgia. Risk biomarkers for rapid evolution or cardiovascular complications are also highly desirable. Monitoring biomarkers would be useful in predicting relapse. Finally, predictive biomarkers for therapy outcome would allow tailoring therapy to the individual. Increasing numbers of cytokines have been involved in RA pathology. Many have the potential as biomarkers in RA especially as their clinical utility is already established in other diseases and could be easily transferable to rheumatology. We will review the current knowledge's relation to cytokine used as biomarker in RA. However, given the complexity and heterogeneous nature of RA, it is unlikely that a single cytokine may provide sufficient discrimination; therefore multiple biomarker signatures may represent more realistic approach for the future of personalised medicine in RA.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burska
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology Research, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boissinot
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, The Leeds Trust Teaching Hospital, Leeds, UK ; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Translational Research in Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Group, Clinical Sciences Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
authors.forename: Frederique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ponchel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Jul;65(7):845-51
references.pmid: 16606649
references.citation: Cytokine. 1990 Sep;2(5):353-6
references.pmid: 2103333
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep;1110:649-60
references.pmid: 17911480
references.citation: Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;23(1):15-39
references.pmid: 12645876
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2001 Oct;22(10):564-71
references.pmid: 11574281
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2011 Jun 24;13(3):R102
references.pmid: 21702928
references.citation: Mol Med. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(9-10):553-60
references.pmid: 18548133
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1992 May;38(5):764-5
references.pmid: 1582032
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Jan;7(3):223-8
references.pmid: 18190882
references.citation: Toxicology. 2001 Feb 2;158(1-2):51-8
references.pmid: 11164992
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jun;72(6):1032-6
references.pmid: 23087178
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Oct 15;106(16):2067-72
references.pmid: 12379575
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2003 Oct;38(10):1119-27
references.pmid: 14580865
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2012 Jan;39(1):18-21
references.pmid: 22133625
references.citation: Am J Med. 2003 Sep;115(4):278-83
references.pmid: 12967692
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1982 Mar;28(3):427-31
references.pmid: 7067081
references.citation: Clin Biochem Rev. 2008 Aug;29 Suppl 1:S43-8
references.pmid: 18852856
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(8):1017-30
references.pmid: 15777251
references.citation: Cytokine. 1992 Mar;4(2):125-33
references.pmid: 1385986
references.citation: Biotherapy. 1998;10(4):321-31
references.pmid: 9592020
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1985 Jun 12;80(1):77-90
references.pmid: 3925019
references.citation: Blood Rev. 1992 Sep;6(3):133-48
references.pmid: 1422282
references.citation: Biol Res Nurs. 2011 Jan;13(1):15-24
references.pmid: 20798153
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(4):R784-95
references.pmid: 15987480
references.citation: Nutrition. 1998 Jul-Aug;14(7-8):634-40
references.pmid: 9684268
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2005 Dec;51(12):2365-8
references.pmid: 16306098
references.citation: Med Microbiol Immunol. 2006 Dec;195(4):173-83
references.pmid: 16741736
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1998 Sep 1;218(1-2):63-71
references.pmid: 9819123
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Oct;14(10):1747-54
references.pmid: 17062804
references.citation: Autoimmun Rev. 2005 Nov;4(8):497-502
references.pmid: 16214085
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1998 Oct 1;219(1-2):1-5
references.pmid: 9831384
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2002 Mar;29(3):522-6
references.pmid: 11908566
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1991 Aug 28;142(1):1-13
references.pmid: 1919014
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1987 Jun;33(6):840-4
references.pmid: 3496176
references.citation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Jun 1;23(6):1129-30; author reply 1130-1
references.pmid: 12807715
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Nov;62(11):3289-99
references.pmid: 20662068
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(1):R11
references.pmid: 20096109
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2004 May;39(5):687-99
references.pmid: 15130663
references.citation: Inflamm Res. 1997 Sep;46(9):342-7
references.pmid: 9339389
references.citation: Egypt J Immunol. 2007;14(2):1-10
references.pmid: 20306652
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Oct 18;108(42):17372-7
references.pmid: 21987802
references.citation: Bioanalysis. 2009 Nov;1(8):1461-74
references.pmid: 21083095
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Feb;56(2):399-408
references.pmid: 17265475
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Jan 17;14(1):R8
references.pmid: 22251373
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2005 May;300(1-2):124-35
references.pmid: 15896801
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Nov;73(11):2047-53
references.pmid: 23989988
references.citation: J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:365083
references.pmid: 20467470
references.citation: BMC Immunol. 2009 Sep 28;10:52
references.pmid: 19785746
references.citation: BMJ. 2001 Jul 21;323(7305):157-62
references.pmid: 11463691
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2002 Jan;46(1):31-41
references.pmid: 11822409
references.citation: Immun Ageing. 2005 May 18;2:8
references.pmid: 15904534
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 May;72(5):776-80
references.pmid: 23434571
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2003 Apr;124(4):487-93
references.pmid: 12714257
references.citation: FASEB J. 2002 Sep;16(11):1335-47
references.pmid: 12205025
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Mar;983:142-50
references.pmid: 12724219
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(6):R168
references.pmid: 17101049
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 1999 Feb 1;107(1):1-14
references.pmid: 10197784
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1996 Jul 17;194(1):13-25
references.pmid: 8690937
references.citation: Toxicology. 1998 Aug 7;129(1):55-61
references.pmid: 9769110
references.citation: Pharm Res. 2001 Sep;18(9):1373-83
references.pmid: 11683255
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1995 Feb 13;179(1):117-26
references.pmid: 7532671
references.citation: Front Biosci. 2007 May 01;12:4682-95
references.pmid: 17485405
references.citation: Cytokine. 2008 Nov;44(2):275-82
references.pmid: 18851919
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1980 Jun 1;151(6):1514-27
references.pmid: 6155424
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011 Sep 08;49(12):2001-6
references.pmid: 21899496
references.citation: Acta Biomed. 2008 Aug;79(2):140-3
references.pmid: 18788511
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(1):R80-92
references.pmid: 15642146
references.citation: Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2000 Apr;37(2):131-82
references.pmid: 10811142
references.citation: Cytokine. 2012 Nov;60(2):438-46
references.pmid: 22705152
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 1994 Aug;140:73-92
references.pmid: 7821929
references.citation: Nat Immun. 1998;16(1):1-5
references.pmid: 9789119
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Jul;32(7 Suppl):S396-405
references.pmid: 10910296
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(6):220
references.pmid: 21067530
references.citation: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Aug 1;42(4):511-2
references.pmid: 16810117
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2005 Oct 24;2005(5):273-9
references.pmid: 16258194
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Aug;53(8):521-4
references.pmid: 7944637
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2004 Nov;50(11):2215-6
references.pmid: 15502103
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Oct;107 Suppl 5:681-6
references.pmid: 10502531
references.citation: Expert Rev Proteomics. 2006 Aug;3(4):409-26
references.pmid: 16901200
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Nov;325(1-2):1-15
references.pmid: 12367762
references.citation: Transpl Int. 2005 Feb;18(2):177-85
references.pmid: 15691270
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Oct 22;4(10):e7556
references.pmid: 19847310
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45(10):1390-5
references.pmid: 17635068
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2011 Sep 30;372(1-2):71-7
references.pmid: 21781970
references.citation: Cytokine. 2002 Sep 7;19(5):228-35
references.pmid: 12393169
references.citation: Biomarkers. 2010 Mar;15(2):140-8
references.pmid: 19848603
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Mar;91(3):380-3
references.pmid: 22343813
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Mar;155(3):395-402
references.pmid: 19220830
references.citation: Cytokine. 1998 Apr;10(4):307-12
references.pmid: 9617577
references.citation: Int Immunol. 1995 Sep;7(9):1417-24
references.pmid: 7495749
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jul 8;108(1):24-31
references.pmid: 12821556
references.citation: Lymphokine Res. 1988 Winter;7(4):457-67
references.pmid: 3145372
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Jan;128(1):83-91
references.pmid: 17118425
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2001 Jan;28(1):12-21
references.pmid: 11196512
references.citation: Methods. 2006 Apr;38(4):237-52
references.pmid: 16481200
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(3):R50
references.pmid: 18454843
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Sep;15(9):1578-81
references.pmid: 16985015
references.citation: Dis Markers. 2008;24(1):1-10
references.pmid: 18057530
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1995 Feb 27;179(2):141-51
references.pmid: 7533192
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2011 Jan 14;412(1-2):7-16
references.pmid: 20850425
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(4):R105
references.pmid: 16817978
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(6):R179
references.pmid: 17134501
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 1;14(19):5967-76
references.pmid: 18829475
references.citation: Cytokine. 2007 Aug;39(2):123-9
references.pmid: 17689975
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2012 Apr 30;378(1-2):72-80
references.pmid: 22366959
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998 Nov;5(6):755-61
references.pmid: 9801330
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 May;71(5):638-41
references.pmid: 22387728
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1997 Oct;43(10):1965-74
references.pmid: 9342020
references.citation: Transplantation. 2001 Aug 27;72(4):660-5
references.pmid: 11544427
references.citation: J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Apr 11;41(1):189-95
references.pmid: 16321496
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 1997 Mar;18 Suppl 1:S28-45
references.pmid: 9129261
references.citation: Blood. 2002 Dec 15;100(13):4550-6
references.pmid: 12393721
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Jan;35(1):67-72
references.pmid: 1731816
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1992 Aug 30;153(1-2):115-24
references.pmid: 1381403
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Jun;66(6):712-9
references.pmid: 16901957
references.citation: Hum Immunol. 2010 Apr;71(4):334-41
references.pmid: 20079789
references.citation: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2013 Aug;73(5):452-5
references.pmid: 23772882
references.citation: Mediators Inflamm. 2003 Oct;12(5):309-13
references.pmid: 14760939
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1999 Jan;179(1):74-82
references.pmid: 9841825
references.citation: J Trauma. 2001 May;50(5):821-5
references.pmid: 11371836
references.citation: Clin Sci (Lond). 2006 Nov;111(5):341-7
references.pmid: 16856875
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 May;73(5):909-12
references.pmid: 24385201
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Jul;42(7):1508-16
references.pmid: 10403280
references.citation: AAPS J. 2010 Sep;12(3):243-53
references.pmid: 20232184
references.citation: Lancet. 1990 Nov 10;336(8724):1197
references.pmid: 1978060
references.citation: Cytokine. 2000 Nov;12(11):1712-6
references.pmid: 11052823
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Sep;13(5):541-7
references.pmid: 20657280
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 May;89(5):2119-26
references.pmid: 15126529
references.citation: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Dec;42(3):281-96
references.pmid: 22542279
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Aug;67(8):1139-44
references.pmid: 18055470
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1997 Jan 15;200(1-2):1-16
references.pmid: 9005939
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Feb;36(2):170-3
references.pmid: 9133923
references.citation: J Immunol. 1998 Jul 1;161(1):409-14
references.pmid: 9647250
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2000 Mar-Jun;11(1-2):133-45
references.pmid: 10708961
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Apr;67(4):563-6
references.pmid: 18042642
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3450-6
references.pmid: 19064561
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb;100(2):414-23
references.pmid: 15667502
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2000 Apr;38(4):267-85
references.pmid: 10928646
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2000 Dec 20;121(1-3):37-46
references.pmid: 11164458
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jun;67(6):860-6
references.pmid: 17644543
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 19;4(8):e6690
references.pmid: 19690616
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2005 Jan;51(1):208-10
references.pmid: 15613712
references.citation: Pharm Res. 2005 Sep;22(9):1425-31
references.pmid: 16132353
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1990 Jun;36(6):829
references.pmid: 2357816
references.citation: Metabolism. 2009 Nov;58(11):1593-601
references.pmid: 19604525
references.citation: Cytokine. 1996 Feb;8(2):152-60
references.pmid: 8777274
references.citation: Cytokine. 2007 Feb;37(2):176-9
references.pmid: 17449271
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1988 Nov;34(11):2373-4
references.pmid: 3180440
references.citation: Proc Nutr Soc. 2004 May;63(2):263-7
references.pmid: 15294041
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Apr;82(4):1279-83
references.pmid: 9100607
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 May 1;508 ( Pt 3):949-53
references.pmid: 9518745
references.citation: Proteomics. 2005 Aug;5(13):3278-91
references.pmid: 16038022
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011 Feb;18(2):318-26
references.pmid: 21159926
references.citation: J Comp Pathol. 2010 Jan;142 Suppl 1:S39-44
references.pmid: 19897208
references.citation: Rev Rhum Ed Fr. 1993 Feb;60(2):119-24
references.pmid: 8136803
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct;33(10):927-31
references.pmid: 7921752
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 1992 Jun;11(2):202-5
references.pmid: 1617893
references.citation: Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Jan;15(1):42-8
references.pmid: 18003817
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2002 Apr;30(2):82-7
references.pmid: 12023830
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1993 Apr 2;160(2):147-53
references.pmid: 8459102
references.citation: Expert Rev Proteomics. 2007 Jun;4(3):363-70
references.pmid: 17552920
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1999 Apr;179(4):843-8
references.pmid: 10068579
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Feb;19(2):E30-1
references.pmid: 22314878
references.citation: Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6-63
references.pmid: 21446352
references.citation: J Interferon Res. 1994 Aug;14(4):157-8
references.pmid: 7822860
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jan 1;126(1):91-4
references.pmid: 8992938
references.citation: Acta Med Okayama. 1993 Dec;47(6):391-7
references.pmid: 8128913
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Mar;51(3):451-9
references.pmid: 22179732
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Apr;63(4):894-903
references.pmid: 21305505
references.citation: Eur Cytokine Netw. 2012 Mar 1;23(1):1-6
references.pmid: 22456089
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Oct;75(4):1691-5
references.pmid: 8282621
references.citation: Joint Bone Spine. 2009 Jul;76(4):343-9
references.pmid: 19524474
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2005 Jun;51(6):1054-7
references.pmid: 15914794
references.citation: Br J Rheumatol. 1997 Jan;36(1):38-42
references.pmid: 9117172
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009 May-Jun;27(3 Suppl 54):68-9
references.pmid: 19796566
references.citation: Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Dec;88(6):862-6
references.pmid: 20981006
references.citation: Transfusion. 2000 Sep;40(9):1118-26
references.pmid: 10988316
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Jan;69 Suppl 1:i37-42
references.pmid: 19995742
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Feb;62(2):383-91
references.pmid: 20112361
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2011 Nov;15(11):2335-42
references.pmid: 21129157
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Feb;48(2):339-47
references.pmid: 12571842
references.citation: Sports Med. 1999 Feb;27(2):73-80
references.pmid: 10091272
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1995 Jan;1(1):129-36
references.pmid: 9815895
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999 Jan;6(1):89-95
references.pmid: 9874670
references.citation: Rheumatol Int. 2000;19(3):101-5
references.pmid: 10776688
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jan;72(1):148-50
references.pmid: 22843489
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1994 Sep 1;180(3):1159-64
references.pmid: 8064232
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1992 Aug 30;153(1-2):125-31
references.pmid: 1517582
references.citation: Dev Biol Stand. 1999;97:171-6
references.pmid: 10463542
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994 May;1(3):257-60
references.pmid: 7496959
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2009 Apr;9(3):242-54
references.pmid: 19355907
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Jul;62(7):593-6
references.pmid: 12810417
references.citation: FASEB J. 2003 Nov;17(14):2166-8
references.pmid: 12958150
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2005 Feb;51(2):424-33
references.pmid: 15576427
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jun;67(6):750-7
references.pmid: 17644540
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Sep;69(9):1636-42
references.pmid: 20421345
references.citation: Methods. 2006 Apr;38(4):294-303
references.pmid: 16481197
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1995 Oct 26;186(2):157-60
references.pmid: 7594615
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Jul-Aug;30(4):534-42
references.pmid: 22704737
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(1):R149-55
references.pmid: 15642135
references.citation: Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Feb;26(2):211-5
references.pmid: 16583185
references.citation: Eur J Clin Invest. 1994 Mar;24(3):212-8
references.pmid: 8033957
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3135-43
references.pmid: 17009234
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Sep;62(9):2569-81
references.pmid: 20872595
references.citation: J Rheumatol. 2002 Oct;29(10):2074-6
references.pmid: 12375314
references.citation: Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;283(6):E1272-8
references.pmid: 12388119
references.citation: Cytokine. 1992 May;4(3):239-48
references.pmid: 1498259
references.citation: Lancet. 1980 Nov 22;2(8204):1136
references.pmid: 6107746
references.citation: Biomarkers. 2008 Feb;13(1):59-78
references.pmid: 17852075
references.citation: Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(4):197-203
references.pmid: 7481581
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 1995 Oct 26;186(2):171-9
references.pmid: 7594617
references.citation: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992 Sep-Oct;10(5):515-20
references.pmid: 1333926
references.citation: Lancet. 1973 Jun 16;1(7816):1346-50
references.pmid: 4122741
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2009 Nov 15;286(1-2):40-2
references.pmid: 19656528
references.citation: Curr Opin Hematol. 2001 May;8(3):131-6
references.pmid: 11303144
references.citation: Cytokine. 1997 Sep;9(9):696-701
references.pmid: 9325019
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1988 Jan;34(1):27-33
references.pmid: 3338181
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 Jun;127(6):526-37
references.pmid: 16530252
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1992 Sep;38(9):1737-42
references.pmid: 1526006
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Dec;62(12):3607-14
references.pmid: 20722020
references.citation: Lancet. 1991 Aug 24;338(8765):515-6
references.pmid: 1678476
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2008 Apr;37 Suppl 1:i2-6
references.pmid: 18381389
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 1997 Jul-Aug;17(4B):2883-6
references.pmid: 9329554
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1997 May 5;185(9):1573-84
references.pmid: 9151895
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2004 Mar;110(3):252-66
references.pmid: 15047203
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2008 Jul 20;336(1):78-84
references.pmid: 18495149
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun;52(6):1700-10
references.pmid: 15934068
references.citation: Blood. 1994 Oct 1;84(7):2136-43
references.pmid: 7919327
references.citation: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002 Jan;9(1):41-5
references.pmid: 11777827
references.citation: J Immunol. 1997 Feb 1;158(3):1458-65
references.pmid: 9013992
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2907-10
references.pmid: 9709967
references.citation: Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008 Jun;47(6):753-9
references.pmid: 18356170
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jun;70(6):1153-9
references.pmid: 21444302
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66(4):559-63
references.pmid: 15272103
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1998 Sep;44(9):1980-5
references.pmid: 9732987
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Jul 15;173(2):920-31
references.pmid: 15240679