title: The C in TORCH: a cost-effective alternative to screening small-for-gestational-age infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infants born with birth weights under the 10th percentile for their gestational age are classified as small for gestational age (SGA). TORCH infections are reported to be associated with SGA infants. With the low incidence of infections, screening is likely to be expensive and of low utility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the utility and cost-effectiveness of screening SGA infants with TORCH serology titers, urine cytomegalovirus (CMV) cultures and cranial ultrasounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted on all infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Los Angeles County and University of Southern California (LAC+USC) Medical Center from January 2003 to December 2011 with a diagnosis of SGA or intrauterine growth restriction. Birth characteristics such as birth weight, length, head circumference and gestational age were recorded. TORCH titer results, urine CMV results and cranial ultrasound findings were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2003 and 2011, 232 SGA infants were admitted to the NICU at LAC+USC Medical Center. Of these, 117 infants (50%) had TORCH titer testing performed; there was only 1 positive CMV IgM and 1 positive HSV IgM result. Repeat urine CMV testing was performed on 109 infants (47%), with a total of 296 urine CMV samples collected from these infants; 6 infants had positive results, of whom 3 had repeat positive urine CMV samples. Overall, 149 of the infants had a cranial ultrasound done, none of which were positive for calcifications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TORCH titer testing, urine CMV screening and cranial ultrasound screening are of low yield in screening clinically asymptomatic SGA infants for TORCH infections. Given the low number of positive results, a cost-effective alternative of selective TORCH testing may be limited to infants with additional clinical findings. This study serves as a reminder to periodically examine testing practices and patient population to maximize cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Smeeta R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sardesai
authors.forename: Lorayne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barton
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography