title: Inhibition of host immune response in colorectal cancer: human leukocyte antigen-G and beyond.
abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diffuse cancers worldwide and is still a clinical burden. Increasing evidences associate CRC clinical outcome to immune contexture represented by adaptive immune cells. Their type, density and location are summarized in the Immune Score that has been shown to improve prognostic prediction of CRC patients. The non-classical MHC class I human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), is a crucial tumor-driven immune escape molecule involved in immune tolerance. HLA-G and soluble counterparts are able to exert inhibitory functions by direct interactions with inhibitory receptors present on both innate cells such as natural killer cells, and adaptive immune cells as cytotoxic T and B lymphocytes. HLA-G may play a prominent role in CRC strategies to avoid host immunosurveillance. This review highlights the current knowledge on HLA-G contribution in CRC, in related inflammatory diseases and in other type of cancers and disorders. HLA-G genetic setting (specific haplotypes, genotypes and alleles frequencies) and association with circulating/soluble profiles was highlighted. HLA G prognostic and predictive value in CRC was investigated in order to define a novel prognostic immune biomarker in CRC.
authors.affiliation: Marica Garziera, Giuseppe Toffoli, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garziera
authors.affiliation: Marica Garziera, Giuseppe Toffoli, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Toffoli
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000483:Alleles; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D059951:HLA-G Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D059951:HLA-G Antigens
keywords: Colorectal cancer; Human leukocyte antigen-G; Immune score; T lymphocytes; Untranslated regions
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