title: Systematic review: The safety and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) provides 100% oxygen under pressure, which increases tissue oxygen levels, relieves hypoxia and alters inflammatory pathways. Although there is experience using HBOT in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the safety and overall efficacy of HBOT in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the safety and efficacy of HBOT for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The rate of adverse events with HBOT for IBD was compared to the expected rate of adverse events with HBOT.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Collaboration and Web of Knowledge were systematically searched using the PRISMA standards for systematic reviews. Seventeen studies involving 613 patients (286 CD, 327 UC) were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall response rate was 86% (85% CD, 88% UC). The overall response rate for perineal CD was 88% (18/40 complete healing, 17/40 partial healing). Of the 40 UC patients with endoscopic follow-up reported, the overall response rate to HBOT was 100%. During the 8924 treatments, there were a total of nine adverse events, six of which were serious. The rate of adverse events with HBOT in IBD is lower than that seen when utilising HBOT for other indications (P < 0.01). The risk of bias across studies was high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a relatively safe and potentially efficacious treatment option for IBD patients. To understand the true benefit of HBOT in IBD, well-controlled, blinded, randomised trials are needed for both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA; Center for Hyperbaric Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Dulai
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gleeson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holubar
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Buckey
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Siegel
mesh_terms: D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000628:therapy*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome