title: Diagnosis and treatment of snoring in adults-S2k Guideline of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This guideline aims to promote high-quality care by medical specialists for subjects who snore and is designed for everyone involved in the diagnosis and treatment of snoring in an in- or outpatient setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, a satisfactory definition of snoring is lacking. Snoring is caused by a vibration of soft tissue in the upper airway induced by respiration during sleep. It is triggered by relaxation of the upper airway dilator muscles that occurs during sleep. Multiple risk factors for snoring have been described and snoring is of multifactorial origin. The true incidence of snoring is not clear to date, as the incidence differs throughout literature. Snoring is more likely to appear in middle age, predominantly in males. Diagnostic measures should include a sleep medical history, preferably involving an interview with the bed partner, and may be completed with questionnaires. Clinical examination should include examination of the nose to evaluate the relevant structures for nasal breathing and may be completed with nasal endoscopy. Evaluation of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx should also be performed. Clinical assessment of the oral cavity should include the size of the tongue, the mucosa of the oral cavity, and the dental status. Furthermore, facial skeletal morphology should be evaluated. In select cases, technical diagnostic measures may be added. Further objective measures should be performed if the medical history and/or clinical examination suggest sleep-disordered breathing, if relevant comorbidities are present, and if the subject requests treatment for snoring. According to current knowledge, snoring is not associated with medical hazard, and generally, there is no medical indication for treatment. Weight reduction should be achieved in every overweight subject who snores. In snorers who snore only in the supine position, positional treatment can be considered. In suitable cases, snoring can be treated successfully with intraoral devices. Minimally invasive surgery of the soft palate can be considered as long as the individual anatomy appears suitable. Treatment selection should be based on individual anatomic findings. After a therapeutic intervention, follow-up visits should take place after an appropriate time frame to assess treatment success and to potentially indicate further intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany, boris.stuck@umm.de.
authors.forename: Boris A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stuck
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühnel
authors.forename: Joachim T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pistner
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sitter
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Verse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000465:Algorithms; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004724:Endoscopy; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000295:instrumentation; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D009666:Nose / Q000503:physiopathology; D017090:Occlusal Splints; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; D017286:Polysomnography; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
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