title: Rumination time around calving: an early signal to detect cows at greater risk of disease.
abstract: The main objective of this experiment was to evaluate the use of rumination time (RT) during the peripartum period as a tool for early disease detection. The study was carried out in an experimental freestall barn and involved 23 Italian Friesian cows (9 primiparous and 14 multiparous). The RT was continuously recorded by using an automatic system (Hr-Tag, SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel), and data were summarized in 2-h intervals. Blood samples were collected from 30 d before calving to 42 d in milk (DIM) to assess biochemical indicators related to energy, protein, and mineral metabolism, as well as markers of inflammation and some enzyme activities. The liver functionality index, which includes some negative acute-phase proteins and related parameters (albumin, cholesterol, and bilirubin), was used to evaluate the severity of inflammatory conditions occurring around calving. The cows were retrospectively categorized according to RT observed between 3 and 6 DIM into those with the lowest (L) and highest (H) RT. The average RT before calving (-20 to -2d) was 479 min/d (range 264 to 599), reached a minimum value at calving (30% of RT before calving), and was nearly stable after 15 DIM (on average 452 min/d). Milk yield in early lactation (on average 26.8 kg/d) was positively correlated with RT (r = 0.33). After calving, compared with H cows, the L cows had higher values of haptoglobin (0.61 and 0.34 g/L at 10 DIM in L and H, respectively) for a longer time, had a greater increase in total bilirubin (9.5 and 5.7 μmol/L at 5 DIM in L and H), had greater reductions of albumin (31.2 and 33.5 g/L at 10 DIM in L and H) and paraoxonase (54 and 76 U/ml at 10 DIM in L and H), and had a slower increase of total cholesterol (2.7 and 3.2 mmol/L at 20 DIM in L and H). Furthermore, a lower average value of liver functionality index was observed in L (-6.97) compared with H (-1.91) cows. These results suggest that severe inflammation around parturition is associated with a slower increase of RT after calving. Furthermore, more than 90% of the cows in the L group had clinical diseases in early lactation compared with 42% of the H cows. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of monitoring RT around calving, and in particular during the first week of lactation, as a way to identify in a timely fashion those cows at a greater risk of developing a disease in early lactation.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy. Electronic address: luigi.calamari@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calamari
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soriani
authors.affiliation: Azienda Sperimentale "Vittorio Tadini," 29027 Gariga di Podenzano, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Panella
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura (Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero-Casearie), sede di Cremona, via Porcellasco 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petrera
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minuti
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trevisi
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000662:veterinary; D007557:Israel; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006242:Haptoglobins
keywords: dairy cow; metabolic disease; rumination time; transition period