title: Derivation and validation of a quality indicator for 30-day unplanned hospital readmission to evaluate trauma care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unplanned readmissions represent 20% of all admissions and cost $12 billion annually in the United States. Despite the burden of injuries for the health care system, no quality indicator (QI) based on readmissions is available to evaluate trauma care. The objective of this study was to derive and internally validate a QI for a 30-day unplanned hospital readmission to evaluate trauma care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study in a Canadian integrated provincial trauma system. We included adults admitted to any of the 57 provincial trauma centers between 2005 and 2010 (n = 57,524). Data were abstracted from the provincial trauma registry and linked to the hospital discharge database. The primary outcome was unplanned readmission to an acute care hospital within 30 days of discharge. Candidate risk factors were identified by expert consensus and selected for derivation of the risk adjustment model using bootstrap resampling. The validity of the QI was evaluated in terms of interhospital discrimination, construct validity, and forecasting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk adjustment model includes patient age, sex, the Injury Severity Score (ISS), region of the most severe injury, and 11 comorbid conditions. The QI discriminates well across trauma centers (coefficient of variation, 0.02) and is correlated with QIs that measure hospital performance in terms of clinical processes (r = -0.38), risk-adjusted mortality (r = 0.32), and complication rates (r = 0.38). In addition, performance in 2005 to 2007 was predictive of performance in 2008 to 2010 (r = 0.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have developed a QI based on risk-adjusted 30-day rates of unplanned readmission, which can be used to evaluate trauma care with routinely collected data. The QI is based on a comprehensive risk adjustment model with good internal and temporal validity and demonstrates good properties in terms of discrimination, construct validity, and forecasting. This research represents an essential step toward reducing unplanned readmission rates to improve resource use and patient outcomes following injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, level III.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Social and Preventative Medicine (L.M., A.F.T.), and Axe Santé des Populations-Pratiques Optimales en Santé (Population Health-Practice-changing Research Unit) (L.M., A.F.T., A.L.), Traumatologie, Urgence, Soins intensifs (Trauma, Emergency, Critical Care Medicine), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus), Université Laval, Quebec; and Institut national d'excellence en santé et en services sociaux (G.B., J.L.), Montréal, Québec; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Community Health Sciences (H.T.), Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; and Department of Surgery (A.B.N.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Henry Thomas
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Stelfox
authors.forename: Alexis F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.forename: Avery B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Nathens
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bourgeois
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapointe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D019985:Benchmarking; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011792:Quebec; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*