title: Rice consumption is not associated with risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity or mortality in Japanese men and women: a large population-based, prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rice consumption has been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes, but its relation with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association between rice consumption and risk of CVD incidence and mortality in a Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study in 91,223 Japanese men and women aged 40-69 y in whom rice consumption was determined and updated from 3 self-administered food-frequency questionnaires, each 5 y apart. Follow-up for incidence was from 1990 to 2009 in cohort I and 1993 to 2007 in cohort II and for mortality was from 1990 to 2009 in cohort I and 1993 to 2009 in cohort II. HRs and 95% CIs of CVD incidence and mortality were calculated according to quintiles of cumulative average rice consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 15-18 y of follow-up, we ascertained 4395 incident cases of stroke, 1088 incident cases of ischemic heart disease (IHD), and 2705 deaths from CVD. Rice consumption was not associated with risk of incident stroke or IHD; the multivariable HR (95% CI) in the highest compared with lowest rice consumption quintiles was 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) for total stroke and 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) for IHD. Similarly, there was no association between rice consumption and risk of mortality from CVD; the HR (95% CI) for mortality from total CVD was 0.97 (0.84, 1.13). There were no interactions with sex or effect modifications by body mass index for any endpoint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rice consumption is not associated with risk of CVD morbidity or mortality.
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Ehab S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Eshak
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatsuya
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Norie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: From the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (ESE and HI); the Faculty of Medicine, Menia University, Menia, Egypt (ESE); the Department of Public Health Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (KY); the Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan (YK); the Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan (IS); the Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan (HY); the Department of Health and Human Security, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (MI); and the Epidemiology and Prevention Division, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan (NS and ST).
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsugane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012275:Oryza / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires