title: Oxidative stress and the antipsychotic-induced vacuous chewing movement model of tardive dyskinesia: evidence for antioxidant-based prevention strategies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite decades of research, tardive dyskinesia (TD) remains a poorly understood iatrogenic movement disorder with few effective treatments and no known cure. Accordingly, the development of an innocuous strategy to prevent or mitigate antipsychotic (AP)-associated TD would represent an important clinical advance. Supporting evidence for antioxidant (AX)-based treatment regimens can be found in the preclinical literature, where AP-induced vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) in rats are attenuated by the concurrent administration of direct and indirect AXs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to review the preclinical literature examining the role of AX-promoting treatments in the prevention of AP-induced VCMs in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search using Google Scholar and PubMed was performed. Relevant results were qualitatively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies featuring a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic AX treatments were identified and included in the review. The majority of studies used haloperidol (HAL), a typical AP, to induce VCMs. Studies revealed reduced VCMs in co-treated rats, with favorable changes seen in markers of oxidative stress (OS) and AX status, but were limited by their short durations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some preclinical evidence suggests that the inclusion of a naturally occurring and benign AX compound as an adjunct to AP treatment may help guard patients against TD, but additional long-duration studies are needed. This AX-based strategy is further substantiated by accumulating evidence of preexisting OS abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada, joshua.lister@camh.ca.
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: José N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Nobrega
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remington
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008409:Mastication / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
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