title: Foliar uptake and metal(loid) bioaccessibility in vegetables exposed to particulate matter.
abstract: At the global scale, high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) enriched with metal(loid)s are currently observed in the atmosphere of urban areas. Foliar lead uptake was demonstrated for vegetables exposed to airborne PM. Our main objective here was to highlight the health risk associated with the consumption of vegetables exposed to foliar deposits of PM enriched with the various metal(loid)s frequently observed in the atmosphere of urban areas (Cd, Sb, Zn and Pb). Leaves of mature cabbage and spinach were exposed to manufactured mono-metallic oxide particles (CdO, Sb2O3 and ZnO) or to complex process PM mainly enriched with lead. Total and bioaccessible metal(loid) concentrations were then measured for polluted vegetables and the various PM used as sources. Finally, scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used to study PM-phyllosphere interactions. High quantities of Cd, Sb, Zn and Pb were taken up by the plant leaves. These levels depended on both the plant species and nature of the PM, highlighting the interest of acquiring data for different plants and sources of exposure in order to better identify and manage health risks. A maximum of 2% of the leaf surfaces were covered with the PM. However, particles appeared to be enriched in stomatal openings, with up to 12% of their area occupied. Metal(loid) bioaccessibility was significantly higher for vegetables compared to PM sources, certainly due to chemical speciation changes. Taken together, these results confirm the importance of taking atmospheric PM into account when assessing the health risks associated with ingestion of vegetables grown in urban vegetable crops or kitchen gardens.
authors.affiliation: INP-ENSAT, UPS; EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Tian-Tian
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leveque
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Austruy
authors.forename: Sylvaine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goix
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schreck
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dappe
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobanska
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Foucault
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumat
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001937:Brassica / Q000378:metabolism*; D002947:Cities; D058955:Metalloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000378:metabolism; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000378:metabolism*; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D058955:Metalloids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter
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