title: Difficult prenatal diagnosis: fetal coarctation.
abstract: The prenatal diagnosis of fetal coarctation is still challenging. It is mainly suspected by ventricular disproportion (smaller left ventricle than right ventricle). The sensitivity of ventricular discrepancy is however moderate for the diagnosis of coarctation and there is a high false positive rate. Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation is important because the delivery can be arranged in a centre with a pediatric cardiac intensive careand this reduces postnatal complications and longterm morbidity. For many years the prenatal diagnosis of coarctation has been investigated to improve specificity and sensitivity by several of measurements. This article reviews all relevant articles from 2000 until 2011 searching pubmed and the reference list of interesting articles. An overview of specific measurements and techniques that can improve the diagnosis of coarctation has been made, such as the isthmus diameter, ductal diameter, isthmus/ductal ratio, z-scores derived from measurements of the distal aortic isthmus and arterial duct, the presence of a shelf andisthmal flow disturbance. Also 3-dimensional (3D) and 4-dimensional (4D) imaging with or without STIC has been -suggested to be used as newer techniques to improve diagnosis of coarctation in fetal life. Although more methods regarding prenatal diagnosis of coarctationare being investigated, the ultrasound specialist remains challenged to correctly diagnose this cardiac anomaly in prenatal life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ZOL Hospitals Campus St Jan, Genk, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buyens
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ZOL Hospitals Campus St Jan, Genk, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gyselaers
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coumans
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Nasiry
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willekes
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology St-Jans Hospital Genk, Belgium.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boshoff
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Frijns
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ZOL Hospitals Campus St Jan, Genk, Belgium ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands ; Department of Cardiology St-Jans Hospital Genk, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Witters
keywords: Doppler; Prenatal diagnosis; coarctation; discrepancy great vessels; flow disturbance; isthmal z-scores; isthmus/ductal ratio; shelf; ventricular disproportion
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