title: Adjunctive application of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding on durability of bonds to sound and caries-affected dentine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of adjunctive application of chlorhexidine (CHX) and ethanol-wet bonding (EWB) on bond durability and nanoleakage of hydrophobic adhesive to sound (SD) and caries-affected dentine (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dentine surfaces of molars were etched after caries removal and randomly allocated to four groups (n=12). In Groups 1 and 2, dentine surfaces were saturated with either 2 ml of 100% ethanol or 2 ml of ethanol with 2% CHX for 60s. In Groups 3 and 4, dentine surfaces were saturated with either 15 μL of distilled water or 15 μL of distilled water with 2% CHX for 60s. Two coats of primer, followed by neat resin were applied and light-cured for 40s. Resin composite build-ups were placed and bonded specimens were sectioned for bond strength testing after 24 h and 12 months' storage in artificial saliva. Bond strength data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and SNK tests. Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24 h and 12 months using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed for the three factors: "substrate" (p<0.001), "rewetting agents" (p<0.001) and "time" (p<0.001) on bond strength. Incorporation of 2% CHX to EWB preserved bond strength to SD and CAD and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months. Incorporation of 2% CHX to WWB also preserved bond strength to SD after ageing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding has an interaction effect on preservation of bond durability to sound and caries-affected dentine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding with hydrophobic adhesive enhances the success rate of aesthetic bonded restorations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Manikandan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekambaram
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Electronic address: ckyyiu@hkucc.hku.hk.
authors.forename: Cynthia Kar Yung
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yiu
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jukka Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Matinlinna
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Nigel Martyn
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Franklin Russell
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000473:pathology*; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives / Q000379:methods; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D000431:Ethanol; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Acid etching; Caries-affected dentine; Chlorhexidine; Dentine bonding; Ethanol-wet bonding; Hydrophobic adhesives