title: Inhibitory effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on UVB-induced skin inflammatory responses and carcinogenesis.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species produced in response to UVR are important in skin tumor development. We have previously reported that deficiency of the Ogg1 gene, encoding the repair enzyme for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), increases skin tumor incidence in mice upon repetitive UVB exposure and modulation of UVB-induced inflammatory response. Spirulina platensis is used as a human food supplement because it contains abundant nutritional and antioxidant components. Therefore, we investigated the inhibitory effects of S. platensis on UVB-induced skin tumor development in Ogg1 knockout-(KO) mice and the wild-type (WT) counterpart. Dietary S. platensis suppressed tumor induction and development in both genotypes compared with our previous data without S. platensis. Induction of erythema and ear swelling, one of the hallmarks of UVB-induced inflammatory responses, was suppressed in the skin of Ogg1-KO mice and albino hairless mice fed with dietary S. platensis. Compared with untreated mice, S. platensis-administered mice showed significantly reduced 8-oxoG formation in the skin after UVB exposure. Moreover, we found that S. platensis effectively downregulated the signal proteins p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase after UVB exposure especially in Ogg1-KO mice. Our results suggest that S. platensis exerts antitumor effects against UVB irradiation in the skin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Flandiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yogianti
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunisada
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakumi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Sugako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusaku
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakabeppu
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan. Electronic address: chikako@med.kobe-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nishigori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053545:Spirulina; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C485990:Ogg1 protein, mouse
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