title: A general approach for haplotype phasing across the full spectrum of relatedness.
abstract: Many existing cohorts contain a range of relatedness between genotyped individuals, either by design or by chance. Haplotype estimation in such cohorts is a central step in many downstream analyses. Using genotypes from six cohorts from isolated populations and two cohorts from non-isolated populations, we have investigated the performance of different phasing methods designed for nominally 'unrelated' individuals. We find that SHAPEIT2 produces much lower switch error rates in all cohorts compared to other methods, including those designed specifically for isolated populations. In particular, when large amounts of IBD sharing is present, SHAPEIT2 infers close to perfect haplotypes. Based on these results we have developed a general strategy for phasing cohorts with any level of implicit or explicit relatedness between individuals. First SHAPEIT2 is run ignoring all explicit family information. We then apply a novel HMM method (duoHMM) to combine the SHAPEIT2 haplotypes with any family information to infer the inheritance pattern of each meiosis at all sites across each chromosome. This allows the correction of switch errors, detection of recombination events and genotyping errors. We show that the method detects numbers of recombination events that align very well with expectations based on genetic maps, and that it infers far fewer spurious recombination events than Merlin. The method can also detect genotyping errors and infer recombination events in otherwise uninformative families, such as trios and duos. The detected recombination events can be used in association scans for recombination phenotypes. The method provides a simple and unified approach to haplotype estimation, that will be of interest to researchers in the fields of human, animal and plant genetics.
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gurdasani
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Delaneau
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pirastu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulivi
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cocca
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traglia
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McQuillan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ozren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polasek
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI), Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
authors.forename: Gershim
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asiki
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekoru
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitart
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zagury
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toniolo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soranzo
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Manjinder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marchini
mesh_terms: D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods; D015988:Cohort Effect; D005190:Family; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
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