title: Neuroprotective effect of Tinospora cordifolia ethanol extract on 6-hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinsonism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the neuroprotective activity of ethanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia aerial parts against 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  T. cordifolia ethanol extract (TCEE) was standardized with high performance thin layer chromatography using berberine. Experimental PD was induced by intracerebral injection of 6-OHDA (8 μg). Animals were divided into five groups: sham operated, negative control, positive control (levodopa 6 mg/kg) and two experimental groups (n = 6/group). Experimental groups received 200 and 400 mg/kg of TCEE once daily for 30 days by oral gavage. Biochemical parameters including dopamine level, oxidative stress, complex I activity and brain iron asymmetry ratio and locomotor activity including skeletal muscle co-ordination and degree of catatonia were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCEE exhibited significant neuroprotection by increasing the dopamine levels (1.96 ± 0.20 and 2.45 ± 0.40 ng/mg of protein) and complex I activity (77.14 ± 0.89 and 78.50 ± 0.96 nmol/min/mg of protein) at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively when compared with negative control group. Iron asymmetry ratio was also significantly attenuated by TCEE at 200 (1.57 ± 0.18) and 400 mg/kg (1.11 ± 0.15) when compared with negative control group. Neuroprotection by TCEE was further supported by reduced oxidative stress and restored locomotor activity in treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show that TCEE possess significant neuroprotection in 6-OHDA induced PD by protecting dopaminergic neurons and reducing the iron accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jayasankar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosaraju
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Santhivardhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Partha Deb
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Elango
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: A Shanish
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Antony
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamadalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M N Satish
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D031610:Tinospora / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D016627:Oxidopamine; D007501:Iron; D042967:Electron Transport Complex I; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Complex I activity; dopamine; iron asymmetry; levodopa; neurodegeneration
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