title: [Clinical analysis of 4 children with negative pressure pulmonary edema].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristics of negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective investigation of the clinical manifestation, imageology, clinical course and outcome of 4 children with NPPE seen between June 2012 and July 2013 in a children's hospital. The causation of the airway obstruction was also explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the 4 cases were boys, the range of age was 40 days to 9 years. They had no history of respiratory and circulatory system disease. In 3 cases the disease had a sudden onset after the obstruction of airway, and in one the onset occurred 1.5 hours after removing the airway foreign body. All these cases presented with tachypnea, dyspnea, and cyanosis, none had fever. Three cases had coarse rales. Chest radiography was performed in 3 cases and CT scan was performed in 1 case, in all of them both lungs displayed diffuse ground-glass-like change and patchy consolidative infiltrates. Three cases were admitted to the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation was less than 24 hours in 2 cases and 39 hours in one. Oxygen was given by mask to the remaining one in emergency department, whose symptoms were obviously improved in 10 hours. None was treated with diuretics, glucocorticoids or inotropic agents. Chest radiographs were taken within 24 hours of treatment in 2 cases and 24-48 hours in the other 2; almost all the pulmonary infiltrates were resolved. All the 4 cases were cured. The causes of airway obstruction were airway foreign bodies in two cases, laryngospasm in one and laryngomalacia in the other.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NPPE is a life-threatening emergency, which is manifested by rapid onset of respiratory distress rapidly (usually in several minutes, but might be hours later) after relief of the airway obstruction, with findings of pulmonary edema in chest radiograph. The symptoms resolve rapidly by oxygen therapy timely with or without mechanical ventilation. In children with airway obstruction, NPPE should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China.
authors.forename: Jiehua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Wenjian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Wenxian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jikui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yanxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Email:yuejiez@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yuejie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D007826:Laryngismus / Q000150:complications*; D007830:Larynx; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed