title: Expression of cancer stem cell markers in basal and penta-negative breast carcinomas--a study of a series of triple-negative tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Immunohistochemistry has given rise to triple-negative carcinoma (TNC). Concomitantly, biological origins of neoplasia and its heterogeneity has been strongly debated in cancer stem cells (CSC) theme. This study investigates the prevalence of basal (BCC) and penta-negative carcinomas (5NC) in TNC and establishes associations with CSC (CD44CD24).
  
  
  METHODS
  94 TNC were tested for CK5/6, HER1, CD44 and CD24, evaluated by a simple immunohistochemistry score and correlated with clinicopathological and survival data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCC had higher tumor grades than 5NC (p=0.004). CD44 negativity (p=0.007) and CD44(-)CD24(+) phenotype (p=0.013) were associated with less vascular invasion amongst TNC. CD44 expression was associated with BCC (p=0.007). CD44(-)CD24(-/low) phenotype was associated with 5NC. None of the variables were associated with clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCC and 5NC are closely related tumor subtypes. CD44(-)CD24(-/low) phenotype was associated with 5NC and CD44(-)CD24(+) phenotype was associated with vascular invasion. These results require histogenetic confirmation in larger studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: dmudmu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Diego de Mendonça
authors.initials: Dde M
authors.lastname: Uchôa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Silveira
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Graudenz
authors.affiliation: Statistics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidia Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Callegari-Jacques
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Rigatti
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Pellini
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitarelli-Kiehl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Edelweiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D051927:CD24 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D053555:Keratin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053553:Keratin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D018295:Neoplasms, Basal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D051927:CD24 Antigen; C497889:CD24 protein, human; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D053555:Keratin-5; D053553:Keratin-6; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors
keywords: Basal; Breast cancer; CD24; CD44; Triple-negative