title: Impact of MBR cleaning and breaching on passage of selected microorganisms and subsequent inactivation by free chlorine.
abstract: Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) produce better quality effluent compared to conventional treatment processes but they are still subjected to the same disinfection requirements as conventional processes by many regulatory agencies. A research study consisting of bench-, pilot- and full-scale studies was conducted to characterize effluents produced from an MBR system operating under routine and challenged conditions and to assess the disinfection requirements for these effluents. Membrane cleaning did not seem to pose a substantial risk with respect to passage of target microorganisms; however, the membrane under breached conditions (turbidity > 0.5 NTU) resulted in an increase in a total coliform bacterial concentration up to 8500 CFU/100 mL. Adenoviruses were always detected in MBR filtrate samples by PCR (method detection limit of 10(3) genome copies per 25 μL reaction) irrespective of the membrane cleaning or breaching status. Passage of MS-2 bacteriophage through a breached membrane was lower compared to total coliform bacteria potentially due to their lower densities in the mixed liquor. Despite an increase in microbial concentration, a free chlorine CT of 30 mg-min/L was sufficient to achieve greater than 5-log removal of seeded MS-2 bacteriophage and removal of total coliform bacteria at or below the method detection limit (2 CFU/100 mL) for samples with a filtrate turbidity of 1.0 NTU. If such lower CT were to be employed, a significant decrease in plant footprint and operational costs could be realized.
authors.affiliation: MWH, 618 Michillinda Avenue, Suite 200, Arcadia, CA 91007, USA. Electronic address: zakir.hirani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zakir M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hirani
authors.affiliation: American Water, 1025 Laurel Oak Road, P.O. Box 1770, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA.
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.affiliation: MWH, 618 Michillinda Avenue, Suite 200, Arcadia, CA 91007, USA.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.affiliation: American Water, 1025 Laurel Oak Road, P.O. Box 1770, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jjemba
authors.affiliation: American Water, 1025 Laurel Oak Road, P.O. Box 1770, Voorhees, NJ 08043, USA.
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: LeChevallier
authors.affiliation: MWH, 618 Michillinda Avenue, Suite 200, Arcadia, CA 91007, USA; The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Jacangelo
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bacteria; Chlorine; Disinfection; Membrane bioreactor (MBR); Membrane breach; Virus