title: Hematology and plasma biochemistry of wild-caught Indian cobra Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1758).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hematology and plasma biochemistry parameters are useful in the assessment and management of snake physiological status. Although reference ranges are readily available for many snake species, they are lacking for most venomous ophidians. We determined hematology and plasma biochemistry reference ranges for the wild-caught Indian cobra, Naja naja.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood samples, taken from the ventral tail vein, were assessed for erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, considering the sex of snakes. Results revealed the erythrocyte numbers (male, 390000 ± 12503.33/mm(3) and female, 347500 ± 7505.55/mm(3)), shapes and the centrally located oval nuclei. Leukocytes were round, circular or disk-shaped, and the mean size was larger in male than female snakes. The maximum number of leukocytes was found to be 11700 ± 100/mm(3) in male and 12100 ± 200/mm(3) in female snakes, and mean values of differential leukocyte count differed statistically between male and female snakes. The total leukocyte levels were found to be higher in female snakes, but the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCV values were higher in male snakes. However, the MCH and MCHC values remained higher in female snakes throughout the study period. Mean protein and cholesterol contents differed significantly between male (45.32 ± 1.76 and 3.76 ± 0.06 mg/mL) and female (12.47 ± 0.82 and 4.72 ± 0.2 mg/mL) snakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, monitoring snake hematological and biochemical parameters can serve as a means to evaluate the physiological and health status of N. naja populations, which may be a useful indicator of their environmental status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: Siba Prasad
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Parida
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: Sushil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
authors.forename: Arttatrana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pal
keywords: Hematology; Naja naja; Plasma biochemistry; Reference range; Snake
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