title: Transesophageal echocardiography of intracardiac thrombus in congenital heart disease and atrial flutter: the importance of thorough examination of the Fontan.
abstract: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used in atrial flutter or fibrillation (AFF) before electric cardioversion to detect intracardiac thrombi. Previous studies have described the use of TEE to diagnose intracardiac thrombi in the left atrium and left atrial appendage, which has an incidence of 8 % among patients without congenital heart disease (CHD). In their practice the authors have noted a significant incidence of intracardiac thrombi in other structures of patients with CHD and AFF. This study aimed to determine the incidence and location of intracardiac thrombi using TEE in patients with CHD requiring electric cardioversion of AFF and to compare the use of TEE and transthoracic echo (TTE) to detect intracardiac thrombus in this population. A retrospective chart review of TEE and TTE findings for all patients with CHD who had electric cardioversion of AFF at our institution from 2005 to 2013 was conducted. The diagnosis, presence, and location of intracardiac thrombus were determined. The TEE and TTE results were compared. The study identified 27 patients with CHD who met the study entry criteria at our institution between 2005 and 2013. Seven of these patients had a single ventricle with Fontan palliation. All the patients presented with AFF and had TEE before electric cardioversion. No patients were excluded from the study. The patients ranged in age from 2 to 72 years (median, 21 years) and weighed 17-100 kg (median, 65 kg). The duration of AFF before TEE and attempted cardioversion ranged from 1 day to 3 weeks (median, 3.5 days). Intracardiac thrombus was present in 18 % (5/27) of the patients and in 57 % (4/7) of the Fontan patients with AFF. No embolic events were reported acutely or during a 6-month follow-up period. Among patients with CHD who present with AFF, a particularly high incidence of intracardiac thrombi is present in the Fontan patients that may be difficult to detect by TTE. Thorough TEE examination of the Fontan and related structures is indicated before electric cardioversion of AFF. The incidence of intracardiac thrombus in CHD patients is more than double that reported in non-CHD patients.
authors.affiliation: Advocate Children's Hospital Heart Institute, 4440 West 95th Street, Oak Lawn, IL, 60453, USA, Dr_nyousef@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.forename: Vivian Wei
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Roberson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D004554:Electric Countershock; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
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