title: Effects of gravitational loading levels on protein expression related to metabolic and/or morphologic properties of mouse neck muscles.
abstract: The effects of 3 months of spaceflight (SF), hindlimb suspension, or exposure to 2G on the characteristics of neck muscle in mice were studied. Three 8-week-old male C57BL/10J wild-type mice were exposed to microgravity on the International Space Station in mouse drawer system (MDS) project, although only one mouse returned to the Earth alive. Housing of mice in a small MDS cage (11.6 × 9.8-cm and 8.4-cm height) and/or in a regular vivarium cage was also performed as the ground controls. Furthermore, ground-based hindlimb suspension and 2G exposure by using animal centrifuge (n = 5 each group) were performed. SF-related shift of fiber phenotype from type I to II and atrophy of type I fibers were noted. Shift of fiber phenotype was related to downregulation of mitochondrial proteins and upregulation of glycolytic proteins, suggesting a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism. The responses of proteins related to calcium handling, myofibrillar structure, and heat stress were also closely related to the shift of muscular properties toward fast-twitch type. Surprisingly, responses of proteins to 2G exposure and hindlimb suspension were similar to SF, although the shift of fiber types and atrophy were not statistically significant. These phenomena may be related to the behavior of mice that the relaxed posture without lifting their head up was maintained after about 2 weeks. It was suggested that inhibition of normal muscular activities associated with gravitational unloading causes significant changes in the protein expression related to metabolic and/or morphological properties in mouse neck muscle.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, 440-8511, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Space Biomedical Research Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba City, 305-8505, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, 560-0043, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka560-0043, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsubasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibaguchi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Letters, Kokushikan University, Setagaya-ku, 154-0017, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirooki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okabe
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, 440-8511, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Kanoya City, 891-2393, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ogita
authors.affiliation: Division of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, 105-8461, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Roland Richard
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California.
authors.forename: Victor Reggie
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Edgerton
authors.affiliation: Universita' degli Studi di Genova & Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova City, Italy.
authors.forename: Ranieri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cancedda
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Adipocyte and Muscle Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe City, 610-0394, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira
keywords: gravitational unloading; mouse neck muscle; protein expression
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