title: Detection of donor-specific antibodies in kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Precise and timely detection of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) is vital for evaluating humoral immune status of patients pre- and post-transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically relevant articles on theory, development, methodology and application of HLA-DSA testing in kidney transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The availability of solid phase HLA-antibody testing revolutionized our ability to detect HLA-DSA and to appreciate their significance in kidney transplant outcome. The best approach to determine the strength, immunogenicity and pathogenicity of HLA antibodies still remains controversial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assays to identify complement-binding antibodies were developed. Their clinical utilization, pre- and post-transplantation, is currently under investigation. Appreciation of the complexity of HLA-DQ antibodies should lead to better assignment of unacceptable antibodies and cPRA calculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Characterization of HLA-antibody epitopes, and utilization of epitope matching to better define compatible donors could contribute to better transplant outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kelley M K
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Haarberg
authors.affiliation: Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA a-tambur@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Anat R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Tambur
mesh_terms: D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007518:Isoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D011379:Prognosis; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens; D007518:Isoantibodies; D003165:Complement System Proteins
keywords: C1q; HLA-DQ antibodies; HLA-antibody epitope; complement-binding antibodies; donor-specific antibodies; prozone; solid-phase assays