title: Seasonal differences in total antioxidant capacity intake from foods consumed by a Japanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) intake from food and beverages in a Japanese population from 7-day seasonal dietary records.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 7-day weighed dietary records of 390 subjects over four seasons between 1996 and 1998 were used. The TAC values (μmol trolox equivalents (μmol TE)/g) of various foods and beverages were defined, as reported in previous studies for weighed dietary records, using several different methods. TAC values of foods were estimated in 242 food and beverage items: 86.5% of vegetables, 99.1% of fruits, 71.5% of potatoes, 96.7% of beans, and 100% of chocolates. Differences in TAC intake per day and intake (g) per day among seasons in each of the food and beverage group were compared using a general linear model for repeated measures. The TAC intake/day were calculated for each food and beverage item in the four seasons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TAC intake/day (μmol TE/day) varied from 10 189 (summer) to 12 292 (winter). TAC intake/day from fruits (2696) and potatoes (395) was highest in autumn, from vegetables (2827) it was highest in summer and from beans (4151) and tea (2331) it was highest in winter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary habits of the studied Japanese population showed the highest antioxidant capacity in winter and the lowest in summer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Sagami Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.affiliation: Life Science Promoting Association, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D044466:Asian People; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
references.citation: Atherosclerosis. 1997 Apr;130(1-2):223-33
references.pmid: 9126668
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 7;337(6):408-16
references.pmid: 9241131
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2004 Jun 1;90(11):2167-70
references.pmid: 15150575
references.citation: Redox Rep. 2004;9(3):145-52
references.pmid: 15327744
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2005 Feb;93(2):257-66
references.pmid: 15788119
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Oct 8;56(19):9102-13
references.pmid: 18781761
references.citation: Circulation. 2006 Jan 17;113(2):195-202
references.pmid: 16401768
references.citation: J Food Sci. 2007 Mar;72(2):S167-77
references.pmid: 17995859
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5258-65
references.pmid: 7777494
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Jun;49(6):1255-60
references.pmid: 21397654
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Oct 17;55(21):8596-603
references.pmid: 17880151
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Nov 1;31(9):1043-50
references.pmid: 11677037
references.citation: J Epidemiol. 2003 Jan;13(1 Suppl):S134-47
references.pmid: 12701641
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 16;52(12):4026-37
references.pmid: 15186133
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1247-53
references.pmid: 18469246
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 1;90(17):7915-22
references.pmid: 8367443
references.citation: BMC Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov 21;12:165
references.pmid: 23170950
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Nov 3;96(21):1577-84
references.pmid: 15523086
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jan 14;52(1):48-54
references.pmid: 14709012
references.citation: Anal Sci. 2012;28(2):159-65
references.pmid: 22322809
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 May 21;51(11):3273-9
references.pmid: 12744654
references.citation: Circulation. 2007 Nov 27;116(22):2553-62
references.pmid: 18025534
references.citation: Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(10):2137-40
references.pmid: 20944406
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1415-22
references.pmid: 18220345
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):621S-629S
references.pmid: 10681270
references.citation: J Epidemiol. 1996 Aug;6(3 Suppl):S189-200
references.pmid: 8800293
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 May 18;53(10):4290-302
references.pmid: 15884874
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Dec 15;160(12):1223-33
references.pmid: 15583375
references.citation: Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Sep;50(9):3329-35
references.pmid: 22713712
references.citation: Stroke. 2008 Sep;39(9):2449-56
references.pmid: 18635855
references.citation: J Epidemiol. 2001 Oct;11(6 Suppl):S3-7
references.pmid: 11763137