title: Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute-and-shoot liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are an important class of doping agents. The metabolism of these substances is generally very extensive and includes phase-I and phase-II pathways. In this work, a comprehensive detection of these metabolites is described using a 2-fold dilution of urine and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method was applied to study 32 different metabolites, excreted free or conjugated (glucuronide or sulfate), which permit the detection of misuse of at least 21 anabolic steroids. The method has been fully validated for 21 target compounds (8 glucuronide, 1 sulfate and 12 free steroids) and 18 out of 21 compounds had detection limits in the range of 1-10 ng mL(-1) in urine. For the conjugated compounds, for which no reference standards are available, metabolites were synthesized in vitro or excretion studies were investigated. The detection limits for these compounds ranged between 0.5 and 18 ng mL(-1) in urine. The simple and straightforward methodology complements the traditional methods based on hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
authors.affiliation: Ghent University (UGent), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tudela
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deventer
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geldof
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Eenoo
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000652:urine*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004300:Doping in Sports; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013256:Steroids / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D020719:Glucuronides; D013256:Steroids
keywords: LC-MS; anabolic steroids; doping; glucuronide conjugates; in vitro synthesis; urine