title: Association of premenstrual/menstrual symptoms with perinatal depression and a polymorphic repeat in the polyglutamine tract of the retinoic acid induced 1 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression during pregnancy or after childbirth is the most frequent perinatal illness affecting women. We investigated the length distribution of a trinucleotide repeat in RAI1, which has not been studied in perinatal depression or in the Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases (n=139) with confirmed diagnosis of clinical (major) depression related to pregnancy/postpartum were recruited from the outpatient clinic. Controls were patients who came to the obstetrics clinics and scored <7 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) (n=540). Saliva samples for DNA analysis, demographic information and self-reported frequency of occurrence of various premenstrual/menstrual symptoms were collected from all participants. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and relevant region sequenced to determine the number of CAG/CAA repeats that encodes the polyglutamine tract in the N terminal of the protein. Difference between groups was assessed by chi-square analysis for categorical variables and analysis of variance for quantitative scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to control subjects, patients with perinatal depression reported more frequent mood changes, cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and headache during premenstrual/menstrual periods (p=0.000). For the RAI1 gene CAG/CAA repeat, there was a statistically significant difference in the genotypic distribution between cases and controls (p=0.031). There was also a statistically significant association between the 14-repeat allele and perinatal depression (p=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Family history, previous mental illness, and physical and psychological symptoms during the premenstrual/menstrual periods were self-reported. EPDS screening was done only once for controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAI1 gene polyglutamine repeat has a different distribution in our population. The 14-repeat allele is associated with perinatal depression and more frequent experience of physical and psychological symptoms during menstrual period.
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore; Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore. Electronic address: tanec@bigfoot.com.
authors.forename: Ene-Choo
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hui-San
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze-Ern
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: KK Research Centre, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ying-Chia
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ch'ng
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chih-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, KK Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008598:Menstruation / Q000235:genetics*; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010455:Peptides; C431552:RAI1 protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C097188:polyglutamine; D004247:DNA
keywords: Mood symptoms; Perinatal depression; Polyglutamine repeats; Premenstrual/menstrual symptoms; RAI1 gene