title: Ingestion and sublethal effects of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil on marine planktonic copepods.
abstract: Planktonic copepods play a key function in marine ecosystems, however, little is known about the effects of dispersants and chemically dispersed crude oil on these important planktonic organisms. We examined the potential for the copepods Acartia tonsa, Temora turbinata and Parvocalanus crassirostris to ingest crude oil droplets and determined the acute toxicity of the dispersant Corexit(®) 9500A, and physically and chemically dispersed crude oil to these copepods. We detected ingestion of crude oil droplets by adults and nauplii of the three copepod species. Exposure to crude oil alone (1 µL L(-1), 48 h) caused a reduction of egg production rates (EPRs) by 26-39 %, fecal pellet production rates (PPRs) by 11-27 %, and egg hatching (EH) by 1-38 % compared to the controls, depending on the species. Dispersant alone (0.05 µL L(-1), 48 h) produced a reduction in EPR, PPR and EH by 20-35, 12-23 and 2-11 %, respectively. Dispersant-treated crude oil was the most toxic treatment, ~1.6 times more toxic than crude oil alone, causing a reduction in EPR, PPR and EH by 45-54, 28-41 and 11-31 %, respectively. Our results indicate that low concentrations of dispersant Corexit 9500A and chemically dispersed crude oil are toxic to marine zooplankton, and that the ingestion of crude oil droplets by copepods may be an important route by which crude oil pollution can enter marine food webs.
authors.affiliation: Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA, ralmeda2010@live.com.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almeda
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baca
authors.forename: Cammie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Buskey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D020387:Food Chain; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010578:Petroleum
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2005 Nov;24(11):2992-9
references.pmid: 16398138
references.citation: J Hazard Mater. 2012 May 30;217-218:338-49
references.pmid: 22480707
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1995 Oct;32(1):81-6
references.pmid: 8565881
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2013 Feb;173:5-10
references.pmid: 23195520
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Oct 07;8(10):e74476
references.pmid: 24116004
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):20298-302
references.pmid: 21949382
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2003 Mar;22(3):650-60
references.pmid: 12627655
references.citation: Ecotoxicology. 2007 Aug;16(6):465-74
references.pmid: 17562161
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2009 Apr;157(4):1219-26
references.pmid: 19147262
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004 Nov;59(3):300-8
references.pmid: 15388269
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Apr;31(4):754-65
references.pmid: 22213001
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42548
references.pmid: 22860136
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 28;8(6):e67212
references.pmid: 23840628
references.citation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1996 Nov;35(2):183-9
references.pmid: 8950541
references.citation: Environ Pollut. 2010 Jan;158(1):299-307
references.pmid: 19631432
references.citation: Chemosphere. 2000 Apr;40(8):897-906
references.pmid: 10718584
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26283
references.pmid: 22053187
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Sep 15;36(18):3953-9
references.pmid: 12269748
references.citation: Rev Environ Health. 2011;26(4):281-300
references.pmid: 22435326
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):20303-8
references.pmid: 22454495
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Jun;31(6):1324-33
references.pmid: 22488782
references.citation: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2013 Sep;32(9):2045-55
references.pmid: 23661343
references.citation: Toxicol Pathol. 2012;40(2):315-20
references.pmid: 22105647
references.citation: Mar Environ Res. 2012 Oct;81:12-7
references.pmid: 22921874
references.citation: Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1950 Jan;25(1):1-45
references.pmid: 24537188
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 1987 Apr 1;21(4):374-82
references.pmid: 22280178
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e45574
references.pmid: 23326298
references.citation: Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):734-5
references.pmid: 20705818