title: Removal of polar UV stabilizers in biological wastewater treatments and ecotoxicological implications.
abstract: The present study describes the development, validation and application of a fully automated analytical method based on on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (on line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) to assess the removal efficiency in water works and the ecotoxicological implications derived of the two most used benzotriazole-class UV stabilizers (BZTs), namely 1H-benzotriazole (BZT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (MeBZT). Influent and effluent wastewater samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed. Removal rates (RE%) and half-lives (t1/2) for each BZTs were calculated and correlated to the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each plant. Both BZTs were detected in all influent and effluent samples (concentrations in the range 26.7 ng L(-1)-42.9 μg L(-1)), with the highest concentrations corresponding to MeBZT. Results indicated that both compounds were recalcitrant (RE% in the range 11.8-94.7%) and that no clear influence of HRT on removals could be drawn. Finally, the potential environmental risk posed by the levels of BZTs detected was evaluated calculating the hazard quotients (HQs) MeBZT was the only BZTs posing a risk to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia galeata and Pimephales promelas.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molins-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: sdcqam@cid.csic.es.
authors.forename: M Silvia
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Díaz-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003530:Cyprinidae; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014230:Triazoles; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C012771:benzotriazole
keywords: Benzotriazoles; Hazard quotients; On-line SPE–HPLC–MS/MS analysis; Removal efficiency; Wastewater