title: Methods to assess Drosophila heart development, function and aging.
abstract: In recent years the Drosophila heart has become an established model for many different aspects of human cardiac disease. This model has allowed identification of disease-causing mechanisms underlying congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies and has permitted the study of underlying genetic, metabolic and age-related contributions to heart function. In this review we discuss methods currently employed in the analysis of the Drosophila heart structure and function, such as optical methods to infer heart function and performance, electrophysiological and mechanical approaches to characterize cardiac tissue properties, and conclude with histological techniques used in the study of heart development and adult structure.
authors.affiliation: Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States. Electronic address: kocorr@sbmri.org.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ocorr
authors.affiliation: Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States. Electronic address: rolf@sbmri.org.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bodmer
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000379:methods*; D004330:Drosophila / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006321:Heart / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins
keywords: Atomic force microscopy; Cardiomyopathy; Development; Drosophila; Electrophysiology; Heart; Immunohistochemistry; KCNQ; Optical heartbeat analysis; Tinman
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2010 Nov 3;12(5):533-44
references.pmid: 21035763
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 15;103(33):12441-6
references.pmid: 16888037
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 6;101(1):159-64
references.pmid: 14684833
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2010 Sep 02;6(9):e1001088
references.pmid: 20824071
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(11):e1003081
references.pmid: 23209438
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Jan;128(1):112-6
references.pmid: 17125816
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2013 Aug 15;380(2):233-42
references.pmid: 23685255
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Mar;1123:169-77
references.pmid: 18375589
references.citation: Cell. 2000 Dec 22;103(7):1033-45
references.pmid: 11163180
references.citation: Development. 2002 Nov;129(21):5019-27
references.pmid: 12397110
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2007 Nov;210(Pt 21):3707-19
references.pmid: 17951411
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2002 Nov 15;251(2):307-19
references.pmid: 12435360
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2007 Oct;3(10):1907-21
references.pmid: 17937502
references.citation: Development. 2003 Jul;130(14):3187-204
references.pmid: 12783790
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2000 Sep;96(2):233-6
references.pmid: 10960790
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1999 Apr 1;208(1):56-69
references.pmid: 10075841
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2006 May 1;293(1):154-64
references.pmid: 16516189
references.citation: Development. 2009 Jan;136(2):317-26
references.pmid: 19088091
references.citation: Arthropod Struct Dev. 2012 Sep;41(5):459-74
references.pmid: 22426062
references.citation: Biophys J. 2011 Dec 7;101(11):2629-37
references.pmid: 22261050
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2006 Aug 8;16(15):1502-8
references.pmid: 16890525
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(1):e1003175
references.pmid: 23326243
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1996 Jul;134(1):149-63
references.pmid: 8698811
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2011 May;46(5):326-30
references.pmid: 21130861
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2002 Jun 1;246(1):14-28
references.pmid: 12027431
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2011 Aug 15;356(2):279-90
references.pmid: 21565181
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 Jul 28;182(2):249-61
references.pmid: 18663140
references.citation: Development. 1997 Jan;124(1):91-100
references.pmid: 9006070
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2001 Nov;109(1):51-9
references.pmid: 11677052
references.citation: J Neurogenet. 1995 Dec;10(3):153-68
references.pmid: 8719771
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1986 Oct;103(4):1517-25
references.pmid: 3095337
references.citation: Methods. 2012 Jan;56(1):63-8
references.pmid: 21963658
references.citation: Circ Res. 2010 Apr 16;106(7):1233-43
references.pmid: 20203305
references.citation: EMBO J. 1987 Mar;6(3):749-59
references.pmid: 2884106
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2009 Sep 28;(31):
references.pmid: 19786947
references.citation: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;5(1):21-8
references.pmid: 21232234
references.citation: J Biophotonics. 2011 Sep;4(9):610-8
references.pmid: 21538996
references.citation: J Neurobiol. 1995 Nov;28(3):269-80
references.pmid: 8568510
references.citation: J Biophotonics. 2013 Sep;6(9):708-17
references.pmid: 23192969
references.citation: Circ Res. 2014 Jan 17;114(2):e6-17
references.pmid: 24221941
references.citation: Development. 2003 Jan;130(1):173-84
references.pmid: 12441301
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013 Jun;9(6):e1003597
references.pmid: 23825967
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1990 Dec;4(12A):2169-87
references.pmid: 2176636
references.citation: Circ Res. 2001 May 25;88(10):1053-8
references.pmid: 11375275
references.citation: Circ Res. 2004 Jun 25;94(12):1533-42
references.pmid: 15217918
references.citation: Opt Express. 2013 Aug 12;21(16):19219-27
references.pmid: 23938839
references.citation: Science. 1995 Feb 3;267(5198):688-93
references.pmid: 7839146
references.citation: Development. 2002 Oct;129(19):4509-21
references.pmid: 12223408
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2014 Jun;13(3):431-40
references.pmid: 24400780
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2009 Sep 16;(31):
references.pmid: 19759521
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Jun 27;193(7):1181-96
references.pmid: 21690310
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2011 Feb 1;350(1):89-100
references.pmid: 21094637
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1995 Jun;169(2):609-18
references.pmid: 7781902
references.citation: Biotechniques. 2009 Feb;46(2):101-13
references.pmid: 19317655
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 16;105(50):19833-8
references.pmid: 19074289
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2009 Jan 1;325(1):138-50
references.pmid: 19013145
references.citation: Genesis. 2000 Jan;26(1):55-66
references.pmid: 10660673
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2005 Dec 20;15(24):2271-8
references.pmid: 16360689
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2008 Mar;7(2):237-49
references.pmid: 18221418
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2005 Mar 15;279(2):509-24
references.pmid: 15733676
references.citation: Development. 2005 Aug;132(15):3525-36
references.pmid: 15975941
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 31;103(5):1394-9
references.pmid: 16432241
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Dec;36(12):1275-81
references.pmid: 15565107
references.citation: Development. 1991 Apr;111(4):1021-8
references.pmid: 1879347
references.citation: J Neurogenet. 1998 Jan;12(1):1-24
references.pmid: 9666898
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2012 Aug;16(8):1656-62
references.pmid: 22225769
references.citation: Development. 1997 Dec;124(24):4971-82
references.pmid: 9362473
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 8;103(32):11999-2004
references.pmid: 16882722
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(12):e1004024
references.pmid: 24367279
references.citation: Development. 2002 Jul;129(13):3241-53
references.pmid: 12070098
references.citation: BMC Dev Biol. 2012 Feb 21;12:8
references.pmid: 22353787
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1998 Jul 1;199(1):138-49
references.pmid: 9676198
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2001 Jun;104(1-2):49-60
references.pmid: 11404079
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1991 Jan 7;148(1):139-44
references.pmid: 2016882
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Jun 1;29(11):2395-400
references.pmid: 11376158
references.citation: Development. 1999 Jun;126(14):3241-51
references.pmid: 10375513
references.citation: Mech Dev. 2009 May-Jun;126(5-6):478-86
references.pmid: 19272319
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Jan 12;25(2):271-80
references.pmid: 15647470
references.citation: Rouxs Arch Dev Biol. 1994 Mar;203(5):266-280
references.pmid: 28305624
references.citation: Chronobiol Int. 1992 Aug;9(4):250-9
references.pmid: 1330336
references.citation: Development. 1993 Jul;118(3):719-29
references.pmid: 7915669
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2005 May;25(10):4200-10
references.pmid: 15870289
references.citation: J Exp Biol. 2008 Jan;211(Pt 1):15-23
references.pmid: 18083727
references.citation: Cell. 2010 Apr 2;141(1):142-53
references.pmid: 20371351
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2010 May 27;6(5):e1000969
references.pmid: 20523889
references.citation: Biotechniques. 2004 Jul;37(1):58-60, 62, 64 passim
references.pmid: 15283201
references.citation: Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Apr;14(3):83-93
references.pmid: 15121155
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1989 Jul;19(4):529-42
references.pmid: 2508614
references.citation: Science. 2013 Sep 6;341(6150):1116-20
references.pmid: 23970561
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Feb;19(2):553-62
references.pmid: 18045988
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Mar 6;104(10):3943-8
references.pmid: 17360457
references.citation: Gene Expr Patterns. 2006 Apr;6(4):360-75
references.pmid: 16455308
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013 Jun;9(6):e1003544
references.pmid: 23818860
references.citation: J Vis Exp. 2009 Oct 13;(32):
references.pmid: 19826399