title: Removal of acidic pharmaceuticals within a nitrifying recirculating biofilter.
abstract: The fate of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in wastewater treatment systems is an area of increasing concern. Little research has been done to understand this issue in rural or decentralized communities. The objective of this research was to examine the ability of a bench scale nitrifying recirculating biofilter (RBF) to remove four acidic PhACs: gemfibrozil, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac from secondary treated municipal wastewater at concentrations of 20 and 200μg/L. The average removals in this study were between 92 and 99% for ibuprofen, 89 and 99% for naproxen, 62 and 92% for gemfibrozil and 40 and 76% for diclofenac, which is consistent with literature. Ibuprofen and naproxen were largely removed through biological transformation; whereas gemfibrozil and diclofenac showed more variable removal, likely due to both biological transformation and sorption processes. PhAC removal in the RBFs was repeatable between trials, robust and responsive to system upsets, and the presence of PhACs as a single compound versus mixtures had no impact on PhAC removal efficiency. In summary, this study indicates that RBFs as a nitrifying stage of a multi-stage filtration process could be a viable technology for removal of some acidic pharmaceuticals in small onsite wastewater treatment facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. D514, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada. Electronic address: wendyk@dal.ca.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Krkošek
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. D514, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St. D514, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry; D005374:Filtration; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000737:chemistry; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000378:metabolism; D009288:Naproxen / Q000378:metabolism; D058465:Nitrification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D009288:Naproxen; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Biodegradation; Biofiltration; Nitrification; Pharmaceutically active compounds; Wastewater treatment