title: Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases.
abstract: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), including phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), phytoestrogens such as genistein and daidzein, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), are associated with a variety of adverse health effects in organisms or progeny by altering the endocrine system. Environmental estrogens, including BPA, phthalates, and phytoestrogens, are the most extensively studied and are considered to mimic the actions of endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2). Diverse modes of action of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) have been described, but the mode of action of estrogenic EDC is postulated to be more complex and needs to be more clearly elucidated. This review examines the adverse effects of estrogenic EDC on male or female reproductive systems and molecular mechanisms underlying EDC effects that modulate ER-mediated signaling. Mechanisms of action for estrogenic EDC may involve both ER-dependent and ER-independent pathways. Recent findings from systems toxicology of examining estrogenic EDC are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Lung Cancer Branch , Research Institute, National Cancer Center , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyungsil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Seung Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kwack
authors.forename: Hyung Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung-Mu
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004967:Estrogens