title: Environmental externality and inequality in China: current status and future choices.
abstract: Along with China's rapid economic growth, the environmental externality in the country is getting more and more serious. China's environmental externality is accompanied by environmental inequality, which presents two characteristics: First, the health loss caused by environmental externality is concentrated in the elderly and children. We take Beijing as an empirical analysis to conclude that children (0-4 years old) are the largest group suffered from respiratory disease; while the seniors are the largest group suffered from cardiovascular disease. Second, China's environmental inequality is mainly caused by the transfer of industries from urban to rural areas/suburbs. The villagers in poor rural areas are the biggest victims. China's environmental inequality is reflected particularly by the phenomenon of "cancer villages" which has existed ever since the end of 1970s. Finally, policy recommendations are provided for reducing China's environmental externality and inequality.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China; Institute for Low Carbon Economy and Trade, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: email99zxl@vip.sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China; Institute for Low Carbon Economy and Trade, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Sufang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China; Institute for Low Carbon Economy and Trade, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chunyang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005544:Forecasting; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Cancer villages; China; Environmental externality; Environmental inequality; Health loss