title: Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students: Relationship With Academic Self-Efficacy and Psychological Variables.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine graduate students' non-medical use of prescription stimulant medication, and the relationship between non-medical use of prescription stimulants with academic self-efficacy, psychological factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress), and internal restlessness.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 807 graduate students from universities located in five geographic regions of the United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Past-year rates of self-reported non-medical use were determined to be 5.9%, with overall lifetime prevalence of 17.5%. Observed self-reported non-medical use of prescription stimulant medications was significantly correlated with self-reported levels of anxiety and stress, various aspects of internal restlessness, and perceived safety of the medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support graduate students' motivations of non-medical prescription stimulant use to be both academic and social in nature. Effective prevention and education efforts are needed to help address the non-medical use of prescription stimulants by graduate students on university campuses.
authors.affiliation: University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA genevievev@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verdi
authors.affiliation: University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Weyandt
authors.affiliation: University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Brynheld Martinez
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Zavras
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: ADHD; adult; stimulant misuse