title: Food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, 10 years after the invasion of Iraq: data from a household survey.
abstract: Iraqi refugees in Lebanon are vulnerable to food insecurity because of their limited rights and fragile livelihoods. The objective of the present study was to assess household food insecurity among Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon, almost 10 years after the invasion of Iraq. A representative survey of 800 UN High Commissioner for Refugees-registered refugee households in Lebanon was conducted using multi-stage cluster random sampling. We measured food insecurity using a modified US Department of Agriculture household food security module. We collected data on household demographic, socio-economic, health, housing and dietary diversity status and analysed these factors by food security status. Hb level was measured in a subset of children below 5 years of age (n 85). Weighted data were used in univariate and multivariate analyses. Among the Iraqi refugee households surveyed (n 630), 20·1% (95% CI 17·3, 23·2) were found to be food secure, 35·5% (95% CI 32·0, 39·2) moderately food insecure and 44·4% (95% CI 40·8, 48·1) severely food insecure. Severe food insecurity was associated with the respondent's good self-reported health (OR 0·3, 95% CI 0·2, 0·5), length of stay as a refugee (OR 1·1, 95% CI 1·0, 1·2), very poor housing quality (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·6, 6·5) and the number of children in the household (OR 1·2, 95% CI 1·0, 1·4), and resulted in poor dietary diversity (P< 0·0001). Anaemia was found in 41% (95% CI 30·6, 51·9) of children below 5 years of age, but was not associated with food insecurity. High food insecurity, low diet quality and high prevalence of anaemia in Iraqi refugees living in Lebanon call for urgent programmes to address the food and health situation of this population with restricted rights.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut,PO Box 11-0236/NFSC, Riad El-Solh,Beirut1107 2020,Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghattas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut,PO Box 11-0236/NFSC, Riad El-Solh,Beirut1107 2020,Lebanon.
authors.forename: AnnieBelle J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sassine
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics,School of Oriental and African Studies,Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square,LondonWC1H 0XG,UK.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seyfert
authors.affiliation: Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture,355 E Street SW,Washington,DC20024-3221,USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nord
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science,University of Maryland,7965 Baltimore Avenue,College Park,MD20740,USA.
authors.forename: Nadine R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Sahyoun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology; D063427:Food Quality; D005523:Food Supply / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq / Q000208:ethnology; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011638:Public Housing; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014857:Warfare