title: Problem-solving therapy to improve depression scores among older hemodialysis patients: a pilot randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is common among dialysis patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. Problem-solving therapy (PST) is effective for treating depression in older patients with chronic illness, but its effectiveness has never been reported in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We investigated the feasibility and satisfaction of PST and its impact on depression scores among older HD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients at least 60 years of age receiving maintenance HD at a single outpatient dialysis center were eligible for the study. Randomized patients received either 6 weeks of PST from a licensed renal social worker or usual care. This study modeled the staff-patient ratio standard of most dialysis clinics, and therefore only one social worker provided the interventions. Study outcomes included feasibility (successful completion of 6 weekly sessions) and patient satisfaction with PST as well as impact on depression scores (between-group comparison of mean Beck depression inventory (BDI) and Patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores at 6 weeks, and of mean change-from-baseline scores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recruitment rate was 92% (35/38). All subjects randomized to the intervention arm (n = 17) and who initiated PST (n = 15) completed the study, and all reported overall satisfaction with the intervention. 87% reported that PST helped them to better solve problems and improved their ability to cope with their medical condition. At 6 weeks, there were no significant differences in mean BDI and PHQ scores between the usual care and the intervention group (BDI 11.3 vs. 9.3, p = 0.6; PHQ 5.7 vs. 3.3, p = 0.1). Mean change-from-baseline depression scores were significantly improved in the intervention group relative to the control group (change in BDI 6.3 vs.- 0.6, p = 0.004; change in PHQ 7.2 vs. 0.3, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that PST is feasible in the dialysis unit setting, acceptable to patients, and may positively impact depression among maintenance hemodialysis patients.
authors.forename: Shiloh D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Erdley
authors.forename: Zvi D
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Gellis
authors.forename: Hillary A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Darrin S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015143:Philadelphia; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D012947:Social Work; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome