title: Effect of different adjuvant formulations on the immunogenicity and protective effect of a live Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine after intramuscular inoculation.
abstract: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) vaccine strain 168 is an intrapulmonically injected attenuated live vaccine that is available in the Chinese market. The aim of this study was to develop suitable adjuvants for this live vaccine to provide effective protection after intramuscular inoculation. Several adjuvant components were screened to assess their toxicity for the live vaccine, and various adjuvant formulations were then designed and prepared. Vaccines supplemented with these adjuvants were used to immunize mice intramuscularly to assess the capacity of the adjuvants to induce a specific immune response. The screened formulations were then evaluated in pigs. Seven of the eight adjuvant components did not affect the viability of the live vaccine, and seven different adjuvant formulations were then designed. In mice, the ISCOM-matrix adjuvant and the levamisole-chitosan mixture adjuvant significantly enhanced serum IgG responses against M. hyopneumoniae, while lymphocyte proliferation was enhanced by the ISCOM-matrix adjuvant, the carbomer-astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant and an oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant. These four adjuvants were evaluated in pigs. Enhancement of specific lymphocyte proliferation responses was observed in the groups vaccinated with the ISCOM-matrix adjuvant and the carbomer-astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant. Significant enhancement of serum IgG antibody production was observed before challenge in pigs vaccinated with the carbomer-astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant and the levamisole-chitosan mixture adjuvant, while after challenge, all of the animals that received vaccines containing adjuvants had higher antibody concentrations against M. hyopneumoniae than unvaccinated animals. Animals inoculated with a vaccine containing the ISCOM-matrix adjuvant (median score 3.57) or the carbomer-astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant (median score 5.28) had reduced lesion scores compared to unvaccinated animals (median score 14.81). These studies will help in the development of appropriate adjuvants for intramuscular administration of this live M. hyopneumoniae vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Qiyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Yanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Zhixin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China.
authors.forename: Chunlai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Maojun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China. Electronic address: gqshaojaas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guoqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; D045729:Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
keywords: Adjuvant; Intramuscular immunization; Live vaccine; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae