title: Formation of sclerotia and production of indoloterpenes by Aspergillus niger and other species in section Nigri.
abstract: Several species in Aspergillus section Nigri have been reported to produce sclerotia on well-known growth media, such as Czapek yeast autolysate (CYA) agar, with sclerotia considered to be an important prerequisite for sexual development. However Aspergillus niger sensu stricto has not been reported to produce sclerotia, and is thought to be a purely asexual organism. Here we report, for the first time, the production of sclerotia by certain strains of Aspergillus niger when grown on CYA agar with raisins, or on other fruits or on rice. Up to 11 apolar indoloterpenes of the aflavinine type were detected by liquid chromatography and diode array and mass spectrometric detection where sclerotia were formed, including 10,23-dihydro-24,25-dehydroaflavinine. Sclerotium induction can thus be a way of inducing the production of new secondary metabolites from previously silent gene clusters. Cultivation of other species of the black aspergilli showed that raisins induced sclerotium formation by A. brasiliensis, A. floridensis A. ibericus, A. luchuensis, A. neoniger, A. trinidadensis and A. saccharolyticus for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Chemodiversity Group, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
authors.affiliation: Chemodiversity Group, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Chemodiversity Group, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: E Kirstine
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Lyhne
authors.affiliation: Chemodiversity Group, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D025282:Mycelium / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013729:Terpenes
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Jan 27;58(2):954-8
references.pmid: 20014861
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(8):e1003574
references.pmid: 24009506
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Nov;395(5):1225-42
references.pmid: 19756540
references.citation: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2012 Feb;101(2):403-21
references.pmid: 21965082
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 1996 Nov;42(11):1100-3
references.pmid: 8941986
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008 Jul;58(Pt 7):1727-34
references.pmid: 18599725
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Dec 10;128(2):197-202
references.pmid: 18819720
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 1968 Nov;14(11):1253-8
references.pmid: 5724894
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jan;36(1):165-92
references.pmid: 22091779
references.citation: Stud Mycol. 2007;59:129-45
references.pmid: 18490945
references.citation: IMA Fungus. 2012 Dec;3(2):159-73
references.pmid: 23355969
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 May 28;8(5):e63769
references.pmid: 23723998
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 1969 Aug;15(8):835-40
references.pmid: 5344736
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Dec 10;9:255
references.pmid: 20003296
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Nov;97(22):9609-20
references.pmid: 24085397
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2009 Dec 31;9:281
references.pmid: 20043849
references.citation: Metabolites. 2012 Jan 05;2(1):39-56
references.pmid: 24957367
references.citation: Stud Mycol. 2007;59:31-7
references.pmid: 18490955
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2010 Mar;5(3):479-90
references.pmid: 20203665
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;25(2):221-31
references.pmid: 17259976
references.citation: J Nat Prod. 2001 Jun;64(6):836-8
references.pmid: 11421760
references.citation: Stud Mycol. 2011 Jun 30;69(1):1-17
references.pmid: 21892239
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Jun 30;132(2-3):141-4
references.pmid: 19439385
references.citation: IMA Fungus. 2011 Jun;2(1):87-95
references.pmid: 22679592
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2011 Dec;61(Pt 12):3077-3083
references.pmid: 21335500
references.citation: Mycologia. 2009 Mar-Apr;101(2):275-80
references.pmid: 19397202
references.citation: Genome Res. 2011 Jun;21(6):885-97
references.pmid: 21543515
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 1997 Jan 31;760(2):264-70
references.pmid: 9062989
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Sep 18;61(37):8737-42
references.pmid: 23964787
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 22;110(4):1476-81
references.pmid: 23307807
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug;77(15):5270-7
references.pmid: 21652743
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23496
references.pmid: 21853139
references.citation: Mycologia. 2009 May-Jun;101(3):423-9
references.pmid: 19537215
references.citation: Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1967 Apr 28;31(3):209-24
references.pmid: 6031297
references.citation: Mycologia. 2011 Jan-Feb;103(1):174-83
references.pmid: 20943531
references.citation: J Chromatogr. 1987 Aug 28;404(1):195-214
references.pmid: 3680432
references.citation: Fungal Biol. 2011 Nov;115(11):1138-50
references.pmid: 22036292
references.citation: Org Biomol Chem. 2008 Feb 21;6(4):772-8
references.pmid: 18264578
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980 Mar;39(3):488-92
references.pmid: 7387151
references.citation: Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009 Jan;26(1):94-100
references.pmid: 19680876
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 14;55(23):9727-32
references.pmid: 17929891
references.citation: Mycologia. 2013 Sep-Oct;105(5):1153-63
references.pmid: 23709489
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2011 Aug;321(2):157-66
references.pmid: 21658102
references.citation: Med Mycol. 2006 Sep;44 Suppl 1:S17-21
references.pmid: 17050415
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;944:47-58
references.pmid: 23065607