title: Processed Vietnamese ginseng: Preliminary results in chemistry and biological activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the steaming process on chemical constituents, free radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative effect of Vietnamese ginseng.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of powdered Vietnamese ginseng were steamed at 120°C for various times and their extracts were subjected to chemical and biological studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upon steaming, contents of polar ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1, were rapidly decreased, whereas less polar ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, Rk3, and Rh4 were increased as reported previously. However, ocotillol type saponins, which have no glycosyl moiety at the C-20 position, were relatively stable on steaming. The radical scavenging activity was increased continuously up to 20 h of steaming. Similarly, the antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was also increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that the antiproliferative activity is closely related to the contents of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Hong Van
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Ryong
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngoc Khoi
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Hill
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Minh Duc
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
keywords: Panax vietnamensis; Vietnamese ginseng; antiproliferation; ginsenoside; steaming
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