title: [Severe nutritional deficiencies in young infants with inappropriate plant milk consumption].
abstract: Over the past few years, we have observed increasing consumption of inappropriate plant milks as an alternative to infant milk formula. Some families believe that foods labeled as natural are the most healthy and an appropriate nutritional choice. However, their composition does not respect European recommendations. They are always hypocaloric and protein, vitamin, and mineral concentrations are inadequate. The aim of this study was to report severe nutritional complications after inappropriate plant milk consumption. Between 2008 and 2011, we studied severe nutritional deficiencies caused by consumption of plant milks bought in health food stores or online shops. Infants were identified in our centers and examined through medical history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. Nine cases of infants aged from 4 to 14 months were observed. In all cases, these milks were used as an alternative to milk formulas for supposed cow's milk allergy. At diagnosis, four patients were aged 6 months or less. They had received plant milk exclusively for 1-3 months. The beverages consumed were rice, soya, almond and sweet chestnut milks. In three cases, infants presented severe protein-calorie malnutrition with substantial hypoalbuminemia (<20 g/L) and diffuse edema. In the other cases, the nutritional disorders were revealed by a refractory status epilepticus related to severe hypocalcemia (one case), growth arrest of both height and weight secondary to insufficient caloric intake (five cases), and severe cutaneous involvement (one case). Five children had severe iron deficiency anemia (<70 g/L), three children had a very low 25-hydroxy vitamin D level (nutritional rickets), and two had severe hyponatremia (<130 mmoL/L). Milk alternative beverages expose infants to severe nutritional deficiencies. Serious complications can occur. Early, exclusive, and extended use is riskier. These diseases are preventable, and parental education should be provided. Statutory measures forbidding their use in young infants should be organized to slow down the progress of this social trend.
authors.affiliation: Service de nutrition et gastroentérologie pédiatriques, centre hospitalier universitaire Trousseau, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75571 Paris cedex, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Louer
authors.affiliation: Service de nutrition et gastroentérologie pédiatriques, centre hospitalier universitaire Trousseau, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75571 Paris cedex, France. Electronic address: julie.lemale@trs.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lemale
authors.affiliation: Service de nutrition et gastroentérologie pédiatriques, centre hospitalier universitaire Trousseau, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75571 Paris cedex, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garcette
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Saint-Camille, 94360 Bry-sur-Marne, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orzechowski
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier de Lagny-sur-Marne, 77600 Jossigny, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalvon
authors.affiliation: Service de nutrition et gastroentérologie pédiatriques, centre hospitalier universitaire Trousseau, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75571 Paris cedex, France.
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Girardet
authors.affiliation: Service de nutrition et gastroentérologie pédiatriques, centre hospitalier universitaire Trousseau, hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75571 Paris cedex, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tounian
mesh_terms: D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011492:Protein Hydrolysates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D041942:Soy Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D011492:Protein Hydrolysates; D014131:Trace Elements