title: Accelerated fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging of the heart using a self-calibrated split-echo approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Design, validation and application of an accelerated fast spin-echo (FSE) variant that uses a split-echo approach for self-calibrated parallel imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  For self-calibrated, split-echo FSE (SCSE-FSE), extra displacement gradients were incorporated into FSE to decompose odd and even echo groups which were independently phase encoded to derive coil sensitivity maps, and to generate undersampled data (reduction factor up to R = 3). Reference and undersampled data were acquired simultaneously. SENSE reconstruction was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The feasibility of SCSE-FSE was demonstrated in phantom studies. Point spread function performance of SCSE-FSE was found to be competitive with traditional FSE variants. The immunity of SCSE-FSE for motion induced mis-registration between reference and undersampled data was shown using a dynamic left ventricular model and cardiac imaging. The applicability of black blood prepared SCSE-FSE for cardiac imaging was demonstrated in healthy volunteers including accelerated multi-slice per breath-hold imaging and accelerated high spatial resolution imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCSE-FSE obviates the need of external reference scans for SENSE reconstructed parallel imaging with FSE. SCSE-FSE reduces the risk for mis-registration between reference scans and accelerated acquisitions. SCSE-FSE is feasible for imaging of the heart and of large cardiac vessels but also meets the needs of brain, abdominal and liver imaging.
authors.affiliation: Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klix
authors.affiliation: Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hezel
authors.affiliation: Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.affiliation: Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dieringer
authors.affiliation: Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Thoralf
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niendorf
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography
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