title: Cost-effectiveness of modern mTOR inhibitor based immunosuppression compared to the standard of care after renal transplantation in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standards of immunosuppression in renal transplantation have changed dynamically in recent years. We here provide a refined advanced pharmacoeconomic model which uses state-of-the-art methods including a mixed treatment comparison (MTC) analysis. The aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of current immunosuppressive therapy regimens (TR): "sirolimus + early withdrawal of cyclosporine + steroids" (TR1), "sirolimus-early transition" (TR2), "everolimus-early transition" (TR3) and "tacrolimus low dose + mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + steroids" (TR4).
  
  
  METHODS
  An up-to-date Markov model with current source data was employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of modern immunosuppressive regimens over 12-month and 10-year time periods. Transition probabilities for the occurrence of events for the first year were based on an MTC analysis. The robustness of the model was tested in extensive sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the 12-month time period TR2 yields the highest life years (0.987 LY), generating costs of 17,500 <euro>. In terms of years with functioning graft (FG), TR4 yields the best efficacy over the 12-month model duration (0.970 years with FG). For the 10-year time period, TR2 yields the lowest costs (107,246 <euro>) and dominates both TR3 and TR1, as it is simultaneously more effective. Within the 10-year model duration, TR4 reaches slightly higher effects compared with TR2 (6.493 vs. 6.474 LY) resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 387,684 <euro> per LY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early transition to sirolimus provides long-term efficiency results comparable with a tacrolimus-based regimen, which represents a common treatment standard after kidney transplantation. Both are superior to other investigated immunosuppressive regimens.
authors.affiliation: Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management, 10625, Berlin, Germany, jan_Steffen.juergensen@charite.de.
authors.forename: Jan Steffen
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jürgensen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ikenberg
authors.forename: Roger-Axel
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hösel
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000068338:Everolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D008390:Markov Chains; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068338:Everolimus; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D020123:Sirolimus
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