title: Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate if coffee intake may also reduce the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, an autoimmune form of diabetes with features of Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a population-based case-control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population. Using questionnaire information on coffee consumption, we estimated the odds ratio of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and Type 2 diabetes adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, education and family history of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Coffee intake was inversely associated with Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.98 per cup/day). With regard to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, the general trend was weak (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.96-1.13), but stratification by degree of autoimmunity (median glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels) suggested that coffee intake may be associated with an increased risk of high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.23 per cup/day). Furthermore, for every additional cup of coffee consumed per day, there was a 15.2% (P = 0.0268) increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, the findings suggest that coffee may be associated with development of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of more Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Löfvenborg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: P-O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorkhan
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinell
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rasouli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Storm
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee