title: Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
abstract: The increasing importance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in tumorigenesis raises the possibility that agents which specifically inhibit this transcription factor, would provide significant therapeutic benefit. The constitutive expression of HIF-1α in about 35% of Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients suggests HIF-1α suppression might be part of a therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, we explored the effect of EZN-2968, a small 3rd generation antisense oligonucleotide against HIF-1α, in a panel of MM cell lines and primary patients samples. Here, we demonstrated that EZN-2968 is highly specific for HIF-1α mRNA and that exposure of MM cells to EZN-2968 resulted in an efficient and homogeneous loading of the cells showing a long lasting low HIF-1α protein level. In MM cells, HIF-1α suppression induced a permanent cell cycle arrest by prolonging S-phase through cyclin A modulation and in addition it induced a mild apoptotic cell death. Moreover, HIF-1α suppression caused a metabolic shift that leaded to increased production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (i.e. Warburg effect reversion), that was confirmed by the observed mitochondrial membrane potential decrease. These results show that HIF-1α is an important player in MM homeostasis and that its inhibition by small antisense oligonucleotides provides a rationale for novel therapeutic strategy to improving MM treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Bologna University School of Medicine, S. Orsola's University Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borsi
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terragna
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martello
authors.forename: Angela F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Dico
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solaini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baracca
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgarbi
authors.forename: Gianandrea
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquinelli
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zamagni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tacchetti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavo
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019925:Cyclin A / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D059807:S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019925:Cyclin A; C533794:EZN 2968; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
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