title: Raltegravir for the treatment of patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (ANRS 12 180 Reflate TB): a multicentre, phase 2, non-comparative, open-label, randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concurrent treatment of HIV and tuberculosis is complicated by drug interactions. We explored the safety and efficacy of raltegravir as an alternative to efavirenz for patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a multicentre, phase 2, non-comparative, open-label, randomised trial at eight sites in Brazil and France. Using a computer-generated randomisation sequence, we randomly allocated antiretroviral-naive adult patients with HIV-1 and tuberculosis (aged ≥18 years with a plasma HIV RNA concentration of >1000 copies per mL) to receive raltegravir 400 mg twice a day, raltegravir 800 mg twice daily, or efavirenz 600 mg once daily plus tenofovir and lamivudine (1:1:1; stratified by country). Patients began study treatment after the start of tuberculosis treatment. The primary endpoint was virological suppression at 24 weeks (HIV RNA <50 copies per mL) in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug (modified intention-to-treat analysis). We recorded death, study drug discontinuation, and loss to follow-up as failures to achieve the primary endpoint. We assessed safety in all patients who received study drugs. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00822315.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 3, 2009, and June 6, 2011, we enrolled and randomly assigned treatment to 155 individuals; 153 (51 in each group) received at least one dose of the study drug and were included in the primary analysis. 133 patients (87%) completed follow-up at week 48. At week 24, virological suppression was achieved in 39 patients (76%, 95% CI 65-88) in the raltegravir 400 mg group, 40 patients (78%, 67-90) in the raltegravir 800 mg group, and 32 patients (63%, 49-76) in the efavirenz group. The adverse-event profile was much the same across the three groups. Three (6%) patients allocated to efavirenz and three (6%) patients allocated to raltegravir 800 mg twice daily discontinued the study drugs due to adverse events. Seven patients died during the study (one in the raltegravir 400 mg group, four in the raltegravir 800 mg group, and two in the efavirenz group): none of the deaths was deemed related to study treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raltegravir 400 mg twice daily might be an alternative to efavirenz for the treatment of patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), Brazilian National STD/AIDS Program-Ministry of Health.
authors.affiliation: STD/AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory-Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute-Fiocruz, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France. Electronic address: gbeatriz@ipec.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grinsztejn
authors.affiliation: University of Paris Diderot Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U941, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Castro
authors.affiliation: INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Epidemiologie- Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: STD/AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory-Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute-Fiocruz, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Valdiléa G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de DST/AIDS, Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Henrique
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pilotto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Universitário Prof Edgar Santos, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brites
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST/AIDS, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Valdez
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Madruga
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sanatório Partenon, Health State Secretariat/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nêmora Tregnago
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Barcellos
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Infectologia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre Brazil.
authors.forename: Breno Riegel
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: STD/AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory-Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute-Fiocruz, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vorsatz
authors.affiliation: INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Epidemiologie- Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fagard
authors.affiliation: STD/AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory-Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute-Fiocruz, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marilia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santini-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal and Tropical Medicine, Villeneuve St George, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Patey
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delaugerre
authors.affiliation: INSERM U897, University of Bordeaux, ISPED, Epidemiologie- Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Santé Publique, Service d'information médicale, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chêne
authors.affiliation: University of Paris Diderot Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U941, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Molina
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D060085:Coinfection; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000068898:Raltegravir Potassium; D000068698:Tenofovir; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D063065:Organophosphonates; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D019259:Lamivudine; D000068898:Raltegravir Potassium; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine; C098320:efavirenz