title: Nitrogen-Sparing Mechanisms in Chlamydomonas Affect the Transcriptome, the Proteome, and Photosynthetic Metabolism.
abstract: Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient that limits global primary productivity; hence, N-use efficiency is of compelling interest in agriculture and aquaculture. We used Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a reference organism for a multicomponent analysis of the N starvation response. In the presence of acetate, respiratory metabolism is prioritized over photosynthesis; consequently, the N-sparing response targets proteins, pigments, and RNAs involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast function over those involved in respiration. Transcripts and proteins of the Calvin-Benson cycle are reduced in N-deficient cells, resulting in the accumulation of cycle metabolic intermediates. Both cytosolic and chloroplast ribosomes are reduced, but via different mechanisms, reflected by rapid changes in abundance of RNAs encoding chloroplast ribosomal proteins but not cytosolic ones. RNAs encoding transporters and enzymes for metabolizing alternative N sources increase in abundance, as is appropriate for the soil environmental niche of C. reinhardtii. Comparison of the N-replete versus N-deplete proteome indicated that abundant proteins with a high N content are reduced in N-starved cells, while the proteins that are increased have lower than average N contents. This sparing mechanism contributes to a lower cellular N/C ratio and suggests an approach for engineering increased N-use efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7487-8014
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmollinger
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mühlhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Nanette R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Blaby
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casero
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Tabea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kropat
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strenkert
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hemme
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305.
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schroda
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 merchant@chem.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Sabeeha S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2594-509X
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Merchant
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