title: Spinal and supraspinal processing of thermal stimuli: an fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and characterize responses to innocuous/noxious thermal stimuli and heat allodynia using functional spinal magnetic resonance imaging (spinal fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinal/supraspinal activation patterns of 16 healthy subjects were investigated by applying painful and nonpainful heat stimuli to dermatome C6 baseline and after sensitization with the heat/capsaicin model using fMRI (3T, single-shot TSE, TR 9000 msec, TE 38 msec, FOV 288 × 144 × 20 mm, matrix 192 × 96, voxel size 1 × 1 × 2 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased activity was observed in ipsi- and contralateral ventral and dorsal spinal horn during noxious heat and heat allodynia. During noxious heat, but not during heat allodynia, activations were visible in the periaqueductal gray, ipsilateral cuneiform nucleus, and ipsilateral dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLPT). However, during heat allodynia activations were observed in bilateral ruber nuclei, contralateral DLPT, and rostral ventromedial medulla oblongata (RVM). Activations in contralateral subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) were visible during both noxious heat and heat allodynia (T >2.5, P < 0.01 for all of the above). After sensitization, activations in RVM and SRD correlated with activations in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord (R = 0.52-0.98, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal fMRI successfully demonstrates increased spinal activity and secondary changes in activation of supraspinal centers involved in pain modulation caused by peripheral nociceptor sensitization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1046-1055. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Torge
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rempe
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stroman
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gierthmühlen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: heat allodynia; human pain model; neuropathic pain; spinal cord; spinal functional magnetic resonance imaging