title: The knee arthroscopy learning curve: quantitative assessment of surgical skills.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess orthopaedic trainees performing diagnostic knee arthroscopies and evaluate procedural competence using a novel statistical method, the Cumulative Summation Test for Learning Curve (LC-CUSUM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty orthopaedic trainees in postgraduate year (PGY) 1 through 5 performed diagnostic knee arthroscopy and were evaluated intraoperatively with a validated 10-point knee task-specific checklist (TSCL) and 50-point global rating scale (GRS). A score of 40 points or greater (of 50 points) for the GRS and 8 points or greater (of 10 points) for the knee TSCL was considered to indicate a successful procedure. For the LC-CUSUM analysis, adequate performance was defined as a 10% failure rate, inadequate performance was defined as a 30% failure rate, and an acceptable deviation from adequate performance was defined as 10%. A limit h equal to 1.6 was selected to give a true-discovery rate of 90% and a false-discovery rate of 10% over 50 procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 340 consecutive procedures were performed by 20 trainees during the 12-month study period. The cumulative number of arthroscopic procedures performed by trainees before study start increased with increasing PGY. The median number of arthroscopic procedures performed per trainee was 16.5 (interquartile range, 14 to 21.75). Competency in knee arthroscopy for the TSCL was achieved by 8 trainees (40%), after a median of 16 procedures (interquartile range, 13 to 20), and for the GRS by only a single trainee (5%), after 14 procedures. Threshold-adjusted curves stratified by PGY level enabled multiple trainees to achieve competency for both the TSCL and GRS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LC-CUSUM can be successfully applied to knee arthroscopy to provide an individualized assessment of performance and quantitatively demonstrate competency for basic arthroscopic tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LC-CUSUM is an effective method to evaluate procedure competence in arthroscopic training and can provide objective feedback and benchmarks in the learning phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: justin.hodgins@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hodgins
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veillette
authors.affiliation: Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biau
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ranil
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sonnadara
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000193:education*; D057189:Checklist; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D059032:Learning Curve; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*