title: Prize-based contingency management for the treatment of substance abusers: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy of a prize-based contingency management procedure in reducing substance use (where a drug-free breath or urine sample provides a chance of winning a prize).
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was conducted on papers published from January 2000 to February 2013 to determine the effect size of studies comparing prize-based contingency management to a treatment-as-usual control condition (k = 19 studies). Parallel analyses evaluated the efficacy of both short- (k = nine studies) and long-term outcomes (k = six studies) of prize-based contingency management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average end-of-treatment effect size (Cohen's d) was 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37, 0.54]. This effect size decreased at the short-term (≤3-month) post-intervention follow-up to 0.33 (95% CI = 0.12, 0.54) and at the 6-month follow-up time-point there was no detectable effect [d = -0.09 (95% CI = -0.28, 0.10)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding prize-based contingency management to behavioral support for substance use disorders can increase short-term abstinence, but the effect does not appear to persist to 6 months.
authors.affiliation: Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Lois A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Benishek
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dugosh
authors.forename: Kim C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matejkowski
authors.forename: Nicolle T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: Brittany L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Festinger
mesh_terms: D001363:Awards and Prizes; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Contingency management; incentives; meta-analysis; prize-based; substance abuse treatment; substance use disorder
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