title: Infection success of Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda) in its snail host under high temperature: role of host resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extreme weather events such as summer heat waves become more frequent owing to global climate change and are predicted to alter disease dynamics. This is because high temperatures can reduce host immune function. Predicting the impact of climate change on host-parasite interactions is, however, difficult as temperature may also affect parasite infective stages and other host characteristics determining the outcome of interaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experiments were conducted to investigate these phenomena in a Lymnaea stagnalis-Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Trematoda) interaction. In the first experiment, the effects of exposure of snails to experimental heat waves [maintenance at 25°C vs. 15°C (control)] with different durations (3 days, 7 days) on the infection success of parasite cercariae was examined. In the second experiment, the infection success was examined under similar conditions, while controlling for the possible temperature effects on cercariae and at least partly also for host physiological changes that take place rapidly compared to alterations in immune function (exposure to cercariae at intermediate 20°C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first experiment, increased infection success at 25°C was found independently of the duration of the heat wave. In the second experiment, increased infection success was found only in snails maintained at 25°C for 7 days, a treatment in which snail immune defence is known to be impaired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the effects of host resistance in determining overall parasite infection success can be overridden by effects of temperature on parasite transmission stages and/or alterations in other host traits than immune defence.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leicht
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland. otto.seppaelae@eawag.ch.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Seppälä
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058487:Cercaria / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006358:Hot Temperature; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology*; D014200:Trematoda / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Parasite. 2007 Mar;14(1):39-51
references.pmid: 17432056
references.citation: Parasitology. 1978 Apr;76(2):119-57
references.pmid: 652386
references.citation: Proc Biol Sci. 2012 Aug 22;279(1741):3357-66
references.pmid: 22593107
references.citation: Ecol Evol. 2013 Dec;3(15):4861-71
references.pmid: 24455121
references.citation: Ecol Lett. 2006 Apr;9(4):467-84
references.pmid: 16623732
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 1998 Mar;28(3):511-6
references.pmid: 9559369
references.citation: Parasitology. 1995 Feb;110 ( Pt 2):133-42
references.pmid: 7885732
references.citation: Parasitology. 1990 Jun;100 Pt 3:423-8
references.pmid: 2362767
references.citation: Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2009 May;165(1):8-18
references.pmid: 19393158
references.citation: J Helminthol. 2006 Jun;80(2):183-91
references.pmid: 16768861
references.citation: Parasitology. 2013 Sep;140(10):1211-24
references.pmid: 23253747
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2008 Apr 30;8:124
references.pmid: 18447901
references.citation: Evolution. 2011 May;65(5):1367-75
references.pmid: 21121912
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2001 Oct;87(10):878-82
references.pmid: 11688896
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2011 Mar 8;21(5):377-83
references.pmid: 21353558
references.citation: Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2158-62
references.pmid: 12077394
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30658
references.pmid: 22303448
references.citation: Parasitology. 1999 Apr;118 ( Pt 4):383-8
references.pmid: 10340329
references.citation: Parasitology. 1994;109 Suppl:S15-29
references.pmid: 7854848
references.citation: J Evol Biol. 2004 Jan;17(1):33-40
references.pmid: 15000645
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2006 Apr;92(2):249-59
references.pmid: 16729680
references.citation: Evolution. 2002 Jul;56(7):1454-61
references.pmid: 12206245
references.citation: Parasitology. 1991 Jun;102 Pt 3:391-5
references.pmid: 1866185
references.citation: Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):994-7
references.pmid: 15310900
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 2002 Aug;32(9):1145-54
references.pmid: 12117497
references.citation: Parasitology. 2011 Sep;138(11):1442-52
references.pmid: 21819641
references.citation: Biol Lett. 2011 Feb 23;7(1):119-22
references.pmid: 20610417
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Nov 1;102(44):15774-8
references.pmid: 16236722
references.citation: Oecologia. 1999 May;119(3):320-325
references.pmid: 28307754
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;72:127-45
references.pmid: 20148670
references.citation: J Helminthol. 2003 Sep;77(3):235-8
references.pmid: 12895282
references.citation: Ecology. 2009 Apr;90(4):912-20
references.pmid: 19449685