title: Calcium and vitamin D intake maintained from preovariectomy independently affect calcium metabolism and bone properties in Sprague Dawley rats.
abstract: The interaction of habitual Ca and vitamin D intake from preovariectomy to 4 months postovariectomy on bone and Ca metabolism was assessed. Higher Ca intake suppressed net bone turnover, and both nutrients independently benefitted trabecular structure. Habitual intake of adequate Ca and ~50 nmol/L vitamin D status is most beneficial.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Dietary strategies to benefit bone are typically tested prior to or after menopause but not through menopause transition. We investigated the interaction of Ca and vitamin D status on Ca absorption, bone remodeling, Ca kinetics, and bone strength as rats transitioned through estrogen deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague Dawley rats were randomized at 8 weeks to 0.2 or 1.0 % Ca and 50, 100, or 1,000 IU (1.25, 2.5, or 25 μg) vitamin D/kg diet (2 × 3 factorial design) and ovariectomized at 12 weeks. Urinary (45)Ca excretion from deep-labeled bone was used to assess net bone turnover weekly. Ca kinetics was performed between 25 and 28 weeks. Rats were killed at 29 weeks. Femoral and tibiae structure (by μCT), dynamic histomorphometry, and bone Ca content were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean 25(OH)D for rats on the 50, 100, 1,000 IU vitamin D/kg diet were 32, 54, and 175 nmol/L, respectively. Higher Ca intake ameliorated net bone turnover, reduced fractional Ca absorption and bone resorption, and increased net Ca absorption. Tibial and femoral trabecular structures were enhanced independently by higher Ca and vitamin D intake. Tibial bone width and fracture resistance were enhanced by higher vitamin D intake. Dynamic histomorphometry in the tibia was not affected by either nutrient. A Ca × vitamin D interaction existed in femur length, tibial Ca content, and mass of the soft tissue/extracellular fluid compartment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate Ca intake and serum 25(OH)D level of 50 nmol/L provided the most benefit for bone health, mostly through independent effects of Ca and vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fleet
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D008593:Menopause / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002132:Calcium Radioisotopes; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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