title: Restoring sensorimotor function through intracortical interfaces: progress and looming challenges.
abstract: The loss of a limb or paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury has devastating consequences on quality of life. One approach to restoring lost sensory and motor abilities in amputees and patients with tetraplegia is to supply them with implants that provide a direct interface with the CNS. Such brain-machine interfaces might enable a patient to exert voluntary control over a prosthetic or robotic limb or over the electrically induced contractions of paralysed muscles. A parallel interface could convey sensory information about the consequences of these movements back to the patient. Recent developments in the algorithms that decode motor intention from neuronal activity and in approaches to convey sensory feedback by electrically stimulating neurons, using biomimetic and adaptation-based approaches, have shown the promise of invasive interfaces with sensorimotor cortices, although substantial challenges remain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, and Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Sliman J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bensmaia
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D010243:Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
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