title: The effects of mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on trajectories of subsequent depressive symptoms among older Taiwanese women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scant research has taken a life-course perspective to explore the longitudinal impact of socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on the psychological well-being of older women. We sought to explore whether socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support in mid-life are associated with subsequent depressive symptomatology among older Taiwanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging conducted on a nationally representative sample (n = 1,073) of women aged 50 and above with a 12-year follow up. Mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage was assessed by socioeconomic status (SES) (i.e., educational attainment, major lifetime occupation in adulthood, and employment status) and economic strain. Perceived social support included three dimensions: listening, caring, and sick care. We used the short form of the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale that measures depressive symptomatology within two domains (negative affect and lack of positive affect). Growth curve models were employed to predict the relationships between mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage, perceived social support, and subsequent depressive trajectories, controlling for aging effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses demonstrated older women in a socioeconomic disadvantaged position are more likely to report higher initial levels of depressive symptoms in both domains; lack of formal education did not exacerbate depressive symptoms in the lack of positive affect domain over time. In addition, mid-life perceived positive social support in caring and sick care was associated with lower initial levels of depressive symptoms in both domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest independent effects of mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on subsequent depressive symptomatology among older Taiwanese women.
authors.forename: Yun-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, Center for Health and Welfare Policy, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No, 155, Sec, 2, Li-Nong Street, 112 Taipei, Taiwan. cchiao@ym.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiao
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ksobiech
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D013624:Taiwan
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