title: Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality.
abstract: Maize silage has become the major forage component in the ration of dairy cows over the last few decades. This review provides information on the mean content and variability in chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and ensiling quality of maize silages, and discusses the major factors which cause these variations. In addition, the effect of the broad range in chemical composition of maize silages on the total tract digestibility of dietary nutrients, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows is quantified and discussed. Finally, the optimum inclusion level of maize silage in the ration of dairy cows for milk production and composition is reviewed. The data showed that the nutritive value of maize silages is highly variable and that most of this variation is caused by large differences in maturity at harvest. Maize silages ensiled at a very early stage (dry matter (DM) < 250 g kg(-1)) were particularly low in starch content and starch/neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ratio, and resulted in a lower DM intake (DMI), milk yield and milk protein content. The DMI, milk yield and milk protein content increased with advancing maturity, reaching an optimum level for maize silages ensiled at DM contents of 300-350 g kg(-1), and then declined slightly at further maturity beyond 350 g kg(-1). The increases in milk (R(2) = 0.599) and protein (R(2) = 0.605) yields with maturity of maize silages were positively related to the increase in starch/NDF ratio of the maize silages. On average, the inclusion of maize silage in grass silage-based diets improved the forage DMI by 2 kg d(-1), milk yield by 1.9 kg d(-1) and milk protein content by 1.2 g kg(-1). Further comparisons showed that, in terms of milk and milk constituent yields, the optimum grass/maize silage ratio depends on the quality of both the grass and maize silages. Replacement of grass silage with maize silage in the ration, as well as an increasing maturity of the maize silages, altered the milk FA profile of the dairy cows, notably, the concentration of the cis-unsaturated FAs, C18:3n-3 and n-3/n-6 ratio decreased in milk fat. Despite variation in nutritive value, maize silage is rich in metabolizable energy and supports higher DMI and milk yield. Harvesting maize silages at a DM content between 300 and 350 g kg(-1) and feeding in combination with grass silage results in a higher milk yield of dairy cows.
authors.affiliation: Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700, AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.
authors.forename: Nazir A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Peiqiang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mubarak
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.forename: Wouter H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000592:standards; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D006109:Poaceae; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: dairy cow; fatty acids; maize silage; maturity; nutritive value