title: Silymarin improved 6-OHDA-induced motor impairment in hemi-parkisonian rats: behavioral and molecular study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with the development of Parkinson disease (PD). In the present study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of silymarin, on 6-OHDA-induced motor-impairment, brain lipid per-oxidation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of inflammatory cytokine in the rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that silymarin is able to improve motor coordination significantly (p < 0.001) in a dose dependent manner. There was a significant (p < 0.001) increase in MDA levels of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats whereas; in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, i.p. for 5 days) pre-treated hemi-parkinsonian rats MDA levels was decreased markedly (p < 0.001). Furthermore the CSF levels of IL-1β was decreased (p < 0.001) in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) pre-treated rats up to the range of normal non-parkinsonian animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that pre-treatment with silymarin could improve 6-OHDA-induced motor imbalance by attenuating brain lipid per-oxidation as well as CSF level of IL-1β as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. We suggest a potential prophylactic effect for silymarin in PD. However, further clinical trial studies should be carried out to prove this hypothesis.
authors.forename: Rasool
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haddadi
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. nayebia@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza Mohajjel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nayebi
authors.forename: Safar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farajniya
authors.forename: Shahla Eyvari
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brooshghalan
authors.forename: Hamdolah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharifi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016627:Oxidopamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012838:Silymarin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012838:Silymarin; D016627:Oxidopamine
references.citation: J Immunol. 1999 Dec 15;163(12):6800-9
references.pmid: 10586080
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2009 Apr;8(4):382-97
references.pmid: 19296921
references.citation: Biochem Soc Trans. 2007 Nov;35(Pt 5):1127-32
references.pmid: 17956294
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1994 Jan 3;165(1-2):208-10
references.pmid: 8015728
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Dec;16(11):2103-12
references.pmid: 12473078
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Dec;222(3):236-45
references.pmid: 10601882
references.citation: Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2010;281:229-66
references.pmid: 20460187
references.citation: Neurotoxicology. 2013 May;36:63-71
references.pmid: 23518299
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Mar;15(6):991-8
references.pmid: 11918659
references.citation: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:624925
references.pmid: 22829959
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2009 Dec;8(12):1128-39
references.pmid: 19909911
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1994 Oct 24;180(2):147-50
references.pmid: 7700568
references.citation: J Neural Transm Suppl. 2000;(60):277-90
references.pmid: 11205147
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2000 Mar;7(1):21-4
references.pmid: 10782486
references.citation: Daru. 2014 Jan 24;22(1):24
references.pmid: 24460990
references.citation: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;4(4):419-29
references.pmid: 19821032
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Aug 22;441(2):158-62
references.pmid: 18582534
references.citation: Acta Physiol Hung. 1991;78(1):3-9
references.pmid: 1763650
references.citation: Daru. 2013 Apr 08;21(1):28
references.pmid: 23566372
references.citation: Glia. 2007 Apr 1;55(5):453-62
references.pmid: 17203472
references.citation: Horm Metab Res. 2004 Oct;36(10):693-5
references.pmid: 15523594
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2003;53 Suppl 3:S16-23; discussion S23-5
references.pmid: 12666095
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1999 Jun 18;268(2):101-4
references.pmid: 10400088
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2007 Feb;14(2-3):129-35
references.pmid: 16638633
references.citation: Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Jan;18 Suppl 1:S210-2
references.pmid: 22166438
references.citation: Nat Med. 2010 Jun;16(6):653-61
references.pmid: 20495568
references.citation: Pharmacol Rep. 2010 Mar-Apr;62(2):258-64
references.pmid: 20508280
references.citation: Neurology. 1988 Aug;38(8):1285-91
references.pmid: 3399080
references.citation: Mol Neurodegener. 2013 Apr 26;8:14
references.pmid: 23621954
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2010;184:113-32
references.pmid: 20887872
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug 23;480(3):206-10
references.pmid: 20600617
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2010 Oct;17(12):963-73
references.pmid: 20833521
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2007;21(8):677-92
references.pmid: 17630819
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2005 Mar 24;134(1):57-66
references.pmid: 15790530
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2000 Aug 15;20(16):6309-16
references.pmid: 10934283
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2008 Apr;115(4):385-98
references.pmid: 18273623
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 3;281(9):5373-82
references.pmid: 16361258
references.citation: J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;(70):373-81
references.pmid: 17017556
references.citation: Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;25(6):723-33
references.pmid: 21077947
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 2011 Oct 15;309(1-2):45-54
references.pmid: 21840019
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2013 Oct 25;555:106-11
references.pmid: 24045063