title: Persistence, seasonal dynamics and pathogenic potential of Vibrio communities from Pacific oyster hemolymph.
abstract: Bacteria of the genus Vibrio occur at a continuum from free-living to symbiotic life forms, including opportunists and pathogens, that can contribute to severe diseases, for instance summer mortality events of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas. While most studies focused on Vibrio isolated from moribund oysters during mortality outbreaks, investigations of the Vibrio community in healthy oysters are rare. Therefore, we characterized the persistence, diversity, seasonal dynamics, and pathogenicity of the Vibrio community isolated from healthy Pacific oysters. In a reciprocal transplant experiment we repeatedly sampled hemolymph from adult Pacific oysters to differentiate population from site-specific effects during six months of in situ incubation in the field. We characterized virulence phenotypes and genomic diversity based on multilocus sequence typing in a total of 70 Vibrio strains. Based on controlled infection experiments we could show that strains with the ability to colonize healthy adult oysters can also have the potential to induce high mortality rates on larvae. Diversity and abundance of Vibrio varied significantly over time with highest values during and after spawning season. Vibrio communities from transplanted and stationary oysters converged over time, indicating that communities were not population specific, but rather assemble from the surrounding environment forming communities, some of which can persist over longer periods.
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Coastal Ecology, List, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wendling
authors.affiliation: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Estação de Moluscicultura de Tavira, Olhão, Portugal.
authors.forename: Frederico M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Coastal Ecology, List, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
authors.forename: K Mathias
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wegner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010802:Phylogeny; D011336:Probability; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014733:Vibrio / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2004 Oct;53(5):793-808
references.pmid: 15545256
references.citation: Science. 1999 Sep 3;285(5433):1505-10
references.pmid: 10498537
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 1998 Jun 19;33(2):111-8
references.pmid: 9684317
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1990 Feb 22;142(4):485-501
references.pmid: 2338834
references.citation: ISME J. 2012 Apr;6(4):835-46
references.pmid: 22158392
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 2004 Mar 10;58(2-3):223-30
references.pmid: 15109146
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2009 May 1;25(9):1189-91
references.pmid: 19151095
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 2001 Sep 12;46(2):139-45
references.pmid: 11678229
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jun;7(6):761-72
references.pmid: 15892695
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jan;71(1):98-104
references.pmid: 15640176
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Mar;61(3):1163-8
references.pmid: 7793918
references.citation: Syst Appl Microbiol. 2008 Aug;31(3):215-22
references.pmid: 18482814
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2002 Jun;4(6):318-26
references.pmid: 12071977
references.citation: J Fish Dis. 2008 Aug;31(8):621-30
references.pmid: 18700939
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 2008 Nov 20;82(2):119-34
references.pmid: 19149375
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;75(23):7537-41
references.pmid: 19801464
references.citation: Environ Microbiol Rep. 2010 Feb;2(1):34-43
references.pmid: 23765996
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2012 Apr;63(3):543-51
references.pmid: 22202887
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2008 Jul;25(7):1253-6
references.pmid: 18397919
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2013 May;65(4):1052-67
references.pmid: 23563708
references.citation: Science. 2005 Feb 25;307(5713):1311-3
references.pmid: 15731455
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2013 Nov 09;13:252
references.pmid: 24206899
references.citation: Dis Aquat Organ. 2004 Nov 23;62(1-2):65-74
references.pmid: 15648832
references.citation: BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Aug 07;7:371
references.pmid: 16893466
references.citation: Gene. 2003 Jan 16;303:139-45
references.pmid: 12559575
references.citation: Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010 Jan;60(Pt 1):154-165
references.pmid: 19648344
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Sep;109(3):918-26
references.pmid: 20374412
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2007 Nov;189(21):7932-6
references.pmid: 17704223
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jul;12(7):2007-19
references.pmid: 20370818
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jan;13(1):265-275
references.pmid: 20819104
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jul;39(Web Server issue):W475-8
references.pmid: 21470960
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2010 May;59(4):787-98
references.pmid: 20012275
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):127-8
references.pmid: 17050570
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704
references.pmid: 14530136
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2011 Jan;157(Pt 1):179-188
references.pmid: 20847009
references.citation: Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1081-5
references.pmid: 18497299
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Aug;35(8):2098-101
references.pmid: 9230389
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8228-35
references.pmid: 16332807
references.citation: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Dec;293(6):R2353-62
references.pmid: 17898119
references.citation: J Food Prot. 1994 Mar;57(3):224-228
references.pmid: 31113063
references.citation: ISME J. 2011 Feb;5(2):169-72
references.pmid: 20827291
references.citation: Evolution. 1985 Jul;39(4):783-791
references.pmid: 28561359
references.citation: Microb Ecol. 2007 Feb;53(2):187-96
references.pmid: 17245611
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jul;70(7):4103-10
references.pmid: 15240289
references.citation: C R Biol. 2002 Mar;325(3):231-8
references.pmid: 12017771
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1970 Jul;103(1):271-2
references.pmid: 5423372
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Mar 19;32(5):1792-7
references.pmid: 15034147
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Jan;35(1):219-21
references.pmid: 623467
references.citation: Syst Biol. 2010 May;59(3):307-21
references.pmid: 20525638
references.citation: Ecology. 2009 Apr;90(4):912-20
references.pmid: 19449685