title: Mapping the fine specificity of ABO monoclonal reagents with A and B type-specific function-spacer-lipid constructs in kodecytes and inkjet printed on paper.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monoclonal (MoAb) reagents are routinely used and are usually very reliable for the serologic determination of ABO blood types. However, the fine specificity and cross-reactivity of these reagents are often unknown, particularly against synthetic antigens used in some diagnostic assays. If nonserologic assays or very sensitive techniques other than those specifically prescribed by the manufacturer are used, then there is a risk of incorrect interpretation of results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven MoAbs and two polyclonal ABO reagents were tested against red blood cell (RBC) kodecytes prepared with A trisaccharide, A Type 1, A Type 2, A Type 3, A Type 4, B trisaccharide, B Type 1, B Type 2, acquired B trisaccharide, and Le(a) trisaccharide function-spacer-lipid (FSL) constructs. Natural RBCs were tested in parallel. In addition these FSL constructs were printed onto paper with a desktop inkjet printer and used in a novel immunoassay that identifies reactivity through the appearance of alphanumeric characters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mapping of MoAbs with kodecytes and printed FSL constructs revealed a series of broad recognition patterns. All ABO MoAbs tested were reactive with the RBC dominant Type 2 ABO antigens. Unexpectedly some anti-A reagents were reactive against the B Type 1 antigen, while others were poorly reactive with trisaccharide antigens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All ABO MoAbs detect the RBC dominant Type 2 ABO antigens; however, some reagents may show minor reactivity with inappropriate blood group antigens, which needs to be considered when using these reagents in alternative or highly sensitive analytic systems.
authors.affiliation: Biotech Innovation Centre, School of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korchagina
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ryzhov
authors.forename: Nicolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bovin
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henry
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D003429:Cross Reactions; D018604:Epitope Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008055:Lipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010209:Paper; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008055:Lipids; D011934:Reagent Strips