title: Profile of vintafolide (EC145) and its use in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to review the profile of vintafolide (EC145) and its rationale for use in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. First we investigated the folate receptors (FRs), folate's pathway into cells, and its expression in normal and cancerous cells, before detailing the mechanism of action of vintafolide, its clinical applications, and the results of different study phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted through PubMed/Medline, Google, ClinicalTrials.gov and websites of pharmaceutical companies. Only articles in English were selected. All articles investigating folate receptor expression in ovarian cancer were selected first, than articles reviewing platinum resistance. Papers about vintafolide were collected, while those talking about synthesis and biochemistry concerns were excluded. The different Phase I and II studies were read, and an update on the website of pharmaceuticals companies were added.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FR is a bundle-membrane receptor that is expressed normally in some normal tissues on the apical surface of cells, but highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells (>80%). It collects folate through endocytosis. Chemotherapy does not modify its expression in ovarian cancer cells, and its expression appears to be mostly associated with a poor prognosis and platinum resistance. Vintafolide is a folate-desacetylvinblastine monohydrazide conjugate, allowing a liberation of the drug into the cytoplasm of cancerous cells via the FR-α (FRα) and endocytosis, with high specificity. Phase I studies showed a 2.5 mg bolus dose to be nontoxic, with moderately adverse events. Phase II clinical trials for the first time demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and in those with a very poor prognosis who had already received three to four lines of systemic chemotherapy. The greater benefits were observed in patients with highly expressed FRα.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vintafolide is a promising targeted agent for recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, first, thanks to its mechanism of action and the characteristics of FRα in ovarian cancer, and, second, because of the favorable results observed in the first clinical trials on platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Phase III clinical trials are currently ongoing and are expected to confirm these results.
authors.affiliation: Gynecology and Andrology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium ; Centre du cancer, Gynecologic Oncology Group, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luyckx
authors.affiliation: Gynecology and Andrology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Votino
authors.affiliation: Gynecology and Andrology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium ; Centre du cancer, Gynecologic Oncology Group, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Squifflet
authors.affiliation: Centre du cancer, Gynecologic Oncology Group, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium ; Medical Oncology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baurain
keywords: chemotherapy; folate receptor; platinum-resistant ovarian cancer
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