title: Safety and tolerability of inhaled loxapine in subjects with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--two randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loxapine, a first-generation antipsychotic, delivered with a novel inhalation delivery device developed for the acute treatment of agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder was evaluated in subjects with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate randomized, double-blind, parallel-arm, placebo-controlled trials compared two administrations of inhaled loxapine (10 mg) 10 hr apart with placebo in 52 subjects with asthma and in 53 subjects with COPD. A thermally-generated drug aerosol of loxapine was delivered to the deep lung for rapid systemic absorption. Controller medications were continued throughout the study, but quick-relief bronchodilators were withheld from 6-8 hr before through 34 hr after dose 1, unless indicated as rescue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All airway adverse events (AEs) were of mild or moderate severity. Symptomatic bronchospasm occurred in 53.8% of subjects with asthma after inhaled loxapine and 11.5% after placebo; and in 19.2% of COPD subjects after inhaled loxapine and 11.1% after placebo. Subjects required inhaled albuterol as follows: asthma: 53.8% after inhaled loxapine and 11.5% after placebo; and COPD: 23.1% after inhaled loxapine and 14.8% after placebo. Respiratory signs/symptoms requiring treatment responded to rescue bronchodilator [forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) return to within 10% of baseline] within 1 hr in 11 of 15 events in asthma subjects and four of seven events in COPD subjects, the remainder by the last spirometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with either asthma or COPD, FEV(1) decline and bronchospasm can occur following inhaled loxapine, but more frequently in asthmatic subjects. Most subjects with bronchospasm responded to rescue bronchodilator within 1 hr. No treatment-related serious AE occurred. Although inhaled loxapine is contraindicated in patients with active airways disease per the current approved US labeling, these studies demonstrated that rescue bronchodilator mitigated the symptomatic bronchospasms that may occur in case of inadvertent use.
authors.affiliation: 1 St. Francis Hospital, Hartford CT, and University Medical Research , Farmington, CT.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Leon S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Greos
authors.forename: Eli O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: Selwyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spangenthal
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Spyker
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Cassella
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000368:Aged; D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001986:Bronchial Spasm / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008152:Loxapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D019141:Respiratory System Agents; D008152:Loxapine; D000420:Albuterol
keywords: ADASUVE; COPD; aerosol; agitation; asthma; inhaled loxapine; randomized; safety
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