title: Central projections of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the macaque monkey.
abstract: Circadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are entrained to the environmental light/dark cycle via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin and the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). The ipRGCs regulate other nonimage-forming visual functions such as the pupillary light reflex, masking behavior, and light-induced melatonin suppression. To evaluate whether PACAP-immunoreactive retinal projections are useful as a marker for central projection of ipRGCs in the monkey brain, we characterized the occurrence of PACAP in melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs and in the retinal target areas in the brain visualized by the anterograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CtB) in combination with PACAP staining. In the retina, PACAP and melanopsin were found to be costored in 99% of melanopsin-expressing cells characterized as inner and outer stratifying melanopsin RGCs. Two macaque monkeys were anesthetized and received a unilateral intravitreal injection of CtB. Bilateral retinal projections containing colocalized CtB and PACAP immunostaining were identified in the SCN, the lateral geniculate complex including the pregeniculate nucleus, the pretectal olivary nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract, the brachium of the superior colliculus, and the superior colliculus. In conclusion, PACAP-immunoreactive projections with colocalized CtB represent retinal projections of ipRGCs in the macaque monkey, supporting previous retrograde tracer studies demonstrating that melanopsin-containing retinal projections reach areas in the primate brain involved in both image- and nonimage-forming visual processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK2400, NV, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hannibal
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kankipati
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dacey
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gamlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008251:Macaca / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D056347:Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000099210:Melanopsin
chemical_list: D002772:Cholera Toxin; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D017299:Rod Opsins; D000099210:Melanopsin
keywords: LGN; PACAP; PON; RHT; VIP; circadian rhythms; melanopsin; neurotransmitter; suprachiasmatic nucleus
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