title: Disturbed circadian rhythm of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: relevant to nocturnal hypertension and renal damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the development of hypertension and renal damage. Disruption of diurnal blood pressure (BP) variation is an additional risk factor for renal damage. However, little is known regarding whether intrarenal RAS circadian rhythm exists or if it influences the disruption of diurnal BP and renal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the circadian rhythm of urinary angiotensinogen (U-AGT) that reflects intrarenal RAS activity in 14 individuals without chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 36 CKD patients classified according to circadian BP rhythms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP values were higher during the daytime than during the nighttime in both individuals without CKD and CKD patients. U-AGT levels were not different between the daytime and nighttime in individuals without CKD, but were significantly higher in the daytime in CKD patients (log U-AGT/creatinine: daytime, 2.39 ± 0.99; nighttime, 2.24 ± 1.06; p = 0.001). Furthermore, in CKD patients showing a riser pattern of circadian BP, U-AGT levels did not decrease during the nighttime compared with those in the daytime (log U-AGT/creatinine: daytime, 2.51 ± 0.65; nighttime, 2.52 ± 0.71; p = 0.78). Circadian fluctuation of albuminuria and proteinuria occurred parallel to that of the U-AGT levels. U-AGT levels were significantly and positively correlated with the levels of BP and circadian fluctuation of U-AGT was correlated with diurnal BP changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the circadian rhythm of intrarenal RAS activation may lead to renal damage and hypertension, which are associated with diurnal BP variation.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.forename: Naro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujikura
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Yukitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakao
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyajima
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujigaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000652:urine*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000652:urine; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System
chemical_list: D000808:Angiotensinogen
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