title: Ralstonia solanacearum type III secretion system effector Rip36 induces a hypersensitive response in the nonhost wild eggplant Solanum torvum.
abstract: Ralstonia solanacearum is a Gram-negative soil-borne bacterium that causes bacterial wilt disease in more than 200 plant species, including economically important Solanaceae species. In R. solanacearum, the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) type III secretion system is required for both the ability to induce the hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost plants and pathogenicity in host plants. Recently, 72 effector genes, called rip (Ralstonia protein injected into plant cells), have been identified in R. solanacearum RS1000. RS1002, a spontaneous nalixidic acid-resistant derivative of RS1000, induced strong HR in the nonhost wild eggplant Solanum torvum in an Hrp-dependent manner. An Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system revealed that Rip36, a putative Zn-dependent protease effector of R. solanacearum, induced HR in S. torvum. A mutation in the putative Zn-binding motif (E149A) completely abolished the ability to induce HR. In agreement with this result, the RS1002-derived Δrip36 and rip36E149A mutants lost the ability to induce HR in S. torvum. An E149A mutation had no effect on the translocation of Rip36 into plant cells. These results indicate that Rip36 is an avirulent factor that induces HR in S. torvum and that a putative Zn-dependent protease motif is essential for this activity.
authors.forename: Kamrun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.forename: Iyo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: Yoshishige
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Mikihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mukaihara
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D055550:Protein Stability; D043368:Ralstonia solanacearum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D032322:Solanum / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems
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