title: Visualization of oxidative stress in ex vivo biopsies using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop an X-Band electron paramagnetic resonance imaging protocol for visualization of oxidative stress in biopsies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The developed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging protocol was based on spin trapping with the cyclic hydroxylamine spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine and X-Band EPR imaging. Computer software was developed for deconvolution and back-projection of the EPR image. A phantom containing radicals of known spatial characteristic was used for evaluation of the developed protocol. As a demonstration of the technique electron paramagnetic resonance imaging of oxidative stress was performed in six sections of atherosclerotic plaques. Histopathological analyses were performed on adjoining sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed computer software for deconvolution and back-projection of the EPR images could accurately reproduce the shape of a phantom of known spatial distribution of radicals. The developed protocol could successfully be used to image oxidative stress in six sections of the three ex vivo atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that oxidative stress can be imaged using a combination of spin trapping with the cyclic hydroxylamine spin probe cyclic hydroxylamine spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine and X-Band EPR imaging. A thorough and systematic evaluation on different types of biopsies must be performed in the future to validate the proposed technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology (MTÖ), Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallbeck
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.forename: Natallia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kolbun
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jonson
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engström
authors.forename: Ebo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Muinck
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zachrisson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: EPR; EPR imaging; EPRI; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; spin trap