title: Hmga1/Hmga2 double knock-out mice display a "superpygmy" phenotype.
abstract: The HMGA1 and HMGA2 genes code for proteins belonging to the High Mobility Group A family. Several genes are negatively or positively regulated by both these proteins, but a number of genes are specifically regulated by only one of them. Indeed, knock-out of the Hmga1 and Hmga2 genes leads to different phenotypes: cardiac hypertrophy and type 2 diabetes in the former case, and a large reduction in body size and amount of fat tissue in the latter case. Therefore, to better elucidate the functions of the Hmga genes, we crossed Hmga1-null mice with mice null for Hmga2. The Hmga1(-/-)/Hmga2(-/-) mice showed reduced vitality and a very small size (75% smaller than the wild-type mice); they were even smaller than pygmy Hmga2-null mice. The drastic reduction in E2F1 activity, and consequently in the expression of the E2F-dependent genes involved in cell cycle regulation, likely accounts for some phenotypic features of the Hmga1(-/-)/Hmga2(-/-) mice.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forzati
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arra
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pierantoni
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Martino
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy alfusco@unina.it.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fusco
keywords: E2F; HMGA1; HMGA2; Pygmy
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