title: Clathrin and Membrane Microdomains Cooperatively Regulate RbohD Dynamics and Activity in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Arabidopsis thaliana respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD) functions as an essential regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, our understanding of the regulation of RbohD remains limited. By variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-RbohD organizes into dynamic spots at the plasma membrane. These RbohD spots have heterogeneous diffusion coefficients and oligomerization states, as measured by photobleaching techniques. Stimulation with ionomycin and calyculin A, which activate the ROS-producing enzymatic activity of RbohD, increases the diffusion and oligomerization of RbohD. Abscisic acid and flg22 treatments also increase the diffusion coefficient and clustering of GFP-RbohD. Single-particle analysis in clathrin heavy chain2 mutants and a Flotillin1 artificial microRNA line demonstrated that clathrin- and microdomain-dependent endocytic pathways cooperatively regulate RbohD dynamics. Under salt stress, GFP-RbohD assembles into clusters and then internalizes into the cytoplasm. Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy analysis further showed that salt stress stimulates RbohD endocytosis via membrane microdomains. We demonstrate that microdomain-associated RbohD spots diffuse at the membrane with high heterogeneity, and these dynamics closely relate to RbohD activity. Our results provide insight into the regulation of RbohD activity by clustering and endocytosis, which facilitate the activation of redox signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: Huaiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Ruili
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
authors.forename: Qihua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética, y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Botella
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China linjx@ibcas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jinxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
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