title: Multiple somatic symptoms in employees participating in a randomized controlled trial associated with sickness absence because of nonspecific low back pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of multiple somatic symptoms is high in primary and hospital outpatient populations. Multiple somatic symptoms may be present in patients sick-listed because of low back pain (LBP) and may be associated with increased risk of not returning to work (RTW).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether multiple somatic symptoms in a subset of patients with nonspecific LBP was associated with RTW, sickness absence (SA), or other social benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a cohort study based on a randomized clinical trial with a prospective 2-year follow-up period. Patients were referred from general practices to the Spine Center, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Denmark.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were 285 sick-listed employees (4-12 weeks), with nonspecific LBP as their prime reason for SA. Exclusion criteria were unemployment, radiculopathy, LBP surgery within the past year, previous lumbar fusion, suspected cauda equina syndrome, progressive paresis or other serious back disease, pregnancy, known substance abuse, or primary psychiatric diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported health was assessed by the LBP rating scale and questions about pain and health in general. Disabilities were measured by the Roland Morris Questionnaire, the Short Form-36, and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire. Work-related questions comprised expectations about RTW and risk of losing job because of SA. The Common Mental Disorder Questionnaire (subscale SCL-SOM) was used to assess multiple somatic symptoms (12 items). We categorized multiple somatic symptoms into four groups based on the SCL-SOM sum score: <6, 6 to 12, 13 to 18 and >18. Status of SA (>2 weeks) and RTW were gathered from a national database (DREAM).
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients (N=285) were randomized into either multidisciplinary or brief intervention at the Spine Center (2004-2008). Both interventions comprised clinical examination and advice by a physiotherapist and a rheumatologist. Data were collected from questionnaires at baseline (inclusion) and 1 year after inclusion. Data on SA benefits were gathered from the DREAM database that contains data on all social transfer payments (such as sick leave benefits and other disability benefits) registered on a weekly basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All health factors, female gender, and poor work ability were significantly associated with a higher level of multiple somatic symptoms. The percentage of persons with SA increased significantly with the symptom score after 1 year, and the duration of SA remained significantly longer after 2 years of follow-up between the multiple somatic symptoms groups. The percentages with RTW after 1 and 2 years were negatively associated with a higher level of multiple somatic symptoms at baseline. We found no difference between the intervention groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher level of multiple somatic symptoms was significantly associated with poor health and work ability at baseline and with longer duration of SA and unsuccessful RTW through a 2-year follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: MarselisborgCentret, Public Health and Quality Improvement, Central Denmark Region, Denmark. Electronic address: anne-mette.momsen@stab.rm.dk.
authors.forename: Anne-Mette Hedeager
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Momsen
authors.affiliation: The Spine Center, Diagnostic Center, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Falkevej 6, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole Kudsk
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: MarselisborgCentret, Public Health and Quality Improvement, Central Denmark Region, Denmark; Department of Clinical Social Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Bygn. 1280, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claus Vinther
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: MarselisborgCentret, Public Health and Quality Improvement, Central Denmark Region, Denmark; The Occupational Rehabilitation Centre in Rauland Rehabiliteringssenteret AiR, Haddlandsvejen 20, N-3864 Rauland, Norway.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062707:Return to Work / Q000523:psychology*; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Low back pain; Multiple somatic symptoms; Randomized controlled trial: rehabilitation; Return to work; Screening instrument; Sickness absence