title: What influences youth to operate all-terrain vehicles safely?
abstract: The operation of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) by youth has contributed to the incidence of serious and fatal injuries among children. This study explored factors related to the frequency with which youth wore a helmet and refrained from engaging in three risky driving behaviors (driving at risky speeds, on paved roads and on unfamiliar terrain) while operating an ATV. Youth (n = 248) aged 9-14 from central Ohio and one of their parents completed self-report measures of ATV safety behaviors, youth general propensity for risk taking, protection motivation and parental behaviors to facilitate youth safety. Data from two focus groups provided insight on quantitative results. Analyses revealed considerable variation in the frequency with which youth performed the safety behaviors, with 13- and 14-year-olds reporting less frequent safe behavior than 9- to 12-year-olds. Multiple regression analyses suggested that parental behaviors, such as providing reminders to wear a helmet, were associated with more frequent helmet use but were not associated with risky driving behaviors. Youth's general propensity toward risk taking was not associated with helmet use and only associated with riskydriving behaviors among the 13- and 14-year-olds. Self-efficacy was an important predictor across both age groups and behaviors. Implications for injury prevention are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, 1070 Arastradero Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 400C Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA annagrummon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Grummon
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, 1070 Arastradero Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 400C Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, 1070 Arastradero Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 400C Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, 1070 Arastradero Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 400C Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wilkins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017144:Focus Groups; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles; D009820:Ohio; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
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