title: The architecture of risk for type 2 diabetes: understanding Asia in the context of global findings.
abstract: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly in both developed and developing countries. Asia is developing as the epicentre of the escalating pandemic, reflecting rapid transitions in demography, migration, diet, and lifestyle patterns. The effective management of Type 2 diabetes in Asia may be complicated by differences in prevalence, risk factor profiles, genetic risk allele frequencies, and gene-environment interactions between different Asian countries, and between Asian and other continental populations. To reduce the worldwide burden of T2D, it will be important to understand the architecture of T2D susceptibility both within and between populations. This review will provide an overview of known genetic and nongenetic risk factors for T2D, placing the results from Asian studies in the context of broader global research. Given recent evidence from large-scale genetic studies of T2D, we place special emphasis on emerging knowledge about the genetic architecture of T2D and the potential contribution of genetic effects to population differences in risk.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia ; UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noraidatulakma
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7186-2455
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia ; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia ; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldmeadow
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia ; Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Design, IT and Statistical Support (CReDITSS) Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia ; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Holliday
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2004 May;47(5):860-5
references.pmid: 15114469
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Aug;39(8):951-3
references.pmid: 17603484
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):991-1005
references.pmid: 22885924
references.citation: J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):540-1
references.pmid: 23773303
references.citation: J Clin Lipidol. 2013 Jan-Feb;7(1):65-81
references.pmid: 23351585
references.citation: Genome Res. 2000 Oct;10(10):1435-44
references.pmid: 11042143
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2011 Aug;54(8):2038-46
references.pmid: 21573907
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2004 May;27(5):1047-53
references.pmid: 15111519
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Aug 04;5(8):e11961
references.pmid: 20694148
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32182
references.pmid: 22412857
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Oct;167(4):579-88
references.pmid: 22889687
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2001 Apr;85(4):491-8
references.pmid: 11348564
references.citation: Singapore Med J. 2006 Oct;47(10):841-50
references.pmid: 16990958
references.citation: Obes Res. 1994 Mar;2(2):166-82
references.pmid: 16353618
references.citation: Diabetes. 2013 Aug;62(8):2978-83
references.pmid: 23557703
references.citation: Stroke. 2012 Dec;43(12):3161-7
references.pmid: 23042660
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jul;27(7):784-9
references.pmid: 12821962
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1092-7
references.pmid: 18711367
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2012 May 13;44(6):659-69
references.pmid: 22581228
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):981-90
references.pmid: 22885922
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2012 Mar 25;44(5):483-9
references.pmid: 22446960
references.citation: Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):889-94
references.pmid: 17434869
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2010 May;11(5):356-66
references.pmid: 20395969
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2009 Feb;101(4):478-81
references.pmid: 19149908
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jul 1;19(13):2706-15
references.pmid: 20418489
references.citation: Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(8):694-703; discussion 692-3
references.pmid: 10516792
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1098-102
references.pmid: 18711366
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Nov;42(11):949-60
references.pmid: 20935629
references.citation: Nutr Res. 2010 Sep;30(9):585-93
references.pmid: 20934599
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2011 Oct;54(10):2595-605
references.pmid: 21786021
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1341-5
references.pmid: 17463248
references.citation: Arch Pharm Res. 2013 Feb;36(2):167-77
references.pmid: 23377708
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):638-45
references.pmid: 18372903
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Apr;53(4):1141-9
references.pmid: 15047633
references.citation: Genet Epidemiol. 2008 May;32(4):381-5
references.pmid: 18348202
references.citation: Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 Dec;58(10):571-7
references.pmid: 15589065
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov;22 Suppl 2:16-9
references.pmid: 16225465
references.citation: Ann Epidemiol. 2009 Oct;19(10):718-23
references.pmid: 19560369
references.citation: Diabet Med. 1999 Oct;16(10):853-60
references.pmid: 10547213
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012 May;8(5):e1002741
references.pmid: 22693455
references.citation: Diabetes. 2010 Jan;59(1):293-301
references.pmid: 19833888
references.citation: Diabetes. 2009 Jun;58(6):1440-4
references.pmid: 19258437
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Aug;36(8):1086-93
references.pmid: 21946705
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2011 Dec 11;44(1):67-72
references.pmid: 22158537
references.citation: Diabetes. 2013 Mar;62(3):977-86
references.pmid: 23209189
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):881-7
references.pmid: 17167477
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2005 Aug;37(8):863-7
references.pmid: 16025115
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):868-74
references.pmid: 20016592
references.citation: J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):479-85
references.pmid: 23343677
references.citation: Diabetes. 2000 Jun;49(6):975-80
references.pmid: 10866050
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Feb;26(2):380-4
references.pmid: 12547866
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001 Feb;16(2):286-90
references.pmid: 11158401
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Oct 1;11(21):2607-14
references.pmid: 12354786
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):1249-57
references.pmid: 21617109
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1999 Feb;42(2):139-45
references.pmid: 10064092
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Mar;148(3):293-300
references.pmid: 12611609
references.citation: Nature. 2012 May 17;485(7398):S2-3
references.pmid: 22616094
references.citation: Lancet. 1991 Feb 16;337(8738):382-6
references.pmid: 1671422
references.citation: Diabetes Metab J. 2011 Feb;35(1):12-22
references.pmid: 21537408
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 20;355(3):241-50
references.pmid: 16855264
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Oct;42(10):864-8
references.pmid: 20818381
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Feb;42(2):105-16
references.pmid: 20081858
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1987 Oct;30(10):763-8
references.pmid: 3428496
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2009 Apr;68(7):1305-14
references.pmid: 19232811
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Apr;7(4):e1001363
references.pmid: 21490949
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Nov 25;8(11):e82305
references.pmid: 24282622
references.citation: Arteriosclerosis. 1990 Jul-Aug;10(4):493-6
references.pmid: 2196039
references.citation: Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010 Feb;21(1):31-7
references.pmid: 19915463
references.citation: Alcohol Res Health. 2000;24(3):164-8
references.pmid: 11199286
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2006 Dec;49(12):2866-73
references.pmid: 17021918
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2001 Sep;44 Suppl 2:S14-21
references.pmid: 11587045
references.citation: Ann Med. 2013 Mar;45(2):171-81
references.pmid: 22621171
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1999 Feb;42(2):146-50
references.pmid: 10064093
references.citation: Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2197-223
references.pmid: 23245608
references.citation: Diabetes. 2012 Feb;61(2):531-41
references.pmid: 22233651
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2009 Sep;32(9):1644-6
references.pmid: 19509010
references.citation: JAMA. 1963 Feb 9;183:419-24
references.pmid: 13989245
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2013 Jun;56(6):1291-305
references.pmid: 23532257
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(4):e1002621
references.pmid: 22511877
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Jul 1;21(13):3042-9
references.pmid: 22456796
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2008 Sep;51(9):1659-63
references.pmid: 18618095
references.citation: Nutrients. 2012 Nov 08;4(11):1664-78
references.pmid: 23201839
references.citation: Br Heart J. 1994 Nov;72(5):413-21
references.pmid: 7818957
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):353-9
references.pmid: 17684205
references.citation: Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011 Jun;13(6):683-94
references.pmid: 21488798
references.citation: Science. 1996 Sep 13;273(5281):1516-7
references.pmid: 8801636
references.citation: J Diabetes. 2012 Sep;4(3):203-12
references.pmid: 22781158
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1331-6
references.pmid: 17463246
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2008 Sep;40(9):1039-40
references.pmid: 19165915
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22353
references.pmid: 21799836
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Aug;81(2):338-45
references.pmid: 17668382
references.citation: Br Heart J. 1988 Nov;60(5):390-6
references.pmid: 3060188
references.citation: Diabetes. 2008 Sep;57(9):2534-40
references.pmid: 18567820
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 17;275(46):35953-9
references.pmid: 10967120
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2011 Mar;79(5):563-72
references.pmid: 21150874
references.citation: Diabetes. 2007 Dec;56(12):3101-4
references.pmid: 17804762
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Jul 13;91(1):185-92
references.pmid: 22770979
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 2007 Aug;(106):S43-8
references.pmid: 17653210
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Jan;31(1):177-88
references.pmid: 16652128
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2013;9(12):e1003993
references.pmid: 24385918
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2006 Mar;38(3):320-3
references.pmid: 16415884
references.citation: JAMA. 2008 Dec 24;300(24):2886-97
references.pmid: 19109117
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 May;29(5):1052-7
references.pmid: 16644636
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):390-7
references.pmid: 19892838
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2010 Sep 16;6(9):e1001127
references.pmid: 20862305
references.citation: Diabetes. 2003 Feb;52(2):568-72
references.pmid: 12540637
references.citation: Diabetes. 2004 Sep;53(9):2330-7
references.pmid: 15331542
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2011 Aug;54(8):2047-55
references.pmid: 21647700
references.citation: Maturitas. 2010 Apr;65(4):315-9
references.pmid: 20079586
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Jul;42(7):579-89
references.pmid: 20581827
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May;96(5):614-8
references.pmid: 22133988
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Aug 6;460(7256):748-52
references.pmid: 19571811
references.citation: JAMA. 2009 May 27;301(20):2129-40
references.pmid: 19470990
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jun 7;447(7145):661-78
references.pmid: 17554300
references.citation: Eur J Hum Genet. 2012 Jul;20(7):801-5
references.pmid: 22293688
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2130-5
references.pmid: 16123478
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Jun;39(6):724-6
references.pmid: 17496892
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2012;8(8):e1002793
references.pmid: 22876189
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Nov;15(11):2817-24
references.pmid: 18070773
references.citation: Rev Diabet Stud. 2010 Fall;7(3):188-201
references.pmid: 21409311
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1992 Nov;35(11):1060-7
references.pmid: 1473616
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2008 Sep;8(3):186-200
references.pmid: 18762020
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5366-71
references.pmid: 11701707
references.citation: BMC Public Health. 2012 Sep 01;12:732
references.pmid: 22937748
references.citation: Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:632461
references.pmid: 23983688
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1993 Jan;36(1):62-7
references.pmid: 8436255
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1898-904
references.pmid: 18591398
references.citation: Diabetes. 2008 Aug;57(8):2226-33
references.pmid: 18469204
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Feb 22;445(7130):881-5
references.pmid: 17293876
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1991 Dec;14(12):1132-43
references.pmid: 1773700
references.citation: Diabetes. 2010 May;59(5):1266-75
references.pmid: 20185807
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 2012 Aug 21;32:417-39
references.pmid: 22524185
references.citation: Diabetes. 2013 Jan;62(1):291-8
references.pmid: 22961080
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2002 Aug;3(3):141-6
references.pmid: 12164465
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2003 Jan;46(1):3-19
references.pmid: 12637977
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1453-8
references.pmid: 19279076
references.citation: Metabolism. 2004 Jul;53(7):831-5
references.pmid: 15254872
references.citation: Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:179061
references.pmid: 21912753
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2000 Sep;26(1):76-80
references.pmid: 10973253
references.citation: Nat Med. 2011 Aug 14;17(9):1067-75
references.pmid: 21841783
references.citation: BMJ. 2011 Jun 30;342:d3823
references.pmid: 21724543
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2011 Jun 26;43(8):753-60
references.pmid: 21706003
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1985 Jul;28(7):412-9
references.pmid: 3899825
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2000 Oct;26(2):163-75
references.pmid: 11017071
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2009 Oct;41(10):1110-5
references.pmid: 19734900
references.citation: Front Genet. 2013 Jan 30;4:7
references.pmid: 23386860
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2010 Feb 19;6(2):e1000847
references.pmid: 20174558
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2009 May;52(5):825-9
references.pmid: 19225753
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2013 May;56(5):1031-5
references.pmid: 23404445
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2010 Jul;42(7):565-9
references.pmid: 20562875
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e19930
references.pmid: 21731609
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2012 Oct 16;157(8):549-57
references.pmid: 23070488
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Jul 15;172(2):197-204
references.pmid: 20570825
references.citation: Diabetes. 2009 Jul;58(7):1690-9
references.pmid: 19401414
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46365
references.pmid: 23029497
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2011 Aug 28;43(10):984-9
references.pmid: 21874001
references.citation: Nature. 2012 May 17;485(7398):S14-6
references.pmid: 22616100
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29202
references.pmid: 22238593
references.citation: J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012 Mar-Apr;19(2):212-8
references.pmid: 22101970
references.citation: Diabetes. 2005 Jan;54(1):275-83
references.pmid: 15616039
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Jun;39(6):770-5
references.pmid: 17460697
references.citation: Diabetes. 2002 Feb;51 Suppl 1:S202-11
references.pmid: 11815481
references.citation: Diabetes. 2013 May;62(5):1746-55
references.pmid: 23300278
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jun 1;316(5829):1336-41
references.pmid: 17463249
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Aug;26(8):2392-9
references.pmid: 12882868
references.citation: J Nutr. 2002 Sep;132(9):2574-9
references.pmid: 12221211
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Nov;52(11):779-83
references.pmid: 9846588