title: Evaluations of the mutagenicity of a pigment extract from bulb culture of Hippeastrum reticulatum.
abstract: The use of anthocyanins in food products as colorants has been limited because of their instability toward alkaline pH and high temperature. This study aimed to determine color stability and mutagenicity of the anthocyanin-based pigment extract from bulb cultures of Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum reticulatum). The pigment extract retained its reddish-orange color under alkaline conditions (⩽pH 11) and was stable up to 6 h at 95 °C. The mutagenicity of the extract was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Hippeastrum pigment extract up to 1.25 mg plate(-1) was found non-mutagenic in Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and TA100. Chromosome aberrations were observed when human lymphocytes were treated with the extract up to 1.5 mg ml(-1). However, the extract up to 1.4 mg ml(-1) was found to exhibit relatively low or no mutagenicity in in vitro comet assays with human lymphocytes. In in vivo micronucleated reticulocyte assay, mice were treated orally with the extract up to 1 g kg(-1). No significant increase of the percentage of micronucleated peripheral reticulocytes compared to the negative control groups was found. Taken together, our study indicates that Hippeastrum pigment extract is potentially applicable as an additive colorant in the diet and related products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangpra, Sriracha, Chonburi 20110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Viriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nitteranon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Insitute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chokchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittiwongwattana
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vuttipongchaikij
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jenjira
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sakulkoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Monthira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srijakkoat
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pakawieng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chokratin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Poontariga
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Harinasut
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Saowanee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suputtitada
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngarm Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Electronic address: fscissa@ku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Somsak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apisitwanich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D020552:Comet Assay; D005260:Female; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013696:Temperature; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anthocyanin; Heat stability; Hippeastrum reticulatum; Mutagenicity; Tissue culture; pH stability