title: Effects of changes in water intake on mood of high and low drinkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of a change in water intake on mood and sensation in 22 habitual high-volume (HIGH; 2-4 L/d) and 30 low-volume (LOW; <1.2 L/d) drinkers who were asked to respectively decrease and increase their daily water intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  During baseline HIGH consumed 2.5 L and LOW 1 L of water/day. During 3 controlled intervention days HIGH's water intake was restricted to 1 L/day whereas LOW's was increased to 2.5 L water/day. Several mood scales (Bond & Lader Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Profile of Mood States, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Thirst & Emotional VAS) were administered at different time points during the study. ANOVA including intervention, time point and intervention by time point as fixed effects on mean values (i.e.; baseline data vs. mean of 3 intervention days) for each mood scale was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline HIGH and LOW were comparable in mood state, except for thirst scores (estimate = 17.16, p<0.001) and POMS depression-dejection scores (estimate = 0.55, p<0.05) which were both higher in the HIGH vs. LOW. In HIGH the restricted water intake resulted in a significant increase in thirst (p<0.001) and a decrease in contentedness (p<0.05), calmness (p<0.01), positive emotions (p<0.05) and vigor/activity (p<0.001). In LOW, increased water consumption resulted in a significant decrease in fatigue/inertia (p<0.001), confusion/bewilderment (p = 0.05) and thirst (p<0.001) and a trend to lower sleepiness (p = 0.07) compared to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing water intake has beneficial effects in LOW, especially sleep/wake feelings, whereas decreasing water intake has detrimental effects on HIGH's mood. These deleterious effects in HIGH were observed in some sleep/wake moods as well as calmness, satisfaction and positive emotions.
authors.affiliation: Forenap, Rouffach, France; Biotrial Neuroscience, Didenheim, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pross
authors.affiliation: Forenap, Rouffach, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demazières
authors.affiliation: Forenap, Rouffach, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.affiliation: Forenap, Rouffach, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barnouin
authors.affiliation: Forenap, Rouffach, France.
authors.forename: Déborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.affiliation: Danone Research, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guelinckx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012677:Sensation; D013894:Thirst; D055815:Young Adult
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