title: Space allowance and barriers influence cow competition for mixed rations fed on a feed-pad between bouts of grazing.
abstract: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate how feeding space allowance and provision of feed barriers interact to affect feeding and social behavior of dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration on a feed-pad. The treatments were factorial with 3 feeding space allowances (0.6, 0.75, or 1.0m of trough space per cow) and feed troughs that were either open or had head barriers that physically separated adjacent cows to reduce interactions during feeding. One hundred and forty-four Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation were allocated into 12 groups of 12 cows, with 1 of 6 treatments (3 × 2) randomly assigned to 2 groups out of 12. Treatments were changed weekly over 3 wk according to a row-column, crossover design, with week corresponding to rows and group corresponding to columns. Thus, the design included 2 replicated groups per treatment in each week. Grazed pasture intake was approximately 6.1 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per day, supplemented with 3.5 kg of DM/cow per day of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain fed during milking and 10.7 kg of DM/cow per day of a mixed ration offered on the feed-pad after each milking. The experiment comprised a 7-d pre-experimental period followed by a 21-d experimental period. The social hierarchy within each group was determined before the experiment commenced. Feeding and social behaviors of cows were analyzed using video recordings and the changes in heart rate and heart rate variability were determined using heart rate monitors. Data were analyzed using mixed effect models by REML. When feeding space allowance was increased, we observed an increase in the time a cow spent feeding and a decrease in the number of feeding bouts in relation to the total time feed was available, particularly in subordinate cows. The number of aggressive behaviors and displacements decreased when space allowance increased. In addition, HR was reduced and the reduction was more pronounced in subordinate cows compared with dominant cows. Use of feed barriers increased cow feeding time and decreased the number of feeding bouts in relation to the total time feed was available, particularly in subordinate cows, and reduced the number of cow displacements during feeding. We conclude that increasing the feeding space from 0.6 to 0.75 to 1.0m reduces aggressive interactions and improves cow feeding behavior, with the effects being greatest for subordinate cows. The use of feed barriers further reduces competition at the feed trough in a partial mixed ration feeding system.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. Electronic address: anoma.arachchige@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hetti Arachchige
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wales
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Auldist
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Ellinbank, Victoria 3821, Australia.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hannah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Jongman
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002417:Cattle; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D060434:Herbivory / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation; D008129:Lolium; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: competition; feed barrier; feeding space; partial mixed ration