title: A Rasch analysis of a questionnaire designed to evaluate psychiatric patient attitudes and knowledge after attending a pharmacist-led patient medication education group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many barriers that prevent persons with mental health disorders from achieving remission, including medication nonadherence. Research on the impact of pharmacist-led patient medication education groups on patient attitudes, knowledge and adherence is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Medication Attitudes and Knowledge Questionnaire (MAKQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective pre-post questionnaire was distributed to patients. Variables collected included: patient self-reported medication knowledge and attitudes, patient demographics, number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations, whether the patient attended the whole meeting or only a portion, and outpatient pharmacist relationships. Knowledge and attitude items were measured on a 4-point scale with a range of options from "Agree" to "Disagree." Rasch analysis was conducted to ensure all items measured the same construct and to assess scale and item reliability and validity. Additionally, the Rasch technique evaluated the change in each person's self-perceived attitudes, knowledge, and confidence in self-managing medications from pre- to post-intervention if the data fit the model. A z-test was used to evaluate gaps in content validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty patients responded to the MAKQ over the 16-week data collection period. Analysis showed that the 4-point rating scale was not useful and that negatively worded items should be eliminated. Gaps identified in instrument item content were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), indicating comprehensive content validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medication attitudes and knowledge items on the retrospective pre-post questionnaire were valid and reliable.
authors.affiliation: The University of Montana - Providence Saint Patrick Hospital, Missoula, MT, USA; The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA; Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Medical Center - South Campus, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Goldstone
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Economics Policy and Outcomes, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Concepcion, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chile.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: warholak@pharmacy.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Warholak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Group education; Medication; Pharmacist; Questionnaire; Rasch