title: The effect of spaceflight on mouse olfactory bulb volume, neurogenesis, and cell death indicates the protective effect of novel environment.
abstract: Space missions necessitate physiological and psychological adaptations to environmental factors not present on Earth, some of which present significant risks for the central nervous system (CNS) of crewmembers. One CNS region of interest is the adult olfactory bulb (OB), as OB structure and function are sensitive to environmental- and experience-induced regulation. It is currently unknown how the OB is altered by spaceflight. In this study, we evaluated OB volume and neurogenesis in mice shortly after a 13-day flight on Space Shuttle Atlantis [Space Transport System (STS)-135] relative to two groups of control mice maintained on Earth. Mice housed on Earth in animal enclosure modules that mimicked the conditions onboard STS-135 (AEM-Ground mice) had greater OB volume relative to mice maintained in standard housing on Earth (Vivarium mice), particularly in the granule (GCL) and glomerular (GL) cell layers. AEM-Ground mice also had more OB neuroblasts and fewer apoptotic cells relative to Vivarium mice. However, the AEM-induced increase in OB volume and neurogenesis was not seen in STS-135 mice (AEM-Flight mice), suggesting that spaceflight may have negated the positive effects of the AEM. In fact, when OB volume of AEM-Flight mice was considered, there was a greater density of apoptotic cells relative to AEM-Ground mice. Our findings suggest that factors present during spaceflight have opposing effects on OB size and neurogenesis, and provide insight into potential strategies to preserve OB structure and function during future space missions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Latchney
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;
authors.forename: Phillip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California;
authors.forename: Xiao W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; and.
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ted A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.affiliation: BioServe Space Technologies, Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado;
authors.forename: Louis S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Stodieck
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California;
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; amelia.eisch@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Amelia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Eisch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000502:physiology*; D013026:Space Flight / Q000379:methods
keywords: activated caspase-3; doublecortin; environmental enrichment; low Earth orbit; neuroblasts
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