title: Estimating the Myocardium's Angle of Three-Dimensional Trajectory, Using the Tracking of Sequential Two-Dimensional Echocardiography Images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, the angle of the myocardium's trajectory in three dimensions (ф) was estimated by simultaneous use of long-axis and short-axis views of left ventricle septum two-dimensional images. Then correlation of three-dimensional trajectory's angle with the rotation angle from the long (χ) and short (θ) axis views was estimated and compared at the three levels of base, mid and apex of the interventricular septum wall.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-dimensional echocardiography images of long- and short-axis views of 19 healthy men were recorded and analyzed. Using an electrocardiogram of each individual, the images of the two views were synchronized. The interventricular septum wall motion at the three levels of base, mid and apex were estimated, using a block matching algorithm throughout three cardiac cycles. Considering the defined system of coordinates and the position vectors in long and short-axis views, the 3-dimensional angle of the trajectory was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maxima of the ф, θ, and χ angles were extracted at 16.33 ± 3.01, 10.61 ± 3.38, and 15.11 ± 3.30 degrees at base level, 22.77 ± 4.95, 7.78 ± 2.96, and 16.72 ± 2.66 degrees at mid level and 14.60 ± 5.81, 10.37 ± 5.48, and 8.79 ± 3.32 degrees at apex level, respectively, of the septum wall, respectively. This study shows significant correlation between the angle of 3-dimensional trajectory (ф) with the angle in short axis view (θ) of the septum wall at the apex level; and also with the angle in long axis view (χ) of the septum wall at base and mid levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the motion of the wall of the left ventricle in three dimensions, and the non-isotropic structure of myofibers, the angle of 3-dimensional trajectory was estimated using the speckle tracking method of 2-dimentional echocardiography images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mosayyeb
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mobasheri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Manijhe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mokhtari-Dizaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Echocardiography, Day General Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Faride
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roshanali
keywords: Echocardiography; Image processing; Myocardium; Three-dimensional; Torsion angle
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