title: Effects of magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles on biological and artificial lipid membranes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this work is to provide experimental evidence on the interactions of suspended nanoparticles with artificial or biological membranes and to assess the possibility of suspended nanoparticles interacting with the lipid component of biological membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid vesicles and human red blood cells were incubated in suspensions of magnetic bare cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) or citric acid (CA)-adsorbed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles dispersed in phosphate-buffered saline and glucose solution. The stability of POPC giant unilamellar vesicles after incubation in the tested nanoparticle suspensions was assessed by phase-contrast light microscopy and analyzed with computer-aided imaging. Structural changes in the POPC multilamellar vesicles were assessed by small angle X-ray scattering, and the shape transformation of red blood cells after incubation in tested suspensions of nanoparticles was observed using scanning electron microscopy and sedimentation, agglutination, and hemolysis assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Artificial lipid membranes were disturbed more by CA-adsorbed CoFe2O4 nanoparticle suspensions than by bare CoFe2O4 nanoparticle suspensions. CA-adsorbed CoFe2O4-CA nanoparticles caused more significant shape transformation in red blood cells than bare CoFe2O4 nanoparticles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with their smaller sized agglomerates, CA-adsorbed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles demonstrate more pronounced effects on artificial and biological membranes. Larger agglomerates of nanoparticles were confirmed to be reactive against lipid membranes and thus not acceptable for use with red blood cells. This finding is significant with respect to the efficient and safe application of nanoparticles as medicinal agents.
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drašler
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Centre of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Technologies for the Future, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Damjana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drobne
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valant
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Institute of Microbial Sciences and Technologies, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boljte
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Lado
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Otrin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Basovizza, Italy ; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rappolt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Basovizza, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iglič
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kralj-Iglič
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Chair of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Vid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Šuštar
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Darko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Makovec
authors.affiliation: Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Sašo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gyergyek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Matej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hočevar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Matjaž
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godec
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jernej
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zupanc
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry*; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry*; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D003035:Cobalt; C028694:1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
keywords: CoFe2O4; agglomerates; human red blood cells; lipid vesicles; nanoparticles
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