title: Associations between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and fast-food restaurant frequency among adolescents and their friends.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between adolescents and their friends with regard to sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB)/diet soda intake and fast-food (FF) restaurant visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional survey study with direct measures from friends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Minneapolis/St Paul schools during 2009-2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (n = 2,043; mean age, 14.2 ± 1.9 years; 46.2% female; 80% non-white).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent SSB/diet soda intake and FF visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Generalized estimating equation logistic models were used to examine associations between adolescents' SSB/diet soda intake and FF visits and similar behaviors in nominated friends (friend groups and best friends). School-level (middle vs high school) interactions were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were found between adolescents and friends behaviors for each of the beverages assessed (P < .05), but they varied by friendship type and school level. Five of 6 models of FF visits (including all FF visits) were significantly associated (P < .05) among adolescents and their friends. Significant interactions by school level were present among adolescents' and friends' FF visits, with associations generally for high school participants compared with middle school participants (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that for many beverages and FF restaurant types, friends' behaviors are associated, especially FF visits for older adolescents. Nutrition education efforts may benefit by integrating knowledge of the impact of adolescents' friends on FF visits.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ. Electronic address: meg.bruening@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruening
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul/Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacLehose
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul/Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Marla E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Program in Health Disparities Research, University of Minnesota, St. Paul/Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Marilyn S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nanney
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Community and Family Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Story
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, St. Paul/Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumark-Sztainer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: adolescent; restaurant; school; sugar-sweetened beverage
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