title: Development and performance of a new prosthesis system using ultrasonic sensor for wrist movements: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The design and performance of a new development prosthesis system known as biomechatronics wrist prosthesis is presented in this paper. The prosthesis system was implemented by replacing the Bowden tension cable of body powered prosthesis system using two ultrasonic sensors, two servo motors and microcontroller inside the prosthesis hand for transradial user.
  
  
  METHODS
  The system components and hand prototypes involve the anthropometry, CAD design and prototyping, biomechatronics engineering together with the prosthetics. The modeler construction of the system develop allows the ultrasonic sensors that are placed on the shoulder to generate the wrist movement of the prosthesis. The kinematics of wrist movement, which are the pronation/supination and flexion/extension were tested using the motion analysis and general motion of human hand were compared. The study also evaluated the require degree of detection for the input of the ultrasonic sensor to generate the wrist movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values collected by the vicon motion analysis for biomechatronics prosthesis system were reliable to do the common tasks in daily life. The degree of the head needed to bend to give the full input wave was about 45°-55° of rotation or about 14 cm-16 cm. The biomechatronics wrist prosthesis gave higher degree of rotation to do the daily tasks but did not achieve the maximum degree of rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new development of using sensor and actuator in generating the wrist movements will be interesting for used list in medicine, robotics technology, rehabilitations, prosthetics and orthotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. nas_role85@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nasrul Anuar
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abd Razak
authors.forename: Noor Azuan
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abu Osman
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gholizadeh
authors.forename: Sadeeq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology*
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