title: The impact of acute renal failure on early and late outcomes after thoracic aortic endovascular repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) is variably reported at 1% to 34%. This study utilized the RIFLE (risk, injury, failure) criteria to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and late implications of AKI after TEVAR.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 350 patients without prior dialysis requirement underwent TEVAR (1993 to 2013). The mean age was 68.7 years (54% male). The mean preoperative glomerular filtration rate was 76.5 ± 37.6 mL/min, with 39 patients (11.7%) in chronic kidney stage 3 or 4. The TEVAR was performed for rupture in 20.6%. The mean contrast volume administered was 95.7 ± 52.9 mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early mortality was seen in 17 patients (4.9%). Acute kidney injury defined as RIFLE classes risk, injury, or failure was seen in 59 patients (17%; risk = 36, injury = 14, failure = 9). Independent predictors of AKI included history of saccular aneurysm, presentation with rupture, or need for arch repair or red blood cell transfusion (all p < 0.05). Only 2 patients (0.6%) needed dialysis, with none requiring permanent dialysis. Importantly, 10-year freedom from dialysis was 97.7%. Development of AKI predicted early mortality (p < 0.001, odds ratio 9.8). Ten-year survival was 38.1%. Both injury and failure AKI classes independently predicted late mortality (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of AKI after TEVAR as assessed by RIFLE criteria is higher than seen in previous reports. Despite its infrequent progression to permanent dialysis dependence, AKI remains an important risk factor for both early and late mortality. Future studies should evaluate strategies to reduce the incidence of AKI after TEVAR to improve both early and late outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: hjpatel@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Himanshu J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Narasimham L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Dasika
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: G Michael
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Deeb
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000401:mortality; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome