title: Cytokine gene variations associated with subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored the relationships between variations in cytokines genes and depressive symptoms in a sample of patients who were assessed prior to and for six months following breast cancer surgery. Phenotypic differences between Resilient (n = 155) and Subsyndromal (n = 180) depressive symptom classes, as well as variations in cytokine genes were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited prior to surgery and followed for six months. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent classes based on Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale scores. Eighty-two single nucleotide polymorphisms and 35 haplotypes among 15 candidate cytokine genes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the Subsyndromal class were significantly younger, more likely to be married or partnered, and reported a significantly lower functional status. Variation in three cytokine genes (i.e., interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1 rs9376268), interleukin 6 (IL6 rs2069840), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA rs1799964)), as well as age and functional status predicted membership in the Subsyndromal versus the Resilient class.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A variation in TNFA that was associated with Subsyndromal depressive symptoms in a sample of patients and their family caregivers was confirmed in this sample. Variations in cytokine genes may place these patients at higher risk for the development of Subsyndromal levels of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Shanwell
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koetters
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhruva
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Merriman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamolsky
authors.affiliation: Redwood Regional Medical Group, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elboim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way - N631Y, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA. Electronic address: chris.miaskowski@nursing.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002140:California; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017471:Receptors, Interferon / Q000235:genetics*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D017471:Receptors, Interferon; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000096743:Interferon gamma Receptor
keywords: Breast cancer; Cytokines; Depression; Depressive symptoms; Genetics; Interferon gamma; Interleukin 6; Subsyndromal depression; Tumor necrosis factor alpha
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2011 Nov;30(6):683-92
references.pmid: 21728421
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40560
references.pmid: 22844404
references.citation: J Pain. 2012 May;13(5):425-37
references.pmid: 22515947
references.citation: BMC Psychiatry. 2012 Oct 30;12:181
references.pmid: 23110575
references.citation: Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(1):25-39
references.pmid: 21485744
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2004 May;18(3):205-13
references.pmid: 15050647
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun 1;24(16):2420-7
references.pmid: 16651649
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 May;139(1):199-206
references.pmid: 23588951
references.citation: Psychooncology. 2009 Nov;18(11):1230-7
references.pmid: 19142843
references.citation: JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;70(1):31-41
references.pmid: 22945416
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2011 May;41(5):997-1007
references.pmid: 20836906
references.citation: Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2008 Jul-Sep;17(3):201-10
references.pmid: 18924559
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Oct;26(7):1180-8
references.pmid: 22687336
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Nov;23(8):1068-72
references.pmid: 19559785
references.citation: Psychooncology. 2004 Mar;13(3):211-20
references.pmid: 15022156
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jul 1;34(Web Server issue):W621-5
references.pmid: 16845085
references.citation: Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Oct;112(1):116-38
references.pmid: 16730375
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;(32):57-71
references.pmid: 15263042
references.citation: Psychol Health. 2012;27(3):277-93
references.pmid: 22404698
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;158(8):1252-7
references.pmid: 11481159
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2397-405
references.pmid: 17557953
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Aug;22(6):870-80
references.pmid: 18258414
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2013 Jul;43(7):1401-14
references.pmid: 23111093
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31283
references.pmid: 22348066
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2009 Feb;71(2):171-86
references.pmid: 19188531
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2004 Feb;147(1-2):141-4
references.pmid: 14741447
references.citation: Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2225-9
references.pmid: 12029063
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Sep;23(9):1105-14
references.pmid: 23142150
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Apr;68(4):978-89
references.pmid: 11254454
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 May 1;65(9):732-41
references.pmid: 19150053
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Oct 15;17(R2):R143-50
references.pmid: 18852203
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;29(2):201-17
references.pmid: 15694227
references.citation: Psychosomatics. 2008 Jan-Feb;49(1):64-6
references.pmid: 18212178
references.citation: Psychooncology. 2004 May;13(5):309-20
references.pmid: 15133772
references.citation: Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2013 Jun;17(3):346-53
references.pmid: 23187335
references.citation: Am J Hum Genet. 2003 Jun;72(6):1492-1504
references.pmid: 12817591
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 15;68(8):748-54
references.pmid: 20719303
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:313-37
references.pmid: 20001729
references.citation: Lancet. 2006 Jan 7;367(9504):29-35
references.pmid: 16399150
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2004 Feb;75(2):163-89
references.pmid: 14525967
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 1;67(5):446-57
references.pmid: 20015486
references.citation: Cancer. 2013 Jun 1;119(11):1951-9
references.pmid: 23512358
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2007;8(3):141-74
references.pmid: 17654407
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2004 Jan;23(1):3-15
references.pmid: 14756598
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Nov;8(11):887-99
references.pmid: 18846100
references.citation: BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Jul 27;6:36
references.pmid: 16872536
references.citation: BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008 Jun 23;9:92
references.pmid: 18573212
references.citation: Hum Mutat. 2008 May;29(5):648-58
references.pmid: 18286470
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Feb;38(3):377-85
references.pmid: 22990943
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2006 Aug;38(8):904-9
references.pmid: 16862161
references.citation: Psychooncology. 2010 Oct;19(10):1044-51
references.pmid: 20014074
references.citation: Eur Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;16(5):317-9
references.pmid: 11514136
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2005 Feb 21;374(3):192-6
references.pmid: 15663961
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2013 May 15;148(1):57-65
references.pmid: 23276701
references.citation: Epidemiology. 1990 Jan;1(1):43-6
references.pmid: 2081237
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2013 Apr;30(4):297-306
references.pmid: 23468190
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Oct 8;366(9493):1315-23
references.pmid: 16214603
references.citation: Lung Cancer. 2012 Jul;77(1):217-23
references.pmid: 22464751
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 1;66(3):287-92
references.pmid: 19268915
references.citation: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2010;17(3):202-4
references.pmid: 20134203
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Apr 15;49(2):156-63
references.pmid: 12687505
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2001 Sep;15(3):199-226
references.pmid: 11566046
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Nov;136(2):581-91
references.pmid: 23053661
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2009 Nov;67(5):369-76
references.pmid: 19837199
references.citation: Metab Brain Dis. 2009 Mar;24(1):27-53
references.pmid: 19085093
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Dec;44(16):1205-13
references.pmid: 20471034