title: Serum NGF, BDNF and IL-6 levels in postpartum mothers as predictors of infant development: the influence of affective disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early adverse experiences are associated with increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, although little is known about the neurobiological mediators involved. The mechanisms by which early environmental influences may mediate vulnerability in the development of offspring await further investigation. The present study correlated the NGF, BDNF, IL-6 and cortisol levels of mothers with postpartum affective disorders (PPAD) with infant development.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study was performed with 152 pregnant women and their infants. Between 60 and 120 days after delivery, women were interviewed and provided biological samples for biochemical analysis, and the infants were examined for neurobiological-motor development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the mothers' history of affective disorders, PPAD and anxiety disorder were associated with infant motor development. Using an adjusted linear regression analysis, PPAD (p = 0.049), maternal anxiety disorder (p = 0.043), NGF level (p = 0.034) and infant cortisol level (p = 0.013) were associated with infant motor development. Using a factorial analysis of primary components, two components were retained. The psychological factor was characterized by a positive loading of a history of affective disorder, PPAD and anxiety disorder. For the biological factor, infant cortisol adhered negatively with infant motor development, but NGF was positively associated. The psychological factor had a negative association, but the biological factor had a positive association with infant motor development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are few studies that have focused on the relationship of biomarkers and infant neurodevelopment. Our study points that psychological and biological factors are associated with infant motor development, however the causal relationship between these factors is still to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen Amaral Tavares
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Tavares
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Monteiro da Cunha
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Azevedo
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Ávila
authors.initials: LÁ
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Carvalhal
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Schwanz
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wiener
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisele Gus
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Manfro
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Sáude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovenardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences. Universidade Federal de Ciências da Sáude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aldo Bolten
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lucion
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo Onofre
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Valmor
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Portela
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Oses
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009048:Motor Skills; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000097:blood*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C502240:NGF protein, human; C579455:BDNF protein, human; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor
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