title: Discrete improvement in racial disparity in survival among patients with stage IV colorectal cancer: a 21-year population-based analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, multiple clinical trials have demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. This study investigated if the improved survival is race dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall and cancer-specific survival of 77,490 White and Black patients with metastatic colorectal cancer from the 1988-2008 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry were compared using unadjusted and multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression as well as competing risk analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 69 years, 47.4 % were female and 86.0 % White. Median survival was 11 months overall, with an overall increase from 8 to 14 months between 1988 and 2008. Overall survival increased from 8 to 14 months for White, and from 6 to 13 months for Black patients. After multivariable adjustment, the following parameters were associated with better survival: White, female, younger, better educated and married patients, patients with higher income and living in urban areas, patients with rectosigmoid junction and rectal cancer, undergoing cancer-directed surgery, having well/moderately differentiated, and N0 tumors (p < 0.05 for all covariates). Discrepancies in overall survival based on race did not change significantly over time; however, there was a significant decrease of cancer-specific survival discrepancies over time between White and Black patients with a hazard ratio of 0.995 (95 % confidence interval 0.991-1.000) per year (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clinically relevant overall survival increase was found from 1988 to 2008 in this population-based analysis for both White and Black patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Although both White and Black patients benefitted from this improvement, a slight discrepancy between the two groups remained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 27710, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Castleberry
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Güller
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tarantino
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brügger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Warschkow
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mantyh
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Candinas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Worni
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018426:SEER Program; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
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