title: Evaluation of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human breast milk using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Humans can be exposed to mycotoxins through the food chain. Mycotoxins are mainly found as contaminants in food and could be subsequently excreted via biological fluids such as urine or human breast milk in native or metabolised form. Since breast milk is usually supposed as the only food for new-borns, the occurrence of mycotoxins in thirty-five human milk samples was evaluated by a newly developed method based on QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-HRMS detection. The method described here allows the detection of target mycotoxins in order to determine the quality of this initial feeding. The method has been fully validated, with recoveries ranging from 64% to 93% and relative standard deviations (RSD, %) being lower than 20%. Using the method described, non-metabolised mycotoxins such as ZEA, NEO, NIV, ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1 and metabolites, such as ZEA metabolites, HT-2, DOM and T-2 triol were detected in human milk samples. Results obtained help to estimate the exposure of mothers and infants to mycotoxins. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work describing the simultaneous detection, quantification and screening of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human mature milk.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain; Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: josep.rubert@uv.es.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubert
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21 Avinguda Catalunya, 46020 València, Spain; Food Safety Research Area-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21 Avinguda Catalunya, 46020 València, Spain.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Avenue du Quebec 16, Silic 765, Villebon sur Yvette, 91963 Courtaboeuf, France.
authors.forename: Claudia P B
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Slunečná 27, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godula
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21 Avinguda Catalunya, 46020 València, Spain; Food Safety Research Area-Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21 Avinguda Catalunya, 46020 València, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, Universitat de Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, 50, Dr Moliner, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia) Spain.
authors.forename: Vicent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yusà
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mañes
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina Preventiva, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soler
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Biomarkers; Human milk; Liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry; Mycotoxins; Orbitrap; Sample preparation