title: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) improves cognitive dysfunction and reduces inflammation in a rat fatty liver model of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cholecalciferol on systemic inflammation and memory in the setting of fatty liver disease in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  To induce the development of fatty liver disease, the rats were fed a 35% fructose solution over 8 weeks. Group I (n=6) was designated as the control group and fed with standard rat chow. Group II (n=6) was provided with, standard rat chow, and 0.3 μg/kg/day of oral cholecalciferol over a duration of 2 weeks. In addition to standard rat chow, group III (n=6) and group IV (n=6) were given 4 mL of the 35% fructose solution per day via oral gavage for 8 weeks. However, group IV was also given 0.3 μg/kg/day of oral cholecalciferol over 2 weeks. After the treatment period, passive avoidance tasks were performed by all groups. The liver and brain were harvested for subsequent biochemical and histopathologic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The development of fatty liver extends the memory latency period of passively avoiding tasks after 1 trial. Moreover, there were increases in brain TNF-α and plasma MDA levels according to two-way analysis of variance. Cholecalciferol supplementation decreased the latency period of passively avoiding tasks in rats with hepatosteatosis, and also significantly reduced brain TNF-α and plasma MDA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatty liver may contribute to the development of systemic inflammation, which affects cognition and causes deficits in memory; however, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of vitamin D may improve the cognitive function of rats with hepatosteatosis.
authors.affiliation: Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Tokat, Turkey. Electronic address: oytun.erbas@gop.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Oytun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erbaş
authors.affiliation: Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokat, Turkey. Electronic address: solmaz.volkan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solmaz
authors.affiliation: Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokat, Turkey. Electronic address: dbekar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dürdane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.affiliation: Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: altug.yavasoglu@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Altuğ
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yavaşoğlu
authors.affiliation: Kilis State Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Kilis, Turkey. Electronic address: Mustafa.sagcan@mynet.com.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sağcan
authors.affiliation: Ege University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: dilek.taskiran@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taşkıran
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002762:Cholecalciferol
keywords: Cholecalciferol; Fatty liver; Inflammation; Memory functions