title: Characterization of Withania somnifera leaf transcriptome and expression analysis of pathogenesis-related genes during salicylic acid signaling.
abstract: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a valued medicinal plant with pharmaceutical applications. The present study was undertaken to analyze the salicylic acid induced leaf transcriptome of W. somnifera. A total of 45.6 million reads were generated and the de novo assembly yielded 73,523 transcript contig with average transcript contig length of 1620 bp. A total of 71,062 transcripts were annotated and 53,424 of them were assigned GO terms. Mapping of transcript contigs to biological pathways revealed presence of 182 pathways. Seventeen genes representing 12 pathogenesis-related (PR) families were mined from the transcriptome data and their pattern of expression post 17 and 36 hours of salicylic acid treatment was documented. The analysis revealed significant up-regulation of all families of PR genes by 36 hours post treatment except WsPR10. The relative fold expression of transcripts ranged from 1 fold to 6,532 fold. The two families of peroxidases including the lignin-forming anionic peroxidase (WsL-PRX) and suberization-associated anionic peroxidase (WsS-PRX) recorded maximum expression of 377 fold and 6532 fold respectively, while the expression of WsPR10 was down-regulated by 14 fold. Additionally, the most stable reference gene for normalization of qRT-PCR data was also identified. The effect of SA on the accumulation of major secondary metabolites of W. somnifera including withanoside V, withaferin A and withanolide A was also analyzed and an increase in content of all the three metabolites were detected. This is the first report on expression patterns of PR genes during salicylic acid signaling in W. somnifera.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Modhumita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghosh Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Blessan Santhosh
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Om Prakash
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sidhu
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D063990:Gene Ontology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*; D032341:Withania / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010940:Plant Proteins; C053376:pathogenesis-related proteins, plant; D020156:Salicylic Acid
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1992 Feb;18(3):459-66
references.pmid: 1371403
references.citation: Genome Res. 2001 Aug;11(8):1441-52
references.pmid: 11483586
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002 Aug;5(4):325-31
references.pmid: 12179966
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2003 Mar;19(3):141-7
references.pmid: 12615008
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Dec;6(12):1845-57
references.pmid: 7866028
references.citation: Front Plant Sci. 2013 Mar 06;4:43
references.pmid: 23508356
references.citation: Plant Cell Physiol. 2011 Sep;52(9):1686-96
references.pmid: 21828106
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1993 Mar;101(3):873-880
references.pmid: 12231738
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5245-50
references.pmid: 15289330
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1994 Dec;106(4):1269-1277
references.pmid: 12232407
references.citation: Genome Biol. 2002 Jun 18;3(7):RESEARCH0034
references.pmid: 12184808
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Nov 20;104(47):18842-7
references.pmid: 17998535
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2013 Feb 05;14:78
references.pmid: 23379821
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2011;49:317-43
references.pmid: 21663438
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Aug;126(4):1351-7
references.pmid: 11500535
references.citation: Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):1002-4
references.pmid: 17746925
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2013 May 23;14:340
references.pmid: 23702331
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1996 Oct;8(10):1773-91
references.pmid: 8914325
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2011 Dec 13;12:600
references.pmid: 22151917
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Jul;40(Web Server issue):W622-7
references.pmid: 22684630
references.citation: Altern Med Rev. 2000 Aug;5(4):334-46
references.pmid: 10956379
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 15;239(2):281-93
references.pmid: 8706731
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2013 Mar 21;14:197
references.pmid: 23514540
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1997 Jan;10(1):69-78
references.pmid: 9002272
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2009;47:177-206
references.pmid: 19400653
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2009 May;70(1-2):79-102
references.pmid: 19199050
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1995 May;108(1):17-27
references.pmid: 7784503
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Aug 26;4:15
references.pmid: 15331019
references.citation: Plant J. 2008 Mar;53(5):763-75
references.pmid: 18005228
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Sep 7;286(5):973-83
references.pmid: 11527396
references.citation: BMC Res Notes. 2010 Jul 27;3:208
references.pmid: 20659347
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:205-27
references.pmid: 16078883
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Dec 9;416(1-2):24-30
references.pmid: 22086175
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54196
references.pmid: 23342103
references.citation: Cell Death Dis. 2013 Aug 22;4:e778
references.pmid: 23969857
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1999 Aug;11(8):1393-404
references.pmid: 10449575
references.citation: Genetics. 2011 Nov;189(3):851-9
references.pmid: 21900271
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Dec 19;8(12):e83963
references.pmid: 24367621
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2006;57(8):1795-807
references.pmid: 16698814
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Mar-Apr;48(5-6):501-10
references.pmid: 11999831
references.citation: Indian J Exp Biol. 2012 Jul;50(7):484-90
references.pmid: 22822528
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2000 May;25(1):25-9
references.pmid: 10802651
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1998 Oct;1(5):404-11
references.pmid: 10066616
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jul;35(Web Server issue):W182-5
references.pmid: 17526522
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1997 Nov;115(3):1029-38
references.pmid: 9390436
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1998 Jun;10(6):1021-30
references.pmid: 9634589
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999 Jan 5;62(1):97-105
references.pmid: 10099517
references.citation: Planta. 2002 Apr;214(6):895-901
references.pmid: 11941466
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38039
references.pmid: 22675433
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Nov;6(11):836-46
references.pmid: 16304599
references.citation: J Integr Plant Biol. 2011 Jun;53(6):412-28
references.pmid: 21535470
references.citation: Protoplasma. 2013 Apr;250(2):471-81
references.pmid: 22777214
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1998 Jul;11(7):643-58
references.pmid: 9650297
references.citation: J Biosci. 2013 Jun;38(2):317-28
references.pmid: 23660666
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2005 Nov;274(4):428-41
references.pmid: 16187061
references.citation: Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 Feb;37(Pt 1):91-102
references.pmid: 12578556
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1994 Jan-Feb;7(1):48-57
references.pmid: 8167370
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2011 Aug 02;12:389
references.pmid: 21810238
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2006 Oct;163(10):1040-8
references.pmid: 16971216
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2005 Nov;56(421):2907-14
references.pmid: 16188960
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(3):782-6
references.pmid: 16578829
references.citation: Genome Res. 2008 May;18(5):821-9
references.pmid: 18349386
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Aug;4(8):713-7
references.pmid: 19820324
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1991 Jun;96(2):390-7
references.pmid: 16668198
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005 Sep;18(9):923-37
references.pmid: 16167763
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Aug;6(8):1077-1085
references.pmid: 12244267
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 1995 Apr;28(1):17-26
references.pmid: 7787181
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2002 Apr;15(4):380-7
references.pmid: 12026177
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2013 Nov;36(11):1992-2007
references.pmid: 23534608
references.citation: DNA Res. 2011 Feb;18(1):53-63
references.pmid: 21217129
references.citation: Plant Cell Rep. 2014 Jun;33(6):905-18
references.pmid: 24482265
references.citation: Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):1004-6
references.pmid: 17746926
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 04;8(7):e67974
references.pmid: 23861841
references.citation: Plant Cell Rep. 2012 Jan;31(1):187-203
references.pmid: 21965005
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 12;107(41):17809-14
references.pmid: 20876110
references.citation: Genes Immun. 2005 Jun;6(4):279-84
references.pmid: 15815687
references.citation: Biotechnol Lett. 2004 Mar;26(6):509-15
references.pmid: 15127793
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2000 Nov;124(3):1027-38
references.pmid: 11080280
references.citation: Plant J. 1994 Jul;6(1):31-43
references.pmid: 7920702
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2013 Aug 10;31(23):2903-11
references.pmid: 23835716
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2013 Mar;40(3):2231-41
references.pmid: 23187733
references.citation: Bioinformatics. 2012 Apr 15;28(8):1086-92
references.pmid: 22368243
references.citation: Magn Reson Chem. 2011 Oct;49(10):659-67
references.pmid: 21915899
references.citation: Front Plant Sci. 2013 May 14;4:142
references.pmid: 23717322
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2013 Oct 03;14:676
references.pmid: 24090429
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1998 Apr;10(4):557-69
references.pmid: 9548982
references.citation: Pak J Biol Sci. 2013 Feb 1;16(3):141-4
references.pmid: 24171276
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2012 Nov 21;13:650
references.pmid: 23170772
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1996 Nov;9(8):713-9
references.pmid: 8870270
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Nov 29;414(6863):562-5
references.pmid: 11734859
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2013 Feb;25(2):744-61
references.pmid: 23435661
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2013 Sep 11;14:613
references.pmid: 24024986
references.citation: Plant Pathol J. 2013 Sep;29(3):350-5
references.pmid: 25288963
references.citation: Plant Sci. 2001 May;160(6):1115-1123
references.pmid: 11337068
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2012 Nov 23;13:663
references.pmid: 23176672
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2013 Aug;26(8):918-26
references.pmid: 23617416
references.citation: Methods. 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8
references.pmid: 11846609
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2008 May 5;165(7):734-44
references.pmid: 17765360
references.citation: Protoplasma. 2013 Feb;250(1):285-95
references.pmid: 22526204
references.citation: Planta. 2008 Apr;227(5):1141-50
references.pmid: 18193274
references.citation: Genetics. 2002 Apr;160(4):1661-71
references.pmid: 11973319
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2005 May;138(1):352-68
references.pmid: 15863699
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2009 Feb;47(2):146-52
references.pmid: 19010687
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2010 Mar;283(3):233-41
references.pmid: 20098998
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2012;28:489-521
references.pmid: 22559264
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23;95(13):7819-24
references.pmid: 9636234
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 2003 Feb;106(3):411-22
references.pmid: 12589540
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 Sep;5(5):1020-8
references.pmid: 22241453
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Nov;6(11):1583-1592
references.pmid: 12244227
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 3;92(14):6602-6
references.pmid: 11607555
references.citation: Planta. 2012 Jul;236(1):101-13
references.pmid: 22270559
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1996 Oct;8(10):1809-1819
references.pmid: 12239363
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1996 Apr;8(4):629-43
references.pmid: 8624439
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2003 Dec;270(4):315-23
references.pmid: 14508680
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jul 15;31(14):e73
references.pmid: 12853650
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001 Jul;14(7):877-86
references.pmid: 11437261
references.citation: Exp Hematol. 2002 Jun;30(6):503-12
references.pmid: 12063017
references.citation: Plant J. 2007 Jan;49(1):79-90
references.pmid: 17163880
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2006;44:135-62
references.pmid: 16602946
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2004;42:185-209
references.pmid: 15283665
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 May 08;8(5):e62714
references.pmid: 23667511
references.citation: Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2012 Oct;168(3):681-96
references.pmid: 22843063
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2005 Nov;20(11):591-7
references.pmid: 16701441
references.citation: Gene. 2013 Jan 10;512(2):259-66
references.pmid: 23107761
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D152-7
references.pmid: 21037258