title: In-situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy for battery research.
abstract: The recent development of in-situ liquid stages for (scanning) transmission electron microscopes now makes it possible for us to study the details of electrochemical processes under operando conditions. As electrochemical processes are complex, care must be taken to calibrate the system before any in-situ/operando observations. In addition, as the electron beam can cause effects that look similar to electrochemical processes at the electrolyte/electrode interface, an understanding of the role of the electron beam in modifying the operando observations must also be understood. In this paper we describe the design, assembly, and operation of an in-situ electrochemical cell, paying particular attention to the method for controlling and quantifying the experimental parameters. The use of this system is then demonstrated for the lithiation/delithiation of silicon nanowires.
authors.affiliation: 1 Fundamental and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: B Layla
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Mehdi
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: 1 Fundamental and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: 3 Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 3 Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Eduard N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Nasybulin
authors.affiliation: 3 Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Xilin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Unocic
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Pinghong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: 1 Fundamental and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abellan
authors.affiliation: 3 Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Guang
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 3 Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Chong-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Fundamental and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Ilke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: 2 Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: 1 Fundamental and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Nigel D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Browning