title: Influence of calcium intake on bone mineral density and incidence of fractures in treatment-naive women from Lodz urban area - a part of EPOLOS study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate calcium intake is a recognized osteoporosis risk factor. The aim of the study was to estimate calcium intake in women in the Łódż population, the influence of calcium intake on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture incidence, as well as the relationship between calcium intake and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional investigation is a part of the EPOLOS study (a multicentre, population-based study on osteoporosis risk factors in Poland). In this study, 277 women from the Lodz urban area were involved [aged 20-80 years, not treated for osteoporosis before]. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Fractures were self-reported and calcium intake was calculated according to data gathered in a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average daily calcium intake was 797 ± 432 mg. 65.7% of the examined women took less calcium than 1,000 mg/daily. Daily calcium intake decreased with age - from 903 mg between 20-30 years of age, to 624 mg between the ages of 70-80. In women aged 50 and older, the prevalence of low BMD at the lumbar spine (T-score <-1.0) was 31.9%. Patients reported 75 low-trauma fractures. There was a weak negative correlation between age and calcium intake, and no correlation between BMD and calcium intake. Women with fractures were significantly older than women without fractures, had significantly lower BMD, and similar levels of calcium intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Calcium intake below the recommended dietary intake was found in the majority of examined women. 2) No correlation between calcium intake and BMD, and between calcium intake and fracture incidence may suggest the involvement of factors other than calcium intake in pathogenesis of osteoporosis development. 3) Calcium intake gradually diminished with the age of the women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skowrońska-Jóźwiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Children's Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzywa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Children's Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorenc
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewiński
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary