title: 3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds: Effect of SrO and MgO doping onin vivoosteogenesis in a rat distal femoral defect model.
abstract: The presence of interconnected macro pores is important in tissue engineering scaffolds for guided tissue regeneration. This study reportsin vivobiological performance of interconnected macro porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds due to the addition of SrO and MgO as dopants in TCP. We have used direct three dimensional printing (3DP) technology for scaffold fabrication followed by microwave sintering. Mechanical strength was evaluated by scaffolds with 500 µm, 750 µm, and 1000 µm interconnected designed pore sizes. Maximum compressive strength of 12.01 ± 1.56 MPa was achieved for 500 µm interconnected designed pore size Sr-Mg doped scaffold.In vivobiological performance of the microwave sintered pure TCP and Sr-Mg doped TCP scaffolds was assessed by implanting 350 µm designed interconnected macro porous scaffolds in rat distal femoral defect. Sintered pore size of these 3D printed scaffolds were 311 ± 5.9 µm and 245 ± 7.5 µm for pure and SrO-MgO doped TCP scaffolds, respectively. These 3D printed scaffolds possessed multiscale porosity, i.e., 3D interconnected designed macro pores along with intrinsic micro pores. Histomorphology and histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in osteoid like new bone formation, and accelerated mineralization inside SrO and MgO doped 3D printed TCP scaffolds as compared to pure TCP scaffolds. An increase in osteocalcin and type I collagen level was also observed in rat blood serum with SrO and MgO doped TCP scaffolds compared to pure TCP scaffolds. Our results show that these 3D printed SrO and MgO doped TCP scaffolds with multiscale porosity contributed to early healing through accelerated osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Solaiman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarafder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Neal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
authors.forename: Susmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
keywords: SrO and MgO doping; Tricalcium phosphate (TCP); bone tissue engineering; interconnected porosity; three dimensional printing (3DP)
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