title: Examining the etiological associations among higher-order temperament dimensions.
abstract: A multivariate independent pathway model was used to examine the shared and unique genetic and environmental influences of Positive Affect (PA), Negative Affect (NA), and effortful control (EC) in a sample of 686 twin pairs (Mage = 10.07,SD= 1.74). There were common genetic influences and nonshared environmental influences shared across all three temperament dimensions and shared environmental influences in common to NA and EC. There were also significant independent genetic influences unique to PA and NA and significant independent shared environmental influences unique to PA. This study demonstrates that there are genetic and environmental influences that affect the covariance among temperament dimensions as well as unique genetic and environmental influences that influence the dimensions independently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mikolajewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States ; Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lonigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States ; Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, United States.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States.
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
keywords: Childhood; Effortful control; Negative Affect; Positive Affect; Twin study
references.citation: Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010 Jun;41(3):313-29
references.pmid: 20238477
references.citation: Behav Brain Sci. 2012 Oct;35(5):331-58
references.pmid: 23095378
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2011 Jan;14(1):112-24
references.pmid: 21159093
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2007 Spring;19(2):523-39
references.pmid: 17459182
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Feb;78(2):310-25
references.pmid: 10707337
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2011 Mar;41(2):175-83
references.pmid: 20700643
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;48(7):695-702
references.pmid: 17593150
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2005 Jan;41(1):193-211
references.pmid: 15656749
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2013 Apr;41(3):411-23
references.pmid: 23011215
references.citation: Child Dev. 1992 Dec;63(6):1437-55
references.pmid: 1446561
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004 Mar;33(1):8-20
references.pmid: 15028537
references.citation: Infant Child Dev. 2008 Aug;17(4):365-385
references.pmid: 27076792
references.citation: J Pers Disord. 2005 Apr;19(2):171-201
references.pmid: 15899715
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1984 Jul;14(4):325-43
references.pmid: 6542356
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1990 Dec;59(6):1216-29
references.pmid: 2283588
references.citation: Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1990;39(1):35-70
references.pmid: 2392892
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun;54(6):1063-70
references.pmid: 3397865
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2013 Feb;16(1):471-5
references.pmid: 23067863
references.citation: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2005 Dec;8(4):271-89
references.pmid: 16362256
references.citation: Eur J Pers. 2013 Jan 1;27(1):96-105
references.pmid: 24932065
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Jun;71(3):465-81
references.pmid: 12795571
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004 Dec;33(4):750-9
references.pmid: 15498742
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1987 Mar;101(2):213-32
references.pmid: 3562706
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2009 Aug;12(4):356-65
references.pmid: 19653836
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006 Feb;9(1):24-9
references.pmid: 16611464
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2010 Sep;40(5):591-602
references.pmid: 20563747
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Jan;78(1):136-57
references.pmid: 10653511
references.citation: J Pers. 2008 Dec;76(6):1485-522
references.pmid: 19012656
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):97-123
references.pmid: 12609495
references.citation: J Pers Assess. 1997 Apr;68(2):267-96
references.pmid: 16370781
references.citation: J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Oct;24(7):686-93
references.pmid: 20472383
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2009 Jul;135(4):608-37
references.pmid: 19586164
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006 Mar-Apr;47(3-4):395-422
references.pmid: 16492265
references.citation: J Res Pers. 2009;43(5):737-746
references.pmid: 20216930
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004 Dec;25(6):383-91
references.pmid: 15613986
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2009 Jan;39(1):36-47
references.pmid: 19043782
references.citation: J Pers. 2003 Dec;71(6):1171-96
references.pmid: 14633062
references.citation: Behav Genet. 1997 Mar;27(2):113-20
references.pmid: 9145549
references.citation: Psychol Assess. 2011 Jun;23(2):406-16
references.pmid: 21381834
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009 Apr;37(3):387-99
references.pmid: 19043783
references.citation: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;9(6):958-62
references.pmid: 17254436
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2000 Jan;126(1):3-25
references.pmid: 10668348
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005 Jun;26(3):214-23
references.pmid: 15956873
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 2005 Winter;17(1):145-65
references.pmid: 15971764
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1984 Nov;96(3):465-90
references.pmid: 6393179
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007 Jan;48(1):80-7
references.pmid: 17244273
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2005 Oct;33(5):505-20
references.pmid: 16195947
references.citation: Child Dev. 2001 Sep-Oct;72(5):1394-408
references.pmid: 11699677
references.citation: Annu Rev Psychol. 2005;56:453-84
references.pmid: 15709943
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Oct;36(10):1448-56
references.pmid: 9334559
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2009 May;45(3):724-39
references.pmid: 19413428
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002 Nov;83(5):1165-77
references.pmid: 12416920
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 1997 Nov;33(6):891-905
references.pmid: 9383612
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Dec;73(6):1246-56
references.pmid: 9418278
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Dec;79(6):1057-67
references.pmid: 11138754
references.citation: Behav Genet. 2005 Jul;35(4):491-8
references.pmid: 15971029
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2011 Jun;40(3):582-92
references.pmid: 21807643
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Sep;26(5):584-99
references.pmid: 16820251
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2002 May;111(2):225-36
references.pmid: 12003445
references.citation: Twin Res. 2000 Dec;3(4):224-33
references.pmid: 11463143
references.citation: Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009 Jun;40(2):223-39
references.pmid: 19039662