title: Druggable oncogene fusions in invasive mucinous lung adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify druggable oncogenic fusions in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) of the lung, a malignant type of lung adenocarcinoma in which KRAS mutations frequently occur.
  
  
  METHODS
  From an IMA cohort of 90 cases, consisting of 56 cases (62%) with KRAS mutations and 34 cases without (38%), we conducted whole-transcriptome sequencing of 32 IMAs, including 27 cases without KRAS mutations. We used the sequencing data to identify gene fusions, and then performed functional analyses of the fusion gene products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified oncogenic fusions that occurred mutually exclusively with KRAS mutations: CD74-NRG1, SLC3A2-NRG1, EZR-ERBB4, TRIM24-BRAF, and KIAA1468-RET. NRG1 fusions were present in 17.6% (6/34) of KRAS-negative IMAs. The CD74-NRG1 fusion activated HER2:HER3 signaling, whereas the EZR-ERBB4 and TRIM24-BRAF fusions constitutively activated the ERBB4 and BRAF kinases, respectively. Signaling pathway activation and fusion-induced anchorage-independent growth/tumorigenicity of NIH3T3 cells expressing these fusions were suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for clinical use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncogenic fusions act as driver mutations in IMAs without KRAS mutations, and thus represent promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of such IMAs.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, SpainAuthors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakaoku
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuta
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Kouya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enari
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogiwara
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Shun-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nokihara
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiramoto
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nammo
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Teruhide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishigame
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schetter
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Curtis C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Young Hak
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, SpainAuthors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Divisions of Genome Biology, Genetics, and Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Divisions of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Thoracic Surgery, and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku; Department of Metabolic Disorder, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; and The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Barcelona, Spain tkkohno@ncc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohno
mesh_terms: D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C117307:KRAS protein, human; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins
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