title: Are There Differences Between the Upper and Lower Parts of the Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System? A Preliminary Biomechanical Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) becomes thinner and gradually disappears from the midface. In rhytidectomy, manipulation of the SMAS occurs in the lateral area, and previous research has focused primarily on the SMAS region as a whole.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this preliminary study, the authors compared the viscoelasticity of the upper and lower regions of the SMAS using biomechanical techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two adjacent projection regions of the SMAS were designated: region 1 and region 2, representing the upper and lower parts, respectively. The SMAS tissues from 8 fresh-frozen cadaver heads were cut into 64 samples before biomechanical testing, and the following variables were recorded for subsequent analysis: stress-strain curve, elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and elongation at break.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stiffness of region 1 was markedly greater than that of region 2. Energy dissipation was greater in region 2. Elastic modulus and ultimate strength were significantly higher for region 1, and elongation at break was longer in region 2. The fit curve of the 2 regions deviated markedly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biomechanical properties of the upper and lower regions of the lateral SMAS are functionally different. Such knowledge will help refine the planning and design of facial surgery and improve outcomes for patients who undergo rhytidectomy.
authors.affiliation: Dr X. Hu is a Clinical Attending Surgeon and Drs Z. Wang and Zhang are Professors of Plastic Surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian Medical University, LiaoNing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Dr X. Hu is a Clinical Attending Surgeon and Drs Z. Wang and Zhang are Professors of Plastic Surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian Medical University, LiaoNing, China plasticvip@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dr Q. Wang is a Clinical Attending Physician in the Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, HeNan, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dr X. Hu is a Clinical Attending Surgeon and Drs Z. Wang and Zhang are Professors of Plastic Surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian Medical University, LiaoNing, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Drs G. Hu and Qin are Professors of Plastic Surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, LiaoNing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Drs G. Hu and Qin are Professors of Plastic Surgery in the Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, LiaoNing, China.
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004735:Energy Transfer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015361:Rhytidoplasty; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D000069259:Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014783:Viscosity
keywords: biomechanics; facelift; rejuvenation; rhytidectomy; superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS); viscoelasticity