title: Gender perspective of risk factors associated with disclosure of HIV status, a cross-sectional study in Soweto, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status disclosure has been shown to provide several benefits, both at the individual and societal levels.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine risk factors associated with disclosing HIV status among antiretroviral therapy (ART) recipients in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study on risk factors for viremia and drug resistance took place at two outpatient HIV clinics in 2008, at a large hospital located in Soweto, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a secondary data analysis on socio-economic characteristics and HIV status disclosure to anyone, focusing on gender differences. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to model the associations between risk factors and HIV status disclosure. Additionally, descriptive analysis was conducted to describe gender differences of HIV status disclosure to partner, parents, parents in law, partner, child, family, employer, and other.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 883 patients were interviewed. The majority were women (73%) with median age of 39 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Employed patients were less likely to disclose than unemployed (odds ratio (OR) 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-1.0; p = 0.05)). Women with higher income were more likely to disclose (OR 3.25; 95% CI 0.90-11.7; p = 0.07) than women with lower income, while men with higher income were less likely (OR 0.20; 95% CI 0.02-1.99; p = 0.17) than men with lower income. Men were more likely than women to disclose to their partner (p<0.01), and to partner and family (p<0.01), women were more likely than men to disclose to child and family (p<0.01), to child, family and others (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being employed imposed a risk factor for HIV status disclosure, additionally we found an interaction effect of gender and income on disclosure. Interventions designed to reduce workplace discrimination and gender-sensitive interventions promoting disclosure are strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Longinetti
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics - Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santacatterina
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Policy Research Group (Global Health), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Health, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: El-Khatib
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D030881:Disclosure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa
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