title: Oxidative stress and its downstream signaling in aging eyes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress (OS) and its biomarkers are the biochemical end point of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the ability of the antioxidant (AOX) biological systems to fight against oxidative injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the role of OS and its downstream signaling in aging eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the literature and current knowledge on the physiological and pathological mechanisms of OS were revisited in relation to the eyes and the aging process. Most prevalent ocular diseases have been analyzed herein in relation to OS and nutraceutic supplements, such as dry-eye disorders, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical, biochemical, and molecular data from anterior and posterior eye segment diseases point to OS as the common pathogenic mechanism in the majority of these ocular disorders, many of which are pathologies causing visual impairment, blindness, and subsequent loss of life quality. Studies with nutraceutic supplements in aging eye-related pathologies have also been reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OS, nutritional status, and nutraceutic supplements have to be considered within the standards of care of older ophthalmologic patients. OS biomarkers and surrogate end points may help in managing the aging population with ocular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pinazo-Durán
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Macula Section, The University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallego-Pinazo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", Valencia, Spain ; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", Valencia, Spain ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zanón-Moreno
authors.affiliation: University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Macula Section, The University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dolz-Marco
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Macula Section, The University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez-Castillo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galbis-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marco-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: López-Gálvez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Galarreta
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Llópis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: aging; antioxidants; epidemiology; eyes; ophthalmic diseases; oxidative stress
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