title: Improving the driver-automation interaction: an approach using automation uncertainty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether communicating automation uncertainty improves the driver-automation interaction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A false system understanding of infallibility may provoke automation misuse and can lead to severe consequences in case of automation failure. The presentation of automation uncertainty may prevent this false system understanding and, as was shown by previous studies, may have numerous benefits. Few studies, however, have clearly shown the potential of communicating uncertainty information in driving. The current study fills this gap.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a driving simulator experiment, varying the presented uncertainty information between participants (no uncertainty information vs. uncertainty information) and the automation reliability (high vs.low) within participants. Participants interacted with a highly automated driving system while engaging in secondary tasks and were required to cooperate with the automation to drive safely.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantile regressions and multilevel modeling showed that the presentation of uncertainty information increases the time to collision in the case of automation failure. Furthermore, the data indicated improved situation awareness and better knowledge of fallibility for the experimental group. Consequently, the automation with the uncertainty symbol received higher trust ratings and increased acceptance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presentation of automation uncertaintythrough a symbol improves overall driver-automation cooperation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most automated systems in driving could benefit from displaying reliability information. This display might improve the acceptance of fallible systems and further enhances driver-automation cooperation.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beller
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heesen
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vollrath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001331:Automation; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001364:Awareness; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D035502:Trust; D035501:Uncertainty; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult