title: Gochnatia polymorpha ssp. floccosa: bioprospecting of an anti-inflammatory phytotherapy for use during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gochnatia polymorpha ssp. floccosa is used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and infections. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly consumed medications during pregnancy in women with inflammatory diseases. However, the relationship between the use of NSAIDs and the risk of miscarriage and birth defects and/or benefits is not fully understood. Thus, an investigation regarding the use of Gochnatia polymorpha during gestation is of relevance for developing safe anti-inflammatory drugs for use during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pregnant females were randomly divided into 5 groups. Control group received a hydroalcoholic solution (1.2%), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and throughout the gestational period. The pre-treatment group received Gochnatia polymorpha ethanol extract (GPEE), via gavage, at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight (b.w.) for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to the appearance of the vaginal plug. The organogenesis group received GPEE at a dose of 100mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, on the 5-15th gestacional day. The pregnancy group received GPEE at a dose of 100mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, throughout the gestational period (from the 1st to the 18th day of pregnancy). The pre+pregnancy group received GPEE at a dose of 100mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and throughout the entire gestational period. The clinical signals of maternal toxicity and teratogenesis were evaluated. Additional assays to evaluate chronic inflammation, antigenotoxicity and immunomodolatory activity were performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that GPEE does not interfere with reproductive performance or embryo-fetal development but does correlate with reduced weight and fetal length. The extract was not teratogenic or mutagenic or an immunomodulator. However, GPEE did exhibit effective anti-inflammatory activity. Based on this study, it can be inferred that GPEE is an important, safe anti-inflammatory agent for use during pregnancy according to the experimental design we utilized, which opens up possibilities for the bioprospecting of a new anti-inflammatory phytotherapy for use during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natan de
authors.initials: Nd
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade - Rede Pró Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana de Oliveira
authors.initials: Mde O
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Amélia
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Renato
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pesarini
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regiane Lauriano Batista
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Strapasson
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cândida Aparecida Leite
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kassuya
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Élida Alves
authors.initials: MÉ
authors.lastname: Stefanello
authors.affiliation: Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Luiza
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cunha-Laura
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos Duenhas
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Monreal
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Mestrado em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina "Dr. Hélio Mandetta" (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: rodrigo.oliveira@ufms.br.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Juliano
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Asteraceae; Chronic inflammation; Immunomodulation; Micronucleus; Teratogenesis