title: Environmental public health dimensions of shale and tight gas development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The United States has experienced a boom in natural gas production due to recent technological innovations that have enabled this resource to be produced from shale formations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the body of evidence related to exposure pathways in order to evaluate the potential environmental public health impacts of shale gas development. We highlight what is currently known and identify data gaps and research limitations by addressing matters of toxicity, exposure pathways, air quality, and water quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of potential environmental public health risks associated with shale gas development. Several studies suggest that shale gas development contributes to ambient air concentrations of pollutants known to be associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Similarly, an increasing body of studies suggest that water contamination risks exist through a variety of environmental pathways, most notably during wastewater transport and disposal, and via poor zonal isolation of gases and fluids due to structural integrity impairment of cement in gas wells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a growing body of evidence, data gaps persist. Most important, there is a need for more epidemiological studies to assess associations between risk factors, such as air and water pollution, and health outcomes among populations living in close proximity to shale gas operations.
authors.affiliation: Physicians Scientists and Engineers for Healthy Energy, Oakland, California, USA.
authors.forename: Seth B C
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shonkoff
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: Madelon L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Finkel
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D059206:Natural Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas
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