title: Evolutionarily diverged regulation of X-chromosomal genes as a primal event in mouse reproductive isolation.
abstract: Improper gene regulation is implicated in reproductive isolation, but its genetic and molecular bases are unknown. We previously reported that a mouse inter-subspecific X chromosome substitution strain shows reproductive isolation characterized by male-specific sterility due to disruption of meiotic entry in spermatogenesis. Here, we conducted comprehensive transcriptional profiling of the testicular cells of this strain by microarray. The results clearly revealed gross misregulation of gene expression in the substituted donor X chromosome. Such misregulation occurred prior to detectable spermatogenetic impairment, suggesting that it is a primal event in reproductive isolation. The misregulation of X-linked genes showed asymmetry; more genes were disproportionally downregulated rather than upregulated. Furthermore, this misregulation subsequently resulted in perturbation of global transcriptional regulation of autosomal genes, probably by cascading deleterious effects. Remarkably, this transcriptional misregulation was substantially restored by introduction of chromosome 1 from the same donor strain as the X chromosome. This finding implies that one of regulatory genes acting in trans for X-linked target genes is located on chromosome 1. This study collectively suggests that regulatory incompatibility is a major cause of reproductive isolation in the X chromosome substitution strain.
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Toranomon, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Toranomon, Tokyo, Japan; Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toyoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Toranomon, Tokyo, Japan; The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Toranomon, Tokyo, Japan; Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiroishi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D050172:Genes, X-Linked / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D060047:Reproductive Isolation; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014960:X Chromosome / Q000235:genetics*; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics
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