title: Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers.
abstract: Human gut microbiota directly influences health and provides an extra means of adaptive potential to different lifestyles. To explore variation in gut microbiota and to understand how these bacteria may have co-evolved with humans, here we investigate the phylogenetic diversity and metabolite production of the gut microbiota from a community of human hunter-gatherers, the Hadza of Tanzania. We show that the Hadza have higher levels of microbial richness and biodiversity than Italian urban controls. Further comparisons with two rural farming African groups illustrate other features unique to Hadza that can be linked to a foraging lifestyle. These include absence of Bifidobacterium and differences in microbial composition between the sexes that probably reflect sexual division of labour. Furthermore, enrichment in Prevotella, Treponema and unclassified Bacteroidetes, as well as a peculiar arrangement of Clostridiales taxa, may enhance the Hadza's ability to digest and extract valuable nutrition from fibrous plant foods.
authors.affiliation: 1] Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany [2].
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schnorr
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy [2].
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candela
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rampelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Centanni
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Consolandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biagi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severgnini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiori
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gotti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Bellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: Donata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luiselli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brigidi
authors.affiliation: College of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 35091 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Audax
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mabulla
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marlowe
authors.affiliation: Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Amanda G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-5003, USA.
authors.forename: Alyssa N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Crittenden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D041963:Bacteroidetes; D044822:Biodiversity; D002648:Child; D003013:Clostridium; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D066046:Diet, Paleolithic; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D018720:Prevotella; D012737:Sex Factors; D013636:Tanzania; D014208:Treponema; D055815:Young Adult
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