title: Analysis and validation of tissue biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma using automated high-throughput evaluation of protein expression.
abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the predictive ability of potential tissue biomarkers to known prognostic factors that predict renal cell carcinoma (RCC) recurrence using an automated system of immunohistochemical analysis. After institutional review board approval, a tissue microarray was constructed using tissue from patients who had partial or radical nephrectomy for RCC. Patients with metastatic disease were excluded. Immunohistochemical staining of the tissue microarray for Ki-67, C-reactive protein, carbonic anhydrase 9, and hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α was analyzed using automated image analysis. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the association of putative biomarkers and known prognostic factors. Of 216 patients who met the entrance criteria, 34 (16%) patients developed metastatic recurrence within a median follow-up interval of 60.9 (interquartile range, 13.9-87.1) months. RCC morphotypes analyzed in this study include clear cell (n = 156), papillary (n = 38), chromophobe (n = 16), and collecting duct/unclassified (n = 6). Univariate analysis identified that only increased Ki-67 was predictive of RCC recurrence among the proteins evaluated, in addition to other known clinicopathological prognostic factors. After multivariate analysis, Ki-67 was identified as an independently predictive risk factor for RCC recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 3.73 [confidence interval {CI}, 1.60-8.68]). Other independent predictors of RCC recurrence included tumor diameter (HR, 1.20 [CI, 1.02-1.41]) and perinephric fat invasion (HR, 4.49 [CI, 1.11-18.20]). We conclude that Ki-67 positivity is independently predictive of RCC recurrence after surgery in nonmetastatic patients. Automated analysis of tissue protein expression can facilitate a more objective and expedient investigation of tissue biomarkers for RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705. Electronic address: abel@urology.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: E Jason
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: Madelyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiker
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: Tracy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Downs
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3rd Floor MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Jarrard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., 3170 MFCB, Madison, WI 53705.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D040901:Proteomics; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C089226:CA9 protein, human
keywords: Biomarkers; Immunohistochemistry; Multispectral imaging; Recurrence; Renal cell carcinoma
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