title: Microbial contamination detection in water resources: interest of current optical methods, trends and needs in the context of climate change.
abstract: Microbial pollution in aquatic environments is one of the crucial issues with regard to the sanitary state of water bodies used for drinking water supply, recreational activities and harvesting seafood due to a potential contamination by pathogenic bacteria, protozoa or viruses. To address this risk, microbial contamination monitoring is usually assessed by turbidity measurements performed at drinking water plants. Some recent studies have shown significant correlations of microbial contamination with the risk of endemic gastroenteresis. However the relevance of turbidimetry may be limited since the presence of colloids in water creates interferences with the nephelometric response. Thus there is a need for a more relevant, simple and fast indicator for microbial contamination detection in water, especially in the perspective of climate change with the increase of heavy rainfall events. This review focuses on the one hand on sources, fate and behavior of microorganisms in water and factors influencing pathogens' presence, transportation and mobilization, and on the second hand, on the existing optical methods used for monitoring microbiological risks. Finally, this paper proposes new ways of research.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Engineering (EME), Campus de Ker Lann, Avenue Robert Schuman, Bruz 35170, France. audevaleriejung@ecole-eme.fr.
authors.forename: Aude-Valérie
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex 35043, France. pierre.lecann@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Cann
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex 35043, France. benoit.roig@unimes.fr.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex 35043, France. olivier.thomas@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex 35043, France. estelle.baures@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baurès
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Engineering (EME), Campus de Ker Lann, Avenue Robert Schuman, Bruz 35170, France. marieflorencethomas@ecole-eme.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Florence
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D057231:Climate Change; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis
references.citation: Water Res. 2009 Apr;43(7):2002-10
references.pmid: 19249072
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 Dec;88(6):1373-83
references.pmid: 20871990
references.citation: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2004 Oct 22;53(8):23-45
references.pmid: 15499307
references.citation: Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(8):1898-906
references.pmid: 20962406
references.citation: Water Res. 2012 Nov 1;46(17):5799-5812
references.pmid: 22939220
references.citation: Water Res. 2006 Feb;40(3):541-8
references.pmid: 16426657
references.citation: Environ Int. 2004 Jul;30(5):741-59
references.pmid: 15051248
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 Jan;45(2):652-64
references.pmid: 20843534
references.citation: Can J Microbiol. 2010 Jan;56(1):8-17
references.pmid: 20130688
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 Dec;44(20):5857-66
references.pmid: 20678788
references.citation: Water Res. 2007 Aug;41(16):3716-28
references.pmid: 17560623
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 21;46(16):8705-13
references.pmid: 22834686
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2005 Nov 15;39(22):8614-21
references.pmid: 16323754
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 Sep;44(16):4812-24
references.pmid: 20709349
references.citation: Talanta. 1999 Nov 15;50(4):743-9
references.pmid: 18967766
references.citation: Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(3):719-27
references.pmid: 20706020
references.citation: J Environ Qual. 2010 Apr 13;39(3):1019-27
references.pmid: 20400597
references.citation: Epidemiol Infect. 2000 Jun;124(3):417-25
references.pmid: 10982065
references.citation: Water Res. 2013 Sep 15;47(14):5282-97
references.pmid: 23863377
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Dec;72(12):7886-93
references.pmid: 17041162
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2008 Oct;75(2):354-6
references.pmid: 18593593
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 Feb;45(5):1951-60
references.pmid: 21256533
references.citation: Water Environ Res. 2009 Jan;81(1):21-8
references.pmid: 19280896
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94 Suppl:37S-46S
references.pmid: 12675935
references.citation: Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Jun;214(3):258-64
references.pmid: 21316302
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 May;44(9):2753-62
references.pmid: 20219232
references.citation: J Water Health. 2004 Dec;2(4):249-60
references.pmid: 15666966
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1987 May;77(5):582-4
references.pmid: 3565651
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Feb;71(2):1072-8
references.pmid: 15691968
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2012 Sep 1;433:98-109
references.pmid: 22771467
references.citation: J Contam Hydrol. 2009 Sep 1;108(3-4):152-67
references.pmid: 19695736
references.citation: J Environ Manage. 2004 Oct;73(1):71-9
references.pmid: 15327848
references.citation: Water Res. 2004 Feb;38(3):611-8
references.pmid: 14723930
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Apr 25;8(4):e62041
references.pmid: 23634220
references.citation: Water Sci Technol. 2002;45(4-5):77-83
references.pmid: 11936678
references.citation: Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Jan;402(1):117-27
references.pmid: 21956262
references.citation: J Water Health. 2007 Dec;5(4):523-38
references.pmid: 17878565
references.citation: Water Res. 2012 Mar 15;46(4):1079-92
references.pmid: 22197263
references.citation: Water Sci Technol. 2005;52(3):93-101
references.pmid: 16206848
references.citation: J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Oct 22-Nov 26;67(20-22):1765-77
references.pmid: 15371215
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Feb;78(4):905-12
references.pmid: 22156429
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 Mar;44(6):1701-12
references.pmid: 20018337
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 May;72(5):3406-11
references.pmid: 16672484
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2004;96(3):464-72
references.pmid: 14962126
references.citation: J Water Health. 2008 Dec;6(4):491-503
references.pmid: 18401114
references.citation: Water Res. 2005 Jul;39(12):2665-75
references.pmid: 15979685
references.citation: J Environ Qual. 2011 May-Jun;40(3):959-68
references.pmid: 21546682
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 Sep;44(16):4783-95
references.pmid: 20630556
references.citation: Environ Technol. 2003 Dec;24(12):1545-51
references.pmid: 14982039
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Aug;65(8):3605-13
references.pmid: 10427056
references.citation: Water Res. 2007 Aug;41(16):3517-38
references.pmid: 17643471
references.citation: J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2004 Oct 22-Nov 26;67(20-22):1879-87
references.pmid: 15371222
references.citation: Environ Int. 2006 Feb;32(2):265-8
references.pmid: 16188318
references.citation: Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Jun;130(3):469-79
references.pmid: 12825731
references.citation: Water Res. 2010 Feb;44(4):1104-13
references.pmid: 19853880
references.citation: Ambio. 2011 Jun;40(4):377-90
references.pmid: 21809781
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2001 Aug;91(8):1194-9
references.pmid: 11499103
references.citation: J Water Health. 2006 Mar;4(1):109-24
references.pmid: 16604843
references.citation: J Water Health. 2007 Jun;5(2):295-305
references.pmid: 17674577
references.citation: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011 Sep 23;60(12):1-32
references.pmid: 21937976
references.citation: J Water Health. 2010 Mar;8(1):20-34
references.pmid: 20009244
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42762
references.pmid: 22936989
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2011 Apr 1;409(9):1683-8
references.pmid: 21316736
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:757-63
references.pmid: 24064345