title: Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma.
abstract: This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Commons, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shtivelman
authors.forename: Michael Q A
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lotem
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oren
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Flaherty
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001343:Autophagy; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
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