title: Embryonic protein undernutrition by albumen removal programs the hepatic amino acid and glucose metabolism during the perinatal period in an avian model.
abstract: Different animal models have been used to study the effects of prenatal protein undernutrition and the mechanisms by which these occur. In mammals, the maternal diet is manipulated, exerting both direct nutritional and indirect hormonal effects. Chicken embryos develop independent from the hen in the egg. Therefore, in the chicken, the direct effects of protein deficiency by albumen removal early during incubation can be examined. Prenatal protein undernutrition was established in layer-type eggs by the partial replacement of albumen by saline at embryonic day 1 (albumen-deprived group), compared to a mock-treated sham and a non-treated control group. At hatch, survival of the albumen-deprived group was lower compared to the control and sham group due to increased early mortality by the manipulation. No treatment differences in yolk-free body weight or yolk weight could be detected. The water content of the yolk was reduced, whereas the water content of the carcass was increased in the albumen-deprived group, compared to the control group, indicating less uptake of nutrients from the yolk. At embryonic day 16, 20 and at hatch, plasma triiodothyronine (T3), corticosterone, lactate or glucose concentrations and hepatic glycogen content were not affected by treatment. At embryonic day 20, the plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations of the albumen-deprived embryos was reduced compared to the control group, indicating a decreased metabolic rate. Screening for differential protein expression in the liver at hatch using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis revealed not only changed abundance of proteins important for amino acid metabolism, but also of enzymes related to energy and glucose metabolism. Interestingly, GLUT1, a glucose transporter, and PCK2 and FBP1, two out of three regulatory enzymes of the gluconeogenesis were dysregulated. No parallel differences in gene expressions causing the differences in protein abundance could be detected pointing to post-transcriptional or post-translational regulation of the observed differences.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tjing-Tjing
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soler Vasco
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buyse
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Decuypere
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lutgarde
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arckens
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Everaert
mesh_terms: D000418:Albumins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007732:Kwashiorkor / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D000596:Amino Acids; D030161:Avian Proteins; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006003:Glycogen; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP); D005947:Glucose; D013974:Thyroxine
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