title: A surgical approach algorithm for transverse posterior wall fractures aids in reduction quality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transverse posterior wall fractures are difficult to treat and historically have been associated with stiffness, posttraumatic arthritis, and pain, which correlate with the reduction. The Kocher-Langenbeck approach is used most often, whereas the extended iliofemoral approach has been reserved for more complex injury patterns. The latter approach has substantially more risks. No data to our knowledge exist on the use of sequential anterior and posterior approaches for this pattern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate an algorithmic method to determine the choice of surgical approach(es) for transverse posterior wall fractures. The main question is: will this approach-based algorithm allow for adequate reduction and stabilization to union? Our secondary endpoints were Merle d'Aubigne scores, reoperations, and radiographic sequelae including arthritis, avascular necrosis, and heterotopic ossification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted in which patients were drawn from an existing database. The inclusion criterion was transverse posterior wall fractures with adequate imaging treated by one surgeon. All but one patient were treated within 2 weeks of injury. Mean followup was 23 months (range, 3 months to 11 years). Between November 5, 1999, and August 22, 2012, 74 patients were treated with open reduction internal fixation for this injury; nine were excluded as a result of percutaneous treatment or inadequate preoperative imaging. The remaining 65 patients (88%) comprised the study group. All patients were treated by the senior surgeon with an algorithm that consisted of either a Kocher-Langenbeck or sequential approach based on the location, magnitude, and direction of displacement of the ischiopubic segment. Indomethacin was prescribed to all patients for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis for a total of 6 weeks postoperatively. Based on the algorithm, 82% (53 patients) were treated with Kocher-Langenbeck and 18% (12 patients) with the sequential approach. Adequacy of reduction was measured using AP and Judet views of the pelvis; union was determined empirically by pain-free weightbearing and lack of displacement over time. Outcomes were the Merle d'Aubigne score and radiographic findings of avascular necrosis or arthrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm resulted in 100% reduction within 1 mm on plain radiographs. Initial displacement was greater in the patients undergoing the sequential approach (p=0.01, 7.7 versus 12.4 mm). The average d'Aubigne score was 15.3. Radiographic arthritis scores were 68% excellent/good. Avascular necrosis developed in five patients (8%). Five patients (8%) went on to THA, and four patients (6%) developed superficial or deep infection. Only one patient developed Brooker III heterotopic ossification and this was not symptomatic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This algorithm helps guide appropriate selection of the surgical approach and results in accurate reduction with functional and radiographic results that are comparable with existing series while avoiding extended approaches. However, like any operative decision, the choice of approach should not depend entirely on an algorithm; rather, the algorithm is best used as a guide to understand the factors involved in treating these rare and complex injuries and to help make an appropriate choice for an individual patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, case series. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Boston Medical Center, 850 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.forename: Shashank
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tornetta
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D007213:Indomethacin
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Nov;78(11):1632-45
references.pmid: 8934477
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Sep 5;94(17):1559-67
references.pmid: 22992846
references.citation: Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2013;80(1):27-33
references.pmid: 23452418
references.citation: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Mar;85(3):512-22
references.pmid: 12637440
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994 Aug;(305):10-9
references.pmid: 8050218