title: A high-content imaging assay for the quantification of the Burkholderia pseudomallei induced multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) phenotype in murine macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), a Gram-negative, motile, facultative intracellular bacterium is the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals. The Bp genome encodes a repertoire of virulence factors, including the cluster 3 type III secretion system (T3SS-3), the cluster 1 type VI secretion system (T6SS-1), and the intracellular motility protein BimA, that enable the pathogen to invade both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. A unique hallmark of Bp infection both in vitro and in vivo is its ability to induce cell-to-cell fusion of macrophages to form multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), which to date are semi-quantitatively reported following visual inspection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we report the development of an automated high-content image acquisition and analysis assay to quantitate the Bp induced MNGC phenotype. Validation of the assay was performed using T6SS-1 (∆hcp1) and T3SS-3 (∆bsaZ) mutants of Bp that have been previously reported to exhibit defects in their ability to induce MNGCs. Finally, screening of a focused small molecule library identified several Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that inhibited Bp-induced MNGC formation of macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully developed an automated HCI assay to quantitate MNGCs induced by Bp in macrophages. This assay was then used to characterize the phenotype of the Bp mutants for their ability to induce MNGC formation and identify small molecules that interfere with this process. Successful application of chemical genetics and functional reverse genetics siRNA approaches in the MNGC assay will help gain a better understanding of the molecular targets and cellular mechanisms responsible for the MNGC phenotype induced by Bp, by other bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or by exogenously added cytokines.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: Brett P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Ricky L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ulrich
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Jenifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bavari
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeShazer
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA. rekha.g.panchal.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Rekha G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Panchal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D016957:Burkholderia pseudomallei / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D061848:Optical Imaging; D010641:Phenotype
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