title: Shipboard determination of radiocesium in seawater after the Fukushima accident: results from the 2011-2012 Russian expeditions to the Sea of Japan and western North Pacific Ocean.
abstract: A total of 88 seawater samples were collected during two Russian research expeditions (April-May 2011 and August-September 2012) to the Sea of Japan, the Oyashio Current region near Kuril Islands and the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition area in the western North Pacific Ocean. The observations were made aboard the R/V Pavel Gordienko and Akademik Shokalsky in order to study the impact of the Fukushima accident on radioactive contamination of the marine environment. On the board of a ship, the water samples were passed through filters to retain particles with the size of >1 micron. Cesium was extracted from the large volumes (100-3000 L) of the filtrated water using a selective fiber chemisorbent impregnated with copper ferrocyanide. Measurements of (134)Cs and (137)Cs activities in 83 samples of sorbents and 21 samples of filters were performed in the ship-based laboratory with a semiconductor HP-Ge detector. The quantified activity concentrations of dissolved radiocesium ranged from 1 Bq m(-3) to 34 Bq m(-3) for (137)Cs and from 0.2 Bq m(-3) to 29 Bq m(-3) for (134)Cs. Activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (134)Cs were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.993, n = 59). The (137)Cs/(134)Cs activities ratio in the Fukushima-derived radiocesium inventory for the study areas was deduced to be 0.99 ± 0.03 (on 15 March 2011) and the pre-Fukushima background level of (137)Cs in seawater was estimated as 1.3 ± 0.3 Bq m(-3). The lowest activities of both isotopes were determined in the western part of the Sea of Japan near the Russian coast, while the maximal levels were observed in the open Pacific Ocean, some 500-800 km offshore the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. Contamination with (134)Cs at a level of 0.3-2.6 Bq m(-3) was registered in seawater samples collected in 2011 near the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka in the Oyashio Current region. During the period from April-May 2011 to August-September 2012, activity concentrations of (137)Cs and (134)Cs in surface waters had decreased for all seven stations repeatedly sampled in the study. A detailed observation of radiocesium distribution within the water column down to the depth of 200 m at nine stations from the Kuroshio-Oyashio Interfrontal Zone and Kuroshio Extension in 2012 revealed maximal activity concentrations of both cesium radionuclides in the 100-200 m depth layer. The average inventory of Fukushima-derived (137)Cs in the top 200 m of the water column for the nine stations was estimated as 1.19 kBq m(-2) (decay corrected to 15 March 2011) which is 4.6 times higher than the background value of 0.26 kBq m(-2) expected for this depth. The monitoring results obtained in the study and relevant data published by others show that following the Fukushima accident, the Oyashio current acts as a provider of low-contaminated subarctic waters to the heavily contaminated Kuroshio-Oyashio mixed water region.
authors.affiliation: Federal Scientific Organization «Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev» of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (ROSPOTREBNADZOR), Mira Str. 8, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia. Electronic address: V.Ramzaev@mail.ru.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramzaev
authors.affiliation: Research and Production Association «Typhoon» of Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET), Pobedy Str. 4, 249038 Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikitin
authors.affiliation: Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute of Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET), Fontannaya Str. 24, 690600 Vladivostok, Russia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevastyanov
authors.affiliation: Research and Production Association «Typhoon» of Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET), Pobedy Str. 4, 249038 Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Artemiev
authors.affiliation: Federal Scientific Organization «Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev» of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (ROSPOTREBNADZOR), Mira Str. 8, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruk
authors.affiliation: Federal Scientific Organization «Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev» of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (ROSPOTREBNADZOR), Mira Str. 8, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanov
mesh_terms: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D062406:Fukushima Nuclear Accident; D007564:Japan; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive
keywords: Fukushima; Measurements; Radiocesium; Seawater; Shipboard; The Pacific