title: Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Available anti-hyperglycemic therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is currently restricted to insulin, pramlintide, and pancreas or islet cell transplantation. The imperfect replication of normal insulin secretion and glucose control has been a driver for development of other anti-hyperglycemic agents for this population. Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is currently under investigation as an add-on therapy to insulin in T1DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the drug evaluation, the authors describe the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and preliminary results from studies investigating treatment in rodent models and in individuals with T1DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies on adjunct therapeutic effects of empagliflozin in individuals with T1DM are limited, but initial reports show favorable effects on reducing HbA1c, body weight, total daily insulin dose and hypoglycemic events. Intriguingly, this drug may confer a degree of renal protection by reducing glomerular hyperfiltration that can arise in the diabetic state. Currently, the primary concern seems to be the presence of ketone levels indicating an under-insulinized state. Long-term effects can only be inferred from studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus at this time. Empagliflozin represents a novel non-insulin-mediated therapy that warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine , 660 West Redwood Street, Howard Hall 469, Baltimore, MD 21201 , USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lamos
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Younk
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D005960:Glucosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; D000077203:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; C570240:empagliflozin
keywords: empagliflozin; glycemic control; sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; type 1 diabetes mellitus