title: Patterns of DNA barcode variation in Canadian marine molluscs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Molluscs are the most diverse marine phylum and this high diversity has resulted in considerable taxonomic problems. Because the number of species in Canadian oceans remains uncertain, there is a need to incorporate molecular methods into species identifications. A 648 base pair segment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene has proven useful for the identification and discovery of species in many animal lineages. While the utility of DNA barcoding in molluscs has been demonstrated in other studies, this is the first effort to construct a DNA barcode registry for marine molluscs across such a large geographic area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study examines patterns of DNA barcode variation in 227 species of Canadian marine molluscs. Intraspecific sequence divergences ranged from 0-26.4% and a barcode gap existed for most taxa. Eleven cases of relatively deep (>2%) intraspecific divergence were detected, suggesting the possible presence of overlooked species. Structural variation was detected in COI with indels found in 37 species, mostly bivalves. Some indels were present in divergent lineages, primarily in the region of the first external loop, suggesting certain areas are hotspots for change. Lastly, mean GC content varied substantially among orders (24.5%-46.5%), and showed a significant positive correlation with nearest neighbour distances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA barcoding is an effective tool for the identification of Canadian marine molluscs and for revealing possible cases of overlooked species. Some species with deep intraspecific divergence showed a biogeographic partition between lineages on the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific coasts, suggesting the role of Pleistocene glaciations in the subdivision of their populations. Indels were prevalent in the barcode region of the COI gene in bivalves and gastropods. This study highlights the efficacy of DNA barcoding for providing insights into sequence variation across a broad taxonomic group on a large geographic scale.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kara K S
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.affiliation: Research and Collections (Zoology), Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Martel
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul D N
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hebert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002170:Canada; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics*; D008974:Mollusca / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
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