title: Obesity and cytokines in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis is attributed to traditional and lupus related risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), obesity, and inflammation. Objective. To evaluate the association between obesity, measures of body fat content, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 and -10 levels in childhood-onset SLE (cSLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened consecutive cSLE patients followed up in the Pediatric Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the State University of Campinas. cSLE patients were assessed for disease and damage. Obesity was definite as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2). Serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine total fat mass, lean mass, and percent of body fat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 52 cSLE patients and 52 controls. cSLE patients had higher serum TNF-α  (P = 0.004), IL-6 (P = 0.002), and IL-10 (P < 0.001) levels compared to controls. We observed higher serum TNF-α  (P = 0.036) levels in cSLE patients with obesity. An association between serum TNF-α levels and body fat percent (P = 0.046) and total fat mass on trunk region (P = 0.035) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum TNF-α levels were associated with obesity and body fat content in cSLE. Our finding suggests that obesity may contribute to the increase of serum TNF-α levels in cSLE.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaria, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nailú Angélica
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sinicato
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postal
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Augusto
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina de Oliveira
authors.initials: Kde O
authors.lastname: Peliçari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine Division, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaria, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allan de Oliveira
authors.initials: Ade O
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine Division, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaria, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso Dario
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaria, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil ; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appenzeller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
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