title: Behavioural and physiological assessment of stress reactions during vaginal examination in dairy cows.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the origin of an arched back in cows during vaginal examination. Moreover, we tested whether the duration of an arched back and avoidance reactions during vaginal examination can be decreased by epidural anaesthesia or analgesic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behaviour during cleaning of the perivaginal region and during vaginal examination was scored using the avoidance reactivity score (ARS). Heart rate (HR) was recorded in 10 dairy cows considering four experimental phases, i.e. baseline, cleaning the perivaginal region, vaginal examination and post-examination. Each cow was examined three times and received no treatment (CON), an epidural anaesthesia (EPID) or an analgesic treatment (NSAID). The duration of an arched back during and post-examination was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of the arched back was shortest in cows of group EPID and longest in cows of group CON. Avoidance reactions did not differ between the cleaning phase and vaginal examination in cows of group EPID. Cows of group CON showed the strongest avoidance reactions during examination, whereas cows of group EPID showed least avoidance reactions. Mean HR increased during cleaning and vaginal examination and decreased post-examination. Mean HR during vaginal examination did not differ between treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that cows express discomfort during vaginal examination with an increase in avoidance reactions and HR. Although epidural anaesthesia could reduce sensitivity in the perivaginal region, cows still felt the urge to empty the vagina from the examiner's hand and, thus, were arching their back.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In practice, routine vaginal examinations in dairy cows have not been considered as invasive examina- tions. Our results show that vaginal examinations indeed do cause discomfort. We do not suggest the application of any anaesthetic treatment as appropriate before routine vaginal examinations. Nonetheless, the examiner should be aware of the stress potential of vaginal examinations and conduct such examinations most carefully.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer-Tenhagen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grau
authors.affiliation: W. Heuwieser, Tierklinik für Fortpflanzung, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Email: w.heuwieser@fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heuwieser
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D058869:Gynecological Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Cattle; animal welfare; behaviour; stress; vaginal examination