title: Urinary bladder mucosal responses to ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to examine the expression of various cellular proteins within the urothelium (UT) and lamina propria (LP) following chronic bladder ischemia in the rat urinary bladder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urinary bladders were removed from adult Sprague-Dawley rats 8 weeks after creation of bladder ischemia and from sham controls. Immunocytochemistry was used to examine distribution of LP-vimentin-immunoreactive (IR) cells and connexins (Cx26; Cx43), and western immunoblotting or ELISA for proteins involved in UT barrier and sensory functions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia was associated with a significant increase in LP-vimentin-IR cells and increased expression of the gap junction proteins Cx26 and Cx43 within the bladder UT as compared to sham control. Ischemia also resulted in an increased (p < 0.05) expression level of the junctional marker (ZO-1) and non-significantly increased expressions of the trophic factor nerve growth factor as well as norepinephrine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings reveal that chronic ischemia alters a number of proteins within the UT and underlying LP. These proteins are involved in barrier function, remodeling, repair as well as intercellular communication. The increased expression of LP-vimentin-IR cells suggests that changes in cell-cell interactions could play a role in ischemia-induced changes in bladder activity.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, A 1217 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolf-Johnston
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomiya
authors.forename: Norifumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisamitsu
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Birder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000072259:Connexin 26; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D017630:Connexins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D017630:Connexins; C000607044:Gjb2 protein, rat; D014746:Vimentin; D000072259:Connexin 26
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