title: Human health risk assessment of nitrosamines and nitramines for potential application in CO2 capture.
abstract: Emission and accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere exert an environmental and climate change challenge. An attempt to deal with this challenge is made at Mongstad by application of amines for CO2 capture and storage (CO2 capture Mongstad (CCM) project). As part of the CO2 capture process, nitrosamines and nitramines may be emitted. Toxicological testing of nitrosamines and nitramines indicate a genotoxic potential of these substances. Here we present a risk characterization and assessment for five nitrosamines (N-Nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) N-Nitrosodi-ethylamine (NDEA), N-Nitroso-morpholine (NNM), N-Nitroso-piperidine (NPIP), and Dinitroso-piperazine (DNP)) and two nitramines (N-Methyl-nitramine (NTMA), Dimethyl-nitramine (NDTMA)), which are potentially emitted from the CO2 capture plant (CCP). Human health risk assessment of genotoxic non-threshold substances is a heavily debated topic, and no consensus methodology exists internationally. Extrapolation modeling from high-dose animal exposures to low-dose human exposures can be crucial for the final risk calculation. In the work presented here, different extrapolation models are discussed, and suggestions on applications are given. Then, preferred methods for calculating derived minimal effect level (DMEL) are presented with the selected nitrosamines and nitramines.
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU, PO Box 100, Instituttveien 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravnum
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU, PO Box 100, Instituttveien 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rundén-Pran
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU, PO Box 100, Instituttveien 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fjellsbø
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU, PO Box 100, Instituttveien 18, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway. Electronic address: maria.dusinska@nilu.no.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dusinska
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D057231:Climate Change; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D009153:Mutagens; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D009602:Nitrosamines; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C015384:nitramine
keywords: CO(2) capture; Carcinogenic; DMEL; Extrapolation modeling; Genotoxic; Nitramines; Nitrosamines; Non-threshold substances; Risk assessment; T25