title: Quantification of cerebral perfusion using dynamic quantitative susceptibility mapping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to develop a dynamic quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) technique with sufficient temporal resolution to map contrast agent concentration in cerebral perfusion imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dynamic QSM used a multiecho three-dimensional (3D) spoiled gradient echo golden angle interleaved spiral sequence during contrast bolus injection. Four-dimensional (4D) space-time resolved magnetic field reconstruction was performed using the temporal resolution acceleration with constrained evolution reconstruction method. Deconvolution of the gadolinium-induced field was performed at each time point with the morphology enabled dipole inversion method to generate a 4D gadolinium concentration map, from which three-dimensional spatial distributions of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial in vivo brain imaging demonstrated the feasibility of using dynamic QSM for generating quantitative 4D contrast agent maps and imaging three-dimensional perfusion. The cerebral blood flow obtained with dynamic QSM agreed with that obtained using arterial spin labeling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic QSM can be used to perform 4D mapping of contrast agent concentration in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The perfusion parameters derived from this 4D contrast agent concentration map were in good agreement with those obtained using arterial spin labeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spincemaille
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Silvina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutruel
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Nanda Deepa
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thimmappa
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D001811:Blood Volume Determination / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: cerebral blood flow; cerebral blood volume; cerebral perfusion; contrast agent quantification; quantitative susceptibility mapping; temporal resolution acceleration with constrained evolution reconstruction