title: ACL double bundle linked cortical-aperture tibial fixation: a technical note.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this technical note is to describe the tibial fixation characteristics for an all-inside anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction method that links extra-cortical button suspensory and aperture fixation replicating double bundle soft tissue graft function in single femoral and tibial sockets.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 55° drill guide aligned guidewires in the ACL footprint center of 8 porcine tibiae (mean apparent bone mineral density = 1.15 g/cm(2)). A Flipcutter created 27 mm sockets and 15 mm guidewire channels. Advancement sutures seated porcine soft tissue graft-PEEK implants to achieve both socket aperture and extra-cortical button suspensory fixation. Potted specimens were loaded into a 6º of freedom clamp with the servohydraulic loading vector in direct socket alignment. Constructs were pre-loaded to 25 N, underwent 10 pre-conditioning cycles (0-50 N, 0.5 Hz), and 500 submaximal loading cycles (50-250 N, 1 Hz) prior to load to failure testing (20 mm/min). Mode of failure was recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All specimens survived the biomechanical test protocol. Displacement during cyclic loading was 2.8 ± 0.9 mm, yield load was 475.2 ± 36 N, ultimate load at failure was 671.4 ± 98 N, stiffness was 127.5 ± 15 N/mm. The most common failure mode was suture pulling through the soft tissue graft.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This ACL reconstruction method combines the high ultimate load to failure and low graft slippage of extra-cortical button suspensory fixation with the high stiffness of aperture fixation. Biomechanical test findings were comparable or better to previous reports for displacement during submaximal loading, ultimate failure load, and construct stiffness. Based on current understanding of soft tissue graft ACL reconstruction biomechanics, this fixation method should enhance graft-bone socket integration during healing, facilitate long-term graft survival, and improve patient outcomes. Clinical studies are needed to confirm in vivo efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA, jnyland@spalding.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyland
authors.forename: Yee Han Dave
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGinnis
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kibbe
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kocabey
authors.forename: David N M
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Caborn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000379:methods*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D050376:Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Grafting / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*