title: Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections.
abstract: In this review, we examine the evidence that intestinal helminths can control harmful inflammatory responses and promote homeostasis by triggering systemic immune responses. Induction of separable components of immunity by helminths, which includes type 2 and immune regulatory responses, can both contribute toward the reduction in harmful type 1 immune responses that drive certain inflammatory diseases. Despite inducing type 2 responses, intestinal helminths may also downregulate harmful type 2 immune responses including allergic responses. We consider the possibility that intestinal helminth infection may indirectly affect inflammation by influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Taken together, the studies reviewed herein suggest that intestinal helminth-induced responses have potent systemic effects on the immune system, raising the possibility that whole parasites or specific molecules produced by these metazoans may be an important resource for the development of future immunotherapies to control inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA [2] Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA [2] Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bleich
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA [2] Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Gause
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000628:therapy; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D064307:Microbiota
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