title: Population structure among mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Colombia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phylogeographic composition of M. tuberculosis populations reveals associations between lineages and human populations that might have implications for the development of strategies to control the disease. In Latin America, lineage 4 or the Euro-American, is predominant with considerable variations among and within countries. In Colombia, although few studies from specific localities have revealed differences in M. tuberculosis populations, there are still areas of the country where this information is lacking, as is a comparison of Colombian isolates with those from the rest of the world.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 414 M. tuberculosis isolates from adult pulmonary tuberculosis cases from three Colombian states were studied. Isolates were genotyped using IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, and 24-locus Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs). SIT42 (LAM9) and SIT62 (H1) represented 53.3% of isolates, followed by 8.21% SIT50 (H3), 5.07% SIT53 (T1), and 3.14% SIT727 (H1). Composite spoligotyping and 24-locus MIRU- VNTR minimum spanning tree analysis suggest a recent expansion of SIT42 and SIT62 evolved originally from SIT53 (T1). The proportion of Haarlem sublineage (44.3%) was significantly higher than that in neighboring countries. Associations were found between M. tuberculosis MDR and SIT45 (H1), as well as HIV-positive serology with SIT727 (H1) and SIT53 (T1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the population structure of M. tuberculosis in several regions from Colombia with a dominance of the LAM and Haarlem sublineages, particularly in two major urban settings (Medellín and Cali). Dominant spoligotypes were LAM9 (SIT 42) and Haarlem (SIT62). The proportion of the Haarlem sublineage was higher in Colombia compared to that in neighboring countries, suggesting particular conditions of co-evolution with the corresponding human population that favor the success of this sublineage.
authors.affiliation: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Realpe
authors.affiliation: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Nidia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rozo
authors.forename: Beatriz Eugenia
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Beatriz Elena
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.affiliation: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zapata
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: Wellman
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ribon
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Puerto
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Luisa María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Maria Lilia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Oriana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB & Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Couvin
authors.affiliation: WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB & Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, Abymes Guadeloupe, France.
authors.forename: Nalin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Maria Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Arbelaez
authors.affiliation: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia; Centro Colombiano de Investigación en Tuberculosis, CCITB, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robledo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058974:Phylogeography; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
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