title: Evolution, epigenetics and cooperation.
abstract: Explanations for biological evolution in terms of changes in gene frequencies refer to outcomes rather than process. Integrating epigenetic studies with older evolutionary theories has drawn attention to the ways in which evolution occurs. Adaptation at the level of the gene is givingway to adaptation at the level of the organism and higher-order assemblages of organisms. These ideas impact on the theories of how cooperation might have evolved. Two of the theories, i.e. that cooperating individuals are genetically related or that they cooperate for self-interested reasons, have been accepted for a long time. The idea that adaptation takes place at the level of groups is much more controversial. However, bringing together studies of development with those of evolution is taking away much of the heat in the debate about the evolution of group behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, High Street, Madingley, Cambridge, CB23 8AA, UK, ppgb@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bateson
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008399:Mass Behavior; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012919:Social Behavior
references.citation: Biol Lett. 2006 Sep 22;2(3):412-4
references.pmid: 17148417
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2006;301:259-81
references.pmid: 16570852
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Nov 1;19(21):4134-44
references.pmid: 20696673
references.citation: Science. 1961 Nov 10;134(3489):1501-6
references.pmid: 14471768
references.citation: Science. 1896 Nov 20;4(99):733-40
references.pmid: 17735249
references.citation: Q Rev Biol. 2007 Dec;82(4):327-48
references.pmid: 18217526
references.citation: J Biosci. 2014 Apr;39(2):201-9
references.pmid: 24736154
references.citation: Genet Res Int. 2012;2012:640612
references.pmid: 22567396
references.citation: Science. 1896 Nov 27;4(100):786-9
references.pmid: 17734840
references.citation: Evolution. 2011 Jun;65(6):1523-6
references.pmid: 21644945
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):E1-4; author reply E9-10
references.pmid: 21430721
references.citation: Nature. 1999 Sep 9;401(6749):157-61
references.pmid: 10490023
references.citation: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Apr 27;364(1520):1125-41
references.pmid: 19324617
references.citation: J Biosci. 2005 Feb;30(1):31-9
references.pmid: 15824439
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Dec;8(12):921-31
references.pmid: 18007649
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Aug 26;466(7310):1057-62
references.pmid: 20740005
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000530
references.pmid: 19557164
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Jan 19;373(6511):209-16
references.pmid: 7816134
references.citation: Science. 2011 Dec 16;334(6062):1512-6
references.pmid: 22174243
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1964 Jul;7(1):1-16
references.pmid: 5875341
references.citation: Trends Ecol Evol. 2012 May;27(5):288-95
references.pmid: 22284810
references.citation: J Evol Biol. 2009 Apr;22(4):659-71
references.pmid: 19210588