title: Benign vaginal bleeding in 24 prepubertal patients: clinical, biochemical and imaging features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Premature menarche is an uncommon, benign condition characterized by isolated or recurrent menstrual bleeding in the absence of secondary sexual characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an observational retrospective study to further characterize the clinical, biochemical and imaging features of benign prepubertal vaginal bleeding (BPVB). Out of 1037 girls evaluated for precocious puberty over a 5-year period, 24 girls with BPVB were identified based on ≥1 episodes of vaginal bleeding, Tanner I or non-progressive Tanner II breast development, and lack of physical findings suggesting genital infection, trauma or foreign body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at presentation ranged from 3 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months. Ten patients (42%) had one episode of vaginal bleeding, six (25%) had two episodes and eight patients (33%) had three or more. First bleeding episode lasted 3 days (range; 1-30 days). Six girls had intermittent spotting for up to 1 year. No breast development was noted in 19 (79%) patients. Minimal breast was present in five girls; early pubic hair was present in 2. LH and FSH were prepubertal; estradiol was >20 pg/mL in two girls. Pelvic ultrasound, performed in 11 patients, showed pre-pubertal uterus and ovaries without adnexal masses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated prepubertal vaginal bleeding is typically benign and self-limited, in the absence of sexual precocity signs or other vaginal pathology. Laboratory and imaging studies are generally unrevealing.
authors.forename: Aikaterini A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nella
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kaplowitz
authors.forename: Mary Scott
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ramnitz
authors.forename: Radha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nandagopal
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology*; D011629:Puberty, Precocious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014953:Wrist / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging