title: Effects of long-term exposure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport, brain immuno-regulatory systems and progression of experimental periodontitis in rats.
abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure (4 weeks) to the widely used narcotic drug and putative neurotoxicant 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") on neuronal transmitter transport and progression of experimental periodontitis in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to MDMA (10mg/kg/day i.p.) or saline five days a week for four consecutive weeks. Exposure to MDMA induced a significant reduction in the synaptosomal reuptake of serotonin, while the uptake of dopamine was significantly increased 24h after the last injection of MDMA. In contrast, the synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline and the vesicular uptake through the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 were not affected. In the experiments of periodontitis development, ligature-induced periodontitis was induced three days prior to MDMA administration. Compared to controls, MDMA-treated rats developed significantly more periodontitis. In conclusion, our results show that long-term exposure to MDMA affects the serotonergic and dopaminergic transport systems in the rat brain and increased the susceptibility to the psychosomatic ailment periodontitis following disturbances of brain immune-regulatory systems. These results are interesting with respect to recent research showing that changes in neurotransmitter signalling may alter the reactivity of brain-controlled immunoregulatory systems controlling pathogenic microorganisms colonizing mucosal surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Pathology and Forensic Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breivik
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division for Forensic Sciences, Department of Drug Abuse Research and Method Development, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Inger Lise
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Bogen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristin Huse
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Frode
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fonnum
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway.
authors.forename: Per-Kristian
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Opstad
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Norway.
authors.forename: Dag Marcus
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eide
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Chemicals and Radiation, Norway. Electronic address: Oddvar.Myhre@fhi.no.
authors.forename: Oddvar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Myhre
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D018450:Disease Progression; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018490:Serotonin Agents; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
keywords: Brain-neuroendocrine-immune regulation; Dopamine; Ecstasy; MDMA; Periodontitis; Serotonin