title: The asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain is essential for functional recovery after spinal cord injury in adult zebrafish.
abstract: Unlike mammals, adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating severed axons and regaining locomotor function after spinal cord injury. A key factor for this regenerative capacity is the innate ability of neurons to re-express growth-associated genes and regrow their axons after injury in a permissive environment. By microarray analysis, we have previously shown that the expression of legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase) is upregulated after complete transection of the spinal cord. In situ hybridization showed upregulation of legumain expression in neurons of regenerative nuclei during the phase of axon regrowth/sprouting after spinal cord injury. Upregulation of Legumain protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, upregulation of legumain expression was also observed in macrophages/microglia and neurons in the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site after injury. The role of legumain in locomotor function after spinal cord injury was tested by reducing Legumain expression by application of anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides. Using two independent anti-sense morpholinos, locomotor recovery and axonal regrowth were impaired when compared with a standard control morpholino. We conclude that upregulation of legumain expression after spinal cord injury in the adult zebrafish is an essential component of the capacity of injured neurons to regrow their axons. Another feature contributing to functional recovery implicates upregulation of legumain expression in the spinal cord caudal to the injury site. In conclusion, we established for the first time a function for an unusual protease, the asparaginyl endopeptidase, in the nervous system. This study is also the first to demonstrate the importance of legumain for repair of an injured adult central nervous system of a spontaneously regenerating vertebrate and is expected to yield insights into its potential in nervous system regeneration in mammals.
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Department of Basic Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical School, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America.
authors.forename: Harsh P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.affiliation: W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America; Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Melitta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schachner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058630:Spinal Cord Regeneration; D015854:Up-Regulation; D015027:Zebrafish; D000099240:Asparaginyl Endopeptidase
chemical_list: D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D017931:DNA Primers; D000099240:Asparaginyl Endopeptidase
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