title: Increasing long-chain n-3PUFA consumption improves small peripheral artery function in patients at intermediate-high cardiovascular risk.
abstract: Dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) improve endothelial function in medium-large-sized arteries, but effects on small peripheral arteries, responsible for most arterial resistance, are little known. We investigated the effects of increasing LCn-3PUFA intake with the usual diet on small artery reactive hyperemia index (saRHI). Within a clinical trial evaluating the effects of 1 year of intensive lifestyle intervention versus standard care on cardiovascular markers in subjects at risk, we selected 108 participants regardless of treatment allocation (n=47 standard care; n=61 intensive intervention) with complete baseline and follow-up information on dietary, clinical, saRHI and biochemical data, including biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial activation. At the end of follow-up, saRHI increased across tertiles of change in dietary LCn-3PUFA. Subjects in the top tertile (increased LCn-3PUFA intake) increased serum ApoA1 and decreased hs-CRP, serum TNF-α, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and oxLDL from baseline. After pooling data, in unadjusted models, changes in saRHI significantly correlated to changes in LCn-3PUFA intake and ApoA1 (directly) and changes in systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, TNF-α, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin (inversely). In a multivariate model, changes in dietary LCn-3PUFA were significantly associated with changes in saRHI [B=0.08 (95% confidence interval=0.083-0.291) for an increase by 100 mg/day]. Systolic blood pressure was inversely associated with saRHI changes [B=-0.203 (-0.441 to -0.029) for a 9-mmHg increase]. We conclude that increased dietary consumption of LCn-3PUFA might be a cost-effective strategy to improve peripheral vasoactivity.
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jordi.merino@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.affiliation: Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Aleix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sala-Vila
authors.affiliation: Cardiometabolic Research Institute, 7505 Fannin Street Suite 210, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kones
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Raimon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferre
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Girona
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Daiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ibarretxe
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heras
authors.affiliation: Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ros
authors.affiliation: Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201 Reus, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001160:Arterioles / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Diet; Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Endothelial function; Inflammation