title: Strain counterstrain technique to decrease tender point palpation pain compared to control conditions: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strain counterstrain (SCS) is an indirect osteopathic manipulative technique that uses passive positioning to relieve tender point (TP) palpation pain and associated dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this systematic review with meta-analysis were to 1) determine the pooled effect of SCS on TP palpation pain compared to a control condition and 2) assess the quality of the overall evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search conducted using the MEDLINE with AMED, PUBMED, CINAHL, and SCOPUS databases for publications from January 2002 and April 2012 yielded 29 articles for eligibility screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included studies were limited to randomized control trials comparing TP palpation pain after isolated SCS treatment compared to control conditions assessed with a visual analog scale. Other study designs or manipulative treatments were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers adhered to a predetermined study protocol following current Cochrane Collaboration recommendations to independently extract the data with standardized extraction forms and assess studies for methodological quality and determine risks of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five randomized control trials were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled effect of SCS was a reduction of TP palpation pain (p < 0.001, 95% CI -0.291 to -0.825). The overall evidence quality was low: while all studies met at least 8 of 12 methodological quality criteria, most were low quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review and meta-analysis found low quality evidence suggesting that SCS may reduce TP palpation pain. Future studies with larger samples of better quality studies with patient populations that assess long-term pain, impairment, and dysfunction outcomes could enrich the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitative and Regenerative Medicine, Physical Therapy, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ckw7@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher Kevin
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ow-Wing
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D026301:Manipulation, Osteopathic / Q000379:methods*; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Meta-analysis; Osteopathic manipulative treatment; Patient positioning; Strain counterstrain; Trigger points