title: Short-term exposure to dimethylformamide and the impact on digestive system disease: an outdoor study for volatile organic compound.
abstract: Occupational and experimental studies have revealed the organs most affected by dimethylformamide (DMF) are liver and gastrointestinal tract. However, few studies have focused on the potential effect of outdoor pollution of DMF. This study examined the health risk of hospitalization due to digestive system disease by time series studies in a case city Longwan, China. The urine metabolite of DMF was correlated well with DMF exposure concentration (EC). A 101.0-μg/m(3) (interquartile range) increase in the two-day moving average of DMF EC was associated with a 1.10 (1.01 ˜ 1.20), 1.22 (1.10 ˜ 1.35), and 1.05 (0.90 ˜ 1.22) increase in hospitalization for total digestive system diseases, liver disease, and gastrointestinal tract disease, respectively. The exposure-dose response between DMF and the relative risk of liver disease was linear only below 350 μg/m(3). These findings highlight a previously unrecognized health problem related to VOCs released into the outdoor environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wenzhou Municipal of Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wenzhou, China.
authors.forename: Canke
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: qy_zhang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qingyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002681:China; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D004126:Dimethylformamide
keywords: Gastrointestinal tract disease; Generalized additive model; Liver disease; N, N-dimethylformamide; Relative risk