title: The histologic and biomechanical response of two commercially available small glenoid anchors for use in labral repairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined histologic characteristics and biomechanical performance of 2 commercially available, small glenoid anchors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult research dogs (n = 6) were used for histologic analysis. Anchors were inserted into the lateral rim of the glenoid using the manufacturer's protocol. The dogs were humanely euthanatized 8 weeks after anchor implantation, and the glenoids were collected for histologic analysis. Bone socket width data were compared for statistically significant (P < .05) differences. In addition, 4 matched pairs (n = 8) of human cadaveric glenoids were instrumented with 1 BioComposite SutureTak (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) and 1 JuggerKnot (Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA) suture anchor in the anterior-inferior quadrant. Anchor constructs were preloaded to 5 N, cycled from 5 to 25 N for 100 cycles, and then pulled to failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All JuggerKnot anchor sites were cyst-like cavities with a rim of dense lamellar bone. All BioComposite SutureTak anchor sites contained intact anchors with close approximation of anastomosing trabeculae of lamellar bone. At 8 weeks after implantation, mean socket width of the JuggerKnot anchor sites was 6.3 ± 2.5 mm, which was significantly (P = .013) larger than the mean socket width of 2.7 ± 0.7 mm measured for the BioComposite SutureTak anchor sites. The JuggerKnot anchor demonstrated larger displacements during subfailure cyclic loading (2.9 ± 1.0 mm compared with 1.3 ± 0.4 mm) and load to failure tests (13.7 ± 6.6 mm compared with 3.2 ± 0.5 mm). Statistical differences (P < .01) existed in every category except ultimate load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the biomechanical in human bone and histologic findings in canine subjects, the all-suture anchor may be at risk for clinical failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. Electronic address: pfeifferf@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Ferris M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004285:Dogs; D051445:Fibrocartilage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012540:Scapula / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D053441:Suture Anchors; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: Rotator cuff; glenoid; histologic response; labrum; pullout; suture anchor