title: Ethical issues in surgical innovation.
abstract: Innovation is responsible for most advances in the field of surgery. Innovative approaches to solving clinical problems have significantly decreased morbidity and mortality for many surgical procedures, and have led to improved patient outcomes. While innovation is motivated by the surgeon's expectation that the new approach will be beneficial to patients, not all innovations are successful or result in improved patient care. The ethical dilemma of surgical innovation lies in the uncertainty of whether a particular innovation will prove to be a "good thing." This uncertainty creates challenges for surgeons, patients, and the healthcare system. By its very nature, innovation introduces a potential risk to patient safety, a risk that may not be fully known, and it simultaneously fosters an optimism bias. These factors increase the complexity of informed consent and shared decision making for the surgeon and the patient. Innovative procedures and their associated technology raise issues of cost and resource distribution in the contemporary, financially conscious, healthcare environment. Surgeons and institutions must identify and address conflicts of interest created by the development and application of an innovation, always preserving the best interest of the patient above the academic or financial rewards of success. Potential strategies to address the challenges inherent in surgical innovation include collecting and reporting objective outcomes data, enhancing the informed consent process, and adhering to the principles of disclosure and professionalism. As surgeons, we must encourage creativity and innovation while maintaining our ethical awareness and responsibility to patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC6040, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA, megan.miller2@uchospitals.edu.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angelos
mesh_terms: D016265:Conflict of Interest; D003405:Creativity; D003657:Decision Making; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics*; D062069:Inventions / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics*; D061214:Patient Safety; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*
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