title: Associations between infant feeding practice prior to six months and body mass index at six years of age.
abstract: Rapid growth during infancy is associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity and differences in weight gain are at least partly explained by means of infant feeding. The aim was to assess the associations between infant feeding practice in early infancy and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years of age. Icelandic infants (n = 154) were prospectively followed from birth to 12 months and again at age 6 years. Birth weight and length were gathered from maternity wards, and healthcare centers provided the measurements made during infancy up to 18 months of age. Information on breastfeeding practices was documented 0-12 months and a 24-h dietary record was collected at 5 months. Changes in infant weight gain were calculated from birth to 18 months. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine associations between infant feeding practice at 5 months and body mass index (BMI) at 6 years. Infants who were formula-fed at 5 months of age grew faster, particularly between 2 and 6 months, compared to exclusively breastfed infants. At age 6 years, BMI was on average 1.1 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.2, 2.0) higher among infants who were formula fed and also receiving solid foods at 5 months of age compared to those exclusively breastfed. In a high-income country such as Iceland, early introduction of solid foods seems to further increase the risk of high childhood BMI among formula fed infants compared with exclusively breastfed infants, although further studies with greater power are needed.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. cmi1@hi.is.
authors.forename: Cindy Mari
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. ingigun@landspitali.is.
authors.forename: Ingibjorg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gunnarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. bth50@hi.is.
authors.forename: Birna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thorisdottir
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. tih@hi.is.
authors.forename: Thorhallur Ingi
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Halldorsson
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Eiriksgata 29, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. ingathor@hi.is.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain
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