title: New multilayer coating using quaternary ammonium chitosan and κ-carrageenan in capillary electrophoresis: application in fast analysis of betaine and methionine.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a new multilayer coating with crosslinked quaternary ammonium chitosan (hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan; HACC) and κ-carrageenan for use in capillary electrophoresis. A new semi-permanent multilayer coating was formed using the procedure developed and the method does not require the presence of polymers in the background electrolyte (BGE). The new capillary multilayer coating showed a cathodic electroosmotic flow (EOF) of around 30×10(-9) m(2) V(-1) s(-1) which is pH-independent in the range of pH 2 to 10. The enhanced EOF at low pH obtained contributed significantly to the development of a fast method of separation. The multilayer coating was then applied in the development of a fast separation method to determine betaine and methionine in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The BGE used to determine the betaine and methionine concentrations was composed of 10 mmol L(-1) tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, 40 mmol L(-1) phosphoric acid and 10% (v/v) ethanol, at pH 2.1. A fused-silica capillary of 32 cm (50 µm ID×375 µm OD) was used in the experiments and samples and standards were analyzed employing the short-end injection procedure (8.5 cm effective length). The instrumental analysis time of the optimized method was 1.53 min (approx. 39 runs per hour). The validation of the proposed method for the determination of betaine and methionine showed good linearity (R(2)>0.999), adequate limit of detection (LOD <8 mg L(-1)) for the concentration in the samples and inter-day precision values lower than 3.5% (peak area and time migration). The results for the quantification of the amino acids in the samples determined by the CZE-UV method developed were statistically equal to those obtained with the comparative LC-MS/MS method according to the paired t-test with a confidence level of 95%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Food Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Food Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Della Betta
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Food Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina O
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Antonio Simas
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcone Augusto Leal
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CP 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacqueline Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vistuba
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CP 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valfredo T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Fávere
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis CP 88040-900, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: gustavomicke@qmc.ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Gustavo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Micke
mesh_terms: D001622:Betaine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000737:chemistry*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004573:Electrolytes; D053841:Electroosmosis; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008715:Methionine / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C576941:hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan; D001622:Betaine; D002351:Carrageenan; D048271:Chitosan; D008715:Methionine
keywords: Betaine; Capillary electrophoresis; Fast method; Methionine; Multilayer coating; Pharmaceutical formulations