title: Innervation zone locations in 43 superficial muscles: toward a standardization of electrode positioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe the innervation zone (IZ) location in 43 muscles to provide information for appropriate positioning of bipolar electrodes for clinical and research applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IZ was studied in 40 subjects (20 men and 20 women) using multichannel surface electromyography (sEMG). Signal quality was checked visually to identify motor unit action potentials and estimate muscle fiber conduction velocity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results in 33 muscles were classified as excellent or good, because it was possible to identify an area which is favorable for appropriate positioning of an electrode pair without the need to previously determine the IZ location.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of IZ location will increase standardization and repeatability of sEMG measures.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beretta Piccoli
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rainoldi
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heitz
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wüthrich
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boccia
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomasoni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spirolazzi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egloff
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014838:Volunteers; D055815:Young Adult