title: Preliminary pharmaceutical development of antimalarial-antibiotic cotherapy as a pre-referral paediatric treatment of fever in malaria endemic areas.
abstract: Artemether (AM) plus azithromycin (AZ) rectal co-formulations were studied to provide pre-referral treatment for children with severe febrile illnesses in malaria-endemic areas. The target profile required that such product should be cheap, easy to administer by non-medically qualified persons, rapidly effective against both malaria and bacterial infections. Analytical and pharmacotechnical development, followed by in vitro and in vivo evaluation, were conducted for various AMAZ coformulations. Of the formulations tested, stability was highest for dry solid forms and bioavailability for hard gelatin capsules; AM release from AMAZ rectodispersible tablet was suboptimal due to a modification of its micro-crystalline structure.
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaubert
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: tina.kauss@u-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kauss
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, FRE 3396 CNRS Pharmacochimie, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marchivie
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Boubakar B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Ba
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Laboratory of Organic and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacochimie, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lembege
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Fawaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fawaz
authors.affiliation: EFS (Etablissement Français du Sang) Aquitaine Limousin, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boiron
authors.affiliation: EFS (Etablissement Français du Sang) Aquitaine Limousin, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lafarge
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lindegardh
authors.affiliation: OTECI (Office Technique d'Etude et de Coopération Internationale), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK; UNICEF/UNDP/WB/WHO Special Program for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Piero L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Olliaro
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grislain
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4575 Analytical and Pharmaceutical Developments Applied to Neglected Diseases and Counterfeits, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaudin
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077549:Artemether; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004338:Drug Combinations; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D033362:Powder Diffraction; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D013607:Tablets; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D002214:Capsules; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005079:Excipients; D013607:Tablets; D017963:Azithromycin; D000077549:Artemether
keywords: Acute respiratory infections; Artemether; Azithromycin; Malaria; Pediatric; Rectal route
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