title: Self-powered enzyme micropumps.
abstract: Non-mechanical nano- and microscale pumps that function without the aid of an external power source and provide precise control over the flow rate in response to specific signals are needed for the development of new autonomous nano- and microscale systems. Here we show that surface-immobilized enzymes that are independent of adenosine triphosphate function as self-powered micropumps in the presence of their respective substrates. In the four cases studied (catalase, lipase, urease and glucose oxidase), the flow is driven by a gradient in fluid density generated by the enzymatic reaction. The pumping velocity increases with increasing substrate concentration and reaction rate. These rechargeable pumps can be triggered by the presence of specific analytes, which enables the design of enzyme-based devices that act both as sensor and pump. Finally, we show proof-of-concept enzyme-powered devices that autonomously deliver small molecules and proteins in response to specific chemical stimuli, including the release of insulin in response to glucose.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2].
authors.forename: Samudra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2].
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patra
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA [2].
authors.forename: Isamar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shklyaev
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00681, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Ubaldo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Córdova-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mallouk
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Ayusman
authors.identifier: 0000000205569509
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002374:Catalase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006046:Gold; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D013499:Surface Properties; D014510:Urease / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D007328:Insulin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006046:Gold; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D002374:Catalase; D008049:Lipase; D014510:Urease; D005947:Glucose
references.citation: J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 1998 Jul;40(1):1-12
references.pmid: 9920528
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Apr 18;100(15):158303
references.pmid: 18518161
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Apr 29;131(16):5722-3
references.pmid: 19351109
references.citation: Adv Mater. 2010 Nov 16;22(43):4823-5
references.pmid: 20839247
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Mar 5;51(10):2400-4
references.pmid: 22302540
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Apr 14;132(14):5285-9
references.pmid: 20329726
references.citation: Chem Soc Rev. 2011 May;40(5):2109-19
references.pmid: 21340080
references.citation: Small. 2010 Jan;6(2):159-67
references.pmid: 19911393
references.citation: Nanoscale. 2013 Feb 21;5(4):1273-83
references.pmid: 23166050
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Jan 30;135(4):1406-14
references.pmid: 23308365
references.citation: Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 May 28;47(20):5671-80
references.pmid: 21468401
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2005 Jun 10;94(22):220801
references.pmid: 16090376
references.citation: Chem Asian J. 2012 Sep;7(9):1994-2002
references.pmid: 22615262
references.citation: Chemistry. 2005 Nov 4;11(22):6462-70
references.pmid: 16052651
references.citation: Anal Chem. 1996 Dec 1;68(23):4081-6
references.pmid: 8946790
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1981 Mar-Apr;4(2):235-7
references.pmid: 7011734
references.citation: Sci Am. 2009 May;300(5):72-7
references.pmid: 19438052
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2010 Apr;6(2):298-317
references.pmid: 19836466
references.citation: Fresenius J Anal Chem. 2000 Mar-Apr;366(6-7):525-39
references.pmid: 11225765
references.citation: Anal Chem. 2000 Jul 1;72(13):2995-3000
references.pmid: 10905340
references.citation: J Phys Chem A. 2010 May 6;114(17):5462-7
references.pmid: 20387839
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2013 Aug 27;7(8):6758-66
references.pmid: 23834678
references.citation: Blood. 1996 Feb 15;87(4):1595-9
references.pmid: 8608252
references.citation: ACS Nano. 2009 Jan 27;3(1):4-9
references.pmid: 19206241
references.citation: Chem Asian J. 2009 Sep 1;4(9):1402-10
references.pmid: 19621413
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Dec 14;127(49):17150-1
references.pmid: 16332039
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 29;1543(2):223-238
references.pmid: 11150608
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 26;50(40):9374-7
references.pmid: 21948434
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Jul 27;99(4):048102
references.pmid: 17678409
references.citation: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Aug 20;51(34):8434-45
references.pmid: 22887874
references.citation: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Feb 21;12(7):1423-35
references.pmid: 20126754
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Sep 26;134(38):15688-91
references.pmid: 22971044
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Feb 24;132(7):2110-1
references.pmid: 20108965
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Nov 22;128(46):14881-8
references.pmid: 17105298
references.citation: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Jun 7;13(21):10131-5
references.pmid: 21505711
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2007 Jun 27;129(25):7762-3
references.pmid: 17550256