title: Multifunctional yolk-in-shell nanoparticles for pH-triggered drug release and imaging.
abstract: Multifunctional nanoparticles are synthesized for both pH-triggered drug release and imaging with radioluminescence, upconversion luminescent, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The particles have a yolk-in-shell morphology, with a radioluminescent core, an upconverting shell, and a hollow region between the core and shell for loading drugs. They are synthesized by controlled encapsulation of a radioluminescent nanophosphor yolk in a silica shell, partial etching of the yolk in acid, and encapsulation of the silica with an upconverting luminescent shell. Metroxantrone, a chemotherapy drug, was loaded into the hollow space between X-ray phosphor yolk and up-conversion phosphor shell through pores in the shell. To encapsulate the drug and control the release rate, the nanoparticles are coated with pH-responsive biocompatible polyelectrolyte layers of charged hyaluronic acid sodium salt and chitosan. The nanophosphors display bright luminescence under X-ray, blue light (480 nm), and near infrared light (980 nm). They also served as T1 and T2 MRI contrast agents with relaxivities of 3.5 mM(-1) s(-1) (r1 ) and 64 mM(-1) s(-1) (r2 ). These multifunctional nanocapsules have applications in controlled drug delivery and multimodal imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for optical materials science and engineering (COMSET) and environmental toxicology program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Fenglin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Colvin
authors.forename: Liurukara D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sanjeewa
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Shiou-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.forename: O Thompson
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Mefford
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alexis
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Anker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004337:Drug Carriers; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers
keywords: MRI contrast agent; controlled drug release; nanophosphors; radioluminescence; upconversion
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