title: Trends in medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of prescription medications among college students from 2003 to 2013: Connecting the dots.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine trends in the lifetime and past-year prevalence of medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of four prescription medication classes (i.e., sedative/anxiety, opioid, sleeping, and stimulant) among college students between 2003 and 2013; and to identify demographic and background characteristics associated with trends in past-year nonmedical use of prescription medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A self-administered, cross-sectional Web survey was conducted in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013 at a large public four-year university in the Midwest United States.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately one in every five individuals reported nonmedical use of at least one prescription medication class in their lifetime. The past-year prevalence of medical use, diversion and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants increased significantly between 2003 and 2013 while the past-year prevalence of medical use, diversion and nonmedical use of prescription opioids decreased significantly over this same time period. The odds of past-year nonmedical use of each prescription medication class were generally greater among males, Whites, members of social fraternities and sororities, and those with a lifetime history of medical use of prescription medications or a past-year history of being approached to divert their prescription medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study represents the first investigation to demonstrate that trends in medical use of controlled medications parallel changes in diversion and nonmedical use of the same medication class among college students. The findings reinforce the importance of continued monitoring of prescription medication use at colleges to help guide prevention and intervention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1290, USA. Electronic address: plius@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Brady T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, ME, USA.
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Teter
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1290, USA; Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015995:Prevalence; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: College students; Diversion; Nonmedical use; Prescription medication; Substance abuse; Trend
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