title: Antibiotic exposure in pregnancy and risk of coeliac disease in offspring: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The infant microbiota may play a pathogenic role in coeliac disease (CD). Antibiotic treatment in pregnancy is common and could significantly impact the infant microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and CD in offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective questionnaire data on antibiotic exposure in pregnancy were available in 8729 children participating in the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort study, and of these 46 developed CD until December 2006. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for CD in the offspring among mothers exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy, with adjustment for parent-reported diary data on breastfeeding, age at gluten introduction and number of infections in the child's first year of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1836 children exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy, 12 (0.7%) children developed CD as compared with 34/6893 (0.5%) unexposed children (HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.69-2.56). Risk estimates remained unchanged after adjustment for breastfeeding, age at gluten introduction and infection load in the child's first year of life (HR = 1.28; 95% CI = 0.66-2.48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no statistically significant association between antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and CD in offspring. This lack of association may either be true or the result of limited statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Dept, Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. karlmarild@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mårild
authors.forename: Johnny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
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