title: Variety of non-invasive continuous monitoring methodologies including electrical impedance tomography provides novel insights into the physiology of lung collapse and recruitment – case report of an anaesthetized horse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers during general anaesthesia of horses is a potentially useful therapeutic option for the ventilatory management. While the routine application of recruitments would benefit from the availability of dedicated large animal ventilators their impact on ventilation and perfusion in the horse is not yet well documented nor completely understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A healthy 533 kg experimental horse underwent general anaesthesia in lateral recumbency. During intermittent positive pressure ventilation a stepwise alveolar recruitment maneuver was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a large animal circle system. Mechanical ventilation was applied in pressure ventilation mode and an alveolar recruitment maneuver performed employing a sequence of ascending and descending positive end expiratory pressures. Next to the standard monitoring, which included spirometry, additionally three non-invasive monitoring techniques were used: electrical impedance tomography (EIT), volumetric capnography and respiratory ultrasonic plethysmography. The functional images continuously delivered by EIT initially showed markedly reduced ventilation in the dependent lung and allowed on-line monitoring of the dynamic changes in the distribution of ventilation during the recruitment maneuver. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of compliance, dead space fraction, tidal volumes and changes in end expiratory lung volume were possible without technical difficulties. FOLLOW: up The horse made an unremarkable recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel non-invasive monitoring technologies used in this study provided unprecedented insights into the physiology of lung collapse and recruitment. The synergic information of these techniques holds promise to be useful when developing and evaluating new ventilatory strategies in horses.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moens
authors.forename: Johannes P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schramel
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tusman
authors.forename: Tamas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ambrisko
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.forename: Josef X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kowalczyk
authors.forename: Stephan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006736:Horses; D008170:Lung Compliance / Q000502:physiology; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010100:Oxygen; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000662:veterinary*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D014054:Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen