title: Determination of carbohydrate structure recognized by prostate-specific F77 monoclonal antibody through expression analysis of glycosyltransferase genes.
abstract: This study reports the determination of the carbohydrate epitope of monoclonal antibody F77 previously raised against human prostate cancer PC-3 cells (Zhang, G., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Lal, P., Carroll, A. M., de la Llera-Moya, M., Xu, X., and Greene, M. I. (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 732-737). We performed a series of co-transfections using mammalian expression vectors encoding specific glycosyltransferases. We thereby identified branching enzymes and FUT1 (required for Fucα1→2Gal linkage) as being essential for F77 antigen formation. When immortalized normal prostate 267B1 cells were transfected with FUT1 alone, cells showed weak expression of F77 antigen. By contrast, cells co-transfected with FUT1 plus either GCNT1, GCNT2, or GCNT3 (an enzyme required to form GlcNAcβ1→6Gal/GalNAc) showed robust F77 antigen expression, suggesting that F77 specifically binds to Fucα1→2Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→6Gal/GalNAc. RT-PCR for FUT1, GCNT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 showed that F77-positive cell lines indeed express transcripts encoding FUT1 plus one GCNT. F77-positive prostate cancer cells transfected with siRNAs targeting FUT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 showed significantly reduced F77 antigen, confirming the requirement of these enzymes for epitope synthesis. We also found that hypoxia induces F77 epitope expression in immortalized prostate RWPE1 cells, which express F77 antigen moderately under normoxia but at an elevated level under hypoxia. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated up-regulation of FUT1, GCNT2, and GCNT3 transcripts in RWPE1 cells under hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxia up-regulates glycosyltransferase expression required for F77 antigen synthesis. These results define the F77 epitope and provide a potential mechanism for F77 antigen synthesis in malignant prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
authors.forename: Michiko N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082.
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6082.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: the Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5118, and.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peehl
authors.affiliation: the Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Feizi
authors.affiliation: From the Tumor Microenvironment Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, minoru@sanfordburnham.org.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017931:DNA Primers; D016695:Glycosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D017931:DNA Primers; D016695:Glycosyltransferases; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Antigen; Biomarker of Epithelial Cancer Cell; Cancer-associated Carbohydrate Antigen; Carbohydrate Biosynthesis; Carbohydrate Structure; Glycobiology; Glycosyltransferase
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