title: BPH and prostate cancer risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the exclusion of non-melanomatous skin malignancy, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer in men globally. It has been reported that the majority of men will develop benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by the time they reach their 60s. Together, these prostatic diseases have a significant morbidity and mortality affecting over a billion men throughout the world. The risk of developing prostate cancer of men suffering BPH is one that has resulted in a healthy debate amongst the urological community. Here, we try to address this conundrum with clinical and basic science evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from an online search and contemporary data presented at international urological congresses was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BPH and PCa can be linked together at a molecular and cellular level on genetic, hormonal, and inflammatory platforms suggesting that these prostatic diseases have common pathophysiological driving factors. Epidemiological studies are weighted towards the presence of BPH having a greater risk for a man to develop PCa in his lifetime; however, a conclusion of causality cannot be confidently stated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The future workload healthcare practitioners will face regarding BPH, and PCa will substantially increase. Further basic science and large epidemiological studies using a global cohort of men are required prior to the urological community confidently counseling their patients with BPH with regards to their PCa risk.
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Saiful
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miah
authors.affiliation: Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catto
keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; epidemiology; epigenetics; genetics; inflammation; prostate cancer
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