In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions.
CITREM is an emulsifier used in the food industry and contains citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (GCFE). It is generally recognized as safe but no publication on its digestibility under gastrointestinal conditions and impact on fat digestion was available. It was shown here that fatty acids are released from CITREM by gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic-lipase-related protein 2 and carboxyl ester hydrolase. A two-step in vitro digestion model mimicking lipolysis in the stomach and upper small intestine of term and preterm infants was then used to evaluate the digestibility of CITREM alone, CITREM-containing infant formula and fat emulsions, and isolated GCFE fractions. Overall, it was shown that fat digestion is not significantly changed by the presence of CITREM, and fatty acids contained in CITREM compounds are released to a large extent by lipases. Nevertheless, undigestible water-soluble compounds containing glycerol and citric acid units were identified, indicating that the ester bond between citric acid and glycerol is not fully hydrolyzed throughout the proposed digestion.
CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse UMR7282, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. carriere@imm.cnrs.fr.
Sawsan
S
Amara
Amaury
A
Patin
Francesca
F
Giuffrida
Tim J
TJ
Wooster
Sagar K
SK
Thakkar
Anaïs
A
Bénarouche
Isabelle
I
Poncin
Sylvie
S
Robert
Vanessa
V
Point
Sacha
S
Molinari
Hélène
H
Gaussier
Sadia
S
Diomande
Frédéric
F
Destaillats
Cristina
C
Cruz-Hernandez
Frédéric
F
Carrière
D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D004075:Diglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis; D050178:Monoglycerides / Q000378:metabolism*
D002951:Citrates; D004075:Diglycerides; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D050178:Monoglycerides; D043182:Carboxylesterase; D008049:Lipase; C075988:pancreatic lipase related protein 2