The peptidic middle molecules: is molecular weight doing the trick?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a gradual endogenous intoxication caused by the progressive accumulation of bioactive compounds that in normal conditions would be excreted and/or metabolized by the kidney. Uremic toxicity now is understood as one of the potential causes for the excess of cardiovascular disease and mortality observed in CKD. An important family of uremic toxins is that of the peptidic middle molecules, with a molecular weight ranging between 500 and 60,000 Da, which makes them, as a consequence, difficult to remove in the process of dialysis unless the dialyzer pore size is large enough. This review provides an overview of the main and best-characterized peptidic middle molecules and their role as potential culprits of the cardiometabolic complications inherent to CKD patients.
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
Michal
M
Chmielewski
Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Gerald
G
Cohen
Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
Andrzej
A
Wiecek
Division of Nephrology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: juan.jesus.carrero@ki.se.
Juan
J
Jesús Carrero
D054392:Adipokines / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000502:physiology; D008970:Molecular Weight; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology*; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology
D054392:Adipokines; D007378:Interleukins; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins
Middle molecules; chronic kidney disease; uremic toxicity