Hydra myc2, a unique pre-bilaterian member of the myc gene family, is activated in cell proliferation and gametogenesis.
The myc protooncogene encodes the Myc transcription factor which is the essential part of the Myc-Max network controlling fundamental cellular processes. Deregulation of myc leads to tumorigenesis and is a hallmark of many human cancers. We have recently identified homologs of myc (myc1, myc2) and max in the early diploblastic cnidarian Hydra and have characterized myc1 in detail. Here we show that myc2 is transcriptionally activated in the interstitial stem cell system. Furthermore, in contrast to myc1, myc2 expression is also detectable in proliferating epithelial stem cells throughout the gastric region. myc2 but not myc1 is activated in cycling precursor cells during early oogenesis and spermatogenesis, suggesting that the Hydra Myc2 protein has a possible non-redundant function in cell cycle progression. The Myc2 protein displays the principal design and properties of vertebrate Myc proteins. In complex with Max, Myc2 binds to DNA with similar affinity as Myc1-Max heterodimers. Immunoprecipitation of Hydra chromatin revealed that both Myc1 and Myc2 bind to the enhancer region of CAD, a classical Myc target gene in mammals. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Myc1 but not Myc2 transcriptionally activates the CAD promoter. Myc2 has oncogenic potential when tested in primary avian fibroblasts but to a lower degree as compared to Myc1. The identification of an additional myc gene in Cnidaria, a phylum that diverged prior to bilaterians, with characteristic expression patterns in tissue homeostasis and developmental processes suggests that principle functions of myc genes have arisen very early in metazoan evolution.
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria markus.hartl@uibk.ac.at bert.hobmayer@uibk.ac.at.
Markus
M
Hartl
Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Present address: Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Stella
S
Glasauer
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Taras
T
Valovka
Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Kathrin
K
Breuker
Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria markus.hartl@uibk.ac.at bert.hobmayer@uibk.ac.at.
Bert
B
Hobmayer
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Klaus
K
Bister
Cnidarian; Development; Evolution; Gene regulation; Oncogenic transcription factor