Investigation of blast-induced traumatic brain injury.
OBJECTIVE
Many troops deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan have sustained blast-related, closed-head injuries from being within non-lethal distance of detonated explosive devices. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms associated with blast exposure that give rise to traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study attempts to identify the precise conditions of focused stress wave energy within the brain, resulting from blast exposure, which will correlate with a threshold for persistent brain injury.


METHODS
This study developed and validated a set of modelling tools to simulate blast loading to the human head. Using these tools, the blast-induced, early-time intracranial wave motions that lead to focal brain damage were simulated.


RESULTS
The simulations predict the deposition of three distinct wave energy components, two of which can be related to injury-inducing mechanisms, namely cavitation and shear. Furthermore, the results suggest that the spatial distributions of these damaging energy components are independent of blast direction.


CONCLUSIONS
The predictions reported herein will simplify efforts to correlate simulation predictions with clinical measures of TBI and aid in the development of protective headwear.
Sandia National Laboratories, Terminal Ballistics Technology , Albuquerque , USA and.
Paul A
PA
Taylor
John S
JS
Ludwigsen
Corey C
CC
Ford
D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005107:Explosions; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
Blast; mild traumatic brain injury; modelling; simulation