Echocardiographic integrated backscatter for the differentiation between aortic valve calcification and valvular myxoid degeneration in rats.
OBJECTIVE
Calcification is an independent predictor of mortality in aortic valve (AV) stenosis. Echocardiographic calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) is a promising parameter for quantifying AV calcification. However, the ability of cIB to differentiate between calcification and valvular thickening has been questioned. Therefore, we aimed to use cIB to study AV calcification compared with non-calcified AV thickening in rats, with histology as reference.


RESULTS
Twenty male Wistar rats were studied. Group 1 (N = 6) received subcutaneous (SC) serotonin injections (60 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks to induce myxoid non-calcified AV thickening. Group 2 (N = 7) received vitamin D3 (25,000 UI/kg/day) SC to induce AV calcification, and Group 3 (N = 7) received only vehicle SC for 10 weeks. cIB of the AV was calculated at the end of the study, followed by measurement of the percentage of the histological AV calcification. At the end of the study, cIB values and calcification percentages were significantly higher in vitamin D3-injected rats compared with serotonin-injected rats and controls. There was no significant difference in cIB values between serotonin-injected rats and controls (vitamin D3: 21.5 ± 3.0 dB*; serotonin: 11.8 ± 3.1 dB; control: 10.3 ± 3.4 dB; *P < 0.05). The percentage of histological calcification was significantly higher in the vitamin D3 group compared with the other groups. Serotonin-injected rats developed significant AV thickening.


CONCLUSIONS
Increased cIB values of the AV are related to increased calcification at histology and not to myxoid non-calcified valvular thickening. Therefore, cIB may be considered as a sensitive technique to quantify calcification of AV rather than for detecting non-calcified valvular thickening.
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium kgillis@vub.ac.be.
Kris
K
Gillis
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Gezim
G
Bala
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Bram
B
Roosens
In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Isabel
I
Remory
Department of Pathology, UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium.
Hendrik
H
De Raeve
In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Simon
S
Tierens
In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Sophie
S
Hernot
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Guy
G
Van Camp
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Steven
S
Droogmans
Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium.
Bernard
B
Cosyns
D000818:Animals; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
Cardiovascular calcifications; Echocardiography; Integrated backscatter; Small animals