The 27-item coping strategies questionnaire-revised: confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity in Italian-speaking subjects with chronic pain.
BACKGROUND
Increasing attention is being devoted to cognitive-behavioural measures to improve interventions for chronic pain.


OBJECTIVE
To develop an Italian version of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire - Revised (CSQ-R), and to validate it in a study involving 345 Italian subjects with chronic pain.


METHODS
The questionnaire was developed following international recommendations. The psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis; reliability, assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients); and construct validity, assessed by calculating the correlations between the subscales of the CSQ-R and measures of pain (numerical rating scale), disability (Sickness Impact Profile - Roland Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale) and coping (Chronic Pain Coping Inventory) (Pearson's correlation).


RESULTS
Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the CSQ-R model had an acceptable data-model fit (comparative fit index and normed fit index ≥0.90, root mean square error of approximation ≤0.08). Cronbach's alpha was satisfactory (CSQ-R 0.914 to 0.961), and the intraclass correlation coefficients were good⁄excellent (CSQ-R 0.850 to 0.918). As expected, the correlations with the numerical rating scale, Sickness Impact Profile - Roland Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale and Chronic Pain Coping Inventory highlighted the adaptive and maladaptive properties of most of the CSQ-R subscales.


CONCLUSIONS
The CSQ-R was successfully translated into Italian. The translation proved to have good factorial structure, and its psychometric properties are similar to those of the original and other adapted versions. Its use is recommended for clinical and research purposes in Italy and abroad.
Marco
M
Monticone
Simona
S
Ferrante
Ines
I
Giorgi
Caterina
C
Galandra
Barbara
B
Rocca
Calogero
C
Foti
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult