Validation of a model to estimate personalised screening frequency to monitor diabetic retinopathy.
OBJECTIVE
Our study aimed to validate a model to determine a personalised screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy.


METHODS
A model calculating a personalised screening interval for monitoring retinopathy based on patients' risk profile was validated using the data of 3,319 type 2 diabetic patients in the Diabetes Care System West-Friesland, the Netherlands. Two-field fundus photographs were graded according to the EURODIAB coding system. Sight-threatening retinopathy (STR) was considered to be grades 3-5. Validity of the model was assessed using calibration and discrimination measures. We compared model-based time of screening with time of STR diagnosis and calculated the differences in the number of fundus photographs using the model compared with those in annual or biennial screening.


RESULTS
During a mean of 53 months of follow-up, 76 patients (2.3%) developed STR. Using the model, the mean screening interval was 31 months, leading to a reduced screening frequency of 61% compared with annual screening and 23% compared with biennial screening. STR incidence occurred after a mean of 26 months after the model-based time of screening in 67 patients (88.2%). In nine patients (11.8%), STR had developed before the model-based time of screening. The discriminatory ability of the model was good (C-statistic 0.83; 95% CI 0.74, 0.92). Calibration showed that the model overestimated STR risk.


CONCLUSIONS
A large reduction in retinopathy screening was achieved using the model in this population of patients with a very low incidence of retinopathy. Considering the number of potentially missed cases of STR, there is room for improvement in the model. Use of the model for personalised screening may eventually help to reduce healthcare use and costs of diabetes care.
EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, a.vanderheijden@vumc.nl.
Amber A W A
AA
van der Heijden
Iris
I
Walraven
Esther
E
van 't Riet
Thor
T
Aspelund
Sigrún H
SH
Lund
Petra
P
Elders
Bettine C P
BC
Polak
Annette C
AC
Moll
Jan E E
JE
Keunen
Jacqueline M
JM
Dekker
Giel
G
Nijpels
D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009426:Netherlands; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors