Psychiatric issues in cognitive impairment.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) such as depression, hallucinations and apathy commonly occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have major clinical consequences including a negative impact on quality of life. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic procedures and treatment issues of NPS in PD and related disorders in the perspective of cognitive impairment, focusing on depression, anxiety, visual hallucinations, apathy, sleep disturbances, impulse control disorder and non-motor fluctuations. The majority of NPS are more common in PD patients with dementia, possibly related to shared underlying pathologies. Recent studies also suggest that NPS are associated with mild cognitive impairment in PD, in particular with the amnestic type. Accurate diagnosis of NPS is important but can be difficult, due to overlapping symptoms and similar appearance of symptoms of motor symptoms of parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, mood disorders and apathy. There are few systematic studies focusing on the management of NPS in PD with cognitive impairment.
Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Dag
D
Aarsland
John-Paul
JP
Taylor
Daniel
D
Weintraub
D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
Neuropsychiatric symptoms, Parkinson's disease, cognitive impairment, depression, psychosis, anxiety, apathy