The friends and family test: a qualitative study of concerns that influence the willingness of English National Health Service staff to recommend their organisation.
OBJECTIVE
The views of practitioners at the 'sharp end' of care provision are increasingly recognised as important indicators of quality of care. The National Health Service (NHS) Staff Survey in England has quantified employees' views on how far they would be happy with the standard of care provided by their organisation if a friend or family member needed treatment. We aimed to characterise the concerns that might affect the willingness of staff to recommend their own organisations.


METHODS
Qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews. Data analysis based on the constant comparative method.


METHODS
Members of clinical and managerial staff in four NHS organisations (n = 70), and senior stakeholders across the NHS including clinicians, managers and others with a strategic or senior-level perspective (n = 98).


METHODS
One hundred and sixty-eight interviews were conducted: 70 in four case study organisations and 98 across the wider English NHS.


METHODS
Not applicable.


RESULTS
Asking study participants the 'if a friend…' question offered insider views on the quality of care. Some staff had no concerns, but others, identified significant problems with consistency, reliability and behaviour of staff. Participants identified reasons for poor care that included inadequate organisational systems; structural problems of understaffing and under-resourcing; weaknesses in professional cultures and professional competence and failure to deal with problems such as unacceptable conduct. Participants emphasised that staff were not always able to deliver high-quality care because they worked in difficult conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Asking staff to give accounts of their willingness to recommend their organisation to family and friends elicits important insights into quality and safety of care. Such accounts might be able to provide warning signs that could signal organisational decline and avert healthcare scandals, but use outside a research context requires further evaluation.
SAPPHIRE group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK md11@le.ac.uk.
Mary
M
Dixon-Woods
Data to Knowledge group, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Joel T
JT
Minion
Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
Lorna
L
McKee
SAPPHIRE group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK.
Janet
J
Willars
SAPPHIRE group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 6TP, UK.
Graham
G
Martin
National Health Service; net promoter; quality of care; soft intelligence; staff concerns