Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the antiviral efficacy of oregano oil and its primary active component, carvacrol, against the nonenveloped murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate.


RESULTS
Along with an observed loss in cell culture infectivity, the antiviral mechanisms of action were determined in side-by-side experiments including a cell-binding assay, an RNase I protection assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both antimicrobials produced statistically significant reductions (P ≤ 0·05) in virus infectivity within 15 min of exposure (c. 1·0-log10). Despite this, the MNV infectivity remained stable with increasing time exposure to oregano oil (1·07-log10 after 24 h), while carvacrol was far more effective, producing up to 3·87-log10 reductions within 1 h. Based on the RNase I protection assay, both antimicrobials appeared to act directly upon the virus capsid and subsequently the RNA. Under TEM, the capsids enlarged from ≤35 nm in diameter to up to 75 nm following treatment with oregano oil and up to 800 nm with carvacrol; with greater expansion, capsid disintegration could be observed. Virus adsorption to host cells did not appear to be affected by either antimicrobial.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate that carvacrol is effective in inactivating MNV within 1 h of exposure by acting directly on the viral capsid and subsequently the RNA.


CONCLUSIONS
This study provides novel findings on the antiviral properties of oregano oil and carvacrol against MNV and demonstrates the potential of carvacrol as a natural food and surface (fomite) sanitizer to control human norovirus.
Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
D H
DH
Gilling
M
M
Kitajima
J R
JR
Torrey
K R
KR
Bright
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D000081007:Cymenes; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031341:Origanum / Q000737:chemistry*
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; C073316:carvacrol
human norovirus; mechanism of action; nonenveloped viruses; plant antimicrobials; sanitizer