Effect of Anticipation on Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Side- and Cross-Cutting Maneuvers in Young Soccer Players.
BACKGROUND
Less mature athletes exhibit biomechanical parameters during cutting maneuvers that may place these athletes at greater risk for injury than their more mature counterparts, especially if the maneuvers are unanticipated. However, most studies on risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have focused on neuromuscular and knee kinematic differences between the sexes, not on the biomechanical parameters between specific sporting maneuvers.


OBJECTIVE
(1) Anticipation will have a greater effect than the type of cutting maneuver (side- vs cross-cutting) in terms of the biomechanical risk factors for ACL injuries, and (2) the biomechanical risk factors will be different between the 2 types of maneuvers.


METHODS
Controlled laboratory study.


METHODS
Thirty-seven young, male middle school soccer players participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis featuring ground-reaction force and electromyography of the right leg was used. Kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography data for each athlete were analyzed during anticipated and unanticipated side- and cross-cutting maneuvers. The differences between anticipated and unanticipated states as well as between side- and cross-cutting maneuvers were calculated and compared.


RESULTS
After unanticipated side-cutting, the time to peak ground-reaction force was longer and peak values were smaller compared with anticipated side-cutting. Flexion, valgus, and internal rotations in the knee joint were larger, and greater flexion and valgus moments were observed. The vastus lateralis and vastus medialis showed lower activity, and the lateral gastrocnemius showed higher activity after unanticipated side-cutting maneuvers. With unanticipated cross-cutting, the time to peak ground-reaction force was longer and peak values were smaller compared with anticipated cross-cutting, and the lateral gastrocnemius showed higher activity. Differences in the peak values of the mediolateral and vertical forces were smaller in the cross-cutting maneuver than in side-cutting. Changes in flexion and adduction of the hip joint, flexion of the knee joint, and inversion of the ankle joint were larger during side-cutting.


CONCLUSIONS
Although there were some interactions between direction and anticipation, anticipating a cutting maneuver generally had a greater effect than the type of maneuver when there was no significant interaction.


CONCLUSIONS
Increases in the valgus angle and moment of the knee joint and higher lateral gastrocnemius activity during the late period showed an association with ACL injury risk factors during side-cutting, and higher lateral gastrocnemius activity during the early period showed an association with injury risk factors during cross-cutting.
School of Sports Science, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea.
Jin Hyun
JH
Kim
School of Sports Science, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea.
Ki-Kwang
KK
Lee
DooRee System, Seongam, South Korea.
Se Jin
SJ
Kong
Department of Kinesiologic Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
Keun Ok
KO
An
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
Jin Hwa
JH
Jeong
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea smcos1@hanmail.net smcos1@snu.ac.kr.
Yong Seuk
YS
Lee
D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D012399:Rotation; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies
biomechanics; cross-cutting; lower extremity; side-cutting; soccer