ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Substance Use Disorder, and Nonprescription Stimulant Use.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether the relationship of an ADHD diagnosis by adolescence to nonprescription stimulant use in adulthood is direct or indirect, via Conduct Disorder (CD) and/or Substance Use Disorder (SUD).


METHODS
Data were obtained from multiple waves of interviews and questionnaires completed by 551 community-based participants when they were between the mean ages of 14.1 and 36.6 years.


RESULTS
The results of the structural equation model (SEM) supported both a direct association between early ADHD and later nonprescription stimulant use ( B = .18, z = 2.74) and the relationship from ADHD to later nonprescription stimulant use ( B = .01, z = 1.72) via CD and SUD.


CONCLUSIONS
The longitudinal data supporting these paths suggest that efforts to prevent and treat the misuse of nonprescription stimulants may be more effective if attention is paid to those with a history of ADHD, as well as to those who also had CD and SUD.
1 New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Judith S
JS
Brook
1 New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Elinor B
EB
Balka
1 New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Chenshu
C
Zhang
1 New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
David W
DW
Brook
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs
ADHD; CD; SUD; nonprescription stimulants