Loss of appetite in acutely ill medical inpatients: physiological response or therapeutic target?
Loss of appetite and ensuing weight loss is a key feature of severe illnesses. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) contributes significantly to the adverse outcome of these conditions. Pharmacological interventions to target appetite stimulation have little efficacy but considerable side effects. Therefore nutritional therapy appears to be the logical step to combat inadequate nutrition. However, clinical trial data demonstrating benefits are sparse and there is no current established standard algorithm for use of nutritional support in malnourished, acutely ill medical inpatients. Recent high-quality evidence from critical care demonstrating harmful effects when parenteral nutritional support is used indiscriminately has led to speculation that loss of appetite in the acute phase of illness is indeed an adaptive, protective response that improves cell recycling (autophagy) and detoxification. Outside critical care, there is an important gap in high quality clinical trial data shedding further light on these important issues. The selection, timing, and doses of nutrition should be evaluated as carefully as with any other therapeutic intervention, with the aim of maximising efficacy and minimising adverse effects and costs. In light of the current controversy, a reappraisal of how nutritional support should be used in acutely ill medical inpatients outside critical care is urgently required. The aim of this review is to discuss current pathophysiological concepts of PEM and to review the current evidence for the efficacy of nutritional support regarding patient outcomes when used in an acutely ill medical patient population outside critical care.
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland; philipp.schuetz@ksa.ch.
Philipp
P
Schütz
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland.
Martina
M
Bally
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Berne, Switzerland.
Zeno
Z
Stanga
Endocrine practice and University of Basel, Switzerland.
Ulrich
U
Keller
D000855:Anorexia / Q000150:complications*; D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018529:Nutritional Support; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic