Modifiable etiological factors and the burden of stroke from the Rotterdam study: a population-based cohort study.
BACKGROUND
Stroke prevention requires effective treatment of its causes. Many etiological factors for stroke have been identified, but the potential gain of effective intervention on these factors in terms of numbers of actually prevented strokes remains unclear because of the lack of data from cohort studies. We assessed the impact of currently known potentially modifiable etiological factors on the occurrence of stroke.


RESULTS
This population-based cohort study was based on 6,844 participants of the Rotterdam Study who were aged ≥55 y and free from stroke at baseline (1990-1993). We computed population attributable risks (PARs) for individual risk factors and for risk factors in combination to estimate the proportion of strokes that could theoretically be prevented by the elimination of etiological factors from the population. The mean age at baseline was 69.4 y (standard deviation 6.3 y). During follow-up (mean follow-up 12.9 y, standard deviation 6.3 y), 1,020 strokes occurred. The age- and sex-adjusted combined PAR of prehypertension/hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, coronary disease, and overweight/obesity was 0.51 (95% CI 0.41-0.62) for any stroke; hypertension and smoking were the most important etiological factors. C-reactive protein, fruit and vegetable consumption, and carotid intima-media thickness in combination raised the total PAR by 0.06. The PAR was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.68) for ischemic stroke and 0.70 (95% CI 0.45-0.87) for hemorrhagic stroke. The main limitations of our study are that our study population comprises almost exclusively Caucasians who live in a middle and high income area, and that risk factor awareness is higher in a study cohort than in the general population.


CONCLUSIONS
About half of all strokes are attributable to established causal and modifiable factors. This finding encourages not only intervention on established etiological factors, but also further study of less well established factors. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Michiel J
MJ
Bos
Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Peter J
PJ
Koudstaal
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Albert
A
Hofman
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
M Arfan
MA
Ikram
D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*