Age of Bioterrorism: Are You Prepared? Review of Bioweapons and Their Clinical Presentation for Otolaryngologists.
This review on Category A bioweapons is intended to help otolaryngologists (1) understand the concepts of bioterrorism, (2) identify a bioterrorism attack, and (3) recognize specific otolaryngologic symptoms and signs of Category A bioweapons.



PubMed and Medline databases.



Review of current literature regarding Category A agents of biological warfare and their relationships to otolaryngology was performed using PubMed, Medline, and articles written by experts in the field of bioterrorism. Each Category A agent was paired with the term otolaryngology and then paired with epistaxis, sinusitis, airway obstruction, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, hearing loss, otitis media, and lymphadenopathy individually. For the latest accepted treatment and diagnostic strategies, bioterrorism was searched with filters for human studies, English language, and the past 5 years. Titles, abstracts, and papers were read for relevancy.



While the use of bioweapons initially leads to nonspecific symptoms, a high index of suspicion and clustering of abnormal pathology will often lead the astute physician to the correct diagnosis of bioweapons. Some disease presentations of Category A agents (anthrax, smallpox, tularemia, botulism, plague, hemorrhagic fever) will involve the realm of otolaryngology.



The head and neck manifestations of a Category A bioweapon attack will require knowledgeable otolaryngologists for prompt diagnosis, treatment, and notification of public authorities. This will help decrease the morbidity and mortality of any potential bioterrorism attack.
Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Army Reserve Medical Command, Army Medical Department (AMEDD) Professional Management Command, Forest Park, Georgia, USA pzapanta@mfa.gwu.edu.
Philip E
PE
Zapanta
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Saba
S
Ghorab
D054045:Biological Warfare Agents; D023482:Bioterrorism; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy
D054045:Biological Warfare Agents
Category A agents; anthrax; bioterrorism; bioweapons; botulism; hemorrhagic fevers; plague; smallpox; tularemia