Current and future lymphatic imaging modalities for tumor staging.
Tumor progression is supported by the lymphatic system which should be scanned efficiently for tumor staging as well as the enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Poor resolution and low sensitivity is a limitation of traditional lymphatic imaging modalities; thus new noninvasive approaches like nanocarriers, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography, and quantum dots are advantageous. Some newer modalities, which are under development, and their potential uses will also be discussed in this review.
Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
Ghulam
0000-0001-5649-5768
G
Murtaza
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
Kuo
K
Gao
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
Tiegang
T
Liu
University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Imran
I
Tariq
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan.
Ashif
A
Sajjad
Department of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan.
Muhammad Rouf
0000-0001-9899-8988
MR
Akram
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
Meiying
M
Niu
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
Guokai
G
Liu
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan.
Zahid
Z
Mehmood
Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
Guihua
G
Tian
D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D045663:Quantum Dots / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011859:Radiography
D003287:Contrast Media