Defining the stoichiometry and cargo load of viral and bacterial nanoparticles by Orbitrap mass spectrometry.
Accurate mass analysis can provide useful information on the stoichiometry and composition of protein-based particles, such as virus-like assemblies. For applications in nanotechnology and medicine, such nanoparticles are loaded with foreign cargos, making accurate mass information essential to define the cargo load. Here, we describe modifications to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer that enable high mass analysis of several virus-like nanoparticles up to 4.5 MDa in mass. This allows the accurate determination of the composition of virus-like particles. The modified instrument is utilized to determine the cargo load of bacterial encapsulin nanoparticles that were engineered to encapsulate foreign cargo proteins. We find that encapsulin packages from 8 up to 12 cargo proteins, thereby quantifying cargo load but also showing the ensemble spread. In addition, we determined the previously unknown stoichiometry of the three different splice variants of the capsid protein in adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids, showing that symmetry is broken and assembly is heterogeneous and stochastic. These results demonstrate the potential of high-resolution mass analysis of protein-based nanoparticles, with widespread applications in chemical biology and nanotechnology.
Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Joost
J
Snijder
Michiel
M
van de Waterbeemd
Eugen
E
Damoc
Eduard
E
Denisov
Dmitry
D
Grinfeld
Antonette
A
Bennett
Mavis
M
Agbandje-McKenna
Alexander
A
Makarov
Albert J R
AJ
Heck
D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002213:Capsid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins