The influence of ambient scent and music on patients' anxiety in a waiting room of a plastic surgeon.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigates the influence of ambient scent and music, and their combination, on patients' anxiety in a waiting room of a plastic surgeon.


BACKGROUND
Waiting for an appointment with a plastic surgeon can increase a patient's anxiety. It is important to make the waiting time before an appointment with the surgeon more pleasant and to reduce the patient's anxiety. Ambient environmental stimuli can influence people's mood, cognition, and behavior. This experimental study was performed to test whether ambient scent and music can help to reduce patients' anxiety.


METHODS
Two pre-studies (n = 21) were conducted to measure the subjective pleasantness and arousal of various scents and music styles. Scent and music that scored high on pleasantness and low on arousal were selected for the main study. The field experiment (n = 117) was conducted in the waiting room of a German plastic surgeon. The patients' levels of anxiety were measured in four conditions: (1) without scent and music, (2) with lavender scent; (3) with instrumental music; (4) with both scent and music.


RESULTS
When used separately, each of the environmental factors, music and scent, significantly reduced the level of patient's anxiety compared to the control condition. However, the combination of scent and music was not effective in reducing anxiety.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that ambient scent and music can help to reduce patients' anxiety, but they should be used with caution. Adding more ambient elements to environment could raise patients' level of arousal and thus increase their anxiety.


BACKGROUND
Healing environments, patient, patient-centered care, quality care, satisfaction.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Anna Fenko, University of Twente, GW (Cubicus), P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands; a.fenko@utwente.nl; +31 53 489 2157.
Anna
A
Fenko
Caroline
C
Loock
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019341:Aromatherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D027523:Lavandula; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014850:Waiting Lists; D055815:Young Adult