Bone tissue engineering: state of the union.
The quest to surpass the clinical efficacy of the allogeneic bone graft has had limited success, an outcome that is symbolic of tissue engineering as a whole. In this 'State of the Union'-type review, we highlight recent advances in the design of bone regenerative therapeutics using the primary elements of stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds, and identify major obstacles in their paths to the clinic. We underscore the need for rigorous performance criteria in the design of holistic tissue regenerative therapeutics, and an increased emphasis on the product production, storage and handling issues that will ultimately influence clinical success.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
Arun R
AR
Shrivats
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
Michael C
MC
McDermott
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Electronic address: hollinge@cs.cmu.edu.
Jeffrey O
JO
Hollinger
D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000639:trends
D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins