Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) isolates in Namibia: implications for empirical antibiotic treatment of meningitis.
OBJECTIVE
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency associated with high mortality rates. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is the "gold standard" for diagnosis of meningitis and it is important to establish the susceptibility of the causative microorganism to rationalize treatment. The Namibia Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) recommends initiation of empirical antibiotic treatment in patients with signs and symptoms of meningitis after taking a CSF sample for culture and sensitivity. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of microorganisms isolated from CSF to antibiotics commonly used in the empirical treatment of suspected bacterial meningitis in Namibia.


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of routinely collected antibiotic susceptibility data from the Namibia Institute of Pathology (NIP) database. Results of CSF culture and sensitivity from January 1, 2009 to May 31, 2012, from 33 state hospitals throughout Namibia were analysed.


RESULTS
The most common pathogens isolated were Streptococcus species, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli. The common isolates from CSF showed high resistance (34.3% -73.5%) to penicillin. Over one third (34.3%) of Streptococcus were resistance to penicillin which was higher than 24.8% resistance in the United States. Meningococci were susceptible to several antimicrobial agents including penicillin. The sensitivity to cephalosporins remained high for Streptococcus, Neisseria, E. coli and Haemophilus. The highest percentage of resistance to cephalosporins was seen among ESBL K. pneumoniae (n = 7, 71%-100%), other Klebsiella species (n = 7, 28%-80%), and Staphylococcus (n = 36, 25%-40%).


CONCLUSIONS
The common organisms isolated from CSF were Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus, and E. coli. All common organisms isolated from CSF showed high sensitivity to cephalosporins used in the empirical treatment of meningitis. The resistance of the common isolates to penicillin is high. Most ESBL K. pneumoniae were isolated from CSF samples drawn from neonates and were found to be resistant to the antibiotics recommended in the Namibia STGs. Based on the above findings, it is recommended to use a combination of aminoglycoside and third-generation cephalosporin to treat non-ESBL Klebsiella isolates. Carbapenems (e.g., meropenem) and piperacillin/tazobactam should be considered for treating severely ill patients with suspected ESBL Klebsiella infection. Namibia should have a national antimicrobial resistance surveillance system for early detection of antibiotics that may no longer be effective in treating meningitis and other life-threatening infections due to resistance.
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Assegid
A
Mengistu
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Johannes
J
Gaeseb
Namibia Institute for Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia.
Gottfried
G
Uaaka
Namibia Institute for Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia.
Christophine
C
Ndjavera
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Kennedy
K
Kambyambya
Ministry of Health and Social Services, Windhoek, Namibia.
Lazarus
L
Indongo
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, implemented by Management Sciences for Health, Windhoek, Namibia.
Francis
F
Kalemeera
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, implemented by Management Sciences for Health, Windhoek, Namibia.
Christopher
C
Ntege
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, implemented by Management Sciences for Health, Windhoek, Namibia.
David
D
Mabirizi
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, implemented by Management Sciences for Health, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mohan P
MP
Joshi
Systems for Improved Access to Pharmaceuticals and Services, implemented by Management Sciences for Health, Windhoek, Namibia.
Evans
E
Sagwa
Antimicrobial resistance; Celebrospinal fluid; Culture and sensitivity; Empiric therapy; Meningitis; Namibia