Sacral neuromodulation and peripheral nerve stimulation in patients with anal incontinence: an overview of techniques, complications and troubleshooting.
Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) therapy has revolutionized the management of many forms of anal incontinence, with an expanded use and a medium-term efficacy of 75% overall. This review discusses the technique of SNM therapy, along with its complications and troubleshooting and a discussion of the early data pertaining to peripheral posterior tibial nerve stimulation in incontinent patients. Future work needs to define the predictive factors for neurostimulatory success, along with the likely mechanisms of action of their therapeutic action.
Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Assia Medical Colorectal Group Assuta Private Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Andrew P
AP
Zbar
anal incontinence; peripheral nerve stimulation; posterior tibial nerve stimulation; sacral neuromodulation