Interventions to reduce injuries when transferring patients: a critical appraisal of reviews and a realist synthesis.
OBJECTIVE
There has been extensive investment in programmes to reduce injuries among health care staff caused by moving and handling patients or residents. Given conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of such programmes, the present paper conducted a critical appraisal of systematic reviews assessing the effectiveness of interventions in reducing back pain and injuries among healthcare staff. A realist synthesis was conducted on a second set of reports to identify best practices for moving and handling programmes.


METHODS
A critical appraisal of systematic reviews and a realist synthesis to identify best practices for moving and handling programmes.


METHODS
A literature search of five databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and ScienceDirect) located 150 reports assessing programme outcomes published in refereed journals between 2000 and 2013.


METHODS
The critical appraisal included six systematic reviews. The realist synthesis included 47 studies that provided descriptive information about programme mechanisms.


RESULTS
Five of the six systematic reviews covered interventions involving either staff training or training and equipment supply. One review covered multi-component interventions. All concluded that training staff by itself was ineffective. There were differing conclusions regarding the effectiveness of training and equipment interventions and multi-component programmes. The reviews provided little information about the content of programme components. The realist synthesis noted the need for management commitment and support, and six core programme components; a policy requiring safe transfer practices, ergonomic assessment of spaces where people are transferred, transfer equipment including lifts, specific risk assessment protocols, adequate training of all care staff, and coordinators coaches or resource staff. These programme components are likely to be synergistic; omitting one component weakens the impact of the other components.


CONCLUSIONS
Five systematic reviews provided little information regarding the core components of effective programmes. Given the absence of experimental trials for multi-component programmes, the best available evidence for the effectiveness of multi-component programmes is from pre-post studies and large-scale surveys. The realist synthesis provided detailed information about the core components for effective programmes. Further studies, which include qualitative data, are needed to provide evidence about the specific mechanisms through which components contribute to effective patient handling programmes.
Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: dr.thomas@auckland.ac.nz.
David R
DR
Thomas
ResearchWorks NZ Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.
Yoke Leng N
YL
Thomas
D006801:Humans; D010360:Patient Transfer; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*
Critical appraisal; Injury prevention; Patient handling; Patient transfers; Realist synthesis; Systematic reviews; Training