Effects of anesthesia with sevoflurane and propofol on the cytokine/chemokine production at the airway epithelium during esophagectomy.
Post-operative pulmonary complications such as pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are closely associated with morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. One lung ventilation (OLV) is commonly used during esophagectomy. However, the effect of the anesthetic agents on the inflammatory response induced by OLV has yet to be evaluated, particularly during esophagectomy, which causes several complications in the lung. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of anesthetic agents, such as sevoflurane or propofol, on the inflammatory reactions at the airway. Twenty patients undergoing esophagectomy were randomized to receive either sevoflurane (n=10) or propofol (n=10) as a main anesthetic agent. Epithelial lining ﬂuid (ELF) was obtained from ventilated‑dependent lung (DL) and collapsed non-dependent lung (NDL) by a bronchoscopic microsampling method. The levels of inﬂammatory cytokines and chemokine [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12p70] in the ELF were measured using multiplexed bead-based immunoassays before and after OLV. The results indicated that the levels of IL-6 in ELF were signiﬁcantly increased in both the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL after OLV compared with the levels prior to OLV in the sevoﬂurane group. By contrast, there was no significant change in the IL-6 levels in the propofol group in the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL before and after OLV. Similarly, IL-8 levels were markedly increased in the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL after OLV compared with those before OLV in the sevoﬂurane group, whereas there was no significant change in IL-8 levels in the propofol group in the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL before and after OLV. In contrast to the changes in IL-6 and IL-8 levels, levels of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, were not obviously changed in both the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL before and after OLV in the sevoflurane group. However, IL-10 levels in the propofol group were increased in the ventilated DL and collapsed NDL after OLV compared with those before OLV. Of note, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12p70 in ELF were below the detection limits. These observations suggested that propofol anesthesia more potently suppresses the surgical stress-induced inflammatory perturbation at the local milieu of the airway during esophagectomy compared with sevoﬂurane anesthesia.
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Saiko
S
Wakabayashi
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Keisuke
K
Yamaguchi
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Seiichiro
S
Kumakura
Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Taisuke
T
Murakami
Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Akimasa
A
Someya
Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Yoshiaki
Y
Kajiyama
Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Isao
I
Nagaoka
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
Eiichi
E
Inada
D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008875:Middle Aged; D015742:Propofol; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D000077149:Sevoflurane
D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D016207:Cytokines; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015742:Propofol