Contrast-induced nephropathy; A literature review.
BACKGROUND
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common cause of acute kidney dysfunction.


METHODS
Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCO and Web of Science have been searched.


RESULTS
It is necessary to identify at risk patients at early stages to implement preventive strategies to decrease the incidence of this nephropathy. However, mechanisms of CIN have not fully explained yet. It seems that mechanisms which mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandin-induced vasodilatation have been played a crucial role in the CIN. Hemodynamic changes of renal blood flow, which causes hypoxia in the renal medulla and direct toxic effects of contrast media on renal cells, are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of CIN. Contrast media is normally divided into iso-osmolar, low-osmolar, and high-osmolar. N-acetylcysteine is considered as one of the best choices to prevent CIN in high-risk groups.


CONCLUSIONS
The first aim to prevent CIN is identifying high-risk subjects and controlling associate risk factors. As significant differences existed between contrasts agents due to their physicochemical properties, low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast media should be used to prevent CIN in at-risk patients. The volume of contrast media should be as low as possible.
Department of Cardiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Jafar
J
Golshahi
Department of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Hamid
H
Nasri
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Centre, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Mojgan
M
Gharipour
Contrast media; Contrast-induced nephropathy; Percutaneous coronary intervention