The power and perils of animal models with urogenital anomalies: handle with care.
Congenital abnormalities of the urogenital tracts form a major part of clinical practice for paediatric urologists, but their knowledge of normal and abnormal development is often limited. Advances in understanding frequently come from studying experimental findings from animal models, however, most clinicians underestimate both the power and perils of extrapolating scientific knowledge from animals. In this review, the key issues that urologists need to understand in order to link animal studies to clinical practice are discussed. Urologists must avoid the traps of anthropomorphism (assuming humans are always the same as animal models) or anthropocentrism (assuming humans are too different from animal models). This review used two common disorders: hypospadias and undescended testes.
FD Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Urology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, 3052 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: john.hutson@rch.org.au.
J M
JM
Hutson
Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
L S
LS
Baskin
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
G
G
Risbridger
Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
G R
GR
Cunha
D000818:Animals; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D013045:Species Specificity
Animal models; Hypospadias; Undescended testes