Food-group and nutrient-density intakes by Hispanic and Latino backgrounds in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.
BACKGROUND
Hispanics are a heterogeneous group of individuals with a variation in dietary habits that is reflective of their cultural heritage and country of origin. It is important to identify differences in their dietary habits because it has been well established that nutrition contributes substantially to the burden of preventable diseases and early deaths in the United States.


OBJECTIVE
We estimated the distribution of usual intakes (of both food groups and nutrients) by Hispanic and Latino backgrounds by using National Cancer Institute methodology.


METHODS
The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a population-based cohort study that recruited participants who were 18-74 y of age from 4 US cities in 2008-2011 (Miami, Bronx, Chicago, and San Diego). Participants who provided at least one 24-h dietary recall and completed a food propensity questionnaire (n = 13,285) were included in the analyses. Results were adjusted for age, sex, field center, weekend, sequencing, and typical amount of intake.


RESULTS
Overall, Cubans (n = 2128) had higher intakes of total energy, macronutrients (including all subtypes of fat), and alcohol than those of other groups. Mexicans (n = 5371) had higher intakes of vitamin C, calcium, and fiber. Lowest intakes of total energy, macronutrients, folate, iron, and calcium were reported by Dominicans (n = 1217), whereas Puerto Ricans (n = 2176) had lowest intakes of vitamin C and fiber. Food-group servings reflected nutrient intakes, with Cubans having higher intakes of refined grains, vegetables, red meat, and fats and Dominicans having higher intakes of fruit and poultry, whereas Puerto Ricans had lowest intakes of fruit and vegetables. Central and South Americans (n = 1468 and 925, respectively) were characterized by being second in their reported intakes of fruit and poultry and the highest in fish intake in comparison with other groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Variations in diet noted in this study, with additional analysis, may help explain diet-related differences in health outcomes observed in Hispanics and Latinos.
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Anna Maria
AM
Siega-Riz
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Daniela
D
Sotres-Alvarez
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Guadalupe X
GX
Ayala
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Mindy
M
Ginsberg
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
John H
JH
Himes
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Kiang
K
Liu
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Catherine M
CM
Loria
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Yasmin
Y
Mossavar-Rahmani
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Cheryl L
CL
Rock
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Brendaly
B
Rodriguez
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Marc D
MD
Gellman
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition (AMS-R) and Biostatistics and the Collaborative Studies Coordinator Center (DS-A), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; the Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (GXA); the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (MG and YM-R); the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN (JHH); the Departments of Preventive Medicine (KL) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine (LVH), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; the Epidemiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (CML); the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Moores University of California at San Diego Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (CLR); and the Department of Psychology, Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL (BR and MDG).
Linda
L
Van Horn
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000572:American Heart Association; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult