The effects of magnetic field distortion on the accuracy of passive device localization frames in MR imaging.
OBJECTIVE
The interventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging environment presents many challenges for the accurate localization of interventional devices. In particular, geometric distortion of the static magnetic field may be both appreciable and unpredictable. This paper aims to quantify the sensitivity of localization error of various passive device localization frames to static magnetic field distortion in MR.


METHODS
Three localization frames were considered based on having distinctly different methods of encoding position and orientation in MR images. For each frame, the effects of static field distortion were modeled, allowing rotational and translational errors to be computed as functions of the level of distortion, which was modeled using a first order approximation. Validation of the model was performed by imaging the localization frames in a 3T clinical MR scanner, and simulating the effects of static field distortion by varying the scanner's center frequency and gradient shim values.


RESULTS
Plots of the rotational and translational components of error in localization frame position and orientation estimates are provided for ranges of uniform static field distortions of 1-100 μT and static field distortion gradients of 0.01-1 mT/m in all three directions. The theoretical estimates are in good agreement with the results obtained by imaging.


CONCLUSIONS
The error in position and orientation estimation of passive localization frames in MR can be sensitive to static magnetic field distortions. The level of sensitivity, the type of error (i.e., rotational or translational), and the direction of error are dependent on the frame's design and the method used to image it. If 2D gradient echo imaging is employed, frames with position and orientation estimate sensitivity to slice-select error (such as the z-frame) should be avoided, since this source of error is not easily correctable. Accurate frame position and orientation estimates that are insensitive to static field distortion can be achieved using 2D gradient echo imaging if: (a) the method of determining position and orientation only uses in-plane measurements of marker positions, (b) the in-plane marker positions in images are not sensitive to slice-select error, and (c) methods of correcting in-plane error in the frequency-encoded direction are employed.
Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
Jeremy
J
Cepek
Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada and Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.
Blaine A
BA
Chronik
Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada.
Aaron
A
Fenster
D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012399:Rotation