Within-individual variability in neurocognitive performance: age- and sex-related differences in children and youths from ages 8 to 21.
OBJECTIVE
The transition from childhood to adulthood is characterized by improved motor and cognitive performance in many domains. Developmental studies focus on average performance in single domains but ignore consistency of performance across domains. Within-individual variability (WIV) provides an index of that evenness and is a potential marker of development.


METHODS
We gave a computerized battery of 14 neurocognitive tests to 9138 youths ages 8-21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.


RESULTS
As expected, performance improved with age, with both accuracy and speed peaking in adulthood. WIV, however, showed a U-shaped course: highest in childhood, declining yearly into mid-adolescence, and increasing again into adulthood. Young females outperformed and were less variable than males, but by early adulthood male performance matched that of females despite being more variable.


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that WIV declines from childhood to adolescence as developmental lags are overcome, and then increases into adulthood reflecting the emergence of cognitive specializations related to skill-honing and brain maturation.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
David R
DR
Roalf
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
Raquel E
RE
Gur
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
Kosha
K
Ruparel
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
Monica E
ME
Calkins
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
Theodore D
TD
Satterthwaite
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania.
Warren B
WB
Bilker
Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
Hakon
H
Hakonarson
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University.
Lauren Julius
LJ
Harris
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
Ruben C
RC
Gur
D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D055815:Young Adult