Biological responses according to the shape and size of carbon nanotubes in BEAS-2B and MESO-1 cells.
This study aimed to investigate the influence of the shape and size of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) on biological responses in vitro. Three types of MWCNTs - VGCF(®)-X, VGCF(®)-S, and VGCF(®) (vapor grown carbon fibers; with diameters of 15, 80, and 150 nm, respectively) - and three CSCNTs of different lengths (CS-L, 20-80 μm; CS-S, 0.5-20 μm; and CS-M, of intermediate length) were tested. Human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells were exposed to the CNTs (1-50 μg/mL), and cell viability, permeability, uptake, total reactive oxygen species/superoxide production, and intracellular acidity were measured. CSCNTs were less toxic than MWCNTs in both cell types over a 24-hour exposure period. The cytotoxicity of endocytosed MWCNTs varied according to cell type/size, while that of CSCNTs depended on tube length irrespective of cell type. CNT diameter and length influenced cell aggregation and injury extent. Intracellular acidity increased independently of lysosomal activity along with the number of vacuoles in BEAS-2B cells exposed for 24 hours to either CNT (concentration, 10 μg/mL). However, total reactive oxygen species/superoxide generation did not contribute to cytotoxicity. The results demonstrate that CSCNTs could be suitable for biological applications and that CNT shape and size can have differential effects depending on cell type, which can be exploited in the development of highly specialized, biocompatible CNTs.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan ; Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
Hisao
H
Haniu
Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Nagano, Japan.
Naoto
N
Saito
Clinical Pharmacology Educational Center, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan.
Yoshikazu
Y
Matsuda
Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
Tamotsu
T
Tsukahara
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan ; Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Aizawa Hospital, Sports Medicine Center, Nagano, Japan.
Yuki
Y
Usui
Insutitute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan ; Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Nagano, Japan.
Kayo
K
Maruyama
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Seiji
S
Takanashi
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Kaoru
K
Aoki
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Shinsuke
S
Kobayashi
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Hiroki
H
Nomura
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Manabu
M
Tanaka
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Masanori
M
Okamoto
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Kato
D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
cup-stacked carbon nanotube; cytotoxicity; in vitro; intracellular acidity; multi-walled carbon nanotube