Evaluation of two-fold fully conditional specification multiple imputation for longitudinal electronic health record data.
Most implementations of multiple imputation (MI) of missing data are designed for simple rectangular data structures ignoring temporal ordering of data. Therefore, when applying MI to longitudinal data with intermittent patterns of missing data, some alternative strategies must be considered. One approach is to divide data into time blocks and implement MI independently at each block. An alternative approach is to include all time blocks in the same MI model. With increasing numbers of time blocks, this approach is likely to break down because of co-linearity and over-fitting. The new two-fold fully conditional specification (FCS) MI algorithm addresses these issues, by only conditioning on measurements, which are local in time. We describe and report the results of a novel simulation study to critically evaluate the two-fold FCS algorithm and its suitability for imputation of longitudinal electronic health records. After generating a full data set, approximately 70% of selected continuous and categorical variables were made missing completely at random in each of ten time blocks. Subsequently, we applied a simple time-to-event model. We compared efficiency of estimated coefficients from a complete records analysis, MI of data in the baseline time block and the two-fold FCS algorithm. The results show that the two-fold FCS algorithm maximises the use of data available, with the gain relative to baseline MI depending on the strength of correlations within and between variables. Using this approach also increases plausibility of the missing at random assumption by using repeated measures over time of variables whose baseline values may be missing.
Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London (UCL), London, U.K.
Catherine A
CA
Welch
Irene
I
Petersen
Jonathan W
JW
Bartlett
Ian R
IR
White
Louise
L
Marston
Richard W
RW
Morris
Irwin
I
Nazareth
Kate
K
Walters
James
J
Carpenter
D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015233:Models, Statistical; D006113:United Kingdom
longitudinal electronic health records; missing data; multiple imputation; partially observed