Emotion based attentional priority for storage in visual short-term memory.
A plethora of research demonstrates that the processing of emotional faces is prioritised over non-emotive stimuli when cognitive resources are limited (this is known as 'emotional superiority'). However, there is debate as to whether competition for processing resources results in emotional superiority per se, or more specifically, threat superiority. Therefore, to investigate prioritisation of emotional stimuli for storage in visual short-term memory (VSTM), we devised an original VSTM report procedure using schematic (angry, happy, neutral) faces in which processing competition was manipulated. In Experiment 1, display exposure time was manipulated to create competition between stimuli. Participants (n = 20) had to recall a probed stimulus from a set size of four under high (150 ms array exposure duration) and low (400 ms array exposure duration) perceptual processing competition. For the high competition condition (i.e. 150 ms exposure), results revealed an emotional superiority effect per se. In Experiment 2 (n = 20), we increased competition by manipulating set size (three versus five stimuli), whilst maintaining a constrained array exposure duration of 150 ms. Here, for the five-stimulus set size (i.e. maximal competition) only threat superiority emerged. These findings demonstrate attentional prioritisation for storage in VSTM for emotional faces. We argue that task demands modulated the availability of processing resources and consequently the relative magnitude of the emotional/threat superiority effect, with only threatening stimuli prioritised for storage in VSTM under more demanding processing conditions. Our results are discussed in light of models and theories of visual selection, and not only combine the two strands of research (i.e. visual selection and emotion), but highlight a critical factor in the processing of emotional stimuli is availability of processing resources, which is further constrained by task demands.
Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; ISTC, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, Rome, Italy.
Luca
L
Simione
Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Lucia
L
Calabrese
Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Francesco S
FS
Marucci
Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; ECONA, Interuniversity Center, Rome, Italy.
Marta Olivetti
MO
Belardinelli
Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; ECONA, Interuniversity Center, Rome, Italy.
Antonino
A
Raffone
Department of Psychology, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom.
Frances A
FA
Maratos
D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult