Optimized conditions for phytoremediation of diesel by Scirpus grossus in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs) using response surface methodology.
This study investigated the optimum conditions for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from diesel-contaminated water using phytoremediation treatment with Scirpus grossus. In addition, TPH removal from sand was adopted as a second response. The optimum conditions for maximum TPH removal were determined through a Box-Behnken Design. Three operational variables, i.e. diesel concentration (0.1, 0.175, 0.25% Vdiesel/Vwater), aeration rate (0, 1 and 2 L/min) and retention time (14, 43 and 72 days), were investigated by setting TPH removal and diesel concentration as the maximum, retention time within the given range, and aeration rate as the minimum. The optimum conditions were found to be a diesel concentration of 0.25% (Vdiesel/Vwater), a retention time of 63 days and no aeration with an estimated maximum TPH removal from water and sand of 76.3 and 56.5%, respectively. From a validation test of the optimum conditions, it was found that the maximum TPH removal from contaminated water and sand was 72.5 and 59%, respectively, which was a 5 and 4.4% deviation from the values given by the Box-Behnken Design, providing evidence that S. grossus is a Malaysian native plant that can be used to remediate wastewater containing hydrocarbons.
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemical Engineering, Al-khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Electronic address: israaukm@gmail.com.
Israa Abdul Wahab
IA
Al-Baldawi
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: rozaimah@eng.ukm.my.
Siti Rozaimah
SR
Sheikh Abdullah
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Hassimi
H
Abu Hasan
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Fatihah
F
Suja
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Nurina
N
Anuar
Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
Idris
I
Mushrifah
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D029785:Cyperaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D053833:Wetlands
D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Aeration; Box-Behnken Design; Pilot scale constructed wetlands; TPH removal