Angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment: vascular endothelial growth factor and beyond.
Our understanding of the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME) has improved exponentially over the last few decades. In addition to traditional cytotoxic agents, anti-cancer strategies now include numerous molecular-targeted drugs that modulate distinct elements of the TME. Angiogenesis is an underlying promoter of tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. From traditional and emerging angiogenic cytokines and their receptors to novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, regulation of the tumor microenvironment is potentially key in countering tumor progression. In this article, an overview of the architecture of the TME and the orchestration of angiogenesis within the TME is provided. Additionally, traditional and novel angiogenic targets of current interest within the TME are reviewed.
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Cleveland, OH 44195. Electronic address: mittalk@ccf.org.
Kriti
K
Mittal
Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY.
John
J
Ebos
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center Cleveland, OH 44195.
Brian
B
Rini
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A