Programmable transdermal clonidine delivery through voltage-gated carbon nanotube membranes.
Oral dosage forms and traditional transdermal patches are inadequate for complex clonidine therapy dosing schemes, because of the variable dose/flux requirement for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro transdermal flux changes of clonidine in response to alterations in carbon nanotube (CNT) delivery rates by applying various electrical bias. Additional skin diffusion studies were carried out to demonstrate the therapeutic feasibility of the system. This study demonstrated that application of a small electrical bias (-600 mV) to the CNT membrane on the skin resulted in a 4.7-fold increase in clonidine flux as compared with no bias (0 mV) application. The high and low clonidine flux values were very close to the desired variable flux of clonidine for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Therapeutic feasibility studies demonstrated that CNT membrane served as the rate-limiting step to clonidine diffusion and lag and transition times were suitable for the clonidine therapy. Skin elimination studies revealed that clonidine depletion from the skin would not negatively affect clonidine therapy. Overall, this study showed that clonidine administration difficulties associated with the treatment of opiate withdrawal symptoms can be reduced with the programmable CNT membrane transdermal system.
College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
Caroline
C
Strasinger
Kalpana S
KS
Paudel
Ji
J
Wu
Dana
D
Hammell
Raghotham R
RR
Pinninti
Bruce J
BJ
Hinds
Audra
A
Stinchcomb
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D003000:Clonidine
active transport; carbon nanotube membrane; clonidine; diffusion; drug addiction; membrane transport; nanotechnology; programmable drug delivery; skin permeation; transdermal delivery