Fruit and vegetable intake, as reflected by serum carotenoid concentrations, predicts reduced probability of polychlorinated biphenyl-associated risk for type 2 diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004.
Type 2 diabetes has been shown to occur in response to environmental and genetic influences, among them nutrition; food intake patterns; sedentary lifestyle; body mass index; and exposure to persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Nutrition is essential in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and has been shown to modulate the toxicity of PCBs. Serum carotenoid concentrations, considered a reliable biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake, are associated with the reduced probability of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Our hypothesis is that fruit and vegetable intake, reflected by serum carotenoid concentrations, is associated with the reduced probability of developing type 2 diabetes in US adults with elevated serum concentrations of PCBs 118, 126, and 153. This cross-sectional study used the Center for Disease Control and Prevention database, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004, in logistic regression analyses. Overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was approximately 11.6% depending on the specific PCB. All 3 PCBs were positively associated with the probability of type 2 diabetes. For participants at higher PCB percentiles (eg, 75th and 90th) for PCB 118 and 126, increasing serum carotenoid concentrations were associated with a smaller probability of type 2 diabetes. Fruit and vegetable intake, as reflected by serum carotenoid concentrations, predicted notably reduced probability of dioxin-like PCB-associated risk for type 2 diabetes.
Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Carolyn R
CR
Hofe
Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Limin
L
Feng
Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Dominique
D
Zephyr
Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Arnold J
AJ
Stromberg
Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506; Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506.
Bernhard
B
Hennig
Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506; Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506. Electronic address: lgaetke@email.uky.edu.
Lisa M
LM
Gaetke
D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004147:Dioxins / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
D004147:Dioxins; D002338:Carotenoids; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Environmental health; NHANES, type 2 diabetes; Nutrition; Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs; Serum carotenoids