Pulmonary hypertension in young adults with repaired coarctation of the aorta: an unrecognised factor associated with premature mortality and heart failure.
BACKGROUND
Adults with repaired coarctation of the aorta (CoA) are at risk for premature cardiovascular death or heart failure (HF). We sought to evaluate risk factors for death or HF in young adults with repaired CoA in childhood.


METHODS
The medical records of a cohort of 159 adults diagnosed with CoA repaired at a mean age of 4.1 ± 5.7 years were retrospectively reviewed to identify predictors of a combined endpoint of all cause death or hospitalisation for HF by using Cox proportional hazard models.


RESULTS
Over a follow-up of 26 ± 8 years (median 27 years) after repair, 5 patients died and 7 developed HF requiring hospitalisation. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure >40 mm Hg (PH) was the main predictor of death or admission for HF (HR 32; 95% CI 4.0-250; p=0.001). Neither systemic hypertension, recoarctation, aortic aneurysm, intracardiac lesions nor treatment with beta-blockers or ACEi/ARBs were statistically related to death or HF. Restrictive left ventricular physiology (RLVP) was the main predictor of PH by logistic regression analysis (OR 31; 95% CI 10-92; p<0.001). Patients with severe PH (pulmonary artery systolic pressure >60 mm Hg) showed RLVP (9/10), severe elevation of end-diastolic LV pressure at cardiac catheterization (8/8) and subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement on MRI (5/5). Pathological examination of an explanted heart demonstrated extensive left ventricular subendocardial fibrosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Pulmonary hypertension related to restrictive left ventricular physiology was the strongest predictor of death or HF in young adults with CoA repaired in childhood. Persistent subendocardial fibrosis might be the structural substrate in some patients.
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: joliver@salud.madrid.org.
Jose M
JM
Oliver
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital Seville, Spain.
Pastora
P
Gallego
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain.
Ana E
AE
Gonzalez
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Division of Cardiology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain.
Angel
A
Sanchez-Recalde
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Division of Radiology, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain.
Monserrat
M
Bret
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain.
Angel
A
Aroca
D000328:Adult; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications*; D061213:Mortality, Premature; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
Adult congenital heart disease; Coarctation of the aorta; Diastolic dysfunction; Pulmonary hypertension; Subendocardial fibrosis