Psychological associations of poststroke fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Fatigue is common after stroke but has no effective treatments. Psychological interventions improve fatigue in other conditions by targeting psychological factors such as mood. If psychological factors correlate with fatigue in stroke, this would justify the development of similar interventions for poststroke fatigue (PSF). We used systematic review and meta-analysis to determine psychological associations of PSF.


METHODS
We systematically searched for studies that reported psychological associations of PSF. We used odds ratios (ORs) to estimate the strength of associations and random-effects modeling to calculate summary estimates of ORs. We used stratified meta-analysis to investigate the impact of study design and conducted sensitivity analyses limited to studies that excluded patients with clinical depression and to studies that used depression scales without fatigue items.


RESULTS
Thirty-five studies (n=9268) reported the association between PSF and ≥1 psychological factor. For PSF and depressive symptoms, we identified 19 studies (n=6712; pooled OR=4.14; 95% confidence interval, 2.73-6.27); this association existed in patients without clinical depression (pooled OR=1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.53) and in studies using depression scales without fatigue items (pooled OR=5.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.54-18.93). For PSF and anxiety, we identified 4 studies (n=3884; pooled OR=2.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-5.58). Two studies (n=123) found an association with poor coping styles and 1 study (n=167) with loss of control. Six studies (n=1978) reported other emotional or behavioral associations.


CONCLUSIONS
PSF is associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, poor coping, loss of control, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. These factors are potential targets for treatment of PSF.
From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (S.W., M.M., G.M.) and Department of Geriatric Medicine (A.B., G.M.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (S.W.).
Simiao
S
Wu
From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (S.W., M.M., G.M.) and Department of Geriatric Medicine (A.B., G.M.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (S.W.).
Amanda
A
Barugh
From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (S.W., M.M., G.M.) and Department of Geriatric Medicine (A.B., G.M.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (S.W.).
Malcolm
M
Macleod
From the Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (S.W., M.M., G.M.) and Department of Geriatric Medicine (A.B., G.M.), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (S.W.). Gillian.e.mead@ed.ac.uk.
Gillian
G
Mead
D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
behavior; fatigue; rehabilitation; stroke