Younger age is associated with lower reactive hyperemic index but not lower flow-mediated dilation among children and adolescents.
BACKGROUND
The use of digital reactive hyperemia as a measure of endothelial function among children and adolescents is becoming increasingly common. However, unexpected observations of low reactive hyperemic index values in younger children in our laboratory led us to conduct a study evaluating the influence of age, sex, height, weight, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and finger volume on RHI values.


METHODS
Endothelial function, measured by digital reactive hyperemia (reactive hyperemic index: RHI) was assessed in 113 children and adolescents (mean age 12.4 ± 3.8 years; 64 males), with 102 also assessed for brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) using ultrasound imaging. Associations with age, sex, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), BMI, and finger volume were evaluated.


RESULTS
Using GLM regression, age (β = 0.03, P = 0.014) and SBP (β = 0.015, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with RHI. No measures were associated with FMD. In the subset of individuals with measured finger volume, age (β = 0.025, P = 0.037) was the only measure significantly associated with log RHI. Similarly, no measures were associated with FMD.


CONCLUSIONS
Younger age is associated with lower RHI but not lower FMD among children and adolescents. These findings call into question the validity and usefulness of digital reactive hyperemia as a method to quantify endothelial function among younger children.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, and University of Minnesota Amplatz Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: kelly105@umn.edu.
Aaron S
AS
Kelly
School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Kara L
KL
Marlatt
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, and University of Minnesota Amplatz Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Julia
J
Steinberger
School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Donald R
DR
Dengel
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000295:instrumentation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014664:Vasodilation; D055815:Young Adult
Adolescents; Children; Endothelial function; Flow-mediated dilation; Reactive hyperemic index