The influence of herbs and spices on overall liking of reduced fat food.
Most adults consume more fat than is recommended in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. We examined whether adding herbs and spices to reduced-fat foods would improve their consumer liking. We recruited adults 18-65 years old to taste three lunch conditions: full fat (FF), reduced fat with no added spice (RF), and reduced fat plus spice (RFS). Subjects rated their liking of a meatloaf entrée, vegetable side dish, pasta side dish, and overall meal on a 9-point hedonic Likert scale. Subjects came weekly for 3 weeks to consume meals and were randomized to the condition order. We enrolled 148 subjects who were predominantly female (n = 101, 68%), had a mean age of 35.9 years, and body mass index of 24.4 kg/m2. Subjects reported habitual diets as 36% of total calories from fat (2005 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire). Reducing fat content alone significantly dropped overall liking of the meal compared with FF and RFS conditions (6.29 RF vs. 7.05 FF, P < 0.0001; 6.29 RF vs. 6.98 RFS, P ≤ 0.0001). The RFS overall meal was liked as well as the FF condition. FF and RFS conditions were liked significantly more than RF conditions for each meal item. Liking of FF and RFS meatloaf and vegetables were not significantly different from one another. Pasta FF and RFS conditions were rated significantly differently from each other (7.33 FF vs. 6.61 RFS, P < 0.0001). Adding herbs and spices to reduced fat foods restored liking of the overall meal, meatloaf, and vegetables to that of FF conditions, and significantly improved the liking of RF pasta. Herbs and spices can be a useful tool to improve liking of foods consistent with national guidelines.
Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, 12348 E. Montview Blvd., MailStop C263, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511-MS 8106, 12801 E. 17th Ave., RC1 South Rm 7103, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
John C
JC
Peters
Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, 12348 E. Montview Blvd., MailStop C263, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511-MS 8106, 12801 E. 17th Ave., RC1 South Rm 7103, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: Sarit.Polsky@ucdenver.edu.
Sarit
S
Polsky
Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, 12348 E. Montview Blvd., MailStop C263, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Rebecca
R
Stark
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E. 16th Ave., B065, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Pan
P
Zhaoxing
Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, 12348 E. Montview Blvd., MailStop C263, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
James O
JO
Hill
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D057181:Pleasure; D017365:Spices; D013649:Taste; D055815:Young Adult
D004041:Dietary Fats
Dietary fat intake; Food liking; Saturated fat intake