Clinically apparent and occult metastasized seminoma: almost indistinguishable on the transcriptional level.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to examine the biological differences between seminomas with occult and clinically apparent metastases at the time of diagnosis of the primary tumor to gain insight into the biology of these tumors and facilitate the identification of novel predictors of seminoma metastasis.


METHODS
Total RNA including small RNAs was isolated from testicular tumors of patients with pure seminoma presenting with lymphogenic metastasis (n = 5, clinical stage IIb/c) and occult metastasis (n = 5, clinical stage I). The regulation of biological processes was examined (1) throughout the mRNA transcriptome (whole genome microarrays, 8×60 K Array, Agilent with 4 samples/group) and (2) the miRNA transcriptome employing small RNA next generation sequencing (SOLID, Life Technologies with 5 samples/group). Protein coding genes (mRNAs) and small RNAs showing a significant (≥2-fold) difference between the groups were identified. Finally (3), we examined 95 candidate miRNAs in 36 apparent metastasized and another 5 occult metastasized seminoma using logistic regression analysis.


RESULTS
Among 19,596 genes, on average 12,894 mRNAs appeared expressed (65.8%, SD+/-2.4; range, 62.0-69.3%) and 16.99×106/13.94×106 small RNA reads were identified for apparent/occult metastasized seminoma. These reads on average convert into 9,901/9,675 small RNAs including 422/404 mature microRNAs. None of these mRNAs/small RNAs met our selection criteria for candidate genes. From 95 candidate miRNAs 44 appeared expressed, with 3 of them showing weak but significant (p = 0.05) differences among both groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Occult and apparent metastasized seminomas are biologically almost indistinguishable and probably represent no separate tumor entities. These findings may simplify future research on seminoma metastasis.
Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Hamburg, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
Christian G
CG
Ruf
Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany; Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Matthias
M
Port
Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany.
Hans-Ulrich
HU
Schmelz
Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Hamburg, Germany.
Walter
W
Wagner
Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Hamburg, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
Felix
F
Müller
Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
Sven
S
Senf
Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Hamburg, Germany.
Cord
C
Matthies
Max-Plank-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Bertram
B
Müller-Myhsok
Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
Viktor
V
Meineke
Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany.
Michael
M
Abend
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D018239:Seminoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D059467:Transcriptome; D047368:Tumor Burden; D055815:Young Adult
D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger