A Simplified Approach for Simultaneous Measurements of Wavefront Velocity and Curvature in the Heart Using Activation Times.
The velocity and curvature of a wave front are important factors governing the propagation of electrical activity through cardiac tissue, particularly during heart arrhythmias of clinical importance such as fibrillation. Presently, no simple computational model exists to determine these values simultaneously. The proposed model uses the arrival times at four or five sites to determine the wave front speed (v), direction (θ), and radius of curvature (ROC) (r0). If the arrival times are measured, thenv, θ, andr0can be found from differences in arrival times and the distance between these sites. During isotropic conduction, we found good correlation between measured values of the ROCr0and the distance from the unipolar stimulus (r= 0.9043 andp< 0.0001). The conduction velocity (m/s) was correlated (r= 0.998,p< 0.0001) using our method (mean = 0.2403,SD= 0.0533) and an empirical method (mean = 0.2352,SD= 0.0560). The model was applied to a condition of anisotropy and a complex case of reentry with a high voltage extra stimulus. Again, results show good correlation between our simplified approach and established methods for multiple wavefront morphologies. In conclusion, insignificant measurement errors were observed between this simplified approach and an approach that was more computationally demanding. Accuracy was maintained when the requirement that ε (ε =b/r0, ratio of recording site spacing over wave fronts ROC) was between 0.001 and 0.5. The present simplified model can be applied to a variety of clinical conditions to predict behavior of planar, elliptical, and reentrant wave fronts. It may be used to study the genesis and propagation of rotors in human arrhythmias and could lead to rotor mapping using low density endocardial recording electrodes.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health System, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
Nachaat
N
Mazeh
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
David E
DE
Haines
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Matthew W
MW
Kay
Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA.
Bradley J
BJ
Roth
Anisotropy; Cardiac muscle; Electrode; Propagation velocity; Wave front curvature