Evaluation of trace elements in selected foods and dietary intake by young children in Thailand.
Elemental concentrations in rice, animal products, eggs, vegetables, fruits, infant formulas and drinking water were determined in 667 food samples randomly collected from local markets, big supermarkets and grocery stores in Bangkok, Thailand, during the period October 2005-August 2008. Samples were digested with nitric acid and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Arsenic and cadmium levels in most foods were below the maximum levels as set by international organisations. Filtered and bottled drinking water, rice, vegetables and banana contained low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and lead. Non-polished rice had higher magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron and selenium concentrations than polished rice. Banana was a major source for manganese and selenium. Pig kidney and liver contained high levels of arsenic and cadmium. Manganese, cadmium, lead and aluminium concentrations in soybean milk could also be of concern. With respect to food safety for children, the amounts of arsenic and cadmium ingested with poultry, pig liver or rice corresponded to high weekly or monthly intake.
a Laboratory of Pharmacology , Chulabhorn Research Institute (CRI) , Laksi , Bangkok , Thailand.
S
S
Nookabkaew
N
N
Rangkadilok
C A
CA
Akib
N
N
Tuntiwigit
J
J
Saehun
J
J
Satayavivad
D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis; D005504:Food Analysis; D059022:Food Safety; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D011200:Poultry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D013785:Thailand; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
D060766:Drinking Water; D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D001151:Arsenic
arsenic; cadmium; children; dietary intake; elements; foods