Evaluation of mechanical and thermal nociception as objective tools to measure painful and nonpainful lameness phases in multiparous sows.
The objective of this study was to quantify pain sensitivity differences using mechanical nociception threshold (MNT) and thermal nociception threshold (TNT) tests when sows were in painful and nonpainful transient lameness phases. A total of 24 mixed parity crossbred sows (220.15 ± 21.23 kg) were utilized for the MNT test, and a total of 12 sows (211.41 ± 20.21 kg) were utilized for the TNT test. On induction day (D0), all sows were anesthetized and injected with Amphotericin B (10mg/mL) in the distal interphalangeal joint space in both claws of one randomly selected hind limb to induce transient lameness. Three days were compared: (1) D-1 (sound phase, defined as 1 d before induction), (2) D+1 (most lame phase, defined as 1 d after induction), and (3) D+6 (resolution phase, defined as 6 d after induction). After completion of the first round, sows were given a 7-d rest period and then the procedures were repeated with lameness induced in the contralateral hind limb. During the MNT test, pressure was applied perpendicularly to 3 landmarks in a randomized sequence for each sow: 1) middle of cannon on the hind limb (cannon), 2) 1 cm above the coronary band on the medial hind claw (medial claw), and 3) 1 cm above the coronary band on the lateral hind claw (lateral claw). During the TNT test, a radiant heat stimulus was directed 1 cm above the coronary band. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with sow as the experimental unit. Differences were analyzed between sound and lame limbs on each day. For the MNT test, pressure tolerated by the lame limb decreased for every landmark (P < 0.05) when comparing D-1 and D+1. The sound limb tolerated more pressure on D+1 and D+6 than on baseline D-1 (P < 0.05). Thermal stimulation tolerated by the sound limb did not change over the 3 d (P > 0.05). However, the sows tolerated less heat stimulation on their lame limb on D+1 compared to D-1 levels (P < 0.05). Both MNT and TNT tests indicated greater pain sensitivity thresholds when sows were acutely lame.
Department of Animal Science,1221 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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CM
Mohling
Department of Animal Science,1221 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
A K
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Johnson
Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St., Ames 50011.
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Coetzee
Swine Medicine Education Center, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St., Ames 50011 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St., Ames 50011.
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Karriker
Department of Animal Science,1221 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
K J
KJ
Stalder
Department of Animal Science,1221 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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CE
Abell
Department of Animal Science,1221 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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HD
Tyler
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St., Ames 50011 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St., Ames 50011 smillman@iastate.edu.
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Millman
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059225:Nociception; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010298:Parity; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*
lameness; mechanical nociception; pain; sow; thermal nociception