Bringing bioelectricity to light.
Any bilayer lipid membrane can support a membrane voltage. The combination of optical perturbation and optical readout of membrane voltage opens the door to studies of electrophysiology in a huge variety of systems previously inaccessible to electrode-based measurements. Yet, the application of optogenetic electrophysiology requires careful reconsideration of the fundamentals of bioelectricity. Rules of thumb appropriate for neuroscience and cardiology may not apply in systems with dramatically different sizes, lipid compositions, charge carriers, or protein machinery. Optogenetic tools are not electrodes; thus, optical and electrode-based measurements have different quirks. Here we review the fundamental aspects of bioelectricity with the aim of laying a conceptual framework for all-optical electrophysiology.
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and.
Adam E
AE
Cohen
Veena
V
Venkatachalam
D000818:Animals; D004566:Electrodes; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000379:methods; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques
D008051:Lipid Bilayers
electrophysiology; membrane voltage; optogenetics