Knowledge Mapping for Climate Change and Food- and Waterborne Diseases.
The authors extracted from the PubMed and ScienceDirect bibliographic databases all articles published between 1998 and 2009 that were relevant to climate change and food- and waterborne diseases. Any material within each article that provided information about a relevant pathogen and its relationship with climate and climate change was summarized as a key fact, entered into a relational knowledge base, and tagged with the terminology (predefined terms) used in the field. These terms were organized, quantified, and mapped according to predefined hierarchical categories. For noncholeraVibriosp. andCryptosporidiumsp., data on climatic and environmental influences (52% and 49% of the total number of key facts, respectively) pertained to specific weather phenomena (as opposed to climate change phenomena) and environmental determinants, whereas information on the potential effects of food-related determinants that might be related to climate or climate change were virtually absent. This proportion was lower for the other pathogens studied (Campylobactersp. 40%,Salmonellasp. 27%, Norovirus 25%, Listeria sp. 8%), but they all displayed a distinct concentration of information on general food-and water-related determinants or effects, albeit with little detail. Almost no information was available concerning the potential effects of changes in climatic variables on the pathogens evaluated, such as changes in air or water temperature, precipitation, humidity, UV radiation, wind, cloud coverage, sunshine hours, or seasonality. Frequency profiles revealed an abundance of data on weather and food-specific determinants, but also exposed extensive data deficiencies, particularly with regard to the potential effects of climate change on the pathogens evaluated. A reprioritization of public health research is warranted to ensure that funding is dedicated to explicitly studying the effects of changes in climate variables on food- and waterborne diseases.
Future Threats and Determinants Section, Scientific Advice Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
Jan C
JC
Semenza
Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Geography and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Christoph
C
Höuser
Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Geography and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Susanne
S
Herbst
Future Threats and Determinants Section, Scientific Advice Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
Andrea
A
Rechenburg
Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Geography and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Jonathan E
JE
Suk
Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Geography and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Tobias
T
Frechen
Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Medical Geography and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Thomas
T
Kistemann
Campylobacter sp.; Cryptosporidium sp.; Listeria sp.; Norovirus; Salmonella sp.; Vibrio sp.; climate change; climate variability; environment; food; food- and water-borne diseases; knowledge base; ontology; precipitation; rain; reservoir