mSpray: a mobile phone technology to improve malaria control efforts and monitor human exposure to malaria control pesticides in Limpopo, South Africa.
Recent estimates indicate that malaria has led to over half a million deaths worldwide, mostly to African children. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides is one of the primary vector control interventions. However, current reporting systems do not obtain precise location of IRS events in relation to malaria cases, which poses challenges for effective and efficient malaria control. This information is also critical to avoid unnecessary human exposure to IRS insecticides. We developed and piloted a mobile-based application (mSpray) to collect comprehensive information on IRS spray events. We assessed the utility, acceptability and feasibility of using mSpray to gather improved homestead- and chemical-level IRS coverage data. We installed mSpray on 10 cell phones with data bundles, and pilot tested it with 13 users in Limpopo, South Africa. Users completed basic information (number of rooms/shelters sprayed; chemical used, etc.) on spray events. Upon submission, this information as well as geographic positioning system coordinates and time/date stamp were uploaded to a Google Drive Spreadsheet to be viewed in real time. We administered questionnaires, conducted focus groups, and interviewed key informants to evaluate the utility of the app. The low-cost, cell phone-based "mSpray" app was learned quickly by users, well accepted and preferred to the current paper-based method. We recorded 2865 entries (99.1% had a GPS accuracy of 20 m or less) and identified areas of improvement including increased battery life. We also identified a number of logistic and user problems (e.g., cost of cell phones and cellular bundles, battery life, obtaining accurate GPS measures, user errors, etc.) that would need to be overcome before full deployment. Use of cell phone technology could increase the efficiency of IRS malaria control efforts by mapping spray events in relation to malaria cases, resulting in more judicious use of chemicals that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment.
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: eskenazi@berkeley.edu.
Brenda
B
Eskenazi
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: lquiros@berkeley.edu.
Lesliam
L
Quirós-Alcalá
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: jonahlipsitt@gmail.com.
Jonah M
JM
Lipsitt
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. Electronic address: ldanielcwu@gmail.com.
Lemuel D
LD
Wu
Malaria Control Programme, Limpopo Department of Health, Voortrekker Street, Tzaneen, Limpopo 0850, South Africa. Electronic address: malaria_limpopo@yahoo.com.
Philip
P
Kruger
Malaria Control Programme, Limpopo Department of Health, Voortrekker Street, Tzaneen, Limpopo 0850, South Africa. Electronic address: ntimbanemasesi@yahoo.com.
Tzundzukani
T
Ntimbane
Malaria Control Programme, National Department of Health, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: jbnawn@hotmail.com.
John Burns
JB
Nawn
Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Electronic address: Riana.Bornman@up.ac.za.
M S Riana
MS
Bornman
Center for Information Technology in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) Health Care Initiative, University of California, Sutardja Dai Hall, Room 330E, Berkeley CA 94720, USA; University of Washington, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Department, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Campus Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: eseto@uw.edu.
Edmund
E
Seto
D000818:Animals; D040421:Cell Phone; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D007306:Insecticides
Cell phones; IRS (indoor residual spraying); Malaria control; Mobile technology; Pesticides; mHealth