The structured diagnostic interview for sleep patterns and disorders: rationale and initial evaluation.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to describe and report the initial validity of a newly developed structured interview for sleep disorders (Diagnostic Interview for Sleep Patterns and Disorders [DISP]) administered by trained lay interviewers.


METHODS
A total of 225 patients with various sleep disorders were recruited from two nationally recognized sleep centers in the United States. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, second edition (ICSD-2) criteria, were used to classify sleep disorders (e.g., delayed sleep phase disorder, hypersomnia, narcolepsy with cataplexy [NC], restless legs syndrome [RLS], periodic limb movement disorder [PLMD], insomnia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder [RBD], and obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]). Interview diagnoses were compared with final diagnoses by sleep specialists (reference diagnosis based on clinical history, examination, and polysomnography [PSG] when indicated).


RESULTS
DISP diagnoses had fair to substantial concordance with clinician diagnoses for various sleep disorders, with area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUC) ranging from 0.65 to 0.84. Participants classified by the clinician as having a sleep disorder were moderately well-detected (sensitivity ranging from 0.50 for RBD disorder to 0.87 for insomnia). Substantial specificity (>0.8) also was seen for five of the eight sleep disorders (i.e., delayed sleep phase, hypersomnia, NC, PLMD, and RBD). Interviews were more likely than clinicians to detect disorders secondary to the primary sleep problem.


CONCLUSIONS
The DISP provides an important tool for the detection of a wide range of sleep disorders in clinical settings and is particularly valuable in the detection of secondary disorders that were not the primary referral diagnosis.
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States. Electronic address: Kathleen.merikangas@nih.gov.
K R
KR
Merikangas
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
J
J
Zhang
The Center for Sleep and Wake Disorders, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
H
H
Emsellem
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
S A
SA
Swanson
Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.
A
A
Vgontzas
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
F
F
Belouad
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
M M
MM
Blank
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
W
W
Chen
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
M
M
Einen
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
J P
JP
He
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
L
L
Heaton
Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States.
E
E
Nakamura
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
S
S
Rooholamini
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
E
E
Mignot
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
Area under the curve (AUC); Concordance; Diagnostic Interview; International Classification of Sleep Disorders; Sleep disorders; Validity