In vitro organogenesis from pluripotent stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the ability to spontaneously generate structured tissues in vitro reminiscent of embryonic tissue development. Recently, complex organoids such as cortical tissues, cerebral brain organoids, optical cups, intestinal tissues, and liver buds have been generated from PSCs derived from healthy individuals and patients with genetic diseases, providing powerful tools to understand morphogenesis and disease pathology. This article highlights recent advances in the state-of-art generation of organoids from PSCs, possible signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in organogenesis, and the understanding of extracellular microenvironment. Challenges involved in the organoid generation such as increasing organoid size, enhancing the tissue complexity, and improving functional maturation are also discussed.
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA.
Yan
Y
Li
Department of Pediatrics; Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Atlanta, GA USA.
Chunhui
C
Xu
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA.
Teng
T
Ma
D000818:Animals; D002449:Cell Aggregation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D038081:Organogenesis; D009940:Organoids / Q000166:cytology; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
3-D; extracellular matrix; organoid; pluripotent stem cell; tissue development