Living among the affluent: boon or bane?
This study examined whether national income can have effects on happiness, or subjective well-being (SWB), over and above those of personal income. To assess the incremental effects of national income on SWB, we conducted cross-sectional multilevel analysis on data from 838,151 individuals in 158 nations. Although greater personal income was consistently related to higher SWB, we found that national income was a boon to life satisfaction but a bane to daily feelings of well-being; individuals in richer nations experienced more worry and anger on average. We also found moderating effects: The income-SWB relationship was stronger at higher levels of national income. This result might be explained by cultural norms, as money is valued more in richer nations. The SWB of more residentially mobile individuals was less affected by national income. Overall, our results suggest that the wealth of the nation one resides in has consequences for one's happiness.
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University stay@purdue.edu.
Louis
L
Tay
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario.
Mike
M
Morrison
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois The Gallup Organization, Omaha, Nebraska.
Ed
E
Diener
D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
happiness; multilevel analysis; national income; personal income; spillover effects; subjective well-being