Rich soil carbon and nitrogen but low atmospheric greenhouse gas fluxes from North Sulawesi mangrove swamps in Indonesia.
The soil to atmosphere fluxes of greenhouse gases N2O, CH4 and CO2 and their relationships with soil characteristics were investigated in three tropical oceanic mangrove swamps (Teremaal, Likupang and Kema) in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mangrove soils in North Sulawesi were rich in organic carbon and nitrogen, but the greenhouse gas fluxes were low in these mangroves. The fluxes ranged -6.05-13.14 μmol m(-2)h(-1), -0.35-0.61 μmol m(-2)h(-1) and -1.34-3.88 mmol m(-2)h(-1) for N2O, CH4 and CO2, respectively. The differences in both N2O and CH4 fluxes among different mangrove swamps and among tidal positions in each mangrove swamp were insignificant. CO2 flux was influenced only by mangrove swamps and the value was higher in Kema mangrove. None of the measured soil parameters could explain the variation of CH4 fluxes among the sampling plots. N2O flux was negatively related to porewater salinity, while CO2 flux was negatively correlated with water content and organic carbon. This study suggested that the low gas emissions due to slow metabolisms would lead to the accumulations of organic matters in North Sulawesi mangrove swamps.
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China. Electronic address: gc.chen@tio.org.cn.
Guang C
GC
Chen
Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
Yaya I
YI
Ulumuddin
Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia.
Sastro
S
Pramudji
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
Shun Y
SY
Chen
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China. Electronic address: chenbin@tio.org.cn.
Bin
B
Chen
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
Yong
Y
Ye
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
Dan Y
DY
Ou
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
Zhi Y
ZY
Ma
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
Hao
H
Huang
Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
Jing K
JK
Wang
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001272:Atmosphere; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D007214:Indonesia; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D053833:Wetlands
D000393:Air Pollutants; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane
Carbon dioxide; Indonesia; Mangrove; Methane; Nitrous oxide; Soil