[3D-imaging and analysis for plastic surgery by smartphone and tablet: an alternative to professional systems?].
BACKGROUND
A new approach of using photographs from smartphones for three-dimensional (3D) imaging was introduced besides the standard high quality 3D camera systems. In this work, we investigated different capture preferences and compared the accuracy of this 3D reconstruction method with manual tape measurement and an established commercial 3D camera system.


METHODS
The facial region of one plastic mannequin head was labelled with 21 landmarks. A 3D reference model was captured with the Vectra 3D Imaging System®. In addition, 3D imaging was executed with the Autodesk 123d Catch® application using 16, 12, 9, 6 and 3 pictures from Apple® iPhone 4 s® and iPad® 3rd generation. The accuracy of 3D reconstruction was measured in 2 steps. First, 42 distance measurements from manual tape measurement and the 2 digital systems were compared. Second, the surface-to-surface deviation of different aesthetic units from the Vectra® reference model to Catch® generated models was analysed. For each 3D system the capturing and processing time was measured.


RESULTS
The measurement showed no significant (p>0.05) difference between manual tape measurement and both digital distances from the Catch® application and Vectra®. Surface-to-surface deviation to the Vectra® reference model showed sufficient results for the 3D reconstruction of Catch® with 16, 12 and 9 picture sets. Use of 6 and 3 pictures resulted in large deviations. Lateral aesthetic units showed higher deviations than central units. Catch® needed 5 times longer to capture and compute 3D models (average 10 min vs. 2 min).


CONCLUSIONS
The Autodesk 123d Catch® computed models suggests good accuracy of the 3D reconstruction for a standard mannequin model, in comparison to manual tape measurement and the surface-to-surface analysis with a 3D reference model. However, the prolonged capture time with multiple pictures is prone to errors. Further studies are needed to investigate its application and quality in capturing volunteer models. Soon mobile applications may offer an alternative for plastic surgeons to today's cost intensive, stationary 3D camera systems.
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Koban
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Leitsch
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Holzbach
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Volkmer
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Metz
Handchirurgie, Plastische Chirurgie, Ästhetische Chirurgie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, -München.
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Giunta
D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008348:Manikins; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012984:Software