Cost effectiveness of a gene expression score and myocardial perfusion imaging for diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
BACKGROUND
Over 3 million patients annually present with symptoms suggestive of obstructive coronary artery disease (oCAD) in the United States (US), but a cardiac etiology is found in as few as 10% of cases. Usual care may include advanced cardiac testing with myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), with attendant radiation risks and increased costs of care. We estimated the cost effectiveness of CAD diagnostic strategies including "no test," a gene expression score (GES) test, MPI, and sequential strategies combining GES and MPI.


METHODS
We developed a Markov-based decision analysis model to simulate outcomes and costs in patients presenting to clinicians with symptoms suggestive of oCAD in the US. We estimated quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), total costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for each strategy.


RESULTS
In our base case, the 2-threshold GES strategy is the most cost-effective strategy at a threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained, with an ICER of approximately $72,000 per QALY gained relative to no testing. Myocardial perfusion imaging alone and the 1-threshold strategy are weakly dominated. In sensitivity analysis, ICERs fall as the probability of oCAD increases from the base case value of 15%. The ranking of ICERs among strategies is sensitive to test costs, including the time cost for testing. The analysis reveals ways to improve on prespecified GES thresholds.


CONCLUSIONS
Diagnostic testing for oCAD with a novel GES strategy in a 2-threshold model is cost effective by conventional standards. This diagnostic approach is more efficient than usual care of MPI alone or a 1-threshold GES strategy in most scenarios.
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Electronic address: charles.phelps@rochester.edu.
Charles E
CE
Phelps
Optum Insight, Medford, MA.
Amy K
AK
O'Sullivan
New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Joseph A
JA
Ladapo
Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
Milton C
MC
Weinstein
Optum Insight, Medford, MA.
Kevin
K
Leahy
Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Pamela S
PS
Douglas
D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000235:genetics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000191:economics*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States