Control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices in Narok district of Kenya.
CBPP is an important transboundary disease in sub-Saharan Africa whose control is urgent. Participatory data collection involving 52 focus group discussions in 37 village clusters and key informant interviews, a cross-sectional study involving 232 households and a post-vaccination follow up involving 203 households was carried out in 2006-2007 in Narok South district of Kenya. This was to investigate knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices (KAPP) associated with control of CBPP as well as the adverse post-vaccination reactions in animals in order to advice the control policy. The community perceived trans-boundary CBPP threat to their cattle. They had traditional disease coping mechanisms and were conversant with CBPP prevention and control with 49.8% (95%CI: 42.8-56.7%) giving priority to CBPP control. However, 12.9% (95%CI: 9.0-18.1%) of pastoralists had no knowledge of any prevention method and 10.0% (95%CI: 6.5-14.7%) would not know what to do or would do nothing in the event of an outbreak. Although 43.5% (95%CI: 37.1-50.2%) of pastoralists were treating CBPP cases with antimicrobials, 62.5% (95%CI: 52.1-71.7%) of them doubted the effectiveness of the treatments. Pastoralists perceived vaccination to be the solution to CBPP but vaccination was irregular due to unavailability of the vaccine. Vaccination was mainly to control outbreaks rather than preventive and exhibited adverse post-vaccination reactions among 70.4% (95%CI: 63.6-76.5%) of herds and 3.8% (95%CI: 3.5-4.2%) of animals. Consequently, nearly 25.2% (95%CI: 18.5-33.2%) of pastoralists may resist subsequent vaccinations against CBPP. Pastoralists preferred CBPP vaccination at certain times of the year and that it is combined with other vaccinations. In conclusion, pastoralists were not fully aware of the preventive measures and interventions and post-vaccination reactions may discourage subsequent CBPP vaccinations. Consequently there is need for monitoring and management of post vaccination reactions and awareness creation on CBPP prevention and interventions and their merits and demerits. CBPP vaccine was largely unavailable to the pastoralists and the preference of the pastoralists was for vaccination at specified times and vaccine combinations which makes it necessary to avail the vaccine in conformity with the pastoralists preferences. In addition, planning vaccinations should involve pastoralists and neighbouring countries. As the results cannot be generalized, further studies on CBPP control methods and their effectiveness are recommended.
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK. Electronic address: swwanyoike@yahoo.com.
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Kairu-Wanyoike
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: h.kiara@cgiar.org.
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Kiara
University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK. Electronic address: c.heffernan@reading.ac.uk.
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Heffernan
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: kaitibie@qu.edu.qa.
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Kaitibie
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: gkgitau@uonbi.ac.ke.
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Gitau
Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK. Electronic address: dmckeever@rvc.ac.uk.
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McKeever
University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AH, UK. Electronic address: n.m.taylor@reading.ac.uk.
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Taylor
D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D007630:Kenya; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000502:physiology*; D011002:Pleuropneumonia, Contagious / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*
Attitudes; Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; Control; Kenya; Knowledge; Perceptions; Practices