The community speaks: understanding ethical values in allocation of scarce lifesaving resources during disasters.
BACKGROUND
Pandemic influenza or other crises causing mass respiratory failure could easily overwhelm current North American critical care capacity. This threat has generated large-scale federal, state, and local efforts to prepare for a public health disaster. Few, however, have systematically engaged the public regarding which values are most important in guiding decisions about how to allocate scarce healthcare resources during such crises.


METHODS
The aims of this pilot study were (1) to test whether deliberative democratic methods could be used to promote engaged discussion about complex, ethically challenging healthcare-related policy issues and (2) to develop specific deliberative democratic procedures that could ultimately be used in a statewide process to inform a Maryland framework for allocating scarce healthcare resources during disasters. Using collaboratively developed focus group materials and multiple metrics for assessing outcomes, we held 5-hour pilot community meetings with a combined total of 68 community members in two locations in Maryland. The key outcomes used to assess the project were (1) the comprehensibility of the background materials and ethical principles, (2) the salience of the ethical principles, (3) the perceived usefulness of the discussions, (4) the degree to which participants' opinions evolved as a result of the discussions, and (5) the quality of participant engagement.


RESULTS
Most participants were thoughtful, reflective, and invested in this pilot policy-informing process. Throughout the pilot process, changes were made to background materials, the verbal introduction, and pre- and post-surveys. Importantly, by holding pilot meetings in two distinct communities (an affluent suburb and inner city neighborhood), we discerned that participants' ethical reflections were framed in large part by their place-based life experiences.


CONCLUSIONS
This pilot process, coupled with extensive feedback from participants, yielded a refined methodology suitable for wider-scale use and underscored the need for involvement of diverse communities in a statewide engagement process on this critical policy issue.
1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, and.
Elizabeth L
EL
Daugherty Biddison
Howard
H
Gwon
Monica
M
Schoch-Spana
Robert
R
Cavalier
Douglas B
DB
White
Timothy
T
Dawson
Peter B
PB
Terry
Alex John
AJ
London
Alan
A
Regenberg
Ruth
R
Faden
Eric S
ES
Toner
D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D004190:Disasters; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011634:Public Health; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
disasters; ethics; mechanical; resource allocation; ventilators