Impact of interventions designed to reduce medication administration errors in hospitals: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
There is a need to identify effective interventions to minimize the threat posed by medication administration errors (MAEs).


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to review and critically appraise interventions designed to reduce MAEs in the hospital setting.


METHODS
Ten electronic databases were searched between 1985 and November 2013.


METHODS
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled trials (CTs) reporting rates of MAEs or related adverse drug events between an intervention group and a comparator group were included. Data from each study were independently extracted and assessed for potential risk of bias by two authors. Risk ratios (RRs, with 95 % confidence intervals [CIs]) were used to examine the effect of an intervention.


RESULTS
Six RCTs and seven CTs were included. Types of interventions clustered around four main themes: medication use technology (n = 4); nurse education and training (n = 3); changing practice in anesthesia (n = 2); and ward system changes (n = 4). Reductions in MAE rates were reported by five studies; these included automated drug dispensing (RR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.53-1.00), computerized physician order entry (RR 0.51, 95 % 0.40-0.66), barcode-assisted medication administration with electronic administration records (RR 0.71, 95 % CI 0.53-0.95), nursing education/training using simulation (RR 0.17, 95 % CI 0.08-0.38), and clinical pharmacist-led training (RR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.67-0.87). Increased or equivocal outcome rates were found for the remaining studies. Weaknesses in the internal or external validity were apparent for most included studies.


CONCLUSIONS
Theses and conference proceedings were excluded and data produced outside commercial publishing were not searched.


CONCLUSIONS
There is emerging evidence of the impact of specific interventions to reduce MAEs in hospitals, which warrant further investigation using rigorous and standardized study designs. Theory-driven efforts to understand the underlying causes of MAEs may lead to more effective interventions in the future.
Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK, richard.keers@manchester.ac.uk.
Richard N
RN
Keers
Steven D
SD
Williams
Jonathan
J
Cooke
Tanya
T
Walsh
Darren M
DM
Ashcroft
D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009726:Nurses; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010820:Physicians
D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations