The far lateral transpontomedullary sulcus approach to pontine cavernous malformations: technical report and surgical results.
BACKGROUND
Pontine cavernous malformations (CMs) located on a peripheral pontine surface or the fourth ventricular floor are resectable lesions, but those deep within the pons away from a pial surface are typically observed. However, the anterior bulge of the pons formed by the brachium pontis creates a unique entry point for access to deep pontine lesions from below, working upward through the pontomedullary sulcus.


OBJECTIVE
We developed a transpontomedullary sulcus (TPMS) approach to these lesions.


METHODS
The TPMS approach used the far lateral craniotomy and upper vagoaccessory triangle to define the surgical corridor. The entry point was above the olive, lateral to the pyramidal tracts and cranial nerve (CN) VI, above the preolivary sulcus and CN XII, and medial to CNs VII and VIII and CNs IX through XI.


RESULTS
Four patients underwent this approach. All presented with hemorrhage and CN VI palsies. All pontine CMs were resected completely. Three patients were improved or unchanged, with good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) in all patients.


CONCLUSIONS
The central pons remains difficult territory to access, and new surgical corridors are needed. The bulging underbelly of the pons allows access to pontine lesions deep to the pial surface from below. The far lateral TPMS approach is a novel and more direct alternative to the retrosigmoid transmiddle cerebellar peduncle approach. Unlike the retrosigmoid approach, the TPMS approach requires minimal parenchymal transgression and uses a brainstem entry point medial to most lower CNs. Favorable results demonstrate the feasibility of resecting pontine CMs that might have been previously deemed unresectable.
Department of Neurological Surgery, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California.
Adib A
AA
Abla
Arnau
A
Benet
Michael T
MT
Lawton
D000328:Adult; D020295:Brain Stem Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011149:Pons / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult