From modeling to measurement: developmental trends in genetic influence on adiposity in childhood.
OBJECTIVE
Evidence of increasing heritability of BMI over childhood can seem paradoxical given longer exposure to environmental influences. Genomic data were used to provide direct evidence of developmental increases in genetic influence.


METHODS
BMI standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) at ages 4 and 10 were calculated for 2,556 twin pairs in the Twins Early Development Study. Twin analyses estimated heritability of BMI-SDS at each age and the longitudinal genetic correlation. One randomly selected twin per pair was genotyped. Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) determined DNA-based heritability at each age and the longitudinal genomic correlation. Associations with a polygenic obesity risk score (PRS) using 28 obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed at each age, with bootstrapping to test the significance of the increase in variance explained.


RESULTS
Twin-estimated heritability increased from age 4 (0.43; 95% CI: 0.35-0.53) to 10 (0.82; 0.74-0.88). GCTA-estimated heritability went from non-significant at 4 (0.20; -0.21 to 0.61) to significant at 10 (0.29; 0.01-0.57). Longitudinal genetic correlations derived from twins (0.58) and GCTA (0.66) were similar. The same PRS explained more variance at 10 than 4 years (R(2) Δ:0.024; 0.002-0.078).


CONCLUSIONS
GCTA and PRS findings confirm twin-based results suggesting increasing genetic influence on adiposity during childhood despite substantial genetic stability.
Health Behavior Research Center, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
C H
CH
Llewellyn
M
M
Trzaskowski
R
R
Plomin
J
J
Wardle
D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics*; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics