Occurrence and removal of free estrogens, conjugated estrogens, and bisphenol A in manure treatment facilities in East China.
The occurrence of four free estrogens, four conjugated estrogens, and bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated in three cow farms, four swine farms, and five chicken farms. The daily total estrogen (free and conjugated) excretions of a cow were 145.23-179.27 μg/d mainly through feces (92%), while swine excreted 42.56-219.25 μg/d of estrogens mainly through urine (98-99%). Estrogen conjugates contributed 14.6-48.8% to the total estrogen excretions in cow feces and more than 98% in swine urine. A chicken excreted 0.66-12.78 μg/d of total estrogens through feces, among which 34.2-100% was contributed by conjugated estrogens. The total estrogen removal efficiencies of manure anaerobic digesters and composters were 14.7-21.8% and less than 70.1%, respectively. Estrogens (E1, 17β-E2, E1-3S, and E2-3S) still existed in treated manure at concentrations up to 2695 ± 181 ng/L (anaerobic digestate) and at contents up to 80.8 ± 6.0 ng/g (compost). BPA was found in feces and compost samples at similar contents (nd-25 ng/g), and approximately 60-70% of BPA was removed in wastewater treatment facilities.
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
Hui
H
Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China. Electronic address: shijianghong@bnu.edu.cn.
Jianghong
J
Shi
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
Xiaowei
X
Liu
Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
Xinmin
X
Zhan
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
Qingcai
Q
Chen
D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D002681:China; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008372:Manure; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013552:Swine; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004967:Estrogens; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D008372:Manure; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
Anaerobic digester; Compost; Conjugates; Estrogen; Fresh excreta