Field experiments of success-breeds-success dynamics.
Seemingly similar individuals often experience drastically different success trajectories, with some repeatedly failing and others consistently succeeding. One explanation is preexisting variability along unobserved fitness dimensions that is revealed gradually through differential achievement. Alternatively, positive feedback operating on arbitrary initial advantages may increasingly set apart winners from losers, producing runaway inequality. To identify social feedback in human reward systems, we conducted randomized experiments by intervening in live social environments across the domains of funding, status, endorsement, and reputation. In each system we consistently found that early success bestowed upon arbitrarily selected recipients produced significant improvements in subsequent rates of success compared with the control group of nonrecipients. However, success exhibited decreasing marginal returns, with larger initial advantages failing to produce much further differentiation. These findings suggest a lesser degree of vulnerability of reward systems to incidental or fabricated advantages and a more modest role for cumulative advantage in the explanation of social inequality than previously thought.
Departments of Sociology andInstitute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook, NY 11794; arnout.vanderijt@stonybrook.edu.
Arnout
A
van de Rijt
Department of Management Science and Innovation, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; and.
Soong Moon
SM
Kang
Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Geneseo, NY 14454.
Michael
M
Restivo
Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794;
Akshay
A
Patil
D003258:Consumer Behavior / Q000191:economics; D063045:Crowdsourcing / Q000191:economics*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011639:Public Opinion; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D012922:Social Change; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
Matthew effect; power law; preferential attachment; rich-get-richer effects; scale-free networks