Changing Epidemiology of Methylphenidate Prescriptions in the Community: A Multifactorial Model.
OBJECTIVE
To examine dispensing patterns of methylphenidate (MPH) to determine how socioeconomic status (SES), ethnocultural affiliation, and gender affect the medical treatment of ADHD.


METHODS
We reviewed MPH prescription records for year 2011 of children aged 6 to 18, from regional pharmacies serving homogeneous neighborhoods.


RESULTS
MPH prescriptions showed an increase in prevalence from 4.2% to 7.5% in the years 2007 to 2011, respectively. Jewish children were four times more likely to be prescribed MPH than Arab children, with significant discrepancies along SES and gender lines ( p < .001). Higher SES and male gender were associated with greater use of MPH. General pediatric prescription rates of MPH in all communities increased by 85%, compared with year 2007 statistics ( p < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
Prescription patterns for MPH in children reflect diagnostic patterns of ADHD that appear to be heavily influenced by additive factors of SES, cultural attitudes, and gender. Dispensing data provide valuable information for targeting underserved groups and defining potential areas of abuse.
1 The Bridge to Peace Community Pediatric Center, Taibe, Israel.|2 Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.|3 Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.|4 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Lutfi
L
Jaber
3 Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.|5 Hefer Authority, Israel.
Shmuel
S
Rigler
2 Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.|3 Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.|4 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Avinoam
A
Shuper
2 Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.|3 Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.|4 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.|6 Rose F. Kennedy Center, CERC, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Gary
G
Diamond
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate
ADHD; Israel; SES; methylphenidate; pediatric population; prescription