The suppression of endogenous adrenalin in the prolongation of ketamine anesthesia.
This study investigated whether or not the anesthetic effect of ketamine in rats is dependent on adrenal gland hormones. The study was performed on two main rat groups, intact and adrenalectomized. Rat were divided into subgroups and given appropriate doses of ketamine, metyrapone or metyrosine. Durations of anesthesia in the groups were then recorded. Endogenous catecholamine levels were measured in samples taken from peripheral blood. This experimental results showed that ketamine did not induce anesthesia in intact rats at doses of 15 or 30mg/kg, and that at 60mg/kg anesthesia was established for only 11min. However, ketamine induced significant anesthesia even at a dose of 30mg/kg in animals in which production of endogenous catecholamine (adrenalin, noradrenalin dopamine) was inhibited with metyrosine at a level of 45-47%. Ketamine at 60mg/kg in animals in which endogenous catecholamine was inhibited at a level of 45-47% established anesthesia for 47.6min. However, ketamine at 30 and 60mg/kg induced longer anesthesia in adrenalectomized rats with higher noradrenalin and dopamine levels but suppressed adrenalin production. Adrenalin plays an important role in the control of duration of ketamine anesthesia, while noradrenalin, dopamine and corticosterone have no such function. If endogenous adrenalin is suppressed, ketamine can even provide sufficient anesthesia at a 2-fold lower dose. This makes it possible for ketamine to be used in lengthy surgical procedures.
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Mehmet
M
Aksoy
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Ilker
I
Ince
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Ali
A
Ahiskalioglu
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Aysenur
A
Dostbil
Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Mine
M
Celik
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Regional Training and Educational Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
Mehmet Ibrahim
MI
Turan
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
Nihal
N
Cetin
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
Bahadir
B
Suleyman
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 100. Yil University, Van, Turkey.
Hamit Hakan
HH
Alp
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey. Electronic address: halis.suleyman@gmail.com.
Halis
H
Suleyman
D000315:Adrenalectomy; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine; D004837:Epinephrine