title: One- and three-screen driving simulator approaches to evaluate driving capacity: evidence of congruence and participants' endorsement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the validity of one-screen versus three-screen driving simulators and their acceptability to middle-aged and older drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants aged 40-55 or 65 and older (N = 32) completed simulated drives first with a single monitor and then with a three-monitor setup, followed by pen-and-paper measures and an interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean differences between one- and three-screen drives were not statistically significant for Starting/Stopping and Passing/Speed. Correlations between the two drives indicated moderate positive linear relationships with moderate agreement. More errors occurred on the one-screen simulator for Signal Violation/Right of Way/Inattention, Moving in a Roadway, Turning, and Total Scores. However, for Moving in a Roadway, Turning, and Total Scores, correlations between drives indicated strong positive linear relationships. We found no meaningful correlation between workload, computer comfort, simulator discomfort, and performance on either drive. Participants found driving simulators acceptable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the use of one-screen simulators. Participants were favorable regarding driving simulators for assessment.
authors.affiliation: Carrie Gibbons, MPH, is Research Coordinator, St. Joseph's Care Group, 580 Algoma Street North, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5G4 Canada; gibbonsc@tbh.net.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Nadia Mullen, PhD, is Research Associate, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: Bruce Weaver, MSc, is Research Associate, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Assistant Professor of Biostatistics, Human Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, West Campus, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Paula Reguly, MPH, is Research Assistant, Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reguly
authors.affiliation: Michel Bédard, PhD, is Director, Centre for Research on Safe Driving, and Professor, Department of Health Sciences and Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, and Scientific Director, St. Joseph's Care Group, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bédard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000592:standards*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires