title: Emerging biomarkers for acute heart conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute cardiac conditions such as acute myocardial infarction and heart failure are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid diagnosis allows risk stratification and initiation of treatment in a timely manner. Numerous novel biomarkers have been identified to predict outcomes. These may assist in tailoring of appropriate therapy to high-risk patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study reviews several novel biomarkers - galectin-3, ST2 and copeptin. The scope of this review is to identify and underline the clinical aspects of these emerging biomarkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectin-3 is an active biomarker found in inflammatory and fibrotic processes, and is a marker of mortality. ST2 is released by stressed cardiac myocytes and also predicts mortality in heart failure and myocardial infarction. Copeptin is a stable arginine vasopressin precursor associated with increased risk of heart failure. It may also be useful to exclude acute myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine bDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Vlad C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Vasile
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001798:Blood Proteins; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000032:analysis; D037161:Galectins; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000032:analysis; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000032:analysis; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D037502:Galectin 3; D037161:Galectins; D006020:Glycopeptides; C079241:IL1RL1 protein, human; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; C428445:LGALS3 protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C048197:copeptins