title: Elevated hydrostatic pressures induce apoptosis and oxidative stress through mitochondrial membrane depolarization in PC12 neuronal cells: A cell culture model of glaucoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the importance of oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondrial depolarization in neurodegenerative diseases, their roles in etiology of glaucoma are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate whether oxidative stress and apoptosis formation are altered in rat pheochromocytoma-derived cell line-12 (PC12) neuronal cell cultures exposed to elevated different hydrostatic pressures as a cell culture model of glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured PC12 cells were subjected to 0, 15 and 70 mmHg hydrostatic pressure for 1 and 24 h. Then, the following values were analyzed: (a) cell viability; (b) lipid peroxidation and intracellular reactive oxygen species production; (c) mitochondrial membrane depolarization; (d) cell apoptosis; (e) caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities; (f) reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hydrostatic pressures (15 and 70 mmHg) increased oxidative cell damage through a decrease of GSH and GSH-Px values, and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, 70 mmHg hydrostatic pressure for 24 h indicated highest apoptotic effects, as demonstrated by plate reader analyses of apoptosis, caspase-3 and -9 values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data indicated oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial changes in PC12 cell line during different hydrostatic pressure as a cell culture model of glaucoma. This findings support the view that mitochondrial oxidative injury contributes early to glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey .
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tök
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazıroğlu
authors.forename: Abdülhadi Cihangir
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Uğuz
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tök
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats
keywords: Apoptosis; glaucoma; hydrostatic pressure; mitochondrial depolarization; oxidative stress