title: Shutting down sensorimotor interference unblocks the networks for stimulus processing: an SMR neurofeedback training study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated how the electrical activity in the sensorimotor cortex contributes to improved cognitive processing capabilities and how SMR (sensorimotor rhythm, 12-15Hz) neurofeedback training modulates it. Previous evidence indicates that higher levels of SMR activity reduce sensorimotor interference and thereby promote cognitive processing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to two groups, one experimental (N=10) group receiving SMR neurofeedback training, in which they learned to voluntarily increase SMR, and one control group (N=10) receiving sham feedback. Multiple cognitive functions and electrophysiological correlates of cognitive processing were assessed before and after 10 neurofeedback training sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental group but not the control group showed linear increases in SMR power over training runs, which was associated with behavioural improvements in memory and attentional performance. Additionally, increasing SMR led to a more salient stimulus processing as indicated by increased N1 and P3 event-related potential amplitudes after the training as compared to the pre-test. Finally, functional brain connectivity between motor areas and visual processing areas was reduced after SMR training indicating reduced sensorimotor interference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that SMR neurofeedback improves stimulus processing capabilities and consequently leads to improvements in cognitive performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying SMR neurofeedback training and cognitive processing and implicate that SMR neurofeedback might be an effective cognitive training tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: silvia.kober@uni-graz.at.
authors.forename: Silvia Erika
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stangl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Väljamäe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Universitaetsplatz 3, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuper
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Universitaetsplatz 3, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive performance; Cognitive processing; ERP; Functional connectivity; Neurofeedback; Sensorimotor rhythm