title: The influence of gender, age and treatment time on brain oxidative stress and memory impairment induced by D-galactose in mice.
abstract: Chronic exposure to d-galactose (d-gal) serves as a model for age-related oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction. However, methods used, including the dose and treatment time of d-gal as well as the gender, age and strain of animals used, vary greatly among published articles. In this study, we investigate the effect of gender, age and treatment time on brain oxidative stress and spatial memory deficits induced by d-gal in mice, respectively. Eight-week-old female mice injected with 100mg/kg d-gal per day, for 6 weeks, did not show spatial memory impairment or high levels of hydroxyl radical, protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde in brain homogenates, although brain reactive oxygen species were increased when compared with saline control mice. In contrast, both 8-week-old male mice and 24-week-old female mice receiving 100mg/kg d-gal for 6 weeks, or 8-week-old female mice receiving 100mg/kg d-gal for 10 weeks showed spatial memory deficits and significant increases in the above oxidative markers, compared with their corresponding controls. These results demonstrate that d-gal-induced brain oxidative stress and spatial memory impairment are dependent upon exposure time of d-gal, plus gender and age of the animals used. The findings can serve as a useful guide for successfully establishing d-gal induced age-related oxidative damage models.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Junying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY 41701, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: mingx@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D065852:Spatial Memory; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Brain aging; Mice; Oxidative stress; Spatial memory; d-Galactose