title: Astaxanthin from shrimp by-products ameliorates nephropathy in diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of shrimp astaxanthin on the kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were distributed into four groups of six rats each: a control group (C), a diabetic group (D), a diabetic group supplemented with Astaxanthin (D+As) dissolved in olive oil and a diabetic group supplemented with olive oil (D+OO). In vitro antidiabetic effect was tested in plasma and kidney tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group D of rats showed significant (P < 0.05) increase of glycemia, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels compared to those of the control group (C). Moreover, plasma and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels for the rats of the group D were significantly increased compared to the control group. Contrariwise, antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and non-enzymatic levels of reduced glutathione, were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the plasma and kidney of diabetic rats compared to the control ones. The astaxanthin supplementation in rats diet improved the antioxidant enzyme activities and significantly decreased the MDA and PCO levels compared to diabetic rats. Indeed, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) improvement was observed for the fourth group (D+OO) compared to the control group (C). Histological analysis of kidney showed glomerular hypertrophy and tubular dilatation for the diabetic rats. For D+As rats, these histopathological changes were less prominent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that shrimp astaxanthin may play an important role in reduction of oxidative damage and could prevent pathological changes in diabetic rats suggesting promising application of shrimp astaxanthin in diabet treatment.
authors.affiliation: Unité Enzymes et Bioconversio, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia, assaadsila@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Assaâd
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sila
authors.forename: Zohra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ghlissi
authors.forename: Zeineb
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kamoun
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makni
authors.forename: Moncef
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasri
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bougatef
authors.forename: Zouheir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sahnoun
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D033364:Decapoda / Q000737:chemistry; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000193:education; D005978:Glutathione / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D014866:Waste Products; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005978:Glutathione