title: The interim regulated legal market for NPS ('legal high') products in New Zealand: The impact of new retail restrictions and product licensing.
abstract: New Zealand has recently established the world's first regulated legal market for new psychoactive products (NPS) (i.e. 'legal highs'). While the new regime is currently in a transitional phase, a range of retail restrictions and an interim licensing regime for NPS products and operators has been introduced. A product safety assessment framework has been developed to determine if a product should receive an interim licence. As a result of the licensing requirements, the number of NPS retail outlets fell from 3000- 4000 largely convenience stores to 156 specialty stores, and the number of legally available NPS products fell from 200 to fewer than 46. Some of the licensed products contain potent cannabinoid compounds. The licensing system provided, for the first time, information on all the products and operators involved in the sector, and this will assist future monitoring. The effectiveness of the new product safety assessment framework will depend on the quality of the data available on adverse cases. This is a challenge as self-reported information from users is often unreliable, and some emergency department cases do not have all the information required to make an accurate assessment. These data limitations indicate the need for retrospective studies of NPS adverse cases and additional test data. While the new legislation initially reduced the number of NPS retailers by prohibiting convenience outlets, new specialized NPS retail outlets may emerge as the new sector expands. Empirical research is required to measure the impact of the reduction in retail outlets and products on NPS availability.
authors.affiliation: SHORE & Whariki research centre, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilkins
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D064423:Drug Trafficking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D009520:New Zealand; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Psychoactive Substances Act, New Zealand; drug policy; new psychoactive substances; ‘legal highs’