title: Incorporating robot-assisted prostatectomy at a Veterans Affairs hospital: outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a unique method of extended mentorship in robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) at VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS). As novel robotic technologies diffuse into surgical practice, developing safe apprenticeships remains a challenge.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 2008 and November 2010, 90 RALPs were prospectively divided into three phases: Proctored, Independent, and Instructor. During the first 30 Proctored cases, an experienced robotic surgeon from the affiliated university-based hospital mentored a robotic novice attending surgeon with previous open retropubic and laparoscopic experience. The novice surgeon gained proficiency during the next 30 Independent cases, then introduced increasing resident participation during the last Instructor 30 cases. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, operative measures, and length of hospital stay were compared. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Sexual Health Inventory for Men and an incontinence questionnaire. We used independent t test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson chi-square tests for comparison in these patient populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All groups were similar in age, clinical T-stage, and D'Amico Risk Group. Preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) and prostates were larger (P=0.044) in the middle Instructor Phase. The early Proctored Phase had the lowest Gleason scores and the lowest body mass indexes. Despite these differences favoring the Proctored Phase, immediate operative outcomes were similar with respect to safety, oncologic, and functional parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the VASDHS cohort, RALPs were performed safely under the supervision of a newly proctored attending surgeon. Although longer follow-up could reveal subtle differences between groups, overall follow-up was similar to most existing studies. Extended mentorship by an experienced surgeon is a viable model for achieving proficiency in RALP in a setting such as a VA hospital affiliated with an academic hospital and increasing access to care for the veteran patient population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, UC San Diego Health System , San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Godebu
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Woldrich
authors.forename: Seth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Erik L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D006801:Humans; D016496:Incontinence Pads / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014549:Urinary Incontinence; D014728:Veterans