title: Brain metabolite alterations in children with primary nocturnal enuresis using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: Nocturnal enuresis is a common developmental disorder in children; primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is the dominant subtype. Previous literature has suggested that the prefrontal cortex and the pons are both involved in micturition control. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic levels of the left prefrontal cortex and the pons in children with PMNE by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Twenty-five children with PMNE and 25 healthy children took part in our experiments. Magnetic resonance examinations were performed on a Siemens 3T Trio Tim scanner. For each subject, localized 1H-MRS was acquired from the left prefrontal cortex (mainly in brodmann area 9) and the pons with a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence with repetition time 2,000 ms, echo time 30 ms and 64 averages. The LCModel software package was used to analyze the MRS raw data, and two-sample t tests were used to determine significant differences between the two groups. The results revealed a significant reduction in metabolite to total creatine ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA/tCr) in the left prefrontal cortex and the pons for children with PMNE compared to healthy children. Our study suggests that metabolism is disturbed in the prefrontal cortex and the pons in children with PMNE, which may be associated with the symptoms of enuresis.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Du
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Mengxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine