title: Increased circulating inflammatory markers may indicate that formula-fed children are at risk of atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether formula-fed children have higher serum monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and uric acid levels than breast-fed children and to evaluate the association between these inflammatory markers and breastfeeding duration.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 87 patients aged between five and 32 months. Participants were divided into breast-fed and formula-fed groups and into age groups of ≤12 months and >12 months. MCP-1 was measured by the commercial immunoenzymatic ELISA kit, and uric acid was assessed using the colorimetric method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the formula-fed group had statistically significant higher serum MCP-1 and uric acid levels than breast-fed children (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Anthropometric parameters were comparable in both groups. Serum MCP-1 and uric acid levels were negatively correlated with duration of breastfeeding (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). There was a positive relationship between serum MCP-1 and uric acid concentrations (r = 0.27, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased circulating inflammatory markers may indicate that formula-fed children are at risk of atherosclerosis. However, further studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roszkowska
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taranta-Janusz
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tenderenda-Banasiuk
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wasilewska
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001942:Breast Feeding; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Breastfeeding; Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Uric acid