title: Robotics in invasive cardiac electrophysiology.
abstract: Robotic systems allow for mapping and ablation of different arrhythmia substrates replacing hand maneuvering of intracardiac catheters with machine steering. Currently there are four commercially available robotic systems. Niobe magnetic navigation system (Stereotaxis Inc., St Louis, MO) and Sensei robotic navigation system (Hansen Medical Inc., Mountain View, CA) have an established platform with at least 10 years of clinical studies looking at their efficacy and safety. AMIGO Remote Catheter System (Catheter Robotics, Inc., Mount Olive, NJ) and Catheter Guidance Control and Imaging (Magnetecs, Inglewood, CA) are in the earlier phases of implementations with ongoing feasibility and some limited clinical studies. This review discusses the advantages and limitations related to each existing system and highlights the ideal futuristic robotic system that may include the most promising features of the current ones.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmia Services, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shurrab
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gang
authors.forename: Ejaz M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crystal
mesh_terms: D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D062526:Patient Navigation; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted
keywords: ablation; automation; cardiac electrophysiology; efficacy and safety; electromagnetic; electromechanical; magnetic; mapping