title: Combining NSE and S100B with clinical examination findings to predict survival after resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuron specific enolase (NSE) and astroglial protein S100B are associated with outcome following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. We tested whether NSE and S100B levels are associated with illness severity on hospital arrival, and whether levels are independently associated with survival to hospital discharge after adjusting for initial illness severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of NSE and S100B were obtained at arrival, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72h after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Clinical data included demographics, Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC I-IV) and survival to hospital discharge. Univariable and multivariable predictive models including NSE and S-100B were created to predict survival. ROC analyses were performed to determine sensitivity and specificity of NSE and S-100B at each time interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 77 comatose subjects, 5 did not receive therapeutic hypothermia and were excluded. Mean age was 59 (SD 16) years, with 58% male (N=42), 72% out-of-hospital arrest (N=52), and 43% VF/VT. Survival was 36% (N=26). PCAC IV was associated with higher levels of NSE at 24h (p=0.001) and S100B at 24h (p=0.005). In the multivariate analysis, survival was associated with initial S100B level (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07-0.86). NSE values>49.5ng/mL at 48h and NSE values>10.59ng/mL at 72h predicted mortality. S100B levels>0.414ng/mL at 72h predicted mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More severe neurologic injury on initial examination is associated with higher levels of NSE and S100B. Elevated levels of S100B immediately following resuscitation were associated with death. Persistently elevated levels of NSE and S100B at 48 and 72h were associated with death.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Department of Emergency Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Francis X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Guyette
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Department of Emergency Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Ankur A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Department of Emergency Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Department of Emergency Medicine, United States. Electronic address: rittjc@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rittenberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: Biomarkers; Cardiac arrest; Hypothermia; Outcome; Prognostication