title: Effectiveness of cooking to reduce norovirus and infectious F-specific RNA bacteriophage concentrations in Mytilus edulis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine if domestic cooking practices can reduce concentrations of norovirus (NoV) and F-specific RNA (FRNA) bacteriophage in experimentally contaminated mussels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mussels (n = 600) contaminated with NoV and FRNA bacteriophage underwent four different cooking experiments performed in triplicate at ~70°C and >90°C. Concentrations of infectious FRNA bacteriophage (using a plaque assay) were compared with concentrations of FRNA bacteriophage and NoV determined using a standardised RT-qPCR. Initial concentrations of infectious FRNA bacteriophage (7·05 log10  PFU g(-1) ) in mussels were not significantly reduced in simmering water (~70°C); however, cooking at higher temperatures (>90°C) reduced infectious FRNA bacteriophage to undetected levels within 3 min. Further investigation determined the time required for a 1-log reduction of infectious FRNA bacteriophage at 90°C to be 42 s therefore a >3-log reduction in infectious virus can be obtained by heating mussel digestive tissue to 90°C for 126 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Domestic cooking practices based on shell opening alone do not inactivate infectious virus in mussels, however, cooking mussels at high temperatures is effective to reduce infectious virus concentrations and the risk of illness in consumers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data will contribute towards evidence-based cooking recommendations for shellfish to provide a safe product for human consumption.
authors.affiliation: Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flannery
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajko-Nenow
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Winterbourn
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Malham
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003296:Cooking; D006801:Humans; D049880:Mytilus edulis / Q000821:virology*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012317:RNA Phages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012758:Shellfish / Q000821:virology*; D013696:Temperature
keywords: FRNA bacteriophage; RT-qPCR; cooking; mussels; norovirus; risk management