title: Retinopathy in non diabetics, diabetic retinopathy and oxidative stress: a new phenotype in Central Africa?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the rates of retinopathy without diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR), associated with some markers of oxidative stress, antioxidants and cardiometabolic risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the prevalence of DR in 150 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, that of retinopathy in 50 non diabetics, the levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, lipids, 8-isoprostane, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), gamma-glutamyl transferase GT (GGT), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), uric acid, creatinine, albumin, total antioxidant status (TAOS), zinc, selenium, magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, glucose, apolipoprotein B (ApoB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of DR at 53y and Rtp at 62y were 44% (n=66) and 10% (n=5), respectively. The highest levels of 8-isoprostane, 8-OHdG, TBARS, SOD, and OxLDL were in DR. The lowest levels of vitamin D, vitamin C, TAOS, and vitamin E were in DR. In the case-control study discriminant analysis, the levels of vitamin C, vitamin D, ApoB, 8-OHdG, creatinine, Zn, vitamin E, and WC distinguished significantly non-diabetics without DR (controls), T2DM patients without DR and T2DM patients with DR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticipation of DR onset is significantly associated with the exageration of oxidative stress biomarkers or decrease of antioxidants in African type 2 diabetics. Prevention of oxidative stress and abdominal obesity is needed. Supplementation in vitamin C, D, and E should be recommended as complement therapies of T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Walter Sisulu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Longo-Mbenza
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, DR Congo.
authors.forename: Moise
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mvitu Muaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wayiza
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Masamba
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Umtata General Hospital, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muizila Kini
authors.affiliation: School of International Studies, Wendzou Medical College, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Longo Phemba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, DR Congo.
authors.forename: Dalida
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kibokela Ndembe
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, Lomo Medical Center and Heart of Africa Center of Cardiology, Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, DR Congo.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tulomba Mona
keywords: Africa; anticipation; apolipoprotein B; diabetic retinopathy; discriminant analysis; oxidative stress