title: Disexecutive functions and depression in patients with Parkinson disease: the impact on rehabilitation outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies relating to patients with Parkinson disease that assess neuropsychologic, psychologic, and clinical aspects are very uncommon.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of executive functioning (impaired vs. not impaired) or depression (depressed vs. nondepressed) on the outcome of rehabilitation treatment in patients with Parkinson disease without dementia at the medium stage of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty consecutive inpatients affected by Parkinson disease were psychologically and neuropsychologically assessed by means of standardized tests during the first week of admission and at discharge after undergoing an intensive rehabilitation training.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the patients (mean [SD] age, 70.1 [8.0]; Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE], ≥24) showed impairment in the following executive functions: frontal functions (32.5%), selective and divided attention (55.0% and 41.9%, respectively), and word fluency (17.5%). Depressive symptoms reported using the Geriatric Depression Scale were distributed as follows: mild (n = 13), 32.5%; moderate (n = 4), 10.0%; and severe (n = 5), 12.5%. As for the outcome of the intensive rehabilitation treatment, a general improvement in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, the Berg's scale, the 6-min walking test, and the Timed Up and Go test was observed (P < 0.0001). The improvement was homogeneous for all groupings of the patients for all of the considered variables, indicating that the changes in performance as a result of treatment were unaffected by the presence of executive function deficits or moderate-to-severe depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients' executive function impairment or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms did not seem to interfere with the outcome of the intensive physical and occupational rehabilitation. Therefore, these aspects in patients without dementia should not be considered a contraindication to an intensive rehabilitation program. Furthermore, despite the presence of impaired executive functions and/or of depressive symptoms, the 4-wk multidisciplinary rehabilitation program resulted to be highly effective.
authors.affiliation: From the Psychology Unit (AP, AG, CF, SC, VT, GM), Department of Neurorehabilitation (GB, GF), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (RM), Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Montescano, Pavia, Italy; and Department of Parkinson Disease Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, and Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica FERB, "S.Isidoro" Hospital, Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, Italy (GF).
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierobon
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giardini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Callegari
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Torlaschi
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertotti
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majani
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frazzitta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011594:Psychometrics; D016896:Treatment Outcome