title: Nutrient and nontraditional food intakes by Zambian children in a controlled feeding trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many programs aim to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Biofortification is an approach to improve provitamin A carotenoid concentrations of staple crops in some developing countries. In rural Zambia, maize accounts for the majority of energy intake. Provitamin A-biofortified (orange) maize has been released in Zambia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study quantified food intake of Zambian children from records collected in a feeding trial in 2012 in order to compare adoption of orange maize and a new vegetable (green beans) with white maize and traditional foods.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-six children with a mean age of 71.5 +/- 6.9 months were fed three meals a day for 6 days a week for 15 weeks at four feeding centers. Breakfast consisted of maize porridge, and lunch and dinner were stiff porridge (nshima) with various side dishes (relishes). There were three treatment groups, which received orange maize and placebo oil, white maize and placebo oil, or white maize and a daily vitamin A supplement. Food was weighed before and after consumption. Nutritionists were trained to interview the children's caregivers about the previous day's intake using dietary recalls. Nine dietary recalls for each child were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total food intake did not differ among the groups (p = .31) and energy intakes on Sundays (< or = 880 kcal) were below recommendations. Nshima intake was lower in the orange-maize group (p = .008), largely due to a genotype effect. Intakes of relish, green bean, and porridge did not differ among the groups (p > .19). Dietary recalls revealed that children living in sites closer to the main road consumed more on Sundays than children living about 8 km from the main road, but less in the evenings when children were off site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intakes of energy of these Zambian children were low. Implementation and adoption of new and biofortified foods is possible with promotion.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmaelzle
authors.forename: Chisela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaliwile
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arscott
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.forename: Cassim
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.forename: Sherry A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tanumihardjo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015930:Diet Records; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000502:physiology; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014675:Vegetables; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control; D015024:Zambia; D003313:Zea mays