title: Talker identification across source mechanisms: experiments with laryngeal and electrolarynx speech.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine listeners' ability to learn talker identity from speech produced with an electrolarynx, explore source and filter differentiation in talker identification, and describe acoustic-phonetic changes associated with electrolarynx use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adult control listeners learned to identify talkers from speech recordings produced using talkers' normal laryngeal vocal source or an electrolarynx. Listeners' abilities to identify talkers from the trained vocal source (Experiment 1) and generalize this knowledge to the untrained source (Experiment 2) were assessed. Acoustic-phonetic measurements of spectral differences between source mechanisms were performed. Additional listeners attempted to match recordings from different source mechanisms to a single talker (Experiment 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Listeners successfully learned talker identity from electrolarynx speech but less accurately than from laryngeal speech. Listeners were unable to generalize talker identity to the untrained source mechanism. Electrolarynx use resulted in vowels with higher F1 frequencies compared with laryngeal speech. Listeners matched recordings from different sources to a single talker better than chance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electrolarynx speech, although lacking individual differences in voice quality, nevertheless conveys sufficient indexical information related to the vocal filter and articulation for listeners to identify individual talkers. Psychologically, perception of talker identity arises from a "gestalt" of the vocal source and filter.
authors.forename: Tyler K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Perrachione
authors.forename: Cara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: Patrick C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013071:Speech, Alaryngeal; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult