title: Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)-related thrombosis in critically ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) are being increasingly used in critical care setting. However, PICCs are associated with a number of complications, particularly upper extremity venous thrombosis (UEVT), leading to post-thrombotic syndrome, pulmonary embolism and increased risk of catheter-related infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature surrounding PICCs and highlight the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of PICC-related thrombosis in critically ill patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an electronic literature search of the databases PubMed, EMBASE and Google scholar using set search terms, from their commencement date to the end of January 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been shown that PICCs may double the risk of deep venous thrombosis compared with centrally inserted venous catheters, in critically ill patients. However, the incidence of PICC-related thrombosis in critically ill patients has not been quantified. Ultrasonography is the preferred diagnostic imaging modality. There are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the best treatment of PICC-related thrombosis in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and in most cohort studies, anticoagulation strategies with or without PICC removal have been used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decision to insert a PICC should be taken after careful risk stratification. There is lack of high-quality evidence assessing prevention strategies and management of PICC-related thrombosis in the ICU. Well-designed RCTs are required to estimate the prevalence of UEVT in ICU patients with PICCs and evaluate the efficacy and magnitude of clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Area, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Everard Cambridge - UK.
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zochios
authors.forename: Imraan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Umar
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061807:Catheter Obstruction / Q000209:etiology*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D062905:Central Venous Catheters; D016638:Critical Illness; D020878:Device Removal; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D056824:Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants