title: Advanced bone age in a girl with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome and an exonic deletion in KMT2A (MLL).
abstract: Recognition of the gene implicated in a Mendelian disorder subsequently leads to an expansion of potential phenotypes associated with mutations in that gene as patients with features beyond the core phenotype are identified by sequencing. Here, we present a young girl with developmental delay, short stature despite a markedly advanced bone age, hypertrichosis without elbow hair, renal anomalies, and dysmorphic facial features, found to have a heterozygous, de novo, intragenic deletion encompassing exons 2-10 of the KMT2A (MLL) gene detected by whole exome sequencing. Heterozygous mutations in this gene were recently demonstrated to cause Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (OMIM 605130). Importantly, retrospective analysis of this patient's chromosomal microarray revealed decreased copy number of two probes corresponding to exons 2 and 9 of the KMT2A gene, though this result was not reported by the testing laboratory in keeping with standard protocols for reportable size cutoffs for array comparative genomic hybridization. This patient expands the clinical phenotype associated with mutations in KMT2A to include variable patterns of hypertrichosis and a significantly advanced bone age with premature eruption of the secondary dentition despite her growth retardation. This patient also represents the first report of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome due to an exonic deletion, supporting haploinsufficiency as a causative mechanism. Our patient also illustrates the need for sensitive guidelines for the reporting of chromosomal microarray findings that are below traditional reporting size cutoffs, but that impact exons or other genomic regions of known function.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Bryce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mendelsohn
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pronold
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Nizar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smaoui
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Slavotinek
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D005091:Exons; D019066:Facies; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein
keywords: KMT2A; MLL; Wiedemann-Steiner; array comparative genomic hybridization; bone age; congenital hip dysplasia; developmental delay; hypertrichosis; short stature; vesicoureteral reflux