title: 6-Shogaol, an active constituent of ginger, attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits in animal models of dementia.
abstract: Recently, increased attention has been directed towards medicinal extracts as potential new drug candidates for dementia. Ginger has long been used as an important ingredient in cooking and traditional herbal medicine. In particular, ginger has been known to have disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is no evidence of which constituents of ginger exhibit therapeutic effects against AD. A growing number of experimental studies suggest that 6-shogaol, a bioactive component of ginger, may play an important role as a memory-enhancing and anti-oxidant agent against neurological diseases. 6-Shogaol has also recently been shown to have anti-neuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated astrocytes and animal models of Parkinson's disease, LPS-induced inflammation and transient global ischemia. However, it is still unknown whether 6-shogaol has anti-inflammatory effects against oligomeric forms of the Aβ (AβO) in animal brains. Furthermore, the effects of 6-shogaol against memory impairment in dementia models are also yet to be investigated. In this study, we found that administration of 6-shogaol significantly reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in intrahippocampal AβO-injected mice, ameliorated AβO and scopolamine-induced memory impairment, and elevated NGF levels and pre- and post-synaptic marker in the hippocampus. All these results suggest that 6-shogaol may play a role in inhibiting glial cell activation and reducing memory impairment in animal models of dementia.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Geun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Gyu
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
authors.forename: Paula K J
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Concordia International School, Shanghai 999, Mingyue Road, Jinqiao, Pudong, Shanghai 201206, China.
authors.forename: Sang Keun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Yeou
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yongkon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youngbuhm
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: msohok@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Myung Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002396:Catechols / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C040115:shogaol
keywords: 6-Shogaol; Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid-beta oligomer; Cognitive dysfunction; Dementia; Neuroinflammation