title: Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas: a single-center analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoscopic minimally invasive surgery to evacuate ICH has been reported to be more effective than conservative treatment or standard surgical craniotomy. However, most of these reports are based on Asian populations, while European reports do not exist. Here, we, therefore, report our experience from a European neurosurgical stroke center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The variables assessed were patient characteristics, technical aspects of surgery, surgical complications, the outcomes grade of hematoma evacuation, 30-day mortality, and functional outcome (defined by modified Rankin Scale, mRS). The mRS was dichotomized into favorable (0-3) and unfavorable outcome (4-6). Mortality was compared to external evidence on conservatively and surgically treated patients by Poisson regression analysis with adjustment for ICH score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four patients with ICH were analyzed. The mean age was 62 (standard deviation [SD] 12) years, mean hematoma volume (SD) was 84 (35) ml, and mean time from onset to surgery (SD) was 17 (10) h. Operative times did not exceed 1.5 h. A significant mean hematoma reduction (SD) from 84 (35) ml to 21 (30) ml (p < 0.0001) could be achieved, resulting in a median evacuation rate of 87 %. Early complications related to surgery did not occur. A favorable outcome was observed in 44 % of the patients. Overall, 30-day mortality was 18 %. The relative risk of mortality compared to conventional treatment from other studies was 32 % (95 % confidence interval 23-43 %, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This European surgical stroke center series of an endoscopic operative technique demonstrates safety and efficacy with regard to reduction of hematoma size in patients with large and space-occupying spontaneous ICH. The study suggests that low mortality and acceptable outcomes may be achievable by minimally invasive hematoma surgery. Whether this technique reduces long-term morbidity compared to standard treatment needs to be further investigated in larger prospective randomized controlled trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany, berk.orakcioglu@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Berk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Orakcioglu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beynon
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bösel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: Andreas W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Unterberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome