title: Development of paediatric biochemistry centile charts as a complement to laboratory reference intervals.
abstract: Age-specific paediatric reference intervals are used in interpretation of laboratory results. However, interpretation may be problematic when a child just crosses an age bracket and the difference between the original and the subsequent age-specific reference interval is large. Moreover, details about the physiological changes with age may be masked. For the 12 months ending 30 September 2013, results of 16 common clinical biochemistry tests of ambulatory paediatric patients aged 0-19, requested by primary care physicians, were retrospectively collected in a large pathology service, and used to construct smoothed centile charts using a penalised maximum likelihood method. From the developed centile charts, the concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, creatinine, urate, total protein, and albumin all increased with increasing age of the children. In contrast, the concentrations of potassium, chloride, anion gap, calcium, phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase decreased with increasing age of the children. Changes in the concentrations of urea, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, and total cholesterol varied by age. Generally, the boys and girls shared similar trend patterns until 10-15 years of age, when variations in the age of onset of puberty and development caused the trends of some biochemical measures to differ. The paediatric biochemistry centile charts are intuitive tools to use. They complement age-specific reference intervals in the tracking, interpretation and discussion of laboratory results. They also enhance the understanding of underlying physiological changes in biochemistry in children.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 2Public Health Research Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide 3Disciplines of Paediatrics and Public Health, University of Adelaide 4Division of Laboratory Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Tze Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baghurst
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult