title: DNA barcoding detected improper labelling and supersession of crab food served by restaurants in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detection of improper labelling of raw and processed seafood is of global importance for reducing commercial fraud and enhancing food safety. Crabs are crustaceans with intricate morphological as well as genetic divergence among species and are popular as seafood in restaurants. Owing to the high number of crab species available, it can be difficult to identify those included in particular food dishes, thus increasing the chance of supersession. DNA barcoding is an advanced technology for detecting improper food labelling and has been used successfully to authenticate seafood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study identified 11 edible crab species from India by classical taxonomy and developed molecular barcodes with the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. These barcodes were used as reference barcodes for detecting any improper labelling of 50 restaurant crab samples. Neighbour-joining tree analysis with COI barcodes showed distinct clusters of restaurant samples with respective reference species. The study demonstrated 100% improper labelling of restaurant samples to cover up acts of inferior crab supersession.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA barcoding successfully identified 11 edible crabs in accordance with classical taxonomy and discerned improper crab food labelling in restaurants of India.
authors.affiliation: Khar Land Research Station (Dr. B.S. Konkan Agricultural University), Panvel 410206, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Vivek Rohidas
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vartak
authors.forename: Rajendran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Narasimmalu
authors.forename: Pavan Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Annam
authors.forename: Dhirendra P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Wazir S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lakra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000235:genetics*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis*; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics*; D005515:Food Labeling; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D010802:Phylogeny; D012147:Restaurants; D012758:Shellfish; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: COI; DNA barcoding; crabs; food safety; mislabelling