title: Prevention and treatment of injection-related endophthalmitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intravitreal injections are the fastest growing cause of endophthalmitis and can result in severe vision loss. The prevention, diagnosis and management of such infections remain unclear and at times controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Pubmed for keywords "prophylaxis," "endophthalmitis," "intravitreal injection." We focused on studies published in the last 2 years as well as other recent studies with particular attention to data on the incidence, microbiology, prevention, and treatment of injection-related endophthalmitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 20 relevant studies were found. With povidone-iodine preparation, the per-injection endophthalmitis rate is low at about 0.03%. Antibiotics do not appear to be beneficial for prevention of post-injection endophthalmitis. The best timing of vitrectomy is unclear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic prophylaxis is probably not needed when giving intravitreal injections. More data is needed to help determine the proper treatment for post-injection endophthalmitis.
authors.affiliation: Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA.
authors.forename: Charles Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ta
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015817:Eye Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents