title: Preparation using pectinase and characterization of nanofibers from orange peel waste in juice factories.
abstract: This study reports the preparation and characterization of nanofibers consisting mainly of cellulose microfibrils from orange peel (OP), which is a significant byproduct of orange juice production. Three treatments (boiling, alkaline, and pectinase) were investigated with and without subsequent grinding treatment. It was possible to prepare the cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) using these methods, except for the boiling treatment with grinding. Interestingly, only pectinase and a mild-physical blender treatment without grinding produced nanofibers. The width of the nanofibers from OP was approximately 10 to 50 nm. The microfibril bundles of OP were considered to be thinner than those of commercial CNFs. Our data indicated that the removal of pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses covering the cellulose microfibrils was important for the preparation of nanofibers from OP. These nanofibers from OP using pectinase are proposed to be applicable as food materials, pharmaceuticals, and filters for the tractive characteristics of the sheet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates: (1) it was possible to prepare the nanofibers from orange peel using pectinase and (2) the width of the nanofibers from orange peel was approximately 10 to 50 nm. (3) Removal of polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicelluloses covering cellulose microfibrils was very important for preparation of nanofibers from OP. Considering the tractive characteristics of the sheets from nanofibers and the origin of orange peel, they are suitable for application of food materials, pharmaceuticals, and filters.
authors.affiliation: Paper Industry Innovation Center, Ehime Univ, 127 Mendori-cho, Shikokuchuo, Ehime, 799-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hideno
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D032084:Citrus sinensis; D005638:Fruit; D020894:Microfibrils; D057139:Nanofibers; D010368:Pectins; D011096:Polygalacturonase; D011134:Polysaccharides
chemical_list: D011134:Polysaccharides; C007916:hemicellulose; D010368:Pectins; D002482:Cellulose; D011096:Polygalacturonase
keywords: cellulose nanofibers; orange peel; pectic polysaccharides; pectinase