title: Pregnancy complications in the mothers who delivered boys with isolated hypospadias - a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evaluation of pregnancy complications of mothers who delivered boys with isolated hypospadias (IHS) to estimate their roles in the higher rate of low birthweight and preterm birth in cases with IHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of prospectively and medically recorded pregnancy complications in the prenatal maternity logbook was compared in the mothers of 3038 cases with IHS and their 4981 matched controls, in addition, 24 814 population male controls without any defects in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The well-known higher rate of preterm birth and mainly of low birthweight was confirmed in cases with IHS. The incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR with 95% CI: 1.92, 1.62-2.27) and gestational diabetes (1.94, 1.34-2.81) was higher, while severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (0.77, 0.66-0.88) showed a lower incidence in the mothers of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher rate of preeclampsia/eclampsia may have a role in the intrauterine growth restriction of fetuses affected with IHS while the lower rate of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy may associate with the higher risk of preterm birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Uro-Oncology, National Institute of Oncology , Budapest , Hungary .
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mavrogenis
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Czeizel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gestational diabetes; hypospadias; low birthweight; population-based case–control study; preeclampsia