title: Developmental toxicity of thyroid-active compounds in a zebrafish embryotoxicity test.
abstract: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to concentration ranges of selected thyroid-active model compounds in order to assess the applicability of zebrafish-based developmental scoring systems withinan alternative testing strategy to detect the developmental toxicity ofthyroid-active compounds. Model compounds tested included triiodothyronine (T3), propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and amiodarone hydrochloride (AMI), selected to represent different modes of action affecting thyroid activity. Tested time windows included 48-120 hours post fertilization (hpf), 0-72 hpf and 0-120 hpf. All tested compounds resulted in developmental changes, with T3 being the most potent. The developmental parameters affected included reflective iridophores, beat and glide swimming, inflated swim bladders, as well as resorbed yolk sacs. These effects are only evident by 120 hpf and therefore an existing General Morphology Score (GMS) system was extended to create a General Developmental Score(GDS) that extends beyond the 72 hpfscoring limit of GMS and includes additional parameters that are affected by exposure to model thyroid-active compounds. Moreover, the GDS is cumulative as it includes not only the scoring of developmental morphologies but also integrates developmental dysmorphologies. Exposures from 48-120 hpf did not provide additional information to exposures from 0-120 hpf. The results indicate that the zebrafish GDS can detect the developmental toxicity of thyroid toxicants and may be of use in an integrated testing strategy to reduce, refine and in certain cases replace animal testing.
authors.affiliation: Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barae
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jomaa
authors.forename: Sanne A B
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hermsen
authors.forename: Maurijn Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Johannes H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Ad A C M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Peijnenburg
authors.forename: Jac M M J G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aarts
authors.forename: Aldert H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Piersma
authors.forename: Ivonne M C M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rietjens
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000633:toxicity; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008713:Methimazole / Q000633:toxicity; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000633:toxicity; D011441:Propylthiouracil / Q000633:toxicity; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000187:drug effects*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D010472:Perchlorates; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D008713:Methimazole; D011441:Propylthiouracil; C031068:sodium perchlorate; D000638:Amiodarone