title: Comorbid epilepsy and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: how well do patients and caregivers distinguish between the two.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether patients with comorbid epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (PNES) and their caregivers can distinguish between these two events at least one year after initial diagnosis, and to investigate factors associated with correct identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult patients with at least a one year diagnosis of both epilepsy and PNES, confirmed through video-electroencephalography (VEEG), were selected. Patients and a caregiver of their choice were interviewed and shown videos containing the patients' epileptic and PNES events. Variables associated with correct identification of events by patients and their caregivers were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients participated in the study. Mean time between VEEG diagnosis and enrollment in the study was 26.8 months (±12.4). Six of patients correctly distinguished between the events shown. Factors associated with correct identification were the absence of intellectual disability, unremitted PNES, and a degree of preserved awareness during the PNES event. Twelve caregivers correctly distinguished between the events shown. Factors associated with correct identification among caregivers were the presentation of only one epileptic seizure type in the patient, and the participation of the caregiver during VEEG monitoring and communication of PNES diagnosis to the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant proportion of patients with epilepsy and PNES and their caregivers seem to be unable to discriminate between these events a year after diagnosis. These findings have implications for both clinical follow-up and research involving this population. Future research should further investigate methods that would allow patients and their caregivers to better distinguish between these two events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: dr.pedrogordon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro da Costa Lane
authors.initials: Lda C
authors.lastname: Valiengo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Inah C G F
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Proença
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurcgant
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carmen Lisa
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Marchetti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Caretaker; Clinical follow-up; Epilepsy; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizure; Self-assessment; Video-EEG