title: Motor adaptation to prosthetic cycling in people with trans-tibial amputation.
abstract: The neuromusculoskeletal system interacts with the external environment via end-segments, e.g. feet. A person with trans-tibial amputation (TTAmp) has lost a foot and ankle; hence the residuum with prosthesis becomes the new end-segment. We investigated changes in kinetics and muscle activity in TTAmps during cycling with this altered interface with the environment. Nine unilateral TTAmps and nine subjects without amputation (NoAmp) pedaled at a constant torque of 15 Nm and a constant cadence of 90 rpm (~150 watts). Pedal forces and limb kinematics were used to calculate resultant joint moments. Electromyographic activity was recorded to determine its magnitude and timing. Biomechanical and EMG variables of the amputated limb were compared to those of the TTAmp sound limb and to the dominant limb in the NoAmp group using a one-way ANOVA. Results showed maximum angular displacement between the residuum and prosthesis was 4.8±1.8 deg. The amputated limb compared to sound limb and NoAmp group produced lower extensor moments averaged over the cycle about the ankle (13±2.3, 20±5.7, and 19±5.3 Nm, respectfully) and knee (8.4±5.0, 15±4.5, and 12.7±5.9 Nm, respectfully) (p<0.05). Gastrocnemius and rectus femoris peak activity in the TTAmps shifted to later in the crank cycle (by 36° and 75°, respectfully; p<0.05). These data suggest gastrocnemius was utilized as a one-joint knee flexor in combination with rectus femoris for prosthetic socket control and highlight prosthetic control as an interaction between the residuum, prosthesis and external environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics; Montgomery, College of Health Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA. Electronic address: lchilders@alasu.edu.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee Childers
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physiology, Center for Human Movement Studies, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Boris I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Prilutsky
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Physiology, Center for Human Movement Studies, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gregor
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001642:Bicycling; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque
keywords: Below knee amputation; Bicycling; Motor control; Prosthetics; Sport biomechanics