title: A reflection on plasticity research in writing dystonia.
abstract: Much attention has focused on the hypothesis that there is enhanced plasticity of sensorimotor circuits in patients with dystonia. A common experimental method to assess plasticity in dystonia research is paired associative stimulation (PAS). Excessive, nonfocal effects of PAS were observed in early studies of dystonia; however, these large effects have not been uniformly replicated. In this viewpoint, data from 15 patients with writing dystonia are presented. We suggest that, as in healthy individuals, the effects of PAS are highly variable. A review of previous studies examining PAS in writing dystonia highlights the range of results that have been observed. We conclude that current experimental evidence cannot be fully explained by the notion that PAS responses in writing dystonia are consistently excessive or nonspecific. The variability of PAS responses is such that enhanced plasticity should not be considered a dystonic fingerprint, because the direction of response can vary, and there is overlap between patient and healthy data. We also discuss evidence questioning the assumption that PAS responses are a clear correlate to levels of synaptic plasticity; we need to define more specifically what PAS responses signify in the dystonic brain. Our conclusions are limited to PAS in writing dystonia; however, much variation exists with other plasticity protocols. Large multicenter studies of both focal and generalized forms of dystonia, probing variability of individual neurophysiological profiles, are encouraged. This will reveal the true role of plasticity in the pathophysiology of dystonia and may expose subject-specific therapeutic interventions that are currently concealed.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadnicka
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Kailash P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014956:Writing
keywords: dystonia; paired associative stimulation; plasticity; writers' cramp; writing dystonia