title: Impact of ART on TB case fatality stratified by CD4 count for HIV-positive TB patients in Cape Town, South Africa (2009-2011).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify determinants of tuberculosis (TB) case fatality including the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at different CD4 thresholds for HIV-positive adult and adolescent TB patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a retrospective analysis of the electronic TB database, we identified the HIV status of newly registered patients aged ≥15 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the risk factors for TB case fatality in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2009, 2010, and 2011, 25,841, 26,104, and 25,554 newly registered adult TB patients were treated in primary health care clinics in Cape Town, of whom 49.7%, 50.4%, and 50.9% were HIV positive. ART uptake increased over 3 years from 43% to 64.9%, and case fatality of the HIV-positive patients decreased from 7.0% to 5.8% (P < 0.001). Female gender, increasing age, retreatment TB, low CD4 counts, and extrapulmonary TB were associated with increased case fatality, whereas patients on ART had a substantial decrease in case fatality. The difference in case fatality between patients on ART and not on ART was most pronounced at low CD4 counts with the positive influence of ART noted up to a CD4 count threshold of 350 cells per cubic millimeter (P < 0.001). Despite improvements in ART uptake, in 2011, 21% of the patients with CD4 counts <350 cells per cubic millimeter did not start ART during TB treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a relatively poor uptake of ART among severely immune-compromised TB patients. Patients with CD4 counts <350 cells per cubic millimeter were shown to clearly benefit from ART during TB treatment, and ART initiation should be prioritized for this category of patients.
authors.affiliation: *The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; †City Health Directorate, City of Cape Town, South Africa; and ‡Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Middelkoop
authors.forename: Linda-Gail
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000401:mortality*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000995:Antitubercular Agents