title: Assessing the relationship between vector indices and dengue transmission: a systematic review of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite doubts about methods used and the association between vector density and dengue transmission, routine sampling of mosquito vector populations is common in dengue-endemic countries worldwide. This study examined the evidence from published studies for the existence of any quantitative relationship between vector indices and dengue cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 1205 papers identified in database searches following Cochrane and PRISMA Group guidelines, 18 were included for review. Eligibility criteria included 3-month study duration and dengue case confirmation by WHO case definition and/or serology. A range of designs were seen, particularly in spatial sampling and analyses, and all but 3 were classed as weak study designs. Eleven of eighteen studies generated Stegomyia indices from combined larval and pupal data. Adult vector data were reported in only three studies. Of thirteen studies that investigated associations between vector indices and dengue cases, 4 reported positive correlations, 4 found no correlation and 5 reported ambiguous or inconclusive associations. Six out of 7 studies that measured Breteau Indices reported dengue transmission at levels below the currently accepted threshold of 5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was little evidence of quantifiable associations between vector indices and dengue transmission that could reliably be used for outbreak prediction. This review highlighted the need for standardized sampling protocols that adequately consider dengue spatial heterogeneity. Recommendations for more appropriately designed studies include: standardized study design to elucidate the relationship between vector abundance and dengue transmission; adult mosquito sampling should be routine; single values of Breteau or other indices are not reliable universal dengue transmission thresholds; better knowledge of vector ecology is required.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leigh R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases of the World Health Organization (WHO/TDR), Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Runge-Ranzinger
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McCall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D012107:Research Design