title: Rapid estimation of the oxidative activities of individual phenolics in crude plant extracts.
abstract: Previous studies of purified phenolic compounds have revealed that some phenolics, especially ellagitannins, can autoxidise under alkaline conditions, which predominate in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae. To facilitate screening for the pro-oxidant activities of all types of phenolic compounds from crude plant extracts, we developed a method that combined our recent spectrophotometric bioactivity method with an additional chromatographic step via UPLC-DAD-MS. This method allowed us to estimate the total pro-oxidant capacities of crude extracts from 12 plant species and to identify the individual phenolic compounds that were responsible for the detected activities. It was found that the pro-oxidant capacities of the plant species (i.e., the concentrations of the easily-oxidised phenolics) varied from 0 to 57 mg/g dry wt, representing from 0% to 46% of the total phenolics from different species. UPLC-DAD-MS analysis revealed that most flavonol and flavone glycosides were only slightly affected by alkaline conditions, thus indicating their low pro-oxidant activity. Interestingly, myricetin-type compounds differed from the other flavonoids, as their concentrations decreased strongly due to alkaline incubation. The same effect was detected for hydrolysable tannins and prodelphinidins, suggesting that a pyrogallol sub-structure could be a key structural component that partially explains their easy oxidation at high pH. Other types of phenolic compounds, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, were relatively active, as well. These findings demonstrate that this method displays the potential to identify most of the active and inactive pro-oxidant phenolic compounds in various plant species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland. Electronic address: matti.vihakas@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vihakas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland.
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pälijärvi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland.
authors.forename: Maarit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roininen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha-Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Salminen
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D044948:Flavonols / Q000032:analysis; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C040015:myricetin
keywords: Autoxidation; Flavonoid glycosides; Folivory; Hydrolysable tannins; Lepidopteran larvae; Midgut; Myricetin; Oxidative stress; Pro-oxidative defence