title: Simulation of uphill/downhill running on a level treadmill using additional horizontal force.
abstract: Tilting treadmills allow a convenient study of biomechanics during uphill/downhill running, but they are not commonly available and there is even fewer tilting force-measuring treadmill. The aim of the present study was to compare uphill/downhill running on a treadmill (inclination of ± 8%) with running on a level treadmill using additional backward or forward pulling forces to simulate the effect of gravity. This comparison specifically focused on the energy cost of running, stride frequency (SF), electromyographic activity (EMG), leg and foot angles at foot strike, and ground impact shock. The main results are that SF, impact shock, and leg and foot angle parameters determined were very similar and significantly correlated between the two methods, the intercept and slope of the linear regression not differing significantly from zero and unity, respectively. The correlation of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) data between both methods was not significant during uphill running (r=0.42; P>0.05). V̇O2 data were correlated during downhill running (r=0.74; P<0.01) but there was a significant difference between the methods (bias=-2.51 ± 1.94 ml min(-1) kg(-1)). Linear regressions for EMG of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus and tibialis anterior were not different from the identity line but the systematic bias was elevated for this parameter. In conclusion, this method seems appropriate for the study of SF, leg and foot angle, impact shock parameters but is less applicable for physiological variables (EMG and energy cost) during uphill/downhill running when using a tilting force-measuring treadmill is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France. Electronic address: philippe.gimenez@univ-st-etienne.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Pierrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arnal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice (EA4338), Université de Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget-du-Lac, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samozino
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Guillaume Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Benoit
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Impact shock; Kinematics; Kinetics; Methods; Running; Uphill/downhill