title: Reference Intervals of Serum Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine in Chinese Han Population and Comparison of Two ISE Methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently there are no reference intervals (RIs) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) on Chinese population. Two kinds of ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods were commonly used to determine K, Na, and Cl levels in China, the difference between these two methods needs to be evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 4,524 healthy participants (1,916 males and 2,608 females) between 20-79 years old from six cities in China were selected by strict criteria. Serum K, Na, and CL were tested on Roche Modular analyzers in six assigned laboratories. According to EP-9A2, using Roche Modular analyzer (indirect ISE) as comparative method, Olympus AU 5400 analyzer (indirect ISE) and Johnson&Johnson Fusion 5.1 analyzer (direct ISE) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Chinese population, the RIs for K, Na, and CL are 3.6-5.2, 136-146, and 99-110 mmol/l, respectively. Compared to the Roche indirect ISE method, Johnson direct ISE method showed a positive bias; and Olympus indirect ISE method just showed a very slight bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RIs of K, Na, and Cl of Han Chinese healthy adult population were found to be smaller than those provided by the manufacturer. By a criteria of biological variations for CV, the differences of Na and K between Roche analyzer and Johnson analyzer were not acceptable for clinical application, while the differences of Na, K, and Cl between Roche and Olympus analyzers were acceptable for clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Keke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuanbao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Science, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xianzhang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Lanlan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoke
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Runqing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Baishen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wenxiang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Science, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Guixing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Yueyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000097:blood*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017736:Ion-Selective Electrodes / Q000145:classification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Chinese population; chlorine; method comparison; potassium; reference intervals; sodium