title: Extracellular adenosine triphosphate affects systemic and kidney immune cell populations in pregnant rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Changes in the systemic immune response are found in preeclampsia. This may be related to high extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The question arose whether ATP could affect immune responses in pregnancy. Previously, we investigated whether ATP affected monocyte activation and subpopulations. Here, we investigated ATP-induced changes in other immune cell populations in pregnant rats, systemically and in the kidney, an affected organ in preeclampsia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry, blood and kidney leukocytes were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant rats at different intervals after ATP or saline infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) infusion induced increased peripheral blood non-classical monocytes and decreased T lymphocyte subsets in pregnant rats only, higher glomerular macrophage and T lymphocyte numbers in non-pregnant animals 1 day after infusion, and higher glomerular macrophage numbers in pregnant rats 6 days after infusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) infusion in pregnant rats induced a pregnancy-specific inflammatory response. Increased ATP levels could potentially contribute to development of the inflammatory response of preeclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spaans
authors.forename: Barbro N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Melgert
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borghuis
authors.forename: Pieter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Klok
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Winston W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Goor
authors.forename: Marijke M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Faas
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000276:immunology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: Extracellular ATP; kidney; leukocytes; preeclampsia; rat model