title: Influence of light intensity on surface free energy and dentin bond strength of core build-up resins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the influence of light intensity on surface free energy characteristics and dentin bond strength of dual-cure direct core build-up resin systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two commercially available dual-cure direct core build-up resin systems, Clearfil DC Core Automix with Clearfil Bond SE One and UniFil Core EM with Self-Etching Bond, were studied. Bovine mandibular incisors were mounted in acrylic resin and the facial dentin surfaces were wet ground on 600-grit silicon carbide paper. Adhesives were applied to dentin surfaces and cured with light intensities of 0 (no irradiation), 200, 400, and 600 mW/cm(2). The surface free energy of the adhesives (five samples per group) was determined by measuring the contact angles of three test liquids placed on the cured adhesives. To determine the strength of the dentin bond, the core build-up resin pastes were condensed into the mold on the adhesive-treated dentin surfaces according to the methods described for the surface free energy measurement. The resin pastes were cured with the same light intensities as those used for the adhesives. Ten specimens per group were stored in water maintained at 37°C for 24 hours, after which they were shear tested at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/minute in a universal testing machine. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey-Kramer test were performed, with the significance level set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surface free energies of the adhesive-treated dentin surfaces decreased with an increase in the light intensity of the curing unit. Two-way ANOVA revealed that the type of core build-up system and the light intensity significantly influence the bond strength, although there was no significant interaction between the two factors. The highest bond strengths were achieved when the resin pastes were cured with the strongest light intensity for all the core build-up systems. When polymerized with a light intensity of 200 mW/cm(2) or less, significantly lower bond strengths were observed. CONClUSIONS: The data suggest that the dentin bond strength of core build-up systems are still affected by the light intensity of the curing unit, which is based on the surface free energy of the adhesives. On the basis of the results and limitations of the test conditions used in this study, it appears that a light intensity of >400 mW/cm(2) may be required for achieving the optimal dentin bond strength.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuichi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsubota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Platt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008027:Light; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C029849:Clearfil Bonding Agent; C469237:Clearfil Core; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements; D012117:Resins, Synthetic