title: Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections: estimating all-cause mortality and length of stay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile is a health care-associated infection of increasing importance. The purpose of this study was to estimate the time until death from any cause and time until release among patients with C. difficile, comparing the burden of those in the intensive care unit (ICU) with those in the general hospital population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A parametric mixture model was used to estimate event times, as well as the case-fatality ratio in ICU and non-ICU patients within a cohort of 609 adult incident cases of C. difficile in the Southeastern United States between 1 July 2009 and 31 December 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICU patients had twice the median time to death (relative time = 1.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-4.01]) and nearly twice the median time to release (1.88 [1.40-2.51]) compared with non-ICU patients. ICU patients also experienced 3.4 times the odds of mortality (95% CI = 1.8-6.2). Cause-specific competing risks analysis underestimated the relative survival time until death (0.65 [0.36-1.17]) compared with the mixture model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with C. difficile in the ICU experienced higher mortality and longer lengths of stay within the hospital. ICU patients with C. difficile infection represent a population in need of particular attention, both to prevent adverse patient outcomes and to minimize transmission of C. difficile to other hospitalized patients.
authors.affiliation: From the aDepartment of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC; bDepartment of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and cDuke Infection Control Outreach Network, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lofgren
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Deverick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Rebekah W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Moehring
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis