title: The effect of acidification of liquid whey protein concentrate on the flavor of spray-dried powder.
abstract: Off-flavors in whey protein negatively influence consumer acceptance of whey protein ingredient applications. Clear acidic beverages are a common application of whey protein, and recent studies have demonstrated that beverage processing steps, including acidification, enhance off-flavor production from whey protein. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preacidification of liquid ultrafiltered whey protein concentrate (WPC) before spray drying on flavor of dried WPC. Two experiments were performed to achieve the objective. In both experiments, Cheddar cheese whey was manufactured, fat-separated, pasteurized, bleached (250 mg/kg of hydrogen peroxide), and ultrafiltered (UF) to obtain liquid WPC that was 13% solids (wt/wt) and 80% protein on a solids basis. In experiment 1, the liquid retentate was then acidified using a blend of phosphoric and citric acids to the following pH values: no acidification (control; pH 6.5), pH 5.5, or pH 3.5. The UF permeate was used to normalize the protein concentration of each treatment. The retentates were then spray dried. In experiment 2, 150 μg/kg of deuterated hexanal (D₁₂-hexanal) was added to each treatment, followed by acidification and spray drying. Both experiments were replicated 3 times. Flavor properties of the spray-dried WPC were evaluated by sensory and instrumental analyses in experiment 1 and by instrumental analysis in experiment 2. Preacidification to pH 3.5 resulted in decreased cardboard flavor and aroma intensities and an increase in soapy flavor, with decreased concentrations of hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, decanal, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide compared with spray drying at pH 6.5 or 5.5. Adjustment to pH 5.5 before spray drying increased cabbage flavor and increased concentrations of nonanal at evaluation pH values of 3.5 and 5.5 and dimethyl trisulfide at all evaluation pH values. In general, the flavor effects of preacidification were consistent regardless of the pH to which the solutions were adjusted after spray drying. Preacidification to pH 3.5 increased recovery of D₁₂-hexanal in liquid WPC and decreased recovery of D₁₂-hexanal in the resulting powder when evaluated at pH 6.5 or 5.5. These results demonstrate that acidification of liquid WPC80 to pH 3.5 before spray drying decreases off-flavors in spray-dried WPC and suggest that the mechanism for off-flavor reduction is the decreased protein interactions with volatile compounds at low pH in liquid WPC or the increased interactions between protein and volatile compounds in the resulting powder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
authors.forename: Curtis W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Glanbia Nutritionals, Twin Falls, ID 83301.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695. Electronic address: mdrake@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: MaryAnne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008875:Middle Aged; D011208:Powders; D011897:Random Allocation; D013649:Taste; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents; D011208:Powders; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: off-flavor; preacidification; spray-dried whey powder; whey protein concentrate