title: Hallmarks of triple negative breast cancer emerging at last?
abstract: Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) are clinically heterogeneous but mostly aggressive malignancies devoid of expression of the estrogen, progesterone and HER2 (ERBB2 or NEU) receptors. Recent evidence shows that basal endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is typically activated in TNBC and cooperates with hypoxia signaling to promote tumor progression and relapse; ERS and hypoxia response may therefore be among the long-searched hallmarks of TNBC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianni
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C422085:BHLHE41 protein, human; C497442:HIF1A protein, human