title: Development and psychometric evaluation of the psychological cigarette dependence scale for male smokers in taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of psychological factors on cigarette dependence often surpasses the direct effects of the nicotine itself. Researcher opinions on the nature and extent of psychological contributors to cigarette dependence vary widely.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study develops and psychometrically tests the Psychological Cigarette Dependence Scale (PCDS) for male smokers in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PCDS was developed using domain identification, individual interviews for item generation, expert reviews, and testing for construct validity and instrument stability. After initial item analysis, the PCDS was tested for concurrent and construct validity and reliability on 256 adult male smokers recruited from community centers, trade and business organizations, private companies, and factories in southern Taiwan. Participants were limited to adult men because female smokers are a small (4.1%) proportion of the female population in Taiwan and thus are difficult to recruit in statistically significant numbers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis showed that lifelong binding and health concerns are the two predominating factors addressed by the 37-item PCDS. The PCDS correlated positively with the Fagerstrom questionnaire (r = .54, p < .01). Cronbach's alpha was .94, and test-retest reliability (intraclass coefficient) was .77 (N = 28).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary evidence suggests that this scale is a valid measure of psychological cigarette dependence. Assessment results may help nursing professionals focus on smoking cessation interventions that are tailored to the patterns and severity of patients' psychological cigarette dependence.
authors.affiliation: 1PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University 2PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University 3PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University.
authors.forename: Chih-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chung-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Hsiu-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult