title: Integrated package approach in delivering interventions during immunisation campaigns in a complex environment in Papua New Guinea: a case study.
abstract: Papua New Guinea's difficult and varied topography, poor transport infrastructure, changing dynamics of population and economy in recent times and understaffed and poorly financed health service present major challenges for successful delivery of vaccination and other preventative health interventions to both the rural majority and urban populations, thereby posing risks for vaccine preventable disease outbreaks in the country. The country has struggled to meet the vaccination coverage targets required for the eradication of poliomyelitis and elimination of measles. Escalation of inter and intra country migration resulting from major industrial developments, particularly in extraction industries, has substantially increased the risk of infectious disease importation. This case study documents the evolution of immunisation programmes since the introduction of supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs). Single antigen SIAs have advantages and disadvantages. In situations in which the delivery of preventative health interventions is difficult, it is likely that the cost benefit is greater for multiple than for single intervention. The lessons learned from the conduct of single antigen SIAs can be effectively used for programmes delivering multiple SIA antigens, routine immunisations, and other health interventions. This paper describes a successful and cost effective multiple intervention programme in Papua New Guinea. The review of the last SIA in Papua New Guinea showed relatively high coverage of all the interventions and demonstrated the operational feasibility of delivering multiple interventions in resource constrained settings. Studies in other developing countries such as Lesotho and Ethiopia have also successfully integrated health interventions with SIA. In settings such as Papua New Guinea there is a strong case for integrating supplementary immunisation activity with routine immunisation and other health interventions through a comprehensive outreach programme.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea. Electronic address: johndvince@gmail.com.
authors.forename: John David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vince
authors.affiliation: Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organisation, Papua New Guinea. Electronic address: drsiddharthasdatta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Siddhartha Sankar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.affiliation: National Expanded Programme on Immunization, National Department of Health, Papua New Guinea. Electronic address: stoikilik0777@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toikilik
authors.affiliation: Family Health Services Unit, National Department of Health, Papua New Guinea. Electronic address: lagani.william@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lagani
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Complex environment; Integrated package approach; Supplementary immunisation activities