title: Brain stimulation for intractable epilepsy: Anterior thalamus and responsive stimulation.
abstract: Despite medications, resective surgery, and vagal nerve stimulation, some patients with epilepsy continue to have seizures. In these patients, other approaches are urgently needed. The biological basis of stimulation of anterior thalamic nucleus and epileptogenic focus is presented. Results from two large randomized controlled trials Stimulation of Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus for Epilepsy (SANTE) and Neuropace pivotal trial are discussed. Neuromodulation provides effective treatment for a select group of refractory epilepsy patients. Future investigations into the mechanism underlying 'response' to brain stimulation are desired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Center, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Vibhor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Krembil Neuroscience Center, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andres M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lozano
keywords: Anterior thalamic nucleus; brain stimulation; epilepsy; neuromodulation; responsive neuromodulation