title: Carotid thromboembolism associated with nephrotic syndrome treated with dabigatran.
abstract: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) may be complicated by thromboembolism, which occasionally manifests as stroke. Although the optimal, standardized approach to the prophylaxis and management of thromboembolic complications associated with NS has not been established, anticoagulation with heparin and subsequent warfarin is the de facto standard of treatment. Dabigatran, a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, has become a substitute for warfarin and heparin for many indications, including the prophylaxis of stroke associated with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and postoperative thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic patients. We report a 35-year-old male with NS due to membranous nephropathy (MN) that presented with carotid thromboembolism. Because the patient developed drug-induced hepatitis due to warfarin, we attempted treatment with dabigatran and were successful in continuing the medication without any complications. We also reviewed the literature on stroke associated with NS. Twenty-one prior cases have been reported, and the review of these cases revealed some interesting points. The age of onset ranged from 19 to 59 years. Most of the reported cases sustained a stroke at earlier ages than patients with atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation, which suggests that NS may independently predispose individuals to arterial and venous thromboses. MN was the most common underlying pathology. Given that a standardized approach to the prophylaxis and management of thrombotic complications associated with NS has not been established, our experience suggests that dabigatran is a valid new treatment option for thrombotic complications of NS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Raita
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Genta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyasato
keywords: Carotid thromboembolism; Cerebral infarction; Dabigatran; Membranous nephropathy; Nephrotic syndrome