title: The contribution of Raman spectroscopy to the analytical quality control of cytotoxic drugs in a hospital environment: eliminating the exposure risks for staff members and their work environment.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of the technical performance, respective costs and environmental effect of two invasive analytical methods (HPLC and UV/visible-FTIR) as compared to a new non-invasive analytical technique (Raman spectroscopy). Three pharmacotherapeutic models were used to compare the analytical performances of the three analytical techniques. Statistical inter-method correlation analysis was performed using non-parametric correlation rank tests. The study's economic component combined calculations relative to the depreciation of the equipment and the estimated cost of an AQC unit of work. In any case, analytical validation parameters of the three techniques were satisfactory, and strong correlations between the two spectroscopic techniques vs. HPLC were found. In addition, Raman spectroscopy was found to be superior as compared to the other techniques for numerous key criteria including a complete safety for operators and their occupational environment, a non-invasive procedure, no need for consumables, and a low operating cost. Finally, Raman spectroscopy appears superior for technical, economic and environmental objectives, as compared with the other invasive analytical methods.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France. Electronic address: philippe.bourget@nck.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourget
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France. Electronic address: alexandre.amin@nck.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merlette
authors.affiliation: Service de Santé Publique et Économie de la Santé, hôpital Lariboisière (AP-HP), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pénélope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Troude
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris 11, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baillet-Guffroy
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000191:economics; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000032:analysis; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000032:analysis; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000032:analysis; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006761:Hospitals; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011786:Quality Control; D012306:Risk; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000191:economics; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000191:economics; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015251:Epirubicin; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D007069:Ifosfamide
keywords: 5-Fluorouracil (PubChem CID: 3385); Analytical quality control; Cyclophosphamide (PubChem CID: 2907); Cytotoxic drugs; Doxorubicin (PubChem CID: 31,703); Epirubicin (PubChem CID: 341,867); Hospital environment; Ifosfamide (PubChem CID: 3690); Pharmacoeconomic considerations; Raman spectroscopy; Safety