title: Compassionate care? A critical discourse analysis of accreditation standards.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We rely upon formal accreditation and curricular standards to articulate the priorities of professional training. The language used in standards affords value to certain constructs and makes others less apparent. Leveraging standards can be a useful way for educators to incorporate certain elements into training. This research was designed to look for ways to embed the teaching and practice of compassionate care into Canadian family medicine residency training.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a Foucauldian critical discourse analysis of compassionate care in recent formal family medicine residency training documents. Critical discourse analysis is premised on the notion that language is connected to practices and to what is accorded value and power. We assembled an archive of texts and examined them to analyse how compassionate care is constructed, how notions of compassionate care relate to other key ideas in the texts, and the implications of these framings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were very few words, metaphors or statements that related to concepts of compassionate care in our archive. Even potential proxies, notably the doctor-patient relationship and patient-centred care, were not primarily depicted in ways that linked them to ideas of compassion or caring. There was a reduction in language related to compassionate care in the 2013 standards compared with the standards published in 2006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research revealed negative findings and a relative absence of the construct of compassionate care in our archival documents. This work demonstrates how a shift in curricular focus can have the unintended consequence of making values that are taken for granted less visible. Given that standards shape training, we must pay attention not only to what we include, but also to what we leave out of formal documents. We risk losing important professional values from training programmes if they are not explicitly highlighted in our standards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuper
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Batya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grundland
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation / Q000592:standards*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002170:Canada; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards*; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards; D004645:Empathy; D005194:Family Practice / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards*; D007802:Language; D017145:Models, Educational; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations