title: Determination of natural in vivo noble-gas concentrations in human blood.
abstract: Although the naturally occurring atmospheric noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe possess great potential as tracers for studying gas exchange in living beings, no direct analytical technique exists for simultaneously determining the absolute concentrations of these noble gases in body fluids in vivo. In this study, using human blood as an example, the absolute concentrations of all stable atmospheric noble gases were measured simultaneously by combining and adapting two analytical methods recently developed for geochemical research purposes. The partition coefficients determined between blood and air, and between blood plasma and red blood cells, agree with values from the literature. While the noble-gas concentrations in the plasma agree rather well with the expected solubility equilibrium concentrations for air-saturated water, the red blood cells are characterized by a distinct supersaturation pattern, in which the gas excess increases in proportion to the atomic mass of the noble-gas species, indicating adsorption on to the red blood cells. This study shows that the absolute concentrations of noble gases in body fluids can be easily measured using geochemical techniques that rely only on standard materials and equipment, and for which the underlying concepts are already well established in the field of noble-gas geochemistry.
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yama
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomonaga
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Brennwald
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: Ergomotion, Losone, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tomonaga
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Duebendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kipfer
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D059206:Natural Gas / Q000032:analysis*; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas