title: Massive congenital bidirectional coronary arteriovenous malformation presenting with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure in an adult: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are relatively rare. Mostly asymptomatic, however, some can cause problems, as heart failure, myocardial ischemia, and ventricular arrhythmia, and are associated with risk of complications, such as endocarditis and coronary rupture or sudden death. A case of a 69-year-old man with complaints of tiredness, dyspnea, and palpitation due to coronary artery fistula is presented with a review of the literature.
authors.affiliation: Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, P.O. Box 9015, 6500 GS Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H M M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al Hashimi
authors.affiliation: MCH Westeinde Hospital, P.O. Box 432, 2501 CK Den Haag, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wardeh
authors.affiliation: Gelre Hospital Zutphen, P.O. Box 9020, 7200 GZ Zutpen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulut
authors.affiliation: Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital, P.O. Box 95500, 1090 HM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt