title: European type-approval test procedure for evaporative emissions from passenger cars against real-world mobility data from two Italian provinces.
abstract: This paper presents an evaluation of the European type-approval test procedure for evaporative emissions from passenger cars based on real-world mobility data. The study relies on two large databases of driving patterns from conventional fuel vehicles collected by means of on-board GPS systems in the Italian provinces of Modena and Firenze. Approximately 28,000 vehicles were monitored, corresponding to approximately 36 million kilometres over a period of one month. The driving pattern of each vehicle was processed to derive the relation between trip length and parking duration, and the rate of occurrence of parking events against multiple evaporative cycles, defined on the basis of the type-approval test procedure as 12-hour diurnal time windows. These results are used as input for an emission simulation model, which calculates the total evaporative emissions given the characteristics of the evaporative emission control system of the vehicle and the ambient temperature conditions. The results suggest that the evaporative emission control system, fitted to the vehicles from Euro 3 step and optimised for the current type-approval test procedure, could not efficiently work under real-world conditions, resulting in evaporative emissions well above the type-approval limit, especially for small size vehicles and warm climate conditions. This calls for a revision of the type-approval test procedure in order to address real-world evaporative emissions.
authors.affiliation: European Commission - Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra 21027, Italy. Electronic address: giorgio.martini@jrc.ec.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: European Commission - Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra 21027, Italy. Electronic address: elena.paffumi@jrc.ec.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paffumi
authors.affiliation: European Commission - Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit, via Enrico Fermi 2749, Ispra 21027, Italy. Electronic address: michele.degennaro@jrc.ec.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Gennaro
authors.affiliation: EMISIA SA, Antoni Tritsi 21, PO Box 8138, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: giorgos.m@emisia.com.
authors.forename: Giorgos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mellios
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001334:Automobile Driving; D002980:Climate; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D007558:Italy; D008956:Models, Chemical; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: European type-approval test procedure; Evaporative emissions; Passenger cars; Real-world mobility data