title: A cross-culture, cross-gender comparison of perspective taking mechanisms.
abstract: Being able to judge another person's visuo-spatial perspective is an essential social skill, hence we investigated the generalizability of the involved mechanisms across cultures and genders. Developmental, cross-species, and our own previous research suggest that two different forms of perspective taking can be distinguished, which are subserved by two distinct mechanisms. The simpler form relies on inferring another's line-of-sight, whereas the more complex form depends on embodied transformation into the other's orientation in form of a simulated body rotation. Our current results suggest that, in principle, the same basic mechanisms are employed by males and females in both, East-Asian (EA; Chinese) and Western culture. However, we also confirmed the hypothesis that Westerners show an egocentric bias, whereas EAs reveal an other-oriented bias. Furthermore, Westerners were slower overall than EAs and showed stronger gender differences in speed and depth of embodied processing. Our findings substantiate differences and communalities in social cognition mechanisms across genders and two cultures and suggest that cultural evolution or transmission should take gender as a modulating variable into account.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, , Glasgow, UK, Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, , Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Liyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Kieran J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.forename: Hongfang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D012606:Scotland; D012737:Sex Factors; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: culture differences; egocentric bias; embodied transformation; gender differences; line of sight; perspective taking