title: Anesthetic challenges of patients with cardiac comorbidities undergoing major urologic surgery.
abstract: The cardiac patient undergoing major urologic surgery is a complex case requiring a great attention by the anesthesiologist. Number of this group of patients having to go through this procedure is constantly increasing, due to prolonged life, increased agressiveness of surgery and increased anesthesia's safety. The anesthesiologist usually has to deal with several problems of the patient, such as hypertension, chronic heart failure, coronary artery disease, rhythm disturbances, intraoperative hemodymanic changes, intraoperative bleeding, perioperative fluid imbalance, and metabolic disturbances. A cardiac patient undergoing major urologic surgery is a complex case requiring a great attention by the anesthesiologist. The scope of this review article is to present the most frequent issues encountered with this group of patients, and to synthetically discuss the respective strategies and maneuvers during perioperative period, which is the major challenge for the anesthesiologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Rudin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Hektor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sula
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Ilir
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohri
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Arben
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beqiri
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Myzafer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaci
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, "Mother Teresa" University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Artan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bodeci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Haki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laho
keywords: Anesthesia; Cardiac patient; Urological surgery