title: Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease: current status and future directions.
abstract: Though primarily enteric pathogens, Salmonellae are responsible for a considerable yet under-appreciated global burden of invasive disease. In South and South-East Asia, this manifests as enteric fever caused by serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. In sub-Saharan Africa, a similar disease burden results from invasive nontyphoidal Salmonellae, principally serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. The existing Ty21a live-attenuated and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines target S. Typhi and are not effective in young children where the burden of invasive Salmonella disease is highest. After years of lack of investment in new Salmonella vaccines, recent times have seen increased interest in the area led by emerging-market manufacturers, global health vaccine institutes and academic partners. New glycoconjugate vaccines against S. Typhi are becoming available with similar vaccines against other invasive serovars in development. With other new vaccines under investigation, including live-attenuated, protein-based and GMMA vaccines, now is an exciting time for the Salmonella vaccine field.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health; Siena, Italy; Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service; Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection; College of Medicine and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Calman A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: MacLennan
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health; Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health; Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micoli
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D022562:Salmonella Vaccines
keywords: GMMA; Salmonella; enteric; global health; glycoconjugate; nontyphoidal; typhoid; vaccines