title: Repetition suppression comprises both attention-independent and attention-dependent processes.
abstract: Repetition suppression, a robust phenomenon of reduction in neural responses to stimulus repetition, is suggested to consist of a combination of bottom-up adaptation and top-down prediction effects. However, there is little consensus on how repetition suppression is related to attention in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. It is probably because fMRI integrates neural activity related to adaptation and prediction effects, which are respectively attention-independent and attention-dependent. Here we orthogonally manipulated stimulus repetition and attention in a target detection task while participants' electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. In Experiment 1, we found a significant repetition effect on N1 amplitude regardless of attention, whereas the repetition effect on P2 amplitude was attention-dependent. In Experiment 2 where the attentional manipulation was more stringent than that in Experiment 1, we replicated a significant repetition effect on N1 amplitude regardless of attention, whereas the repetition effect on P2 amplitude was eliminated. The results show that repetition suppression comprises both attention-independent and attention-dependent components.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS (Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242), 75006 Paris, France. Electronic address: yi-fang.hsu@cantab.net.
authors.forename: Yi-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland. Electronic address: jarmo.a.hamalainen@jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Jarmo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS (Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242), 75006 Paris, France. Electronic address: Florian.waszak@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Waszak
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adaptation; Attention; Electroencephalography (EEG); Prediction; Repetition suppression