title: An examination of the parent report version of the inventory of callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of first-grade children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits is a self- and other report questionnaire of callous-unemotional behaviors that is increasingly widely used in research and clinical settings. Nonetheless, questions about the factor structure and validity of scales remain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study provided the first large-scale (N = 1,078) investigation of the parent report version of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a community sample of school-age (first-grade) children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a two-factor model that distinguished empathic-prosocial (EP) from callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors provided the best fit to the data. EP and CU were moderately to strongly correlated with each other (ϕ = -.67, p < .001) and with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder (ODD/CD) behaviors (ϕODD/CD, EP = -.55; ϕODD/CD, CU = .71, ps < .001). Individual differences in EP and CU behaviors explained unique variation, beyond that attributable to ODD/CD behaviors, in peer-, teacher-, and parent relationship quality. Moreover, whereas EP moderated the effects of ODD/CD in the prediction of student-teacher relationship quality, CU moderated the effects of ODD/CD in the prediction of peer and parent relationship quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are discussed with respect to the use of the ICU with school-age children.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA willoughby@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: W Roger
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mills-Koonce
authors.affiliation: Penn State Hershey, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Waschbusch
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Nisha C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gottfredson
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004645:Empathy; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina; D010290:Parents; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011594:Psychometrics; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits; callous-unemotional; conduct problems; factor structure