title: Rosiglitazone inhibits chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis via modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in SH-SY5Y cells.
abstract: Oxidative stress can lead to expression of inflammatory transcription factors, which are important regulatory elements in the induction of inflammatory responses. One of the transcription factors, nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) plays a significant role in the inflammation regulatory process. Inflammatory cell death has been implicated in neuronal cell death in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis initiated by chlorpyrifos (CPF)-mediated oxidative stress. Based on the cytotoxic mechanism of CPF, we examined the neuroprotective effects of rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, against CPF-induced neuronal cell death. The treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with CPF induced oxidative stress. In addition, CPF activated the p38, JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and induced increases in the inflammatory genes such as COX-2 and TNF-α. CPF also induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and inhibitors of NF-κB abolished the CPF-induced COX-2 expression. Pretreatment with RGZ significantly reduced ROS generation and enhanced HO-1 expression in CPF-exposed cells. RGZ blocked the activation of both p38 and JNK signaling, while ERK activation was strengthened. RGZ also attenuated CPF-induced cell death through the reduction of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory factors. Results from this study suggest that RGZ may exert an anti-apoptotic effect against CPF-induced cytotoxicity by attenuation of oxidative stress as well as inhibition of the inflammatory cascade via inactivation of signaling by p38 and JNK, and NF-κB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sea Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hckoh@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyun Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: COX-2; Chlorpyrifos; NF-κB; Reactive oxidative species; Rosiglitazone