title: The Prevalence of Pre-hypertension in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is more common in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) than the general population. The aim of this study was to detect the pre-hypertensive stage in children with T1D and to evaluate its correlation with diabetic nephropathy compared to non-diabetic children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional study in an out-patient clinic of a university hospital. A total of 62 which consists of 36 males and 26 females patients with stable T1D with a median age of 13 year and 42 age - sex-matched healthy children were entered in the study between September 2008 and February 2011. Three readings of blood pressure were recorded. Fasting blood sample was drawn for hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), creatinine and a 24 h urine aliquot was collected to measure microalbumin, creatinine and volume to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 62 children with T1DM, 25.8% were in pre-hypertensive stage, 4.8% Stage 1, and 1.6% Stage 2. In controls, 1 (2.4%) out of 42 children was in pre-hypertensive stage (P < 0.0001). Abnormal blood pressures were correlated with eGFR and the duration of disease (P < 0.05), but there were not associated with microalbominuria or HbA1C level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a higher rate of early stage of high normal blood pressure in children with T1DM compared with the healthy controls and this abnormality was only correlated with puberty stage and glomerular filtration rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Centre (Firouzgar), Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farzaneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rohani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatric Transplantation and Dialysis Research Center, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Nakysa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hooman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine, Endocrine Research Centre (Firouzgar), Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sedighe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mobarra
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Endocrine Research Centre (Firouzgar), Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Ali-Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tatarpoor
keywords: Blood pressure; chronic; diabetes mellitus; diabetic nephropathies; glomerular filtration rate; hypertension; kidney failure