title: Polyphenols are responsible for the proapoptotic properties of pomegranate juice on leukemia cell lines.
abstract: Pomegranates have shown great promise as anti-cancer agents in a number of cancers including clinical trials in prostate cancer. We have previously shown pomegranate juice (PGJ) induced apoptosis and preferentially alters the cell cycle in leukemia cell lines compared with nontumor control cells. However, the agents responsible have not yet been fully elucidated. Treatment of four leukemia cell lines with five fractions obtained from PGJ by solid phase extraction demonstrated that only the acetonitrile fractions decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in all leukemia cell lines. Acetonitrile fractions also significantly activated caspase-3 and induced nuclear morphology characteristic of apoptosis. S phase arrest was induced by acetonitrile fractions which matched S phase arrest seen previously following whole PGJ treatments. The acetonitrile fractions contained higher phenol content than whole PGJ whereas only low levels of phenols were seen in any other fraction. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis demonstrated that acetonitrile fractions were enriched in ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives but depleted in anthocyanins. Individual treatments with identified compounds demonstrated that the ellagitannin: punicalagin was the most active and mimicked the responses seen following acetonitrile fraction treatment. Bioactive components within pomegranate were confined to the acetonitrile fraction of PGJ. The enrichment in ellagitannins and hydroxycinnamic acids suggest these may provide the majority of the bioactivities of PGJ. Individual treatments with compounds identified demonstrated that the ellagitannin: punicalagin was the most active agent, highlighting this compound as a key bioactive agent in PGJ.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: Haytham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dahlawi
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jordan-Mahy
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clench
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie, Dundee, U.K.
authors.forename: Gordon J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, U.K.
authors.forename: Christine Lyn
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Maitre
keywords: Apoptosis; leukemia; polyphenols; pomegranate