title: The effect of telephone support interventions on coronary artery disease (CAD) patient outcomes during cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac rehabilitation is offered to individuals after cardiac events to aid recovery and reduce the likelihood of further cardiac illness. However, patient participation remains suboptimal and the provision of high quality care to an expanding population of patients with chronic heart conditions is becoming increasingly difficult. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of telephone support interventions compared with standard post-discharge care on coronary artery disease patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched and randomized controlled trials that directly compared telephone interventions with standard post-discharge care in adults following a myocardial infarction or a revascularization procedure were included. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were completed independently by two reviewers. Where appropriate, outcome data were combined and analyzed using a random effects model. For each dichotomous outcome, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived for each outcome. For continuous outcomes, weighted mean differences (WMD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% CI were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  26 studies met the inclusion criteria. No difference was observed in mortality between the telephone group and the group receiving standard care OR 1.12 (0.71, 1.77). The intervention was significantly associated with fewer hospitalizations than the comparison group OR 0.62 (0.40, 0.97). Significantly more participants in the telephone group stopped smoking OR 1.32 (1.07, 1.62); had lower systolic blood pressure WMD -0.22 (-0.40, -0.04); lower depression scores SMD -0.10 (-0.21, -0.00); and lower anxiety scores SMD -0.14 (-0.24, -0.04). However, no significant difference was observed for low-density lipoprotein levels WMD -0.10 (-0.23, 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to standard post-discharge care, regular telephone support interventions may help reduce feelings of anxiety and depression as well as, improve systolic blood pressure control and the likelihood of smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotb
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Shuching
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012944:Social Support; D013689:Telephone; D016896:Treatment Outcome