title: Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in connective tissue diseases associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in connective tissue diseases (CTD) associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to corroborate the pathologic function of AECA in PAH-associated CTDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  AECA were detected by cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sera of 19 PAH-associated CTD patients, 22 CTD patients without PAH involvement, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as controls. Using IgG purified from the sera of AECA-positive, AECA-negative, and healthy subjects, the effects of AECA on the expression of ICAM-1 and the chemokine regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in cultured endothelial cells were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 of the 19 (63.2%) CTD patients with PAH, 9 of the 22 (40.9%) CTD patients without PAH, and 1 of the 20 (5%) healthy controls were positive for AECA, which were calculated as ELISA ratio (ER) values. ER values in PAH-associated CTD patients were significantly higher than those with CTD without PAH (3.68±2.05 versus 1.67±1.07, P<0.001). IgG purified from AECA-positive sera induced a significantly increased level of ICAM-1 expression after 48 h incubation (795.2±32.5 pg/mL) compared with AECA-negative or healthy control IgG (231.5±27.1 and 192.8±33.4 pg/mL, respectively; P<0.001). In addition, RANTES production by cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) increased in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner in response to incubation with purified AECA-positive IgG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AECA could be involved in CTD and might participate in the pathogenesis of PAH-associated CTD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dan
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Connective tissue diseases (CTD); anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA); pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)