title: Fast and accurate localization of multiple RF markers for tracking in MRI-guided interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A new method for 3D localization of N fiducial markers from 1D projections is presented and analysed. It applies to semi-active markers and active markers using a single receiver channel.
  
  
  METHODS
  The novel algorithm computes candidate points using peaks in three optimally selected projections and removes fictitious points by verifying detected peaks in additional projections. Computational complexity was significantly reduced by avoiding cluster analysis, while higher accuracy was achieved by using optimal projections and by applying Gaussian interpolation in peak detection. Computational time, accuracy and robustness were analysed through Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. The method was employed in a prototype MRI guided prostate biopsy system and used in preclinical experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computational time for 6 markers was better than 2 ms, an improvement of up to 100 times, compared to the method by Flask et al. (J Magn Reson Imaging 14(5):617-627, 2001). Experimental maximum localization error was lower than 0.3 mm; standard deviation was 0.06 mm. Targeting error was about 1 mm. Tracking update rate was about 10 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method is particularly suitable in systems requiring any of the following: high frame rate, tracking of three or more markers, data filtering or interleaving.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London, UK, f.galassi09@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galassi
authors.forename: Djordje
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brujic
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desouza
authors.forename: Mihailo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ristic
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity