title: Nonkeratinised squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder in children: a report of case experiences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Squamous metaplasia refers to the pathological transformation of the urothelium leading to nonkeratinised stratified squamous metaplasia (N-KSM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present our experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of N-KSM of the urinary bladder in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we present our experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of N-KSM of the urinary bladder in children aged from 5 to 17 years. From 2005 to 2013, metaplasia was diagnosed in 119 patients. The reasons behind visiting the hospital were nonspecific intense pain in the abdomen, recurrent urinary tract infections, and urination disorders. The most common symptoms of urinary bladder dysfunction were pollakiuria and difficulties in initiating micturition and retention of urine (reduced detrusor muscle activity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 20/119 patients (16.8%), metaplasia was incidentally diagnosed during cystoscopy performed for other causes. The changes characteristic for squamous metaplasia were diagnosed--in all these patients, a biopsy was performed. In all 119 patients, a squamous metaplasia was histopathologically diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder mucosa occurs in children and adolescents. Symptomatic treatment is administered mainly to improve the patients' quality of life and disease prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, Children's Hospital, Marii Konopnickiej Street 65, 05-092 Dziekanów Leśny, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jurkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Military Medical Institute, Szaserów Street 128, 04-349 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5354-4069
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ząbkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases; D014555:Urination Disorders
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone