title: Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite concern about an "epidemic," there are limited data on trends in prevalence of either type 1 or type 2 diabetes across US race and ethnic groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate changes in the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in US youth, by sex, age, and race/ethnicity between 2001 and 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case patients were ascertained in 4 geographic areas and 1 managed health care plan. The study population was determined by the 2001 and 2009 bridged-race intercensal population estimates for geographic sites and membership counts for the health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence (per 1000) of physician-diagnosed type 1 diabetes in youth aged 0 through 19 years and type 2 diabetes in youth aged 10 through 19 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2001, 4958 of 3.3 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.48 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.44-1.52). In 2009, 6666 of 3.4 million youth were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for a prevalence of 1.93 per 1000 (95% CI, 1.88-1.97). In 2009, the highest prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 2.55 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 2.48-2.62) and the lowest was 0.35 per 1000 in American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.26-0.47) and type 1 diabetes increased between 2001 and 2009 in all sex, age, and race/ethnic subgroups except for those with the lowest prevalence (age 0-4 years and American Indians). Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 21.1% (95% CI, 15.6%-27.0%) increase in type 1 diabetes over 8 years. In 2001, 588 of 1.7 million youth were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.34 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.31-0.37). In 2009, 819 of 1.8 million were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for a prevalence of 0.46 per 1000 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49). In 2009, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1.20 per 1000 among American Indian youth (95% CI, 0.96-1.51); 1.06 per 1000 among black youth (95% CI, 0.93-1.22); 0.79 per 1000 among Hispanic youth (95% CI, 0.70-0.88); and 0.17 per 1000 among white youth (95% CI, 0.15-0.20). Significant increases occurred between 2001 and 2009 in both sexes, all age-groups, and in white, Hispanic, and black youth, with no significant changes for Asian Pacific Islanders and American Indians. Adjusted for completeness of ascertainment, there was a 30.5% (95% CI, 17.3%-45.1%) overall increase in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 2001 and 2009 in 5 areas of the United States, the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents increased. Further studies are required to determine the causes of these increases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saydah
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imperatore
authors.affiliation: Childhood Diabetes Research Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jasmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Divers
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jennifer W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Talton
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crume
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Anwar T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena.
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena.
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle.
authors.forename: Lenna L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult