title: DNA vaccination by intradermal electroporation induces long-lasting immune responses in rhesus macaques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A desirable HIV vaccine should induce protective long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macaques were immunized by env DNA, selected from a panel of recently transmitted SIVmac251 Env using intradermal electroporation as vaccine delivery method and magnitude, breadth and longevity of humoral and cellular immune responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The macaques developed high, long-lasting humoral immune responses with neutralizing capacity against homologous and heterologous Env. The avidity of the antibody responses was also preserved over 1-year follow-up. Analysis of cellular immune responses demonstrated induction of Env-specific memory T cells harboring granzyme B, albeit their overall levels were low. Similar to the humoral responses, the cellular immunity was persistent over the ~1-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that vaccination by this intradermal DNA delivery regimen is able to induce potent and durable immune responses in macaques.
authors.affiliation: Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Viraj
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jalah
authors.forename: Brunda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ganneru
authors.forename: Candido
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alicea
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: LaBranche
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Montefiori
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pavlakis
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Felber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018274:Electroporation; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018449:SAIDS Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D018449:SAIDS Vaccines
keywords: DNA vaccine; HIV; SIV; avidity; binding antibody; cellular responses; durability of responses; neutralizing antibody