title: Evaluation of an intraoperative ultrasound training model based on a cadaveric sheep brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study evaluates the effectiveness of an ultrasound (US) practice course based on a sheep brain cadaver. Neurosurgical education is considerably restrained following patient safety objections and work time restrictions. It is therefore of vital importance to offer residents an opportunity to practice certain US techniques in a controlled environment without ethical or legal restrictions. We developed an US training model based on a sheep brain cadaver in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a model, facilitate crucial anatomic knowledge, and demonstrate a learning curve from it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over the course of 2 months from December 2012-January 2013, a total of 13 residents took part in a three part training session, each consisting of 20-30 min of individual US-training and performance evaluation based on a biological phantom. The first cadaver was a physiologic sheep brain. After initial familiarization with the US, the residents performed an US on a second cadaveric brain and tried to find a 0.5 cm big (in diameter) echogenic structure. In a third brain they were asked to identify a cyst (Fogarty catheter filled with water).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen neurosurgical residents participated in the study. After the first training session, the learning curve improved significantly in the second and the third session. The ability to actuate the US device, the time needed to display crucial anatomic landmarks, and to locate the two different artificial masses increased, and respectively decreased remarkably by up to 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 2 months and three training sessions, the handling of the US from the residents was excellent in the operating room. The accuracy and the dexterity in use of the US improved significantly. The participants found the model to be realistic and agreed on the need for further promotion of such courses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wedau Kliniken, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vavruska
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Städtisches Klinikum, Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buhl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wedau Kliniken, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Athanasios K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Petridis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wedau Kliniken, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Homajoun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maslehaty
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaft, IGSN, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
keywords: Cadaver brain model; education; residency training; sheep brain; ultrasound