title: Global facial beauty: approaching a unified aesthetic ideal.
abstract: Recognition of facial beauty is both inborn and learned through social discourses and exposures. Demographic shifts across the globe, in addition to cross-cultural interactions that typify 21st century globalization in virtually all industries, comprise major active evolutionary forces that reshape our individual notions of facial beauty. This article highlights the changing perceptions of beauty, while defining and distinguishing natural beauty and artificial beauty.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Noah B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Sands
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Adamson
mesh_terms: D001504:Beauty; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D044469:Racial Groups