title: Antioxidants, phytochemicals, and cytotoxicity studies on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl seeds.
abstract: In recent years, the utilization of certain medicinal plants as therapeutic agents has drastically increased. Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is frequently used in traditional medicine. The present investigation was undertaken with the purpose of developing pharmacopoeial standards for this species. Nutritional values such as ash, fiber, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents were investigated, and phytochemical screenings with different reagents showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponin glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. Our results also revealed that the water fraction had the highest antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract and other fractions. The methanol and the fractionated extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water) of P. macrocarpa seeds were also investigated for their cytotoxic effects on selected human cancer cells lines (MCF-7, HT-29, MDA-MB231, Ca Ski, and SKOV-3) and a normal human fibroblast lung cell line (MRC-5). Information from this study can be applied for future pharmacological and therapeutic evaluations of the species, and may assist in the standardization for quality, purity, and sample identification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical screening and cytotoxic effect of the crude and fractionated extracts of P. macrocarpa seeds on selected cells lines.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ma Ma
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saiful Anuar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Karsani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banisalam
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sadegh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohajer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sri Nurestri
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Abd Malek
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D002725:Chloroform; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D006586:Hexanes; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D029645:Thymelaeaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005419:Flavonoids; D006586:Hexanes; D008055:Lipids; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D002725:Chloroform; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl