title: Orthotopic lung cancer murine model by nonoperative transbronchial approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to establish a novel orthotopic human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) murine xenograft model by a nonsurgical, transbronchial approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male athymic nude mice and human NSCLC cell lines, including A549, H460, and H520 were used. Under direct visualization of the vocal cords, a 23-gauge blunt-tip slightly curved metal catheter was introduced into the trachea to the bronchus, and 2.5×10(5) tumor cells mixed with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) were administered into the lung. Mice were monitored using weekly microcomputed tomography scans for tumor formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the tumor size reached more than 4 mm in diameter, the animals were euthanized, and the tumor tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Of 37 mice studied, 34 were confirmed to have tumor formation: 29 developed solitary tumors and 5 had multifocal lesions. There was no evidence of extrapleural dissemination or effusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transbronchial delivery of tumor cells enabled the establishment of a novel orthotopic human NSCLC murine xenograft model. This clinically relevant preclinical model bearing a solitary nodule is of value for a variety of in vivo research studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anayama
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Patrick Z
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: McVeigh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keshavjee
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: kazuhiro.yasufuku@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasufuku
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001980:Bronchi; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000637:transplantation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D064593:Heterografts / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler