title: Child labor in a rural Egyptian community: an epidemiological study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimating the burden of child labor in a rural community of El-Minia governorate, Egypt and exploring its determinants and health impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety nine children randomly participated from a randomly selected village; 147 (73.9%) males and 52 (26.1%) females, whose ages ranged from 6 to 17 years (mean age 12.1 ± 2.9). All children were subjected to interview questionnaire, and medical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety (45.2%) of the children reported that they are engaged in a work. The working children belonged to 65.6 and 85.6% of illiterate fathers and mothers, respectively. The majority of the working children were engaged in jobs at quarries (58.9%), followed by farming (21.1%), then small proportions of children were working in other jobs. Poverty, big families and insufficient family's income were the most frequently reported reasons for starting to work (80%). There was a significant higher prevalence of the reported health complaints among working children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Working children are at high risk of many health problems. Poverty, parents' illiteracy, large family size and fathers' absence are the driving force for child labor in the rural community of Eastern Minia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, University St., El-Minia, 1666, Egypt, emansameh7@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Eman Sameh
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: Ashraf Abdel Azim
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ewis
authors.forename: Eman Mohammed
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mahfouz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D062489:Health Impact Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D017132:Workplace