title: Dysphonia in very preterm children: a review of the evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intubation is a known risk factor for dysphonia yet is essential in the perinatal care of many very preterm infants. Children born preterm, who are frequently resuscitated with endotracheal intubation, may be at risk of dysphonia at school age and beyond.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify and describe the evidence pertaining to long-term voice outcomes and risk factors for developing dysphonia in preterm children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to case studies and series, three larger-scale studies have reported on dysphonia and voice outcomes in preterm children. Studies reporting treatment outcomes were not available. Factors associated with poor voice outcomes included female gender, birth weight <1,000 g, birth at <27 weeks' gestation, surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus, emergency versus elective intubations and multiple intubations. Adverse voice outcomes were associated with laryngeal pathology and compensatory supraglottic compression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysphonia is a newly reported, long-term complication of preterm birth, yet the number of relevant studies remains limited. Further research is required to confirm the risk factors for developing dysphonia, which will inform future voice treatment studies.
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meldrum
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simmer
authors.forename: Shyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayasekaran
authors.forename: Noel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors