title: Wipes coated with a singlet-oxygen-producing photosensitizer are effective against human influenza virus but not against norovirus.
abstract: Transmission of enteric and respiratory viruses, including human norovirus (hNoV) and human influenza virus, may involve surfaces. In food preparation and health care settings, surfaces are cleaned with wipes; however, wiping may not efficiently reduce contamination or may even spread viruses, increasing a potential public health risk. The virucidal properties of wipes with a singlet-oxygen-generating immobilized photosensitizer (IPS) coating were compared to those of similar but uncoated wipes (non-IPS) and of commonly used viscose wipes. Wipes were spiked with hNoV GI.4 and GII.4, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), human adenovirus type 5 (hAdV-5), and influenza virus H1N1 to study viral persistence. We also determined residual and transferred virus proportions on steel carriers after successively wiping a contaminated and an uncontaminated steel carrier. On IPS wipes only, influenza viruses were promptly inactivated with a 5-log10 reduction. D values of infectious MNV-1 and hAdV-5 were 8.7 and 7.0 h on IPS wipes, 11.6 and 9.3 h on non-IPS wipes, and 10.2 and 8.2 h on viscose wipes, respectively. Independently of the type of wipe, dry cleaning removed, or drastically reduced, initial spot contamination of hNoV on surfaces. All wipes transferred hNoV to an uncontaminated carrier; however, the risk of continued transmission by reuse of wipes after 6 and 24 h was limited for all viruses. We conclude that cleaning wet spots with dry wipes efficiently reduced spot contamination on surfaces but that cross-contamination with noroviruses by wiping may result in an increased public health risk at high initial virus loads. For influenza virus, IPS wipes present an efficient one-step procedure for cleaning and disinfecting contaminated surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands verhaelen@gmail.com erwin.duizer@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verhaelen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouwknegt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rutjes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Roda Husman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands verhaelen@gmail.com erwin.duizer@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duizer
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects*; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D026082:Singlet Oxygen