title: Development of visual-motor perception in pupils with expressive writing disorder and pupils without expressive writing disorder: a comparative statistical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Learning disability is one of the most noticed subjects for behavioral specialists. Most of thelearning difficulties are caused by senso-motor development and neurological organization. The main purposeof the present research is to examine the role of delayed perceptual-motor development and brain damage inorigination of expressive writing disorder (EWD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The studied sample is 89 pupils divided into two groups, one of which is pupils with expressivewriting disorder (n=43) and the other is pupils without expressive writing disorder (n=46), consisted of secondand third grade elementary school students. First of all, students with EWD are selected through dictation testand intelligence test, and then the two groups, students with and without EWD, would take the Bender Gestalttest. The average score of perceptual visual-motor development and brain damage of two groups is comparedusing T test for independent groups and χ2 test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that there is a significant difference in perceptual visual-motor development betweenstudents with EWD and students without EWD (p<0.01). Based on the results, perceptual-motor development ofstudents with EWD is lower than students without EWD. There is no significant difference in brain damagebetween those with EWD and healthy people, (p> 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our findings it could be concluded that those who are relatively more developed thantheir peers, in terms of visual-motor perception, are more successful in education, especially in expressive writing.
authors.affiliation: Instructor, MSc in psychology, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran. t.mesrahi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tahereh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mesrahi
authors.affiliation: MSc student, Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Bueenzahra Branch, Bueenzahra, Iran; m.r.sedighi67@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedighi
keywords: brain injuries; perceptual disorders; primary schools; writing