title: SElf-gated Non-Contrast-Enhanced FUnctional Lung imaging (SENCEFUL) using a quasi-random fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence and proton MRI.
abstract: Obtaining functional information on the human lung is of tremendous interest in the characterization of lung defects and pathologies. However, pulmonary ventilation and perfusion maps usually require contrast agents and the application of electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering and breath holds to generate datasets free of motion artifacts. This work demonstrates the possibility of obtaining highly resolved perfusion-weighted and ventilation-weighted images of the human lung using proton MRI and the SElf-gated Non-Contrast-Enhanced FUnctional Lung imaging (SENCEFUL) technique. The SENCEFUL technique utilizes a two-dimensional fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence with quasi-random sampling of phase-encoding (PE) steps for data acquisition. After every readout, a short additional acquisition of the non-phase-encoded direct current (DC) signal necessary for self-gating was added. By sorting the quasi-randomly acquired data according to respiratory and cardiac phase derived from the DC signal, datasets of representative respiratory and cardiac cycles could be accurately reconstructed. By application of the Fourier transform along the temporal dimension, functional maps (perfusion and ventilation) were obtained. These maps were compared with dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE, perfusion) as well as standard Fourier decomposition (FD, ventilation) reference datasets. All datasets were additionally scored by two experienced radiologists to quantify image quality. In addition, one initial patient examination using SENCEFUL was performed. Functional images of healthy volunteers and a patient diagnosed with hypoplasia of the left pulmonary artery and left-sided pulmonary fibrosis were successfully obtained. Perfusion-weighted images corresponded well to DCE-MRI data; ventilation-weighted images offered a significantly better depiction of the lung periphery compared with standard FD. Furthermore, the SENCEFUL technique hints at a potential clinical relevance by successfully detecting a perfusion defect in the patient scan. It can be concluded that SENCEFUL enables highly resolved ventilation- and perfusion-weighted maps of the human lung to be obtained using proton MRI, and might be interesting for further clinical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weick
authors.forename: Christian O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Meinrad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hebestreit
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jakob
authors.forename: Dietbert
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bley
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köstler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011522:Protons; D012015:Reference Standards; D012119:Respiration; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011522:Protons
keywords: Lung; non-contrast-enhanced; proton imaging; reconstruction; sampling strategies