title: Enhanced osteogenicity of bioactive composites with biomimetic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore if initiation of biomimetic apatite nucleation can be used to enhance osteoblast response to biodegradable tissue regeneration composite membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bioactive thermoplastic composites consisting of poly(ε-caprolactone/DL-lactide) and bioactive glass (BAG) were prepared at different stages of biomimetic calcium phosphate deposition by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). The modulation of the BAG dissolution and the osteogenic response of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SBF treatment resulted in a gradual calcium phosphate deposition on the composites and decreased BAG reactivity in the subsequent cell cultures. Untreated composites and composites covered by thick calcium phosphate layer (14 days in SBF) expedited MSC mineralization in comparison to neat polymers without BAG, whereas other osteogenic markers--alkaline phosphatase activity, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin expression--were initially decreased. In contrast, surfaces with only small calcium phosphate aggregates (five days in SBF) had similar early response than neat polymers but still demonstrated enhanced mineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A short biomimetic treatment enhances osteoblast response to bioactive composite membranes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland ; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Meretoja
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland ; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Teemu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tirri
authors.affiliation: Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1415-154X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malin
authors.affiliation: Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, 00076 Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland ; Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, 20520 Turku, Finland ; Clinic of Oral Diseases, Turku University Central Hospital, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Närhi
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005898:Glass; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D058574:Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein; D015675:Osteocalcin; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium