title: Relationship between sleep, sleep apnea, and neuropsychological function in children with Down syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether sleep and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) contribute to the neuropsychological deficits of patients with Down syndrome, and whether treatment of SDB results in improvement in cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cohort study, 25 children with Down syndrome underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG), Multiple Sleep Latency Testing (MSLT), and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Patients with SDB underwent a follow up PSG after treatment. All patients repeated the neuropsychological tests 13 months later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there was no relationship between SDB and performance on the neuropsychological tests. However, total sleep time and sleep latency were related to tests of cognitive ability (p < 0.05) and comprehension (p < 0.01). The amount of time in slow-wave sleep correlated with tests of achievement (p < 0.01), and adaptive behavior (p < 0.01). Ten patients had SDB confirmed on PSG. Five of these patients were treated successfully with adenotonsillectomy and/or continuous positive airway pressure. The five who did not tolerate treatment were deficient in tests of adaptive behavior (Vineland p < 0.05) visual-motor integration (Beery p < 0.01) and achievement (Woodcock-Johnson p < 0.05) compared to those successfully treated. After treatment the patients improved in ratings of attention (Conners p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although SDB is common in children with Down syndrome, it is not a major contributor to their cognitive deficits. Cognitive function is related to the amount of sleep and particularly slow wave sleep. Successful treatment of SDB may improve their attention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA, brooksl@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Molly N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Ann Mary
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bacevice
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstantinopoulou
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012890:Sleep; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D014068:Tonsillectomy