title: Early life triclocarban exposure during lactation affects neonate rat survival.
abstract: Triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC), an antimicrobial used in bar soaps, affects endocrine function in vitro and in vivo. This study investigates whether TCC exposure during early life affects the trajectory of fetal and/or neonatal development. Sprague Dawley rats were provided control, 0.2% weight/weight (w/w), or 0.5% w/w TCC-supplemented chow through a series of 3 experiments that limited exposure to critical growth periods: gestation, gestation and lactation, or lactation only (cross-fostering) to determine the susceptible windows of exposure for developmental consequences. Reduced offspring survival occurred when offspring were exposed to TCC at concentrations of 0.2% w/w and 0.5% w/w during lactation, in which only 13% of offspring raised by 0.2% w/w TCC dams survived beyond weaning and no offspring raised by 0.5% w/w TCC dams survived to this period. In utero exposure status had no effect on survival, as all pups nursed by control dams survived regardless of their in utero exposure status. Microscopic evaluation of dam mammary tissue revealed involution to be a secondary outcome of TCC exposure rather than a primary effect of compound administration. The average concentration of TCC in the milk was almost 4 times that of the corresponding maternal serum levels. The results demonstrate that gestational TCC exposure does not affect the ability of dams to carry offspring to term but TCC exposure during lactation has adverse consequences on the survival of offspring although the mechanism of reduced survival is currently unknown. This information highlights the importance of evaluating the safety of TCC application in personal care products and the impacts during early life exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Rebekah C M
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Fu-Min
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Menn
authors.affiliation: HistoTox Labs, Inc, Boulder, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kellie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fecteau
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bill L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Lasley
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA jchen38@utk.edu.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D002224:Carbanilides; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; C009540:triclocarban
keywords: cross-fostering; endocrine disruptors; lactation; neonate survival; triclocarban