title: Adiponectin and markers of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents: impact of 8-mo regular physical exercise program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin circulates as low-, medium-, and high-molecular-weight multimers (LMW, MMW, and HMW) and influences lipid profile and insulin resistance (IR), HMW being considered as the most biologically active form. We aimed to study the relation between adiponectin and markers of metabolic syndrome (MS) in pediatric obesity, and the impact of physical exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of a cross-sectional part and an 8-mo physical exercise program. Lipid profile, insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), total adiponectin (TA), and homeostasis model assessment IR (HOMA-IR) were measured. Adiponectin multimers were studied in a prepubertal group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity is associated with increased dyslipidemia, IR, and inflammation. TA is correlated inversely with adiposity, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and CRP, and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc)/total cholesterol (TC) ratio. HMW mimicked TA associations. The intervention program led to a reduction of TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), insulin, HOMA-IR, and trunk percentage of fat, and an increase of HDLc/TC ratio, in the obese group. BMI improvements prevented adiponectin reduction and correlated with increments in HMW and MMW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity-related increase in MS features might be linked to lower adiponectin. HMW and MMW were the multimers that most explained the MS features. The intervention program improved the lipid profile and IR, and prevented the reduction of adiponectin.
authors.affiliation: 1] Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: 1] Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Elísio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: 1] Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: 1] Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure - CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] High Education Institute From Maia - ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.
authors.forename: Clarice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.affiliation: Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: Petronila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rocha-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Children and Adolescent Centre, CUF Hospital, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rêgo
authors.affiliation: Childhood and Adolescence Department, Paediatric Service, Oporto Hospital Centre, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Helena Ferreira
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Mansilha
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quintanilha
authors.affiliation: 1] Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure - CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] High Education Institute From Maia - ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aires
authors.affiliation: Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure - CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: 1] Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos-Silva
authors.affiliation: 1] Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal [2] Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belo
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein