title: Antimicrobial effects of dental luting glass ionomer cements on Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reduce secondary caries, glass ionomer luting cements are often used for cementing of indirect restorations. This is because of their well-known antimicrobial potential through the release of fluoride ions. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of five dental luting cements which were based on glass ionomer cement technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five different glass ionomer based luting cements were tested for their antimicrobial effects on Streptococcus mutans in two different experimental setups: (i) determination of colony-forming units (CFUs) in a plate-counting assay; (ii) live/dead staining (LDS) and fluorescence microscopy. All experiments were conducted with or without prior treatment of the materials using sterilized human saliva. Antimicrobial effects were evaluated for adherent and planktonic bacteria. Bovine enamel slabs (BES) were used as negative control. BES covered with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) served as positive control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each of the tested materials significantly reduced the number of initially adhered CFUs; this reduction was even more pronounced after prior incubation in saliva. Antimicrobial effects on adherent bacteria were confirmed by live-dead staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All five luting cements showed an antimicrobial potential which was increased by prior incubation with human saliva, suggesting an enhanced effect in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2923-0240
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klai
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altenburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spitzmüller
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital and Dental School, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8769-599X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002417:Cattle; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003738:Dental Cements; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements