title: Efficacy of pain treatment on mood syndrome in patients with dementia: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is common in nursing home (NH) patients with dementia, and often clustered with anxiety and other mood symptoms. An association between pain and depressive symptoms has been reported, but the impact of pain management on depression and other mood symptoms has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Secondary analyses of a cluster randomized clinical trial examine the response of dementia-related mood symptoms to a Stepwise Protocol of Treating Pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-hundred fifty-two patients with moderate and severe dementia and significant behavioural disturbances, related to 60 clusters (i.e. clusters defined as single independent NH units) in 18 NHs of Western Norway, were included. All patients in the intervention group received individual daily pain treatment with paracetamol, extended release morphine, buprenorphine transdermal patch or pregabaline for 8 weeks, with additional follow-up assessment 4 weeks after completion of the intervention. Clusters randomized to control received usual treatment. A mood cluster consisting of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, apathy and appetite items from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home (NPI-NH) was the primary outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysed by Mann-Whitney U-tests, Stepwise Protocol of Treating Pain conferred significant benefit in treatment of the NPI-NH mood cluster (F = 13.4, df = 1;299, p < 0.001) and depression (F = 2.0, df = 1;301, p = 0.025). Further analyses highlighted improvements in apathy (F = 5.3, df = 1;300, p = 0.017), night-time behaviours (F = 3.1, df = 1;301, p = 0.050), and appetite items (F = 11.6, df = 1;301, p = 0.005), but not irritability (p = 0.092) and anxiety (p = 0.125).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mood symptoms including depression significantly improved with pain treatment, emphasizing the importance of more rigorous treatment of pain in agitated people with dementia. Findings have potentially immediate clinical relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Center for Elderly- and Nursing Home Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Husebo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fritze
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aarsland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009664:Norway; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: anxiety; dementia; depression; nursing home; pain