title: Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears.
abstract: Polar bears are uniquely adapted to life in the High Arctic and have undergone drastic physiological changes in response to Arctic climates and a hyper-lipid diet of primarily marine mammal prey. We analyzed 89 complete genomes of polar bear and brown bear using population genomic modeling and show that the species diverged only 479-343 thousand years BP. We find that genes on the polar bear lineage have been under stronger positive selection than in brown bears; nine of the top 16 genes under strong positive selection are associated with cardiomyopathy and vascular disease, implying important reorganization of the cardiovascular system. One of the genes showing the strongest evidence of selection, APOB, encodes the primary lipoprotein component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL); functional mutations in APOB may explain how polar bears are able to cope with life-long elevated LDL levels that are associated with high risk of heart disease in humans.
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Shiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Eline D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Lorenzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, 970 Evans Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Zijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorfinn Sand
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Korneliussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Somel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 124 Science Drive, Duke Box # 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, 101 Science Drive, DUMC Box 3382, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babbitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 124 Science Drive, Duke Box # 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, 101 Science Drive, DUMC Box 3382, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Jianwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Wenjing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Xueyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Claire C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Unit, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
authors.forename: Aoife
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Group, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution Unit, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: McInerney
authors.affiliation: Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, c/o Government of Greenland Representation in Denmark, Strandgade 91, 3. Floor, PO Box 2151, 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Born
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Love
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalén
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.affiliation: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Guojie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Statistics, 367 Evans Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Electronic address: rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Electronic address: ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Eske
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willerslev
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Electronic address: wangj@genomics.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001110:Arctic Regions; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D016678:Genome; D001503:Ursidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D005227:Fatty Acids