title: Radiation protection methods for the interventionalist's hands: use of an extension tube.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cumulative radiation exposure to the hands during certain interventional procedures may be high. It is important to decrease the amount of radiation to the operator due to the possibility of deterministic effects. We performed a pilot study to demonstrate a significant decrease in operator dose when using extension tubing (ET) in combination with shielding and collimation during a simulated percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram (PTC) procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A whole body, anthropomorphic phantom was used to simulate the patient. A Unfors-Xi Survey detector (to measure scatter) supported by a retort stand and trolley was placed in various positions to simulate the position of hands and eyes/thyroid of an interventionalist. Radiation dose was measured simulating left and right-sided PTC punctures with and without a lead shield, and with and without ET.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding the radiation dose to the hands; the use of an ET reduces dose by 54 % in right-sided PTC punctures without a shield and by 91 % if used in combination with a shield. For left-sided PTC punctures, ET reduces hand dose by 75 %. The use of collimation decreases hand dose by approximately 60 %. The use of shielding reduces dose to the eyes/thyroid by 98 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dose to the hands can be significantly reduced with the appropriate use of a shield, ET, and tight collimation. The use of a shield is paramount to reduce dose to the eyes/thyroid. It is important for interventionalists to adhere to radiation protective practice considering the potential deterministic effects during a lifelong career.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia, shaheen7noorani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shaheen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
mesh_terms: D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011482:Protective Devices; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*