title: Pediatric sinonasal tumors in the United States: incidence and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sinonasal tumors in the pediatric population are exceedingly rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify 250 cases of sinonasal malignancy in patients aged <20 y (1973-2010). Malignant histology codes were based on the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, third edition coding scheme. Incidence rates were adjusted to the 2000 U.S. population. Survival outcomes were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. All other analyses were performed using standard statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall incidence was 0.052 per 100,000. Rhabdomyosarcoma had the highest incidence among histologic groups. Regional stage was the most common at diagnosis (59%). Overall survival at 5-y follow-up was 62.5%. Patients in age groups 1-4 and 15-19 y had the worst survival rates, as median survival was 205 and 104 mo, respectively. Distant metastases at the time of diagnosis signified a poor prognosis. These were associated with a 39-mo median survival. Survival improved during the study period, P=0.003. Gender, race, site of lesion, or histology did not appear to affect mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sinonasal tumors are rare in children and adolescents. Long-term survival is dependent on age and clinical stage at the time of diagnosis. Cancer-related surgery confers a survival advantage. Gender, race, and histologic type are not associated with mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gerth
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, DeWitt-Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Electronic address: SThaller@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thaller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D018426:SEER Program; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cancer of head and neck; Epidemiology; Nasal cavity; Rhabdomyosarcoma