title: Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and naturally fermented beetroot juices from organic and conventional production: metabolomics, antioxidant levels and anticancer activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the paper was to determine the level of antioxidants and metabolomic fingerprinting in both raw beetroots and naturally fermented beetroot juices from organic (ORG) versus conventional (CONV) production. In addition, the anticancer properties of the fermented beetroot juices were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results showed that ORG fresh beetroots contained significantly more dry matter, vitamin C and some individual phenolic compounds than CONV beetroots. The content of total phenolic acids was significantly higher in CONV beetroots compared with the ORG ones. The level of flavonoids was similar in ORG and CONV beetroots. There were only slight differences in the chemical composition of ORG and CONV beetroot juices. Metabolomic analysis provided a possibility to distinguish clearly between ORG and CONV fermented beetroot juices. However, this method was less useful in the case of fresh whole beetroots. It was found that anticancer activity was stronger in the case of ORG fermented juices when compared with CONV ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained results indicate that ORG- and CONV-produced beetroots and fermented beetroot juices have different chemical properties and different impacts on cancer cells. It is necessary to continue research on this topic in order to confirm and understand the achieved results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kazimierczak
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hallmann
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipowski
authors.forename: Nadzieja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drela
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kowalik
authors.forename: Tõnu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Püssa
authors.forename: Darja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matt
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luik
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozdowski
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rembiałkowska
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005285:Fermentation; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D011044:Poland; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: anticancer properties; beetroot; beetroot juice; metabolomic analysis; organic and conventional production