title: Prevalence of dyslipidemia in urban and rural India: the ICMR-INDIAB study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the pattern and prevalence of dyslipidemia in a large representative sample of four selected regions in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study was conducted in a representative population of three states of India [Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Jharkhand] and one Union Territory [Chandigarh], and covered a population of 213 million people using stratified multistage sampling design to recruit individuals ≥20 years of age. All the study subjects (n = 16,607) underwent anthropometric measurements and oral glucose tolerance tests were done using capillary blood (except in self-reported diabetes). In addition, in every 5th subject (n = 2042), a fasting venous sample was collected and assayed for lipids. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed using National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the subjects studied, 13.9% had hypercholesterolemia, 29.5% had hypertriglyceridemia, 72.3% had low HDL-C, 11.8% had high LDL-C levels and 79% had abnormalities in one of the lipid parameters. Regional disparity exists with the highest rates of hypercholesterolemia observed in Tamilnadu (18.3%), highest rates of hypertriglyceridemia in Chandigarh (38.6%), highest rates of low HDL-C in Jharkhand (76.8%) and highest rates of high LDL-C in Tamilnadu (15.8%). Except for low HDL-C and in the state of Maharashtra, in all other states, urban residents had the highest prevalence of lipid abnormalities compared to rural residents. Low HDL-C was the most common lipid abnormality (72.3%) in all the four regions studied; in 44.9% of subjects, it was present as an isolated abnormality. Common significant risk factors for dyslipidemia included obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of dyslipidemia is very high in India, which calls for urgent lifestyle intervention strategies to prevent and manage this important cardiovascular risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Shashank R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhansali
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Care Center, Ranchi, India.
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dhandania
authors.affiliation: Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Prashant P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Elangovan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nirmal
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Radhakrishnan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subashini
authors.affiliation: University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sri Venkata
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.affiliation: Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Paturi Vishnupriya
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Tanvir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Deepak Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control & IDF Centre of Education, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids