title: Development of a novel walk-through fly trap for the control of horn flies and other pests on pastured dairy cows.
abstract: A prototype walk-through fly vacuum system, designed to remove horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from cattle, was developed and tested for efficacy. The study was conducted during 4 fly seasons over 17 consecutive weeks each year within the months of May through September at 1 dairy research herd in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Additional data on horn flies, as well as face flies (Musca autumnalis) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), were collected during 1 yr from 7 commercial pasture-based and organic dairy farms in the piedmont region of North Carolina. The number of flies observed on animals in the pasture was compared with the number of flies collected in the trap. Studies were initiated after horn fly densities had met or exceeded a threshold of 200 flies per animal. The vacuum trap removed between 1.3 and 2.5 million flies annually from the research station cattle. Most fly removal occurred during the first few weeks of operation and maintained densities below threshold thereafter. Cattle using the fly trap at the research farm had only about 28% the number of horn flies as untreated cattle, and reductions ranged from 67.5 to 74.5% across the 4-yr study. In addition to large numbers of horn flies, traps placed on commercial dairies during 1 yr collected stable flies, face flies, and house flies, all species with differing behavior and larger in size than horn flies. The estimated cost of running the trap is $72 per season at commercial rates of $0.12 per hour and an expected 4h of daily operation during the time of milking. Use of a vacuum system as described herein has potential as a cost-effective method in reducing populations of parasitic flies in pasture-based dairy production systems without the use of insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Denning
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Washburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621. Electronic address: Wes_Watson@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D009117:Muscidae; D009657:North Carolina; D012621:Seasons; D014618:Vacuum
keywords: Haematobia irritans; Muscidae; face fly; organic dairy; stable fly