title: Diaphragmatic motion studied by M-mode ultrasonography in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The coexistence of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis is known as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). The aim of this study was to compare diaphragmatic motion measured by M-mode ultrasonography of patients with CPFE, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pulmonary function, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and diaphragmatic motion were examined in patients with CPFE (n = 25), IPF (n = 18), and COPD (n = 60), and in healthy controls (n = 21). Diaphragmatic motions were measured on M-mode ultrasonographic images during quiet breathing and deep breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in right or left diaphragmatic motion during quiet breathing among the four groups, whereas differences were significant in right and left motion during deep breathing. Diaphragmatic motion in CPFE patients was the lowest among the four groups. COPD patients, especially those with severe COPD, showed significantly lower diaphragmatic motion than IPF patients or healthy controls. There were no differences in diaphragmatic motion between IPF patients and healthy controls. Right diaphragmatic motions during deep breathing were negatively correlated with emphysema scores (r = -0.606, p < 0.001), but were not correlated with fibrosis scores on HRCT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diaphragmatic weakness was found in CPFE patients. Emphysema but not fibrosis may be one cause of limited diaphragmatic motion in patients with CPFE. M-mode ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion during deep breathing may be a useful tool in diagnosing CPFE and in discriminating CPFE patients from IPF or COPD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Ren Min Road, JingZhou District, JingZhou, 434020, Hu Bei Province, China, hehel@live.cn.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Wanguang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jiahong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Jingping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jinwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Chuanbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Yongjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Zhenxiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Huilan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography