title: The problem of osteoporosis in epileptic patients taking antiepileptic drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder associated with recurrent seizures. Therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) helps achieve seizure remission in approximately 70% of epileptic patients. Treatment with AEDs is frequently lifelong and there are reports suggesting its negative influence on bone health. This is especially important in terms of general occurrence of osteoporosis, affecting over 50 million people worldwide.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study refers to two main groups of AEDs: hepatic enzyme inducers (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone and topiramate) and non-inducers (clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, pregabalin, tiagabine, valproate, vigabatrin and zonisamide). Some reports indicate that enzyme inducers may exert a more negative influence on bone mineral density (BMD) compared to non-inducers. Bone problems may appear in both sexes during AED therapy, although women are additionally burdened with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Supplementation of vitamin D and calcium in patients on AEDs is recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from enzyme inducers, valproate (an even enzyme inhibitor) may also negatively affect BMD. However, the untoward effects of AEDs may depend upon their doses and duration of treatment. Although the problem of supplementation of vitamin D and calcium in epileptic patients on AEDs is controversial, there are recommendations to do so.
authors.affiliation: Medical University, Department of Pathophysiology , Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin , Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miziak
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Błaszczyk
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chrościńska-Krawczyk
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Danilkiewicz
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jagiełło-Wójtowicz
authors.forename: Stanisław J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Czuczwar
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: antiepileptic drugs; calcium supplementation; fractures; osteoporosis; vitamin D supplementation