title: Vagotomy induces deregulation of the inflammatory response during the development of amoebic liver abscess in hamsters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The parasympathetic nervous system modulates the immune response in the abdominal-pelvic gut through the vagus nerve, which releases acetylcholine. This endogenous ligand acts on α7 nicotinic receptors expressed on immune cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the mechanism of the production and regulation of cytokines in parasympathectomized and control hamsters during the development of amoebic liver abscesses (ALA) caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six- to 8-week-old male hamsters with and without vagotomy were used in a model of ALA. The animals were infected with trophozoites (350,000; HM1:IMSS strain) via the intrahepatic route and sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h and at 2, 4, and 7 days postinfection. Immune parameters were recorded at each time point using morphometric techniques including immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays. These parameters included signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) levels, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation in neutrophils and macrophages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control groups, the vagotomized (VAG) hamsters showed a significant increase in NFκB activation in neutrophils and macrophages, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α. VAG hamsters showed an increase in the expression of IL-8 and phosphorylated STAT3 during the first 24 h postinfection as well as slightly increased levels of transforming growth factor-β on days 2-7 postinfection. No significant differences were demonstrated in the levels of IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation during ALA formation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Alemán
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quintanar-Stephano
authors.forename: Galileo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Escobedo
authors.forename: María del Rosario
authors.initials: Mdel R
authors.lastname: Campos-Esparza
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campos-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ventura-Juárez
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D006224:Cricetinae; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008101:Liver Abscess, Amebic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014628:Vagotomy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor