title: Wild tomato leaf extracts for spider mite and cowpea aphid control.
abstract: Glandular trichomes on the leaves of wild tomato, L. hirsutum f. hirsutum Mull, also known as Solanum habrochaites (Solanaceae), synthesize and accumulate high levels of methyl ketones (MKs). L. hirsutum accession LA 407, having high concentration of MKs, was grown from seeds under greenhouse conditions. Four MKs (2-undecanone, 2-dodecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-pentadecanone) were screened for their toxicity to spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and cowpea aphids, Aphis craccivora Koch. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) develop a bioassay for testing MKs on spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality and (2) compare the efficacies of wild tomato leaf crude extracts and pure standard materials of MKs against spider mite and cowpea aphid mortality. Our results revealed that spider mites are most sensitive to 2-tridecanone (LC50 = 0.08 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface) and least sensitive to 2-undecanone (LC50 = 1.5 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface) 4 h after treatment. Similarly, 2-tridecanone caused greatest mortality (LC50 = 0.2 μmole cm(-2) of treated leaf surface), whereas 2-undecanone caused the lowest morality (LC50 = 0.48 μmole cm(-2) of treated surface) of cowpea aphid. We concluded that all MKs tested in this investigation are toxic to spider mites and aphids. 2-Tridecanone is more effective in killing mites and aphids compared to other MKs. Toxicity of crude extracts, prepared from the leaves of L. hirsutum accession LA 407, to spider mites and cowpea aphids revealed greater mortality compared to a combined mixture of MKs standard material (used at the same concentration as found on LA 407 leaves). This indicates that in addition to MKs, other unidentified compounds in LA 407 leaf extract also have pesticidal properties. Accordingly, leaf extracts of LA 407 could be explored in crop protection, and they might open a new area of MK formulations and discovery of biorational alternatives for pest control in agricultural fields.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Systems, College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems , Kentucky State University , Frankfort , Kentucky , USA.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Antonious
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamminga
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007659:Ketones; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Methyl ketones; bioassays; crude extracts; glandular trichomes; lethal concentration; mortality