title: Distinct phenotypes of human prostate cancer cells associate with different adaptation to hypoxia and pro-inflammatory gene expression.
abstract: Hypoxia and inflammation are strictly interconnected both concurring to prostate cancer progression. Numerous reports highlight the role of tumor cells in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and show that hypoxia can modulate a number of these genes contributing substantially to the increase of cancer aggressiveness. However, little is known about the importance of the tumor phenotype in this process. The present study explores how different features, including differentiation and aggressiveness, of prostate tumor cell lines impact on the hypoxic remodeling of pro-inflammatory gene expression and malignancy. We performed our studies on three cell lines with increasing metastatic potential: the well differentiated androgen-dependent LNCaP and the less differentiated and androgen-independent DU145 and PC3. We analyzed the effect that hypoxic treatment has on modulating pro-inflammatory gene expression and evaluated the role HIF isoforms and NF-kB play in sustaining this process. DU145 and PC3 cells evidenced a higher normoxic expression and a more complete hypoxic induction of pro-inflammatory molecules compared to the well differentiated LNCaP cell line. The role of HIF1α and NF-kB, the master regulators of hypoxia and inflammation respectively, in sustaining the hypoxic pro-inflammatory phenotype was different according to cell type. NF-kB was observed to play a main role in DU145 and PC3 cells in which treatment with the NF-kB inhibitor parthenolide was able to counteract both the hypoxic pro-inflammatory shift and HIF1α activation but not in LNCaP cells. Our data highlight that tumor prostate cell phenotype contributes at a different degree and with different mechanisms to the hypoxic pro-inflammatory gene expression related to tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy; Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ravenna
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Principessa
authors.affiliation: Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdina
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy; Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, CRS, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvatori
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrangeli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B