title: A model of alcohol drinking under an intermittent access schedule using group-housed mice.
abstract: Here, we describe a new model of voluntary alcohol drinking by group-housed mice. The model employs sensor-equipped cages that track the behaviors of the individual animals via implanted radio chips. After the animals were allowed intermittent access to alcohol (three 24 h intervals every week) for 4 weeks, the proportions of licks directed toward bottles containing alcohol were 50.9% and 39.6% for the male and female mice, respectively. We used three approaches (i.e., quinine adulteration, a progressive ratio schedule and a schedule involving a risk of punishment) to test for symptoms of compulsive alcohol drinking. The addition of 0.01% quinine to the alcohol solution did not significantly affect intake, but 0.03% quinine induced a greater than 5-fold reduction in the number of licks on the alcohol bottles. When the animals were required to perform increasing numbers of instrumental responses to obtain access to the bottle with alcohol (i.e., a progressive ratio schedule), they frequently reached a maximum of 21 responses irrespective of the available reward. Although the mice rarely achieved higher response criteria, the number of attempts was ∼ 10 times greater in case of alcohol than water. We have developed an approach for mapping social interactions among animals that is based on analysis of the sequences of entries into the cage corners. This approach allowed us to identify the mice that followed other animals in non-random fashions. Approximately half of the mice displayed at least one interaction of this type. We have not yet found a clear correlation between imitative behavior and relative alcohol preference. In conclusion, the model we describe avoids the limitations associated with testing isolated animals and reliably leads to stable alcohol drinking. Therefore, this model may be well suited to screening for the effects of genetic mutations or pharmacological treatments on alcohol-induced behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smutek
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turbasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piechota
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zajdel
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; Department of Neuroscience and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Przewlocki
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan Rodriguez
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parkitna
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012919:Social Behavior