title: Ginsenoside Rd ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disabling autoimmune disease without an effective treatment in young adults. Ginsenoside Rd, extracted from Panax notoginseng, has multiple pharmacological effects and potential therapeutic applications in diseases of the central nervous system. In this study, we explore the efficacy of ginsenoside Rd in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established model of MS. EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-amino-acid peptide. Ginsenoside Rd (10-80 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered on the disease onset day, and the therapy persisted throughout the experiments. The dose of 40 mg/kg/day of ginsenoside Rd was selected as optimal. Ginsenoside Rd effectively ameliorated the clinical severity in EAE mice, reduced the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, regulated the secretion of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, promoted the Th2 shift in vivo (cerebral cortex) and in vitro (splenocytes culture supernatants), and prevented the reduction in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in both cerebral cortex and lumbar spinal cord of EAE mice. This study establishes the potency of ginsenoside Rd in inhibiting the clinical course of EAE. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rd could be a promising agent for amelioration of neuroimmune dysfunction diseases such as MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Dongliang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yaowu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Linli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Qiling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Rongbiao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein / Q000633:toxicity; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000633:toxicity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D036145:Ginsenosides; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C445081:myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55); D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C049863:ginsenoside Rd
keywords: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ginsenoside Rd; multiple sclerosis; therapy