title: Obstructive sleep apnea and risk for late-life depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by repetitive pharyngeal collapse. Because of the association between OSA, ischemia, and late-life depression, we hypothesized that older patients with OSA would have a higher prevalence of depression relative to their younger counterparts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients evaluated at the Sleep Disorders Center (SDC) at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. A total of 617 patients age≥18 seen at SDC for diagnostic and therapeutic sleep studies were identified. Patients with a chart diagnosis of depressive disorder or treatment with antidepressants were identified as having a depressive disorder. Patients with an Apnea/Hypopnea Index≥5 were identified as having OSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No evidence of an escalating prevalence of depression with age was found in patients with OSA relative to those without the disorder. Prevalence of depression was similar in the OSA and the nonapnea groups (40.9% vs 40.3%, respectively; χ2=0.02; df=1; P=.89). Individuals with OSA had a significantly higher body mass index and greater number of chart diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease compared with the nonapnea group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression among individuals with OSA does not appear to be moderated by age. Similarly high rates of depression were observed across the population of individuals referred for sleep studies, whether or not they were diagnosed with OSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. E-mail: jess-fiedorowicz@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajpai
authors.forename: Kyoung Bin
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Mark Eric
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dyken
authors.forename: Simrit K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sodhi
authors.forename: Jess G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fiedorowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology