title: Urethral strictures and the cancer survivor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urethral stricture disease is poorly understood in prostate cancer survivors who have undergone radiation or ablative treatments. We review the cause and incidence of urethral strictures (excluding bladder neck contracture) in this setting, as well as risk factors and treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stricture rates differ for various modalities of radiation therapy, with the highest rate in high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Risk factors include higher dose of radiation delivered to prostate apex, radiation delivered per treatment, and prior transurethral resection of prostate. Cryoablation and high-intensity focused ultrasound of the prostate also carry high risk of urethral stricture formation, particularly in the salvage setting. Dilation or direct vision incision of the urethra can be utilized as a temporizing technique, with frequent recurrence. Urethral stenting is also an option; however, this is associated with a high rate of incontinence. Urethroplasty has durable outcomes for radiation-induced strictures, with a preference for excision and primary anastomosis because of the bulbomembranous location and relatively short length of these strictures. Salvage radical prostatectomy has been described in a small series as treatment for posterior urethral strictures and bladder neck contractures resulting from ablative therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate cancer survivors treated with radiation or ablative therapies are at risk for urethral stricture formation. Urethroplasty is a feasible and durable treatment option and should be considered in the appropriate patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery