title: Cues to urinary urgency and urge incontinence: how those diagnosed with overactive bladder syndrome differ from undiagnosed persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the extent to which cues are reported to be associated with urinary urgency incontinence and urinary urgency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive and correlational study comparing 2 groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  An online questionnaire assessing the extent to which 19 environmental, 3 mood, 3 cognitive, 3 stress incontinence, 1 bladder volume cue, and 3 unlikely cues were associated with episodes of urinary urgency incontinence and urgency was administered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred six participants were randomly drawn from a panel of respondents maintained by Zoomerang, Inc. Approximately half (n = 150) had self-reported diagnoses of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and half did not. Cue ratings were compared between persons with and without OAB and between likely and unlikely cues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently reported environmental cues were "On the way to the bathroom" and "Arrival at home/opening front door"; these cues were reported by both groups. Respondents with and without OAB showed significant differences in the mean number of cues associated with urinary urgency incontinence and with urinary urgency; persons with OAB were always higher. Significant differences between persons with and without OAB were found for 28 of 32 cues associated with incontinence and 25 of 32 cues associated with urinary urgency. To investigate response bias, within-subjects analyses compared mean responses to the 3 unlikely cues to means of all other cues. Analyses revealed that scores for unlikely cues were significantly lower than scores for likely cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cues associated with urgency incontinence and urgency were frequently reported by both groups. However, responding to cues was significantly more frequent among those who had been diagnosed with OAB. These findings may have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary urgency incontinence.
authors.affiliation: Kathleen A. O'Connell, PhD, RN, FAAN, Isabel Maitland Stewart Professor of Nursing Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York. Alex Torstrick, MA, doctoral student, St. Johns University, Queens, New York. Elizabeth Victor, MA, doctoral student, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: OʼConnell
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torstrick
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Victor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013577:Syndrome; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000523:psychology*; D053202:Urinary Incontinence, Urge / Q000523:psychology*