title: Prevalence and risk factors associated with tardive dyskinesia among Indian patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the most distressing side effects of antipsychotic treatment. As prevalence studies of TD in Asian population are scarce, a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the frequency of TD in Indian patients with schizophrenia and risk factors of TD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 160 Indian patients fulfilling the DSM-IV TR criteria for schizophrenia and who received antipsychotics for at least one year, were examined with two validated scales for TD. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between TD and clinical risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of probable TD in the total sample was 26.4%. The logistic regression yielded significant odds ratios between TD and age, intermittent treatment, and total cumulative antipsychotic dose. The difference of TD between SGA and FGA disappeared after adjusting for important co-variables in regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indian patients with schizophrenia and long-term antipsychotic treatment have a high risk of TD, and TD is associated with older age, intermittent antipsychotic treatment, and a high total cumulative antipsychotic dose. Our study findings suggest that there is no significant difference between SGAs with regards to the risk of causing TD as compared to FGAs.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India; Government Medical College, Aurangabad, India.
authors.forename: Rashmin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Achalia
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Girish N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), New Delhi, India. Electronic address: drjhirwalop@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Om
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: First generation antipsychotics; Prevalence; Risk factors; Second generation antipsychotics; Tardive dyskinesia