title: Quantitative modelling to estimate the transfer of pharmaceuticals through the food production system.
abstract: Use of pharmaceuticals in animal production may cause an indirect route of contamination of food products of animal origin. This study aimed to assess, through mathematical modelling, the transfer of pharmaceuticals from contaminated soil, through plant uptake, into the dairy food production chain. The scenarios, model parameters, and values refer to contaminants in emission slurry production, storage time, immission into soil, plant uptake, bioaccumulation in the animal's body, and transfer to meat and milk. Modelling results confirm the possibility of contamination of dairy cow's meat and milk due the ingestion of contaminated feed by the cattle. The estimated concentration of pharmaceutical residues obtained for meat ranged from 0 to 6 ng kg(-1) for oxytetracycline, from 0.011 to 0.181 μg kg(-1) for sulfamethoxazole, and from 4.70 to 11.86 μg kg(-1) for ketoconazole. The estimated concentrations for milk were: zero for oxytetracycline, lower than 40 ng L(-1) for sulfamethoxazole, and from 0.98 to 2.48 μg L(-1) for ketoconazole. Results obtained for the three selected pharmaceuticals indicate a minor risk for human health. This study showed that supply chain modelling could be an effective tool in assessing the indirect contamination of feedstuff and animal products by residues of pharmaceuticals. The model can easily be adjusted to other contaminants and supply chain and, in this way, present a valuable tool to underpin decision making.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Food Science and Engineering , University Dunarea de Jos Galaţi , Galaţi , Romania.
authors.forename: Carmen Lidia
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chiţescu
authors.forename: Anca Ioana
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Römkens
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Van Der Fels-Klerx
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005523:Food Supply; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Pharmaceuticals; bioaccumulation; chemical contamination; food safety; food supply chain; mathematical modelling; public health; transfer; veterinary