title: Assessment and improvement of Indian-origin rhesus macaque and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaque genome annotations using deep transcriptome sequencing data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genome annotations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, two of the most common non-human primate animal models, are limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed large-scale macaque RNA-based next-generation sequencing (RNAseq) data to identify un-annotated macaque transcripts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both macaque species, we uncovered thousands of novel isoforms for annotated genes and thousands of un-annotated intergenic transcripts enriched with non-coding RNAs. We also identified thousands of transcript sequences which are partially or completely 'missing' from current macaque genome assemblies. We showed that many newly identified transcripts were differentially expressed during SIV infection of rhesus macaques or during Ebola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For two important macaque species, we uncovered thousands of novel isoforms and un-annotated intergenic transcripts including coding and non-coding RNAs, polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated transcripts. This resource will greatly improve future macaque studies, as demonstrated by their applications in infectious disease studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Xinxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pipes
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Walter L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ruzzo
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Palermo
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Katze
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000502:physiology; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007194:India; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008436:Mauritius; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D016097:Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D022661:RNA, Untranslated
keywords: RNAseq; intergenic transcripts; non-coding RNA; non-polyadenylated RNA