title: Planned repetitive use of levosimendan for heart failure in cardiology and internal medicine in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Levosimendan is used in acute heart failure (HF) and increasingly as planned repetitive infusions in stable chronic HF, but the extent of this practice is unknown. The aim was to assess the use of levosimendan vs. conventional inotropes and the use as planned repetitive vs. acute treatment, in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a descriptive study with individual patient validation assessing the use of levosimendan and conventional intravenous inotropes, indications for levosimendan, clinical characteristics and survival in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry between 2000 and 2011. For repetitive levosimendan, we assessed potential indications for alternative interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 53,548 total registrations, there were 655 confirmed with inotrope use (597 levosimendan, 37 conventional, 21 both) from 22 hospitals responding to validation, and 6069 in-patient controls with New York Heart Association III-IV and ejection fraction <40%. The indications for levosimendan were acute HF in 384 registrations (306 patients), and planned repetitive in 234 registrations (87 patients). Planned repetitive as a proportion of total levosimendan registrations ranged 0-65% and of total levosimendan patients ranged 0-54% in different hospitals. Of planned repetitive patients without existing cardiac resynchronization therapy, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, transplant and/or assist device, 46-98% were potential candidates for such interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HF in cardiology and internal medicine in Sweden, levosimendan was the overwhelming inotrope of choice, and the use of planned repetitive levosimendan was extensive, highly variable between hospitals and may have pre-empted other interventions. Potential effects of and indications for planned repetitive levosimendan need to be evaluated in prospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thorvaldsen
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, SöS, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hagerman
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Cardiology UHL, County Council of Östergötland, 58191 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dahlström
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edner
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Lars.Lund@alumni.duke.edu.
authors.forename: Lars H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lund
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012042:Registries; D000077464:Simendan; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D006835:Hydrazones; D011724:Pyridazines; D000077464:Simendan
keywords: Guidelines; Health care utilization; Heart failure; Indications; Inotropes; levosimendan