title: Evidence for trade-offs in detoxification and chemosensation gene signatures in Plutella xylostella.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detoxification genes have been associated with insecticide adaptation in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The link between chemosensation genes and adaptation, however, remains unexplored. To gain a better understanding of the involvement of these genes in insecticide adaptation, the authors exposed lines of P. xylostella to either high uniform (HU) or low heterogeneous (LH) concentrations of permethrin, expecting primarily physiological or behavioral selection respectively. Initially, 454 pyrosequencing was applied, followed by an examination of expression profiles of candidate genes that responded to selection [cytochrome P450 (CYP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), chemosensory protein (CSP) and odorant-binding protein (OBP)] by quantitative PCR in the larvae. Toxicity and behavioral assays were also conducted to document the effects of the two forms of exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pyrosequencing of the P. xylostella transcriptome from adult heads and third instars produced 198,753 reads with 52,752,486 bases. Quantitative PCR revealed overexpression of CYP4M14, CYP305B1 and CSP8 in HU larvae. OBP13, however, was highest in LH. Larvae from LH and HU lines had up to five- and 752-fold resistance levels respectively, which could be due to overexpression of P450s. However, the behavioral responses of all lines to a series of permethrin concentrations did not vary significantly in any of the generations examined, in spite of the observed upregulation of CSP8 and OBP13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression patterns from the target genes provide insights into behavioral and physiological responses to permethrin and suggest a new avenue of research on the role of chemosensation genes in insect adaptation to toxins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Present address: National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
authors.forename: Ma Anita M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: Binny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhandary
authors.forename: Asela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wijeratne
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Casey W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Omprakash
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mittapalli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009036:Moths / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D026023:Permethrin
keywords: Plutella xylostella; avoidance; chemosensory protein; cytochrome P450; odorant-binding protein; resistance