title: Atomic force microscopic comparison of remineralization with casein-phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate paste, acidulated phosphate fluoride gel and iron supplement in primary and permanent teeth: An in-vitro study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Demineralization of tooth by erosion is caused by frequent contact between the tooth surface and acids present in soft drinks.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study objective was to evaluate the remineralization potential of casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste, 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel and iron supplement on dental erosion by soft drinks in human primary and permanent enamel using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were made from extracted 15 primary and 15 permanent teeth which were randomly divided into three treatment groups: CPP-ACP paste, APF gel and iron supplement. AFM was used for baseline readings followed by demineralization and remineralization cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost all group of samples showed remineralization that is a reduction in surface roughness which was higher with CPP-ACP paste. Statistical analysis was performed using by one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U-test with P < 0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that the application of CPP-ACP paste is effective on preventing dental erosion from soft drinks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Science and Research Center, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Science and Research Center, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Shashikiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, People's College of Dental Science and Research Center, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shilpy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61471, Assir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Modern Dental College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vinaya Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
keywords: Atomic force microscope; dental erosion; remineralization