title: HybridICE® filter: ice separation in freeze desalination of mine waste waters.
abstract: Freeze desalination is an alternative method for the treatment of mine waste waters. HybridICE(®) technology is a freeze desalination process which generates ice slurry in surface scraper heat exchangers that use R404a as the primary refrigerant. Ice separation from the slurry takes place in the HybridICE filter, a cylindrical unit with a centrally mounted filter element. Principally, the filter module achieves separation of the ice through buoyancy force in a continuous process. The HybridICE filter is a new and economical means of separating ice from the slurry and requires no washing of ice with water. The performance of the filter at a flow-rate of 25 L/min was evaluated over time and with varied evaporating temperature of the refrigerant. Behaviours of the ice fraction and residence time were also investigated. The objective was to find ways to improve the performance of the filter. Results showed that filter performance can be improved by controlling the refrigerant evaporating temperature and eliminating overflow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa E-mail: AdeniyiA@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adeniyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maree
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa E-mail: AdeniyiA@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: R K K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mbaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa E-mail: AdeniyiA@tut.ac.za.
authors.forename: A P I
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Popoola
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mtombeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, P/MB X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zvinowanda
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005615:Freezing; D007053:Ice; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008906:Mining; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012965:Sodium Chloride