title: Hospitalized children continue to report undertreated and preventable pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Published reports of substantial rates of moderate to severe pediatric inpatient pain tend to overlook lower-intensity pain that may be clinically significant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the prevalence of clinically significant pain in pediatric inpatients by considering the pain threshold at which each child desires intervention, and to assess sources of pain, pain assessment and intervention, and relationships among demographic and medical variables to reported pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatients or their parents on four hospital units during four nonconsecutive days were eligible for inclusion. Interviews (76 parents; 31&nbsp;patients) captured experiences of 107 inpatients (three weeks to 18&nbsp;years of age) including current, worst and usual pain, pain treatment thresholds, sources of pain and help received during the previous 24 h. A chart review provided data regarding demographic and medical variables, and pain assessment and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 94% of patients experienced pain. The prevalence of clinically significant pain was 8% (current), 62% (worst) and 24% (usual). Current and worst pain was primarily procedural, and usual pain was primarily disease related. On average, patients had 4.03 documented pain assessments over 24 h. Caregiver responses (eg, reassurance) and nonpharmacological interventions were frequently reported (>90%) but infrequently documented (<50%); 66% of patients received pharmacological interventions. Younger patients received fewer pain assessments and opioids. Patients with clinically significant usual pain were more likely to have undergone surgery, and receive more pain assessments and interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While recent studies suggest reduced pain in pediatric inpatients, the present findings reveal a continued high frequency of undertreated pain. High rates of procedural pain are preventable and should be targeted given the underutilization of pain management strategies.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Birnie
authors.forename: Christine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Conrad V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Paula A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Forgeron
authors.forename: Margot A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: G Allen
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Finley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence