title: Mental dysfunctions in dystonia-plus syndromes.
abstract: With the increasing understanding of the involvement of basal ganglia circuits in the functions of movement, cognition, emotion and motivation, the network model of dystonia posits a plausible mechanism for the co-occurrence of mental dysfunctions in dystonia-plus syndromes. Genetic mutations that alter the production of neurotransmitters and receptors can potentially affect the function of these interconnecting circuits and yield non-motor symptoms as well. This article reviews the psychiatric findings in dystonia-plus syndromes reported thus far in the literature, both in animal models and human subjects. Based on this innovative understanding of the pathophysiology, implications to treatment of combined motor and non-motor symptoms (i.e. mental dysfunctions) are also briefly discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, España, Manila, Philippines Department of Psychiatry, The Medical city, Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Mary Anne P
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sunga
authors.affiliation: Neurology, Neurosciences and Psychiatry, The Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila, Philippines 443 University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Clinical Division, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines Movement Disorder Service, International Institute of Neuroscience, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rosales
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D004421:Dystonia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Anxiety; cognition; depression; dystonia parkinsonism; dystonic disorders; impulse-control disorder