title: Electromembrane extraction--three-phase electrophoresis for future preparative applications.
abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the principle and the future potential for electromembrane extraction (EME). EME was presented in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation technique for ionized target analytes, based on electrokinetic migration across a supported liquid membrane under the influence of an external electrical field. The principle of EME is presented, and typical performance data for EME are discussed. Most work with EME up to date has been performed with low-molecular weight pharmaceutical substances as model analytes, but the principles of EME should be developed in other directions in the future to fully explore the potential. Recent research in new directions is critically reviewed, with focus on extraction of different types of chemical and biochemical substances, new separation possibilities, new approaches, and challenges related to mass transfer and background current. The intention of this critical review is to give a flavor of EME and to stimulate into more research in the area of EME. Unlike other review articles, the current one is less comprehensive, but put more emphasis on new directions for EME.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gjelstad
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pedersen-Bjergaard
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008567:Membranes, Artificial
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial
keywords: Critical review; Electromembrane extraction; Future directions; Supported liquid membrane