title: Single wavelength shadow imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion including force estimates.
abstract: This study demonstrates an inexpensive and straightforward technique that allows the measurement of physical properties such as position, velocity, acceleration and forces involved in the locomotory behavior of nematodes suspended in a column of water in response to single wavelengths of light. We demonstrate how to evaluate the locomotion of a microscopic organism using Single Wavelength Shadow Imaging (SWSI) using two different examples. The first example is a systematic and statistically viable study of the average descent of C. elegans in a column of water. For this study, we used living and dead wildtype C. elegans. When we compared the velocity and direction of nematode active movement with the passive descent of dead worms within the gravitational field, this study showed no difference in descent-times. The average descent was 1.5 mm/sec ± 0.1 mm/sec for both the live and dead worms using 633 nm coherent light. The second example is a case study of select individual C. elegans changing direction during the descent in a vertical water column. Acceleration and force are analyzed in this example. This case study demonstrates the scope of other physical properties that can be evaluated using SWSI while evaluating the behavior using single wavelengths in an environment that is not accessible with traditional microscopes. Using this analysis we estimated an individual nematode is capable of thrusting with a force in excess of 28 nN. Our findings indicate that living nematodes exert 28 nN when turning, or moving against the gravitational field. The findings further suggest that nematodes passively descend in a column of water, but can actively resist the force of gravity primarily by turning direction.
authors.affiliation: Physics and Astronomy Department, Vassar College.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jago
authors.affiliation: Physics and Astronomy Department, Vassar College.
authors.forename: Tewa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kpulun
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Vassar College.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Raley-Susman
authors.affiliation: Physics and Astronomy Department, Vassar College; jemagnes@vassar.edu.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magnes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000502:physiology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000379:methods*; D013550:Swimming