title: Gallium(III) complexes of NOTA-bis (phosphonate) conjugates as PET radiotracers for bone imaging.
abstract: Ligands with geminal bis(phosphonic acid) appended to 1,4,7-triazacyclonone-1,4-diacetic acid fragment through acetamide (NOTAM(BP) ) or methylenephosphinate (NO2AP(BP) ) spacers designed for (68) Ga were prepared. Ga(III) complexation is much faster for ligand with methylenephosphinate spacer than that with acetamide one, in both chemical (high reactant concentrations) and radiolabeling studies with no-carrier-added (68) Ga. For both ligands, formation of Ga(III) complex was slower than that with NOTA owing to the strong out-of-cage binding of bis(phosphonate) group. Radiolabeling was efficient and fast only above 60 °C and in a narrow acidity region (pH ~3). At higher temperature, hydrolysis of amide bond of the carboxamide-bis(phosphonate) conjugate was observed during complexation reaction leading to Ga-NOTA complex. In vitro sorption studies confirmed effective binding of the (68) Ga complexes to hydroxyapatite being comparable with that found for common bis(phosphonate) drugs such as pamindronate. Selective bone uptake was confirmed in healthy rats by biodistribution studies ex vivo and by positron emission tomography imaging in vivo. Bone uptake was very high, with SUV (standardized uptake value) of 6.19 ± 1.27 for [(68) Ga]NO2AP(BP) ) at 60 min p.i., which is superior to uptake of (68) Ga-DOTA-based bis(phosphonates) and [(18) F]NaF reported earlier (SUV of 4.63 ± 0.38 and SUV of 4.87 ± 0.32 for [(68) Ga]DO3AP(BP) and [(18) F]NaF, respectively, at 60 min p.i.). Coincidently, accumulation in soft tissue is generally low (e.g. for kidneys SUV of 0.26 ± 0.09 for [(68) Ga]NO2AP(BP) at 60 min p.i.), revealing the new (68) Ga complexes as ideal tracers for noninvasive, fast and quantitative imaging of calcified tissue and for metastatic lesions using PET or PET/CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holub
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meckel
authors.forename: Vojtěch
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kubíček
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D004164:Diphosphonates; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D005708:Gallium
keywords: 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals; NOTA derivatives; PET imaging; bis(phosphonate); bone targeting; in vivo imaging; macrocyclic complexes; nuclear medicine; phosphinate complexes; radiotracer biodistribution