title: Determination of early urinary renal injury markers in obese children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is an important health issue, the prevalence of which is increasing in childhood. The aim of this study was to examine urinary renal injury markers in order to determine the renal effect of obesity and its comorbidities in a pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four obese children and 64 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. We checked their urine using N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and microalbumin as renal injury markers. Associations of renal damage markers with hypertension, an impaired glucose tolerance test, and insulin resistance were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese individuals had higher urinary NAG and KIM-1 values compared to those of healthy controls (p = 0.027, p = 0.026). There was no difference in urinary NGAL between obese and lean subjects (p = 0.885). Urinary renal injury markers were not statistically different in the obese group when checked for impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hypertension (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that urinary NAG and KIM-1 could be used as a screening method for detection of early renal damage in obese children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nilufer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goknar
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oktem
authors.forename: Ilker Tolga
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Ozgen
authors.forename: Emel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torun
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuçukkoc
authors.forename: Aysegul Dogan
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cesur
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000652:urine; D011991:Receptors, Virus
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase