title: Clinical presentation, severity and progression of primary angle closure in malays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited knowledge on primary angle closure (PAC) in Malays. Understanding the clinical presentation and progression of PAC in Malays is important for prevention of blindness in Southeast Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective record review study was conducted on Malay patients seen in the eye clinic of two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. Based on the available data, Malay patients re-diagnosed as primary angle closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) based on the International Society Geographical Epidemiological classification. Clinical data was collected from initial presentation including the presence of acute primary angle closure until at least 5 years follow up. Progression was defined based on gonioscopic changes, vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR), intraocular pressure (IOP) and Humphrey visual field (HVF) analysis. Progression and severity of PACG was defined based Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson classification on reliable HVF central 24-2 or 30-2 analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 patients (200 eyes) with at least 5 years follow up were included. 94 eyes (47%) presented with APAC. During initial presentation, 135 eyes (67.5%) were diagnosed with glaucomatous changes with 91 eyes already blind. After 5 years of follow up, 155 eyes (77.5%) progressed. There was 4 times risk of progression in eyes with PAC (p=0.071) and 16 times risk of progression in PACG (p=0.001). Absence of laser peripheral iridotomy was associated with 10 times the risk of progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angle closure is common in Malays. Majority presented with optic neuropathy at the initial presentation and progressed further. Preventive measures including promoting public awareness among Malay population is important to prevent blindness.
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia. meelingt2001@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Liza-Sharmini
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Sharina
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dolaboladi
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Zaid
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Azhany
authors.affiliation: Universiti Sains Malaysia, Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zunaina