title: Protective role of oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex against hazardous nodularin-induced oxidative toxicity in Carassius auratus lymphocytes.
abstract: Nodularin (NOD) is a hazardous material widely detected in water blooms. Fish immune cells are extremely vulnerable to NOD-induced oxidative stress. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin complex (OPC), extracted from grapeseed, was used as an antioxidant to eliminate reactive oxygen species and prevent apoptotic effects. Carassius auratus lymphocytes were treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L) of OPC and a constant dose (100 μg/L) of NOD for 12h in vitro. OPC inhibited mitosis by decreasing intracellular levels of oxidative stress, regulating antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, and GST), mediating bcl-2 family proteins, and deactivating caspase-3. Glutathione (GSH) levels in group V (NOD 100 μg/L; OPC 1,000 μg/L) showed a twofold increase compared with corresponding levels in group II (NOD 100 μg/L). Structure parameters of NOD and NOD-GSH were calculated using SYBYL 7.1 software. ClogP and HINK logP values of NOD-GSH decreased by 10.4- and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared with corresponding values of NOD. OPC-stimulated GSH can lower the lipophilicity and polarity of NOD. OPC, as a protective agent, can alleviate NOD-induced toxicity in C. auratus lymphocytes by regulating oxidative stress and inducing NOD-GSH detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China. Electronic address: zhanghangjun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hangjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Wendi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Wenfeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000633:toxicity*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C063998:nodularin; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D053148:Caspase 3; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antiapoptosis; Lymphocytes; Nodularin; Oxidative stress; Proanthocyanidin