title: Classifying errors in preventable and potentially preventable trauma deaths: a 9-year review using the Joint Commission's standardized methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Benchmarking and classification of avoidable errors in trauma care are difficult as most reports classify errors using variable locally derived schemes. We sought to classify errors in a large trauma population using standardized Joint Commission taxonomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  All preventable/potentially preventable deaths identified at an urban, level-1 trauma center (January 2002 to December 2010) were abstracted from the trauma registry. Errors deemed avoidable were classified within the 5-node (impact, type, domain, cause, and prevention) Joint Commission taxonomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 377 deaths in 11,100 trauma contacts, 106 (7.7%) were preventable/potentially preventable deaths related to 142 avoidable errors. Most common error types were in clinical performance (inaccurate diagnosis). Error domain involved primarily the emergency department (therapeutic interventions), caused mostly by knowledge deficits. Communication improvement was the most common mitigation strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standardized classification of errors in preventable trauma deaths most often involve clinical performance in the early phases of care and can be mitigated with universal strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Parc Taulí Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vioque
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Holena
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: jose.pascual@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000401:mortality; D010414:Pennsylvania; D012042:Registries; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: Avoidable errors; Joint Commission taxonomy of avoidable medical errors; Trauma preventable deaths