title: Spatial mismatch of phylogenetic diversity across three vertebrate groups and protected areas in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigate patterns of phylogenetic diversity in relation to species diversity for European birds, mammals and amphibians, to evaluate their congruence and highlight areas of particular evolutionary history. We estimate the extent to which the European network of protected areas (PAs) network retains interesting evolutionary history areas for the three groups separately and simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phylogenetic (QEPD) and species diversity (SD) were estimated using the Rao's quadratic entropy at 10' resolution. We determined the regional relationship between QEPDand SD for each taxa with a spatial regression model and used the tails of the residuals (QERES) distribution to identify areas of higher and lower QEPDthan predicted. Spatial congruence of biodiversity between groups was assessed with Pearson's correlation. A simple classification scheme allowed building a convergence map where a convergent pixel equalled to a QERESvalue of the same sign for the 3 groups. This convergence map was overlaid to the current PAs network to estimate the level of protection in convergent pixels and compared it to a null expectation built on 1000 randomization of PAs over the landscape.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QERESpatterns across vertebrates show a strong spatial mismatch highlighting different evolutionary histories. Convergent areas represent only 2.7% of the Western Palearctic, with only 8.4% of these areas being covered by the current PAs network while a random distribution would retain 10.4% of them. QERESare unequally represented within PAs: areas with higher QEPDthan predicted are better covered than expected, while low QEPDareas are undersampled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patterns of diversity strongly diverge between groups of vertebrates in Europe. Although Europe has the world's most extensive PAs network, evolutionary history of terrestrial vertebrates is unequally protected. The challenge is now to reconcile effective conservation planning with a contemporary view of biodiversity integrating multiple facets.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zupan
authors.affiliation: Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabeza
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome "La Sapienza", viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italia.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maiorano
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roquet
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, CC 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Devictor
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavergne
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire ECOSYM UMR 5119, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mouillot
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, CC 065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mouquet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thuiller
keywords: Europe; Phylogenetic diversity; protected areas; spatial biodiversity congruence; species diversity; terrestrial vertebrates