title: A recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) surface glycoprotein D protects against highly virulent ILTV and NDV challenges in chickens.
abstract: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Currently, modified live ILTV vaccines are used to control ILT infections. However, the live ILTV vaccines can revert to virulence after bird-to-bird passage and are capable of establishing latent infections, suggesting the need to develop safer vaccines against ILT. We have evaluated the role of three major ILTV surface glycoproteins, namely, gB, gC, and gD in protection and immunity against ILTV infection in chickens. Using reverse genetics approach, three recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDVs) designated rNDV gB, rNDV gC, and rNDV gD were generated, each expressing gB, gC, and gD, respectively, of ILTV. Chickens received two immunizations with rNDVs alone (gB, gC, and gD) or in combination (gB+gC, gB+gD, gC+gD, and gB+gC+gD). Immunization with rNDV gD induced detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies with the magnitude of response greater than the rest of the experimental groups including those vaccinated with commercially available vaccines. The birds immunized with rNDV gD showed complete protection against virulent ILTV challenge. The birds immunized with rNDV gC alone or multivalent vaccines consisting of combination of rNDVs displayed partial protection with minimal disease and reduced replication of challenge virus in trachea. Immunization with rNDV gB neither reduced the severity of the disease nor the replication of challenge virus in trachea. The superior protective efficacy of rNDV gD vaccine compared to rNDV gB or rNDV gC vaccine was attributed to the higher levels of envelope incorporation and infected cell surface expression of gD than gB or gC. Our results suggest that rNDV expressing gD is a safe and effective bivalent vaccine against NDV and ILTV.
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanabagatte Basavarajappa
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khattar
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Girmay T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gebreluul
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Anandan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paldurai
authors.affiliation: Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Electronic address: ssamal@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Siba K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Samal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002645:Chickens; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001352:Herpesvirus 1, Gallid; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014132:Trachea / Q000473:pathology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C094674:glycoprotein D, Gallid herpesvirus 1
keywords: Glycoprotein B; Glycoprotein C; Glycoprotein D; Immunogenicity; Infectious laryngotracheitis virus; Newcastle disease virus vector