title: Patient and procedural characteristics for successful and failed immediate tracheal extubation in the operating room following cardiac surgery in infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immediate extubation in the operating room after congenital heart surgery is practiced with rising frequency at many cardiac institutions to decrease costs and complications. Infants less than one year of age are also increasingly selected for this 'fast track'. However, factors for patient selection, success, or failure of this practice have not been well defined in this population, yet are critical for patient safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify selection criteria, patient and procedural characteristics for successful or failed very early endotracheal extubation in the operating room immediately following infant heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was performed for 326 consecutive patients undergoing neonatal and infant heart surgery from 2009 to 2012. Extubation and reintubation data were taken from the institutional Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and patients' charts. Patient characteristics were derived using multivariable logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Very early extubation in the operating room was performed for 130 of 326 neonates and infants (40%). Weight >4 kg, lesser procedural complexity, and absence of trisomy 21 were identified as significant predictors for attempted very early extubation. Of these patients, 12% required reintubation within 48 h following surgery, predominantly due to respiratory failure or for mediastinal re-exploration. Greater procedural complexity was associated with failed extubations. Reintubation was associated with prolonged hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extubation immediately after infant heart surgery in the operating room can be safely achieved. However, our data suggest that patients undergoing more complex procedures should be selected more conservatively for immediate early extubation.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Institute, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, Saint Joseph's Children's Hospital of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Dien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreutzer
authors.forename: Md M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Andreas W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Loepke
mesh_terms: D060666:Airway Extubation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001835:Body Weight; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009873:Operating Rooms; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: congenital cardiac surgery; database; extubation; pediatric cardiac anesthesia; reintubation