title: In vitro permeability of a model protein across ocular tissues and effect of iontophoresis on the transscleral delivery.
abstract: The aim of this work was to study the penetration of cytochrome c, a positively charged model protein (MW 12.4 kDa, charge at pH 8.2: +9), across different ocular tissues, and to evaluate the potential of iontophoresis to enhance and control the transscleral transport. The passive transport of cytochrome c across the sclera and across the bilayer choroid-Bruch's membrane was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and porcine tissues. The affinity of cytochrome c for melanin was measured by means of in vitro binding experiments. The iontophoretic (anodal) permeation was studied as a function of donor concentration (from 5 to 70 mg/ml) and current intensity (from 0.9 to 3.5 mA; density from 1.5 to 5.8 mA/cm(2)), and the contribution of electroosmosis on cytochrome c transport was evaluated by using a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran (FD-150, 149 kDa) as neutral marker. Finally, the possibility of tuning cytochrome c permeation rate was investigated on a 70 mg/ml cytochrome c solution, by alternating passive permeation and iontophoresis at different intensities. Cytochrome c permeated the sclera with a passive permeability coefficient of about 2.5 × 10(-6)cm/s, comparable to molecules of similar molecular radius. The choroid-Bruch's layer was an important barrier to penetration, since its presence reduced 5-7 times the amount permeated after 5h, also because of the presence of melanin that binds cytochrome. Iontophoresis (2.9 mA/cm(2)) enhanced cytochrome c penetration across the sclera at all the concentrations tested, increasing about ten times the amount permeated after 2h. The effect was proportional to current density: the enhancement factor (measured on a 10mg/ml solution), resulted 6.0 ± 4.3 (i=0.9 mA; density=1.5 mA/cm(2)), 10.6 ± 4.1 (i=1.75 mA; density=2.9 mA/cm(2)), 33.2 ± 8.3 (i=1.75 mA; density=5.8 mA/cm(2)). Iontophoretic (density=2.9 mA/cm(2)) experiments performed with FD-150, an electroosmotic flow (EO) marker, demonstrated that cytochrome c, at concentration higher that 1mg/ml, dramatically reduced the EO flow and that, despite the high MW, the main mechanism for cytochrome c iontophoretic permeation is electrorepulsion. Finally, by alternating in the same experiment passive permeation and iontophoresis at different current intensities, a precise modulation of cytochrome c release was obtained, thus indicating the possibility of tuning the release as a function of specific therapeutic needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tratta
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pescina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Padula
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. Electronic address: sara.nicoli@unipr.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicoli
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002417:Cattle; D002829:Choroid / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004058:Diffusion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008543:Melanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009995:Osmosis; D010539:Permeability; D012590:Sclera / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D045304:Cytochromes c
keywords: Choroid-Bruch’s layer; Cytochrome c; Iontophoresis; Melanin; Ocular drug delivery; Protein; Sclera; Transscleral delivery