title: Serum aluminum levels in dialysis patients after sclerotherapy of internal hemorrhoids with aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA) is an effective sclerosing agent for internal hemorrhoids. However, it is contraindicated for patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis, because the aluminum in ALTA can cause aluminum encephalopathy when it is not excreted effectively. We conducted this study to measure the serum aluminum concentrations and observe for symptoms relating to aluminum encephalopathy in dialysis patients after ALTA therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten dialysis patients underwent ALTA therapy for hemorrhoids. We measured their serum aluminum concentrations and observed them for possible symptoms of aluminum encephalopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total injection volume of ALTA solution was 31 mL (24-37). The median serum aluminum concentration before ALTA therapy was 9 μg/L, which increased to 741, 377, and 103 μg/L, respectively, 1 h, 1 day, and 1 week after ALTA therapy. These levels decreased rapidly, to 33 μg/L by 1 month and 11 μg/L by 3 months after ALTA therapy. No patient suffered symptoms related to aluminum encephalopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the aluminum concentrations increased temporarily after ALTA therapy, dialysis patients with levels below 150 μg/L by 1 week and thereafter are considered to be at low risk of the development of aluminum encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higasicho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan, a.tsunoda@kameda.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakagi
authors.forename: Nobuyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizutani
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000535:Aluminum / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000075202:Contraindications; D003956:Dialysis; D005260:Female; D006484:Hemorrhoids / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D013634:Tannins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000534:Alum Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D013634:Tannins; C041524:aluminum sulfate; D000535:Aluminum