title: Online normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: effects of different ionization methods on the characterization of highly complex crude oil mixtures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characterization of crude oil represents a challenge for researchers due to its complexity. While Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is the method of choice for such complex matrices the high number of ions present limits the efficiency of the analysis due to charge competition and space charge effects. One way to solve this problem is the direct coupling of FT-ICR MS with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal-phase liquid chromatography was applied on a deasphalted crude oil sample by using a polar aminocyano-bonded stationary phase with n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol as a mobile phase. The HPLC system was coupled online to a 12 T ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR mass spectrometer. Ion chromatograms were obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The chromatographic separation yielded a group separation into two peaks according to the polarity of the components. Each ionization technique was able to uniquely assign components differing in polarity and aromaticity. Additionally, an increase in aromaticity in the course of retention time for nonpolar species in the first peak was observed. Monitoring the ratio between protonated and radical mono-nitrogen species was achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the analysis of a crude oil sample, online coupling of a normal-phase HPLC system to an FT-ICR mass spectrometer was achieved. The results of the different ionization techniques were compared with each other, which enables a detailed characterization of the complex sample. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lababidi
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schrader