title: Respiratory complications associated with ketamine anesthesia for ophthalmic procedures following intraocular pressure measurement in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We compared respiratory complications (RCs) in children who received intramuscular (IM) versus intravenous (IV) or no ketamine for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement to test our observation that IM ketamine is associated with higher incidence of RCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 149 eye examinations under anesthesia with ketamine in 27 patients and 263 non-ketamine examinations under anesthesia in 81 patients using a mixed effects logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IM KETAMINE WAS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ODDS OF RCS COMPARED TO NO KETAMINE (ODDS RATIO (OR): 20.23, P < 0.0001) and to IV ketamine (OR: 6.78, P = 0.02), as were higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (OR: 2.60, P = 0.04), and the use of volatile agents (OR: 3.32, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies should be conducted to confirm our observation of increased RCs with IM ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and -Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lalwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Karla A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Bella M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Almario
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Rongwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Edmunds
keywords: Adverse events; child; infant; intravenous agents; ophthalmology