title: Methods for inducing alcohol craving in individuals with co-morbid alcohol dependence and posttraumatic stress disorder: behavioral and physiological outcomes.
abstract: Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that presents a substantial public health problem, and is frequently co-morbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Craving for alcohol is a predictor of relapse to alcohol use, and is triggered by cues associated with alcohol and trauma. Identification of reliable and valid laboratory methods for craving induction is an important objective for alcoholism and PTSD research. The present study compares two methods for induction of craving via stress and alcohol cues in individuals with co-morbid alcohol dependence (AD) and PTSD: the combined Trier social stress test and cue reactivity paradigm (Trier/CR), and a guided imagery (Scripts) paradigm. Outcomes include self-reported measures of craving, stress and anxiety as well as endocrine measures. Subjects were 52 individuals diagnosed with co-morbid AD and PTSD seeking treatment at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism inpatient research facility. They participated in a 4-week inpatient study of the efficacy of a neurokinin 1 antagonist to treat co-morbid AD and PTSD, and which included the two challenge procedures. Both the Trier/CR and Scripts induced craving for alcohol, as well as elevated levels of subjective distress and anxiety. The Trier/CR yielded significant increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, while the Scripts did not. Both paradigms are effective laboratory means of inducing craving for alcohol. Further research is warranted to better understand the mechanisms behind craving induced by stress versus alcohol cues, as well as to understand the impact of co-morbid PTSD and AD on craving.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1899-2098
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kwako
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Schwandt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sells
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ramchandani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hommer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: The Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Rajita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heilig
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D066249:Craving / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D008297:Male; D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D064729:Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Alcoholism; PTSD; cortisol; craving; neuroendocrine; stress