title: Nonverbal intelligence in young children with dysregulation: the Generation R Study.
abstract: Children meeting the Child Behavior Checklist Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP) suffer from high levels of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems. Little is known about the cognitive abilities of these children with CBCL-DP. We examined the relationship between CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence. Parents of 6,131 children from a population-based birth cohort, aged 5 through 7 years, reported problem behavior on the CBCL/1.5-5. The CBCL-DP was derived using latent profile analysis on the CBCL/1.5-5 syndrome scales. Nonverbal intelligence was assessed using the Snijders Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test 2.5-7-Revised. We examined the relationship between CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence using linear regression. Analyses were adjusted for parental intelligence, parental psychiatric symptoms, socio-economic status, and perinatal factors. In a subsample with diagnostic interview data, we tested if the results were independent of the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The results showed that children meeting the CBCL-DP (n = 110, 1.8%) had a 11.0 point lower nonverbal intelligence level than children without problems and 7.2-7.3 points lower nonverbal intelligence level than children meeting other profiles of problem behavior (all p values <0.001). After adjustment for covariates, children with CBCL-DP scored 8.3 points lower than children without problems (p < 0.001). The presence of ADHD or ASD did not account for the lower nonverbal intelligence in children with CBCL-DP. In conclusion, we found that children with CBCL-DP have a considerable lower nonverbal intelligence score. The CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence may share a common neurodevelopmental etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basten
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ende
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.forename: Jolien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rijlaarsdam
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hudziak
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales