title: Detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens in smokers and never-smokers with chronic periodontitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of the present investigation is to compare the presence and number of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival microbiota of smokers versus never-smokers with chronic periodontitis and matched probing depths (PDs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty current smokers and 40 never-smokers, matched for age, sex, and mean PD of sampling site, were included in this investigation. A full-mouth periodontal examination was performed, and a pooled subgingival plaque sample was collected from the deepest site in each quadrant of each participant. To confirm smoking status, expired carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured with a CO monitor. The presence and quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were determined using RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers had greater overall mean PD (P = 0.001) and attachment loss (P = 0.006) and fewer bleeding on probing sites (P = 0.001). An association was observed between smoking status and the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (P <0.001). The counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans (P <0.001), P. gingivalis (P = 0.042), and T. forsythia (P <0.001) were significantly higher in smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smokers showed significantly greater amounts of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. forsythia than never-smokers. There was a significant association between smoking and the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Guglielmetti
authors.forename: Ecinele F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Daniele S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lourenção
authors.forename: Gislene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Micheli
authors.forename: Fausto Medeiros
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Rosário D C
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Mario H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Claudio M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pannuti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012907:Smoking; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; bacteria; chronic periodontitis; microbiology; polymerase chain reaction; smoking