title: State-of-the-art in biosafety and biosecurity in European countries.
abstract: The terms biosafety and biosecurity are widely used in different concepts and refer not only to protection of human beings and their surrounding environment against hazardous biological agent, but also to global disarmament of weapons of mass destruction. As a result, the biosafety and biosecurity issues should be considered interdisciplinary based on multilateral agreements against proliferation of biological weapons, public health and environmental protection. This publication presents information on both, international and national biosafety and biosecurity legislation. Status of national implementation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, penalization issues and measures to account for and secure production, use, storage of particularly dangerous pathogens or activities involving humans, plants and animals where infection may pose a risk have been analyzed. Safety and security measures in laboratories have been studied. Moreover, dual-use technology and measures of secure transport of biohazard materials have been also taken into account. In addition, genetic engineering regulations, biosecurity activities in laboratories and code of conducts have been investigated, as well.
authors.affiliation: Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland, anna.bielecka@poczta.fm.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bielecka
authors.forename: Ali Akbar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005060:Europe; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007753:Laboratories; D011635:Public Health Administration; D012449:Safety
chemical_list: D054045:Biological Warfare Agents