title: Association of autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) gene polymorphism with sepsis severity in patients with sepsis and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
abstract: Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of eukaryotic cells implicated in cell homeostasis and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding for autophagy have been associated with susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases, but data on severe infections are missing. The aim of the present study was to assess whether polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in autophagy influence susceptibility to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Mechanically ventilated patients with VAP were studied. Genotyping for autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1, rs2241880) functional polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan single-nucleotide assay. Monocytes were isolated from patients and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was measured in the supernatants of monocytes using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Procalcitonin (PCT) was also measured in the serum of patients by an immuno-time-resolved amplified cryptate technology assay. A total of 155 patients with VAP were enrolled in the study. Carriage of the minor A allele of ATG16L1 was associated with septic shock with at least one organ failure (odds ratio (OR): 2.40, p: 0.036). TNF-α production was significantly greater among the carriers of the polymorphism presenting with at least one organ failure (p: 0.040). PCT was increased upon worsening to septic shock and organ failure only among carriers of the minor frequency A alleles. In a homogeneous cohort of septic patients with VAP, the carriage of autophagy polymorphisms predisposes to VAP severity and septic shock development. This may be related with predisposition to immunoparalysis.
authors.affiliation: 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, 1 Rimini Str., 12462, Athens, Greece, savva.athina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savva
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Plantinga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotanidou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farcas
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baziaka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raftogiannis
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Orfanos
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000473:pathology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D018805:Sepsis / Q000473:pathology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C518959:ATG16L1 protein, human; D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002116:Calcitonin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide