title: Fish with chips: tracking reef fish movements to evaluate size and connectivity of Caribbean marine protected areas.
abstract: Coral reefs and associated fish populations have experienced rapid decline in the Caribbean region and marine protected areas (MPAs) have been widely implemented to address this decline. The performance of no-take MPAs (i.e., marine reserves) for protecting and rebuilding fish populations is influenced by the movement of animals within and across their boundaries. Very little is known about Caribbean reef fish movements creating a critical knowledge gap that can impede effective MPA design, performance and evaluation. Using miniature implanted acoustic transmitters and a fixed acoustic receiver array, we address three key questions: How far can reef fish move? Does connectivity exist between adjacent MPAs? Does existing MPA size match the spatial scale of reef fish movements? We show that many reef fishes are capable of traveling far greater distances and in shorter duration than was previously known. Across the Puerto Rican Shelf, more than half of our 163 tagged fish (18 species of 10 families) moved distances greater than 1 km with three fish moving more than 10 km in a single day and a quarter spending time outside of MPAs. We provide direct evidence of ecological connectivity across a network of MPAs, including estimated movements of more than 40 km connecting a nearshore MPA with a shelf-edge spawning aggregation. Most tagged fish showed high fidelity to MPAs, but also spent time outside MPAs, potentially contributing to spillover. Three-quarters of our fish were capable of traveling distances that would take them beyond the protection offered by at least 40-64% of the existing eastern Caribbean MPAs. We recommend that key species movement patterns be used to inform and evaluate MPA functionality and design, particularly size and shape. A re-scaling of our perception of Caribbean reef fish mobility and habitat use is imperative, with important implications for ecology and management effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America; Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands; Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, The Marine Institute, Marine Building, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands; Texas Parks and Wildlife, Dickinson Marine Lab, Dickinson, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Legare
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poti
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Randall D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America; Center for Ocean Solutions, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Monterey, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wedding
authors.affiliation: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caldow
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D057894:Coral Reefs; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D011647:Puerto Rico