title: Cancer cells recovering from damage exhibit mitochondrial restructuring and increased aerobic glycolysis.
abstract: Instead of relying on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, most cancer cells rely heavily on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed as "the Warburg effect". We considered that this effect is a direct consequence of damage which persists in cancer cells that recover from damage. To this end, we studied glycolysis and rate of cell proliferation in cancer cells that recovered from severe damage. We show that in vitro Damage-Recovered (DR) cells exhibit mitochondrial structural remodeling, display Warburg effect, and show increased in vitro and in vivo proliferation and tolerance to damage. To test whether cancer cells derived from tumor microenvironment can show similar properties, we isolated Damage-Recovered (T(DR)) cells from tumors. We demonstrate that T(DR) cells also show increased aerobic glycolysis and a high proliferation rate. These findings show that Warburg effect and its consequences are induced in cancer cells that survive severe damage.
authors.affiliation: Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akakura
authors.affiliation: Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ostrakhovitch
authors.affiliation: Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanokawa-Akakura
authors.affiliation: Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Dept of Oncologic Radiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: fbs@bioscience.org.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabibzadeh
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000332:Aerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm
keywords: Damage; Mitochondria; Proliferation; Tolerance