title: Systemic lupus erythematosus in males: a case series.
abstract: The reported prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the general population is 20-150 cases per 100,000 population. The female to male ratio ranges from 7-15:1. An estrogen effect has been suggested by a number of observations for this difference. In children, sex hormonal effects are presumably minimal and, thus, the female to male ratio is 3:1. We report a series of three male patients who presented at the B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and were diagnosed to have lupus nephritis (LN). This is probably the first case series from Nepal on adult male LN. Male patients with SLE present mainly with renal involvement and seizures rather than photophobia and skin manifestations. The outcome also seems to be more serious in males. Thus, we believe that although male patients with lupus are not commonly seen, the manifestations are life threatening and early detection of the disease will lead to better outcome of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Krishna Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Agrawaal
authors.forename: Subodh Sagar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhakal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents