title: Oral vaccination and protection of striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) against rabies using ONRAB®.
abstract: Skunks are one of the most important rabies vector species in North America due to their wide geographic distribution, high susceptibility to the rabies virus, and tendency to inhabit areas around human dwellings and domestic animals. Oral vaccination is a cost-effective, socially acceptable technique often used to control rabies in terrestrial wildlife; however, control of rabies in skunks has proven especially challenging due to the lack of a vaccine effective by the oral route in this species. In this study, we examined the antibody response of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) to ONRAB(®) and tested the protection afforded by the vaccine against rabies virus. Thirty-one skunks were each offered one ONRAB(®) vaccine bait, 25 skunks were administered ONRAB(®) via direct instillation into the oral cavity (DIOC) and ten controls received no vaccine. A blood sample was collected from controls and vaccinates 6 weeks prior to treatment, and then 5 and 7 weeks post-vaccination (PV). A competitive ELISA was used to detect rabies antibody (RAb). Pre-vaccination sera for all skunks, and sera for all controls throughout the serology study, were negative for RAb. Fifty-eight percent (18/31) of skunks in the bait group and 100% (25/25) of skunks that received ONRAB(®) DIOC had detectable RAb by 7 week PV. All 10 controls succumbed to experimental rabies infection. In the group of skunks administered ONRAB(®) DIOC, 100% (23/23) survived challenge 247 days PV. Survival of skunks presented ONRAB(®) baits was 81% (25/31). In the bait group, all 18 skunks that had detectable RAb by 7 week PV survived challenge. Seven additional skunks without detectable RAb prior to week 7 PV also survived. Lack of any remarkable pathology in study animals, together with positive serology and challenge results, supports that ONRAB(®) is a safe and effective oral rabies vaccine for use in skunks.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada. Electronic address: lucy.brown@ontario.ca.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rosatte
authors.affiliation: Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Rd., P.O. Box 11300, Station H, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fehlner-Gardiner
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G-33, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G-33, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G-33, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franka
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, DNA Building, 2140 East Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D005260:Female; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D008297:Male; D012889:Mephitidae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D011818:Rabies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011819:Rabies Vaccines
keywords: Human adenovirus serotype 5; Immune response; Mephitis mephitis; ONRAB(®); Oral rabies vaccination; Rabies control; Rabies virus challenge; Striped skunk