title: Provesicular granisetron hydrochloride buccal formulations: in vitro evaluation and preliminary investigation of in vivo performance.
abstract: Granisetron hydrochloride (granisetron) is a potent antiemetic that has been proven to be effective in acute and delayed emesis in cancer chemotherapy. Granisetron suffers from reduced oral bioavailability (≈60%) due to hepatic metabolism. In this study the combined advantage of provesicular carriers and buccal drug delivery has been explored aiming to sustain effect and improve bioavailability of granisetron via development of granisetron provesicular buccoadhesive tablets with suitable quality characteristics (hardness, drug content, in vitro release pattern, exvivo bioadhesion and in vivo bioadhesion behavior). Composition of the reconstituted niosomes from different prepared provesicular carriers regarding type of surfactant used and cholesterol concentration significantly affected both entrapment efficiency (%EE) and vesicle size. Span 80 proniosome-derived niosomes exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and smaller particle size than those derived from span 20. Also, the effect of %EE and bioadhesive polymer type on in vitro drug release and in vivo performance of buccoadhesive tablets was investigated. Based on achievement of required in vitro release pattern (20-30% at 2h, 40-65% at 6h and 80-95% at 12h), in vivo swelling behavior, and in vivo adhesion time (>14 h) granisetron formulation (F19, 1.4 mg) comprising HPMC:carbopol 974P (7:3) and maltodextrin coated with the vesicular precursors span 80 and cholesterol (9:1) was chosen for in vivo study. In vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed higher bioavailability of buccal formulation relative to conventional oral formulation of granisetron (AUC0-∞ is 89.97 and 38.18 ng h/ml for buccal and oral formulation, respectively). A significantly lower and delayed Cmax (12.09±4.47 ng/ml, at 8h) was observed after buccal application compared to conventional oral tablet (31.66±10.15 ng/ml, at 0.5 h). The prepared provesicular buccoadhesive tablet of granisetron (F19) might help bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism and improve bioavailability of granisetron with the possibility of reducing reported daily dose (2mg) and reducing dosing frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt. Electronic address: doaaahmed@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Doaa Ahmed
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: El-Setouhy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Alia Abd
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Latif Badawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed Ahmed
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Nabarawi
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002645:Chickens; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D017829:Granisetron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006244:Hardness; D006601:Hexoses / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D002784:Cholesterol; D017829:Granisetron; D006601:Hexoses; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013607:Tablets; C018665:sorbitan monooleate; C014822:sorbitan monolaurate; C008315:maltodextrin
keywords: Bioavailability study; Buccal delivery; Granisetron hydrochloride; Proniosomes; Provesicular powder