title: The clinical and integrated management of COPD.
abstract: COPD is a chronic pathological condition of the respiratory system characterized by persistent and partially reversible airflow obstruction, to which variably contribute remodeling of bronchi (chronic bronchitis), bronchioles (small airway disease) and lung parenchyma (pulmonary emphysema). COPD can cause important systemic effects and be associated with complications and comorbidities. The diagnosis of COPD is based on the presence of respiratory symptoms and/or a history of exposure to risk factors, and the demonstration of airflow obstruction by spirometry. GARD of WHO has defined COPD "a preventable and treatable disease". The integration among general practitioner, chest physician as well as other specialists, whenever required, assures the best management of the COPD person, when specific targets to be achieved are well defined in a diagnostic and therapeutic route, previously designed and shared with appropriateness. The first-line pharmacologic treatment of COPD is represented by inhaled long-acting bronchodilators. In symptomatic patients, with pre-bronchodilator FEV1 < 60%predicted and ≥ 2 exacerbations/year, ICS may be added to LABA. The use of fixed-dose, single-inhaler combination may improve the adherence to treatment. Long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is indicated in stable patients, at rest while receiving the best possible treatment, and exhibiting a PaO2 ≤ 55 mmHg (SO2<88%) or PaO2 values between 56 and 59 mmHg (SO2 < 89%) associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, cor pulmonale, or edema of the lower limbs or hematocrit > 55%. Respiratory rehabilitation is addressed to patients with chronic respiratory disease in all stages of severity who report symptoms and limitation of their daily activity. It must be integrated in an individual patient tailored treatment as it improves dyspnea, exercise performance, and quality of life. Acute exacerbation of COPD is a sudden worsening of usual symptoms in a person with COPD, over and beyond normal daily variability that requires treatment modification. The pharmacologic therapy can be applied at home and includes the administration of drugs used during the stable phase by increasing the dose or modifying the route, and adding, whenever required, drugs as antibiotics or systemic corticosteroids. In case of patients who because of COPD severity and/or of exacerbations do not respond promptly to treatment at home hospital admission should be considered. Patients with "severe or "very severe COPD who experience exacerbations should be carried out in respiratory unit, based on the severity of acute respiratory failure. An integrated system is required in the community in order to ensure adequate treatments also outside acute care hospital settings and rehabilitation centers. This article is being simultaneusly published in Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 2014; 9:25.
authors.affiliation: . franco.falcone@aiporicerche.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bettoncelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blasi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brusasco
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Centanni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Benedetto
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Michele
authors.forename: G U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Di Maria
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Donner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mereu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nardini
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasqua
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polverino
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sanguinetti
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015897:Comorbidity; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents