title: Programming and inheritance of parental DNA methylomes in mammals.
abstract: The reprogramming of parental methylomes is essential for embryonic development. In mammals, paternal 5-methylcytosines (5mCs) have been proposed to be actively converted to oxidized bases. These paternal oxidized bases and maternal 5mCs are believed to be passively diluted by cell divisions. By generating single-base resolution, allele-specific DNA methylomes from mouse gametes, early embryos, and primordial germ cell (PGC), as well as single-base-resolution maps of oxidized cytosine bases for early embryos, we report the existence of 5hmC and 5fC in both maternal and paternal genomes and find that 5mC or its oxidized derivatives, at the majority of demethylated CpGs, are converted to unmodified cytosines independent of passive dilution from gametes to four-cell embryos. Therefore, we conclude that paternal methylome and at least a significant proportion of maternal methylome go through active demethylation during embryonic development. Additionally, all the known imprinting control regions (ICRs) were classified into germ-line or somatic ICRs.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jialei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
authors.forename: Xinxing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ci
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA 02543, USA.
authors.forename: Neel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aluru
authors.affiliation: Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Fuchou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
authors.forename: Xingxu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands; D003596:Cytosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: C560974:5-carboxylcytosine; C560973:5-formylcytosine; C011865:5-hydroxymethylcytosine; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D003596:Cytosine