title: Return of hunger following a relatively high carbohydrate breakfast is associated with earlier recorded glucose peak and nadir.
abstract: The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that a breakfast meal with high carbohydrate/low fat results in an earlier increase in postprandial glucose and insulin, a greater decrease below baseline in postprandial glucose, and an earlier return of appetite, compared with a low carbohydrate/high fat meal. Overweight but otherwise healthy adults (n = 64) were maintained on one of two eucaloric diets: high carbohydrate/low fat (HC/LF; 55:27:18% kcals from carbohydrate:fat:protein) versus low carbohydrate/high fat (LC/HF; 43:39:18% kcals from carbohydrate:fat:protein). After 4 weeks of acclimation to the diets, participants underwent a meal test during which circulating glucose and insulin and self-reported hunger and fullness, were measured before and after consumption of breakfast from their assigned diets. The LC/HF meal resulted in a later time at the highest and lowest recorded glucose, higher glucose concentrations at 3 and 4 hours post meal, and lower insulin incremental area under the curve. Participants consuming the LC/HF meal reported lower appetite 3 and 4 hours following the meal, a response that was associated with the timing of the highest and lowest recorded glucose. Modest increases in meal carbohydrate content at the expense of fat content may facilitate weight gain over the long-term by contributing to an earlier rise and fall of postprandial glucose concentrations and an earlier return of appetite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Webb Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Paula C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chandler-Laney
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing, 1720 2nd Ave South, Nursing Building: Office 450, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. Electronic address: samorris@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Shannon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Webb Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Laura Lee T
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Goree
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Webb Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Webb Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Casazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Medical Towers 621, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Webb Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gower
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D062408:Breakfast; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Diet intervention; Food intake; Insulin; Satiety