title: Garlic attenuates cardiac oxidative stress via activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in fructose-fed diabetic rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular complication due to diabetes has remained a major cause of death. There is an urgent need to intervene the cardiac complications in diabetes by nutritional or pharmacological agents. Thus the present study was designed to find out the effectiveness of garlic on cardiac complications in insulin-resistant diabetic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SD rats were fed high fructose (65%) diet alone or along with raw garlic homogenate (250 mg/kg/day) or nutrient-matched (65% corn starch) control diet for 8 weeks. Fructose-fed diabetic rats showed cardiac hypertrophy, increased NFkB activity and increased oxidative stress. Administration of garlic significantly decreased (p<0.05) cardiac hypertrophy, NFkB activity and oxidative stress. Although we did not observe any changes in myocardial catalase, GSH and GPx in diabetic heart, garlic administration showed significant (p<0.05) increase in all three antioxidant/enzymes levels. Increased endogenous antioxidant enzymes and gene expression in garlic treated diabetic heart are associated with higher protein expression of Nrf2. Increased myocardial H2S levels, activation of PI3K/Akt pathway and decreased Keap levels in fructose-fed heart after garlic administration might be responsible for higher Nrf2 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that raw garlic homogenate is effective in reducing cardiac hypertrophy and fructose-induced myocardial oxidative stress through PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 dependent pathway.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Raju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padiya
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borkar
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Manika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pal Bhadra
authors.affiliation: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Banerjee
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005737:Garlic; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C117301:Keap1 protein, mouse; D000072019:Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005632:Fructose; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt