title: Automated identification of subcellular organelles by coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering.
abstract: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is an emerging tool for label-free characterization of living cells. Here, unsupervised multivariate analysis of CARS datasets was used to visualize the subcellular compartments. In addition, a supervised learning algorithm based on the "random forest" ensemble learning method as a classifier, was trained with CARS spectra using immunofluorescence images as a reference. The supervised classifier was then used, to our knowledge for the first time, to automatically identify lipid droplets, nucleus, nucleoli, and endoplasmic reticulum in datasets that are not used for training. These four subcellular components were simultaneously and label-free monitored instead of using several fluorescent labels. These results open new avenues for label-free time-resolved investigation of subcellular components in different cells, especially cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Samir F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: El-Mashtoly
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niedieker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Freier
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Abdelouahid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maghnouj
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mosig
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kötting
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Electronic address: gerwert@bph.ruhr-uni-bochum.de.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gerwert
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*