title: Methionine oxidation in albumin by fine haze particulate matter: an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: The potential effects of inhaled fine particulate matter (PM2.5), found in haze episodes, on the oxidation of the proteins in the lungs are not well understood. We investigated the effects of PM2.5 from haze episodes on protein oxidation. PM2.5 was collected from the air pollution in Beijing (BJ), Xian (XA), Xiamen (XM) and Hong Kong (HK) during a period of intensive haze episodes. The chemical characteristics of these samples and their effects on albumin oxidation were investigated. The levels of PM2.5 in BJ and XA were 4-6 times higher than in XM and HK. The concentrations of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) components of the PM2.5 from BJ and XA were 10 times higher than those found in XM and HK. The haze PM2.5 increased oxidative stress. Addition of PM2.5 samples collected from haze episodes to albumin in vitro resulted in oxidation of methionine moieties; nasal instillation of PM2.5 suspensions in mice resulted in oxidation of methionine in the albumin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The methionine moieties participate in peptide chain crosslinking, and methionine oxidation in the albumin could be attributed to the PAH compounds. Our findings may be helpful in explaining the potential respiratory effects during haze episodes.
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: kangyunlee68@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kang-Yun
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution-Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: ckcwong@hkbu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Chris Kong-Chu
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: kjc@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kai-Jen
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: mybien@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Mauo-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China. Electronic address: cao@loess.llqg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jun-Ji
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China. Electronic address: yongming@ieecas.cn.
authors.forename: Yong-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: linweit@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Linwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: changpredictor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: 13199@s.tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Po-Hao
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: kfho@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Kin-Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: r92841005@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chuang
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008715:Methionine / Q000378:metabolism*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000418:Albumins; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010455:Peptides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008715:Methionine
keywords: Air pollution; Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Protein structure; Pulmonary