title: The effect of a slower than standard dose escalation scheme for dipyridamole on headaches in secondary prevention therapy of strokes: a randomized, open-label trial (DOSE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combination therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole is first-line treatment in secondary prevention of strokes. Approximately 40% of patients report headache as a side effect of dipyridamole. Dose escalation of dipyridamole reduces this side effect. In practice, different dose escalation schemes are used. In theory, slower dose escalation than a standard scheme reduces headaches even more. This study aimed to find the best dose escalation scheme for prevention of headaches as a side effect of dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of strokes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, open-label, 4-week trial, 114 patients who had an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were randomized to receive either a standard or slow dose escalation scheme of dipyridamole. Participants were asked to report the four most common side effects of dipyridamole in a study diary on study days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. They were asked to score headache intensity on a visual analog scale (VAS). Participants were unaware that the trial was focused on headaches. Primary end point was to determine if a slow dose escalation scheme reduces the percentage of patients with headaches. Secondary objective was to determine the number of patients who discontinued treatment with dipyridamole because of headaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 37 patients (38%) of the final population reported headache, 19 (39%) in the standard dose escalation group and 18 (37%) in the slow dose escalation group (p = 1.0). In the standard dose escalation group patients scored headaches (VAS >4) on an average of 3.3 days and patients in the slow dose escalation group on 3.6 days (p = 0.82). Mean VAS scores on study days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 ranged from 1.4 to 3.7 in both groups. These scores did not differ significantly. However, on day 28 patients scored a significantly lower mean VAS score in the standard dose escalation group than in the slow dose escalation group (2.5 vs. 4.8; p = 0.05). In the standard dose escalation group 6 patients (11%) discontinued treatment because of side effects of dipyridamole and 3 patients (6%) in the slow dose escalation group (p = 0.49, Fisher's exact test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that slower than standard dose escalation of dipyridamole in combination therapy with acetylsalicylic acid does not reduce headaches as a side effect. The use of such schemes should be discontinued in clinical practice. Slow dose escalation might, however, reduce the number of patients who discontinue treatment, but further research is needed to confirm this.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N C Martine
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: de Vos-Koppelaar
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerkhoff
authors.forename: Ed M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: de Vogel
authors.forename: Elles
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: Hetty G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Dieleman
mesh_terms: D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004176:Dipyridamole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D004176:Dipyridamole; D001241:Aspirin