title: Selected terpenoids from medicinal plants modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of research performed on cellular stress and apoptosis focuses on mitochondrial dysfunction; however, the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction and the link to metabolic diseases has gained a substantial interest. This review focuses on the potential of terpenoids to influence endoplasmic reticulum stress and the possible role terpenoids play as the treatment of metabolic diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic diseases develop as a result of a cascade of cellular pathways. In most cases, cells are able to compensate for the disruption of the cellular homeostasis although the initiation of response pathways; however, chronic stress initiates apoptotic pathways. This reviewed (1) showed the importance of phytoterpenoids to influence endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and homeostasis, (2) showed how regulating ER stress affect the cell survival and death, and (3) highlighted some examples of how the progression of metabolic diseases can be influenced by ER.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the substantial number of terpenoids that have been identified in literature, this review gave examples of 21 terpenoids that have been documented to have an effect on the different proteins associated with ER stress, how these plant terpenoids influence ER dysfunction and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, liver, and neurological diseases and parasitic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beukes
authors.forename: Ruby-Ann
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Levendal
authors.forename: Carminita L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Frost
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000378:metabolism; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056811:Unfolded Protein Response / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes
keywords: apoptosis; phytochemicals; signalling pathways; unfolded protein response