title: Quantitative determination of free and total bisphenol A in human urine using labeled BPA glucuronide and isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastic bottles, food and beverage can linings, thermal receipts, and dental sealants. Animal and human studies suggest that BPA may disrupt normal hormonal function and hence, potentially, have negative effects on the human health. While total BPA is frequently reported, it is recognized that free BPA is the biologically active form and is rarely reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and improved method for the measurement of free and total BPA in human urine. Use of a labeled conjugated BPA (bisphenol A-d6 β-D-glucuronide) allowed for the optimization of the enzymatic reaction and permitted an accurate determination of the conjugated BPA concentration in urine samples. In addition, a (13)C12-BPA internal standard was used to account for the analytical recoveries and performance of the isotope dilution method. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with derivatization and analysis using a triple quadrupole GC-EI/MS/MS system achieved very low method detection limit of 0.027 ng/mL. BPA concentrations were measured in urine samples collected during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in 36 Canadian women. Total maternal BPA concentrations in urine samples ranged from not detected to 9.40 ng/mL (median, 1.21 ng/mL), and free BPA concentrations ranged from not detected to 0.950 ng/mL (median, 0.185 ng/mL). Eighty-six percent of the women had detectable levels of conjugated BPA, whereas only 22 % had detectable levels of free BPA in their urine. BPA levels measured in this study agreed well with data reported internationally.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada, Cariton.Kubwabo@hc-sc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Cariton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kubwabo
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kosarac
authors.forename: Kaela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.forename: Warren G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D002170:Canada; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005260:Female; D005463:Fluoroacetates / Q000737:chemistry; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005463:Fluoroacetates; D020719:Glucuronides; D010636:Phenols; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds; C512161:bisphenol A glucuronide; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C086665:N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide; C006780:bisphenol A