title: A spiral model of musical decision-making.
abstract: This paper describes a model of how musicians make decisions about performing notated music. The model builds on psychological theories of decision-making and was developed from empirical studies of Western art music performance that aimed to identify intuitive and deliberate processes of decision-making, a distinction consistent with dual-process theories of cognition. The model proposes that the proportion of intuitive (Type 1) and deliberate (Type 2) decision-making processes changes with increasing expertise and conceptualizes this change as movement along a continually narrowing upward spiral where the primary axis signifies principal decision-making type and the vertical axis marks level of expertise. The model is intended to have implications for the development of expertise as described in two main phases. The first is movement from a primarily intuitive approach in the early stages of learning toward greater deliberation as analytical techniques are applied during practice. The second phase occurs as deliberate decisions gradually become automatic (procedural), increasing the role of intuitive processes. As a performer examines more issues or reconsiders decisions, the spiral motion toward the deliberate side and back to the intuitive is repeated indefinitely. With increasing expertise, the spiral tightens to signify greater control over decision type selection. The model draws on existing theories, particularly Evans' (2011) Intervention Model of dual-process theories, Cognitive Continuum Theory Hammond et al. (1987), Hammond (2007), Baylor's (2001) U-shaped model for the development of intuition by level of expertise. By theorizing how musical decision-making operates over time and with increasing expertise, this model could be used as a framework for future research in music performance studies and performance science more generally.
authors.affiliation: School of the Arts and Media, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bangert
authors.affiliation: School of the Arts and Media, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Emery
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: School of the Arts and Media, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dorottya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fabian
keywords: decision-making; default-interventionist; deliberate; dual-process theories; expertise; intuitive; music performance