title: Improved antitumor activity and reduced cardiotoxicity of epirubicin using hepatocyte-targeted nanoparticles combined with tocotrienols against hepatocellular carcinoma in mice.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Epirubicin (EPI), an anthracycline derivative, is one of the main line treatments for HCC. However, serious side effects including cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure limit its long term administration. Our main goal is to develop a delivery strategy that ensures improved efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent together with reduced cardiotoxicity. In this context, EPI was loaded in chitosan-PLGA nanoparticles linked with asialofetuin (EPI-NPs) selectively targeting hepatocytes. In an attempt to reduce cardiotoxicity, targeted EPI-NPs were coadministered with tocotrienols. EPI-NPs significantly enhanced the antiproliferative effect compared to free EPI as studied on Hep G2 cell line. Nanoencapsulated EPI injected in HCC mouse model revealed higher p53-mediated apoptosis and reduced angiogenesis in the tumor. Combined therapy of EPI-NPs with tocotrienols further enhanced apoptosis and reduced VEGF level in a dose dependent manner. Assessment of cardiotoxicity indicated that EPI-NPs diminished the high level of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as oxidative stress-induced cardiotoxicity as manifested by reduced level of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO). EPI-NPs additionally restored the diminished level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the heart. Interestingly, tocotrienols provided both antitumor activity and higher protection against oxidative stress and inflammation induced by EPI in the heart. This hepatocyte-targeted biodegradable nanoparticle/tocotrienol combined therapy represents intriguing therapeutic strategy for EPI providing not only superior efficacy but also higher safety levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: noha.nafee@mx.uni-saarland.de.
authors.forename: Noha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nafee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017209:Apoptosis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D066126:Cardiotoxicity; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000737:chemistry*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D024508:Tocotrienols; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D015251:Epirubicin; D048271:Chitosan; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Asialofetuin; Cardiotoxicity; Chitosan-PLGA nanoparticles; Epirubicin; Epirubicin hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 65348); Hepatocellular carcinoma; Poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PubChem CID: 23111554); Polyvinyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 11199); Tocotrienols; delta-Tocotrienol (PubChem CID: 5282350)