title: Embolisation of perimembranous ventricular septal defect occluder and transcatheter retrieval.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aim to summarise our experience with techniques used for the transcatheter retrieval of embolised devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the transcatheter retrieval of embolised devices in seven patients who underwent an attempted transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (PMVSDs) between October 2002 and October 2013. The incidence, the main causes for the device's embolisation, and the techniques for transcatheter retrieval of the embolised device are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of device embolisation in our centre was 0.82% (seven embolisations in 852 device placements). The main causes for device embolisation included undersized devices and inadequate subaortic rims. Among the seven embolisations, six of the devices were retrieved percutaneously without mortality, while one was retrieved during surgery. Of these patients, five had a HeartR(TM) Membranous VSD occluder of their PMVSDs, and the remaining two had surgical PMVSD closures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach to the transcatheter retrieval of the embolised devices is associated with good results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-fei
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China. Electronic address: gratitude2012@163.com.
authors.forename: Xin-qun
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Jian-jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020878:Device Removal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Device; Incidence; Perimembranous Ventricular septal defects; Snare; Transcatheter