title: Three-dimensional patient-specific cardiac model for surgical planning in Nikaidoh procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the use of three-dimensional patient-specific cardiovascular models using rapid prototyping techniques (fused deposition modelling) to improve surgical planning in patients with complex congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rapid prototyping techniques are used to print accurate three-dimensional replicas of patients' cardiovascular anatomy based on magnetic resonance images using computer-aided design systems. Models are printed using a translucent polylactic acid polymer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a proof of concept, a model of the heart of a 1.5-year-old boy with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis was constructed to help planning the surgical correction. The cardiac model allowed the surgeon to evaluate the location and dimensions of the ventricular septal defect as well as its relationship with the aorta and pulmonary artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular models constructed by rapid prototyping techniques are extremely helpful for planning corrective surgery in patients with complex congenital malformations. Therefore they may potentially reduce operative time and morbi-mortality.
authors.affiliation: 1Paediatric Cardiology Unit,Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.affiliation: 3Technological Innovation Group,Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Gorka
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: 4Cardiac Surgery Unit. Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: 3Technological Innovation Group,Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suarez-Mejias
authors.affiliation: 4Cardiac Surgery Unit. Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adsuar
authors.affiliation: 1Paediatric Cardiology Unit,Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Coserria
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Center,School of Medicine,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,Santiago,Chile.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.affiliation: 3Technological Innovation Group,Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gomez-Cia
authors.affiliation: 4Cardiac Surgery Unit. Hospital Virgen del Rocio,Seville,Spain.
authors.forename: Amir Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hosseinpour
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011300:Preoperative Care; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D011859:Radiography; D012984:Software
keywords: Nikaidoh procedure