title: Using avian surveillance in Ecuador to assess the imminence of West Nile virus incursion to Galápagos.
abstract: Infectious disease emergence represents a global threat to human, agricultural animal and wildlife health. West Nile virus (WNV) first emerged in the Americas in 1999 following its introduction to New York from the Old World. This flavivirus rapidly spread across much of North America, causing human, equine and avian mortalities and population declines of multiple wild bird species. It has now spread to Central and South America, and there is concern that the virus will reach the Galápagos Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site famous for its unique biodiversity, with potentially catastrophic results. Here, we use wild bird surveillance to examine the current WNV status in the Galapagos Islands and around the Ecuadorian city of Guayaquil (the main air and sea port serving Galápagos). We conducted serosurveys of wild birds on three Galápagos Islands (Baltra, San Cristobal and Santa Cruz) with direct transport links to the South American continent. In addition, dead birds killed by car collisions on Santa Cruz were tested for WNV infection. On mainland Ecuador, serosurveys of wild birds were conducted at three sites around Guayaquil. No evidence of WNV seropositivity or infection was detected. Although wider testing is recommended on the mainland, the study highlights a limit of WNV spread within South America. Our results indicate the continued absence of WNV on Galápagos and suggest the current likelihood of human-mediated transport of WNV to Galápagos to be low. The risk of emergence will almost certainly increase over time, however, and stringent biosecurity and surveillance measures should be put in place to minimise the risk of the introduction of WNV (and other alien pathogens) to Galápagos.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK, GiEastwo@utmb.edu.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hilgert
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D001717:Birds; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004484:Ecuador / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012703:Serotyping; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*