title: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a tool for monitoring the fate of fluazinam in soil.
abstract: Fluazinam is a widely used pesticide employed against the fungal disease late blight in potato cultivation. A specific, repeatable, and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method utilizing a diode array detector (DAD) was developed to determine the presence of fluazinam in soil. The method consists of acetonitrile (ACN) extraction, clean-up with solid-phase extraction (SPE), and separation using a mobile phase consisting of 70% ACN and 30% water (v/v), including 0.02% acetic acid. HPLC was performed with a C18 column and the detection wavelength was 240 nm. The method was successfully applied to an incubation experiment and to soil samples taken from potato fields where fluazinam had been applied two to three times during the on-going growing season. In the 90-day incubation experiment, analytical standard fluazinam and the commercial fungicide Shirlan(®) were added to soil samples that had never been treated with fluazinam, and were then extracted with ACN and 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2). Fluazinam was not extractable with CaCl2, indicating that it does not leach to watercourses in the dissolved form. Recovery with ACN extraction for sandy soils was 72-95% immediately after application and 53-73% after 90 days of incubation. Out of the eight potato field soil samples, fluazinam was found in two samples at concentrations of 2.1 mg kg(-1) and 1.9 mg kg(-1), well above the limit of quantification (0.1 mg kg(-1)).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Kati P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hakala
authors.forename: Päivi M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yli-Halla
authors.forename: Helinä
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hartikainen
mesh_terms: D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C075780:fluazinam
keywords: Fluazinam; HPLC; degradation; liquid chromatography; pesticide; potato late blight; soil