title: Biomarkers for sepsis.
abstract: Bloodstream infections are a major concern because of high levels of antibiotic consumption and of the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteraemia is identified in a small percentage of patients with signs and symptoms of sepsis. Biomarkers are widely used in clinical practice and they are useful for monitoring the infectious process. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been most widely used, but even these have limited abilities to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions or to predict outcome. PCT has been used to guide empirical antibacterial therapy in patients with respiratory infections and help to determine if antibacterial therapy can be stopped. New biomarkers such as those in this review will discuss the major types of biomarkers of bloodstream infections/sepsis, including soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen receptor (suPAR), proadrenomedullin (ProADM), and presepsin.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Fundacion Alorcon, Calle Valdelaguna 1, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henriquez-Camacho
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario Fundacion Alorcon, Calle Valdelaguna 1, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Losa
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002116:Calcitonin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D006801:Humans; D011498:Protein Precursors; D018805:Sepsis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D011498:Protein Precursors; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide