title: Prevalence and patterns of depression and anxiety in hemodialysis patients: a 12-month prospective study on incident and prevalent populations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is common in dialysis patients and has been shown to be associated with higher morbidity and mortality, but little is known about the course of symptoms over time. The current study set up to explore group and individual patterns of change in symptoms of anxiety and depression within the hemodialysis population and to identify socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological factors that may be associated with different trajectories of emotional distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 159 hemodialysis patients (n = 42 incident and n = 117 prevalent) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and social support and symptoms subscales from the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (Short Form) on two occasions 12 months apart. Clinical cut-offs were used to identify individual patterns of change in anxiety and depression symptoms across time, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures were employed to establish potential correlates of these trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean levels of anxiety and depression symptoms remained unchanged over 1 year with 44.7-54.1% of patients above cut-off at both baseline and follow-up. Individual-level analyses showed that the course of symptoms does not follow a single trajectory. While most patients had either persistent symptoms of distress (39.6% and 31.8% for depression and anxiety, respectively) or no/low symptoms of distress (32.1% and 36.9% for depression and anxiety, respectively), a total of 12.7-18.5% patients either had new-onset symptoms of depression/anxiety or symptoms diminishing over time. Patients with persisting or new-onset symptoms of depression or anxiety reported reduced perceived social support and quality of social interaction compared to the subgroups with low depressive/anxious symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different patterns of symptoms reflect heterogeneity in patients' emotional reactions and adjustment. More research is needed to identify patients at risk for emotional distress and to explore social support in the context of dialysis. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Depression and poor mental health are common in hemodialysis patients and are associated with higher risk of hospitalization and death. Course of depression in incident hemodialysis patients is variable, but evidence on prevalent patients and course of symptoms of anxiety is largely lacking. What does this study add? Anxiety and depression remain undifferentiated over time with most patients reporting persistently high or no symptoms of anxiety or depression. New-onset symptoms of anxiety or depression or recovery are less frequent. The lack of consistent associations between socio-demographic or clinical parameters with patterns of emotional distress makes early identification difficult. Regular screening as part of clinical care is hence essential. Persistently high or new-onset symptoms of anxiety and/or depression are associated with reduced perceived social support. More research is needed to explore the role of social resources in the context of dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Hui Juan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Wei Jie
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Nandakumar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mooppil
authors.forename: Stanton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Konstadina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Griva
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety trajectory; depression trajectory; hemodialysis; longitudinal; perceived social support