title: Determinants of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia: implications for practice and future clinical trials.
abstract: Response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia is highly variable, and determinants are not well understood or used to design clinical trials.
  
  
  
  We aimed to understand determinants of response to antipsychotic treatment.
  
  
  
  Supported by the Innovative Medicines Initiative, as part of a large public-private collaboration (NEWMEDS), we assembled the largest dataset of individual patient level information from randomized placebo-controlled trials of second-generation antipsychotics conducted in adult schizophrenia patients by 5 large pharmaceutical companies. The dataset included all placebo-controlled trials of risperidone, paliperidone, ziprasidone, sertindole, olanzapine, and quetiapine. We examined patient and trial-design-related determinants of outcome as measured by change on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale in 29 placebo-controlled trials (drug, n =6,971; placebo, n = 2,200) and initial findings confirmed in additional data from 5 separate trials (drug, n =1,699; placebo, n = 580).
  
  
  
  While it is conventional for trials to be 6 weeks long, drug-placebo differences were observable at week 4 with nearly the same sensitivity, and dropout rates were lower. Having any of these attributes was associated with significantly greater drug versus placebo differences in symptom improvement and rates of study completion: being female (P ≤ .04), being a young adult patient who is a few years beyond the first episode (P ≤ .03), having prominent positive and negative symptoms (P ≤ .03), and living in Eastern Europe versus North America (P ≤ .04). Contrary to prevalent clinical opinion, age at onset and use of benzodiazepines did not show a differential treatment response, and patients just above PANSS inclusion threshold were not overrepresented.
  
  
  
  Proof-of-concept trials can be shorter and efficiency improved by including an even distribution of sexes and of patients with prominent symptomatology, thus reducing patient exposure to placebo and experimental treatments.
authors.affiliation: Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 91000 jonathan.rabinowitz@biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rabinowitz
authors.forename: Nomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Werbeloff
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caers
authors.forename: Francine S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stauffer
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ménard
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kinon
authors.forename: Shitij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapur
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents