title: Ultrasound and its evolution in perioperative regional anesthesia and analgesia.
abstract: Perioperative regional anesthetic and analgesic techniques have evolved considerably over the past four decades. Perhaps, the most impressive development in recent years has been the rapid adoption and widespread utilization of ultrasound (US) guidance to perform targeted delivery of local anesthetics and catheters in a consistent manner for postoperative pain control. This article briefly reviews the history of US in regional anesthesia and perioperative analgesia, the evidence basis for this practice, the clinical application of novel techniques and imaging modalities, and possible future technology and research directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Electronic address: emariano@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mariano
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: zjmarshall@partners.org.
authors.forename: Zwade J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: rurman@partners.org.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Urman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: alankaye44@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kaye
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local
keywords: local anesthetics; pain management; perioperative analgesia; regional anesthesia; ultrasound