title: Mitochondrial delivery of doxorubicin via triphenylphosphine modification for overcoming drug resistance in MDA-MB-435/DOX cells.
abstract: In this study, doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) that is selectively taken up by the mitochondrial membrane of cells. This new derivative of DOX, i.e., TPP-DOX, was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR), and mass spectrometry. The effect of TPP modification on DOX cell uptake, intracellular trafficking, eventual DOX induced cytotoxicity, and the level of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP in wild type MDA-MB-435/WT and DOX resistant MDA-MB-435/DOX cells was then evaluated and compared to that for free DOX. In general, free DOX cellular uptake appeared to be significantly higher in MDA-MB-435/WT than MDA-MB-435/DOX cells. Moreover, free DOX was able to enter the nucleus of MDA-MB-435/WT cells, but in MDA-MB-435/DOX cells, it was confined within the cytoplasm. The TPP-DOX, on the other hand, was localized in the cytoplasm of both cell phenotypes and showed preferential distribution to the mitochondria. Correspondingly, in MDA-MB-435/DOX cells, an enhanced cytotoxicity was observed for TPP-DOX (IC50 of 33.6 and 21.0 μM at 48 and 72 h incubation, respectively) in comparison to free DOX (IC50 of 126.7 and 77.96 μM at 48 and 72 h incubation, respectively). This observation was accompanied by the increased level of cleaved caspase 3 and PARP indicating enhanced apoptosis in both cell lines, particularly that of MDA-MB-435/DOX, for TPP-DOX compared to free DOX following 24 h treatment. The present study highlights promising application of TPP-DOX in reversing drug resistance in tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vakili
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soleymani Abyaneh
authors.forename: Ommoleila
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Molavi
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Afsaneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavasanifar
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D015195:Drug Design; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010641:Phenotype; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C061896:triphenylphosphine; D004317:Doxorubicin