title: Evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial properties of ultraviolet A/riboflavin mediated crosslinking on Candida albicans and Fusarium solani.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of ultraviolet A (UVA) (365 nm)/riboflavin against Candida albicans and Fusarium solani.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two fungus isolates were cultured in vitro and prepared with 10-fold serial PBS dilutions of cell concentration. For each dilution of fungus suspension, the concentration (colony-forming units/mL, CFU/mL) and the inactivation ratio of fungal cells were evaluated under 4 conditions: no treatment (control), UVA (365 nm)/riboflavin, riboflavin, and UVA (365 nm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cell concentration decreased in UVA (365 nm)/riboflavin group for Candida albicans at each dilution and Fusarium solani at dilutions of 10(4), 10(3), 10(2) CFU/mL, when compared with that in control, riboflavin, and UVA (365 nm) groups (P<0.01). No difference of cell concentration was detected amongst the culture of control, riboflavin, and UVA (365 nm) groups for the two fungus. There is a negative correlation between suspension concentration (log-transformed) and the inactivation ratio in UVA (365 nm)/riboflavin group for Candida albicans and Fusarium solani (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the standard protocol of corneal collagen cross-linking, UVA (365 nm)/riboflavin combination treatment is found to moderately inactivate the viability of Candida albicans and Fusarium solani in vitro. The inactivation ratio was found to increase with the decrease of cell concentration under UVA (365 nm)/riboflavin condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Wei
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Qun
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Chen
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Ying
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Mu
keywords: antimicrobial; crosslinking; fungal; riboflavin; ultraviolet A