title: Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence and risk factors from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008 through 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study using a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey, which can produce nationally representative estimates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the database of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 through 2011, 14 352 participants 40 years of age or older with gradable fundus photographs were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-related macular degeneration was determined by fundus photograph. Prevalences of AMDs were estimated. Risk factor analyses were conducted using logistic regression analyses (LRAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence and risk factors of AMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of AMD was 6.62% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.15%-7.09%) in the Korean population: 6.02% (95% CI, 5.56%-6.48%) were early AMD and 0.60% (95% CI, 0.45%-0.75%) were late AMD. The prevalence of early AMD in women (6.73%; 95% CI, 6.11%-7.35%) was higher than that in men (5.25%; 95% CI, 4.61%-5.89%; P<0.001), and the prevalence of late AMD in women (0.37%; 95% CI, 0.22%-0.52%) was lower than that in men (0.85%; 95% CI, 0.59%-1.12%; P<0.001). However, in multiple LRAs both early and late AMD had no association with gender, house income, residence, sun exposure, or systemic comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Early AMD had positive associations with older age groups (P<0.001), lower education (P = 0.027), occupation (P<0.001), anemia (P = 0.027), hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status (P<0.001), not being overweight (body mass index [BMI], P = 0.032; waist circumference, P = 0.041, in separate analyses), and higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P = 0.046), but not with smoking status. Late AMD had positive associations with age groups (P<0.001), current smokers (P = 0.022), and lower BMI (P = 0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that there are 1.21 million individuals with early AMD and 121 000 individuals with late AMD in Korea. Nonoverweight status and higher HDL levels, generally assumed as positive health indicators, as well as anemia and hepatitis B infection had harmful associations with AMD in our study, implying a possible different pathophysiologic process of AMD in Asians compared with that of white persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeeyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Pil
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: swkang@skku.edu.
authors.forename: Se Woong
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. Electronic address: jiani4@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyu Hyung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors