title: A novel newborn rat kernicterus model created by injecting a bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kernicterus still occurs around the world; however, the mechanism of bilirubin neurotoxicity remains unclear, and effective treatment strategies are lacking. To solve these problems, several kernicterus (or acute bilirubin encephalopathy) animal models have been established, but these models are difficult and expensive. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish a novel kernicterus model that is simple and affordable by injecting unconjugated bilirubin solution into the cisterna magna (CM) of ordinary newborn Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  On postnatal day 5, SD rat pups were randomly divided into bilirubin and control groups. Then, either bilirubin solution or ddH2O (pH = 8.5) was injected into the CM at 10 µg/g (bodyweight). For model characterization, neurobehavioral outcomes were observed, mortality was calculated, and bodyweight was recorded after bilirubin injection and weaning. Apoptosis in the hippocampus was detected by H&E staining, TUNEL, flow cytometry and Western blotting. When the rats were 28 days old, learning and memory ability were evaluated using the Morris water maze test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bilirubin-treated rats showed apparently abnormal neurological manifestations, such as clenched fists, opisthotonos and torsion spasms. Bodyweight gain in the bilirubin-treated rats was significantly lower than that in the controls (P<0.001). The early and late mortality of the bilirubin-treated rats were both dramatically higher than those of the controls (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Apoptosis and necrosis in the hippocampal nerve cells in the bilirubin-treated rats were observed. The bilirubin-treated rats performed worse than the controls on the Morris water maze test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By injecting bilirubin into the CM, we successfully created a new kernicterus model using ordinary SD rats; the model mimics both the acute clinical manifestations and the chronic sequelae. In particular, CM injection is easy to perform; thus, more stable models for follow-up study are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Sijie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Kaifeng, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Xianfang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Ziyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002946:Cisterna Magna / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007647:Kernicterus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001663:Bilirubin