title: A repeatedly refuelable mediated biofuel cell based on a hierarchical porous carbon electrode.
abstract: Biofuel cells that generate electricity from renewable fuels, such as carbohydrates, must be reusable through repeated refuelling, should these devices be used in consumer electronics. We demonstrate the stable generation of electricity from a glucose-powered mediated biofuel cell through multiple refuelling cycles. This refuelability is achieved by immobilizing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an electron-transfer mediator, and redox enzymes in high concentrations on porous carbon particles constituting an anode while maintaining their electrochemical and enzymatic activities after the immobilization. This bioanode can be refuelled continuously for more than 60 cycles at 1.5 mA cm(-2) without significant potential drop. Cells assembled with these bioanodes and bilirubin-oxidase-based biocathodes can be repeatedly used to power a portable music player at 1 mW cm(-3) through 10 refuelling cycles. This study suggests that the refuelability within consumer electronics should facilitate the development of long and repeated use of the mediated biofuel cells as well as of NAD-based biosensors, bioreactors, and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: 1] Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan [2].
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamanoi
authors.affiliation: 1] Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan [2].
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsunetoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Samukawa
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Laboratories, Sony Corporation, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokita
mesh_terms: D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D009243:NAD; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D009243:NAD; D002244:Carbon