title: Analysis of human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma using p16: An immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of human papilloma virus (HPV) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate the association of HPV in histological grades of OSCC using p16 (p16INK4a) immunohistochemistry (IHC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consists of 30 histological diagnosed cases of OSCC (10-well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [WDOSCC], 10-moderately differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [MDOSCC] and 10-poorly differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma [PDOSCC]). The sections were subjected to IHC procedure using p16. Two parameters in immunohistochemical p16 expression were evaluated by 3 observers based on the criteria by Galgano M. Tetal (2010) (a) percentage of p16 positive cases (b) pattern of p16 staining in various grades of OSCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kappa test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally, 30 samples of 0SCC, p16 positivity was noted in 26/30 (86.66%). Of 26 positive cases, p16 staining was positive in 7/10 (70%) of WDOSCC, 9/10 (90%) in MDOSCC and, 10/10 (100%) PDOSCC. Incidentally, we also found single dispersed cell staining in WDOSCC, patchy staining in MDOSCC and more diffuse staining pattern predominant in PDOSCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study revealed an association between HPV and OSCC. Diffuse staining pattern was noted in PDOSCC, which in turn depicts the increase viral overload, which might have an influence on its aggressive behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Mathikere, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Mathikere, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Mathikere, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amrutha
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Mathikere, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sanketh
keywords: Human papilloma virus; oral squamous cell carcinoma; p16