title: Mental health indicators and quality of life among individuals with musculoskeletal chronic pain: a nationwide study in Iceland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Musculoskeletal chronic pain is a costly public health threat. The aim of our study was to investigate mental health indicators, including self-reported symptoms of depression, sleep disruption, stress, well-being, and quality of life (QoL), among men and women with musculoskeletal chronic pain in a general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study; a postal questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 9807 eligible Icelanders retrieved from a national registry, of whom 5906 responded (response rate = 60.2%). Chronic pain conditions included reports of current chronic back pain, chronic neck symptoms, and/or fibromyalgia. Gender-stratified associations of chronic pain conditions with mental health indicators were estimated with logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, and residence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed higher odds of low satisfaction with life [adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) women 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-2.6; OR(adj) men 2.3, 95% CI 1.7-3.1], higher levels of perceived stress (OR(adj) women 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.2; OR(adj) men = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1), depressive symptoms (OR(adj) women 2.4, 95% CI 1.9-3.0; OR(adj) men 2.8, 95% CI 2.1-3.7), and sleep disruption (OR(adj) women 2.8, 95% CI 2.2-3.5; OR(adj) men 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.1), and diminished QoL (OR(adj) women 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1; OR(adj) men 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.1) among individuals with chronic pain compared with those without the condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that individuals with musculoskeletal chronic pain have increased risk of poor mental health and diminished QoL. Further studies are needed on treatment and preventative measures of a decline in mental health among individuals with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland , Reykjavík , Iceland.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Björnsdóttir
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jónsson
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Valdimarsdóttir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000639:trends*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult