title: The monitoring of microvascular liver blood flow changes during ischemia and reperfusion using laser speckle contrast imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recovery of microvascular liver blood flow (LBF) after ischemia is an important determinant of the degree of hepatocellular injury. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) was recently suggested to be a suitable instrument for monitoring the LBF. This study was designed to evaluate LSCI in monitoring the LBF changes during liver ischemia and reperfusion (IR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat model with 120-min ischemia and 60-min reperfusion to 90% of the liver (entire liver except the caudate lobe, which was kept as portal blood bypass) was used. The LBF of the sham operation (SO) group and the IR group was measured with LSCI at the following time points: before ischemia (Baseline), 5 min after the start of ischemia (I-5 min), 5 min before the end of ischemia (I-115 min) and 5 and 60 min after the start of reperfusion (R-5 min and R-60 min). The reproducibility among different rats or repeated measurements, the liver histopathology, the liver biological zero (BZ) and the influence of liver movement on the LSCI measurements were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The entire exposed liver surface after laparotomy was suitable for full-view LSCI imaging. Establishing many circular or oval regions of interest (ROIs) on the LSCI flux image was a simple and convenient method for calculating and comparing the LBF of different ROIs and different liver lobes. There was good-to-moderate intra-individual and inter-individual reproducibility for the LSCI measurements of the LBF in the rats of the SO group. In the IR group, the total blood inflow occlusion resulted in a notable drop of the LBF from the baseline (P<0.05) that remained for the 120 min of ischemia. The LBF decreased further after the reperfusion (P<0.05), reflecting the IR-induced liver microcirculation dysfunction. The histopathological examination revealed severe hepatic sinus congestion and damaged hepatocytes in the IR group. The no flow BZ and liver movement contributed to the LBF values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LSCI technology is a simple, convenient and accurate method for the real-time monitoring of microvascular LBF changes during ischemia and reperfusion, regardless of the contribution of biological zero and liver movement. This finding suggests the possible application of LSCI for monitoring the microvascular LBF changes intraoperatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chong Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ai Qun
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: Dongjh301@163.com.
authors.forename: Jia Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D007834:Lasers; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology*; D008102:Liver Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D015424:Reperfusion; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors