title: The reorganisation of memory during sleep.
abstract: Sleep after learning promotes the quantitative strengthening of new memories. Less is known about the impact of sleep on the qualitative reorganisation of memory, which is the focus of this review. Studies have shown that, in the declarative system, sleep facilitates the abstraction of rules (schema formation), the integration of knowledge into existing schemas (schema integration) and creativity that requires the disbandment of existing patterns (schema disintegration). Schema formation and integration might primarily benefit from slow wave sleep, whereas the disintegration of a schema might be facilitated by rapid eye movement sleep. In the procedural system, sleep fosters the reorganisation of motor memory. The neural mechanisms of these processes remain to be determined. Notably, emotions have been shown to modulate the sleep-related reorganisation of memories. In the final section of this review, we propose that the sleep-related reorganisation of memories might be particularly relevant for mental disorders. Thus, sleep disruptions might contribute to disturbed memory reorganisation and to the development of mental disorders. Therefore, sleep-related interventions might modulate the reorganisation of memories and provide new inroads into treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: nina.landmann@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Piosczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feige
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baglioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spiegelhalder
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frase
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riemann
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sterr
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: christoph.nissen@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nissen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003405:Creativity; D005793:Generalization, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Learning; Memory; Plasticity; Reorganisation; Sleep