title: Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies.
abstract: There has been enormous debate regarding the possibility of a link between childhood vaccinations and the subsequent development of autism. This has in recent times become a major public health issue with vaccine preventable diseases increasing in the community due to the fear of a 'link' between vaccinations and autism. We performed a meta-analysis to summarise available evidence from case-control and cohort studies on this topic (MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar up to April, 2014). Eligible studies assessed the relationship between vaccine administration and the subsequent development of autism or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Two reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Disagreement was resolved by consensus with another author. Five cohort studies involving 1,256,407 children, and five case-control studies involving 9,920 children were included in this analysis. The cohort data revealed no relationship between vaccination and autism (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.06) or ASD (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.68 to 1.20), nor was there a relationship between autism and MMR (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.01), or thimerosal (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.31), or mercury (Hg) (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.07). Similarly the case-control data found no evidence for increased risk of developing autism or ASD following MMR, Hg, or thimerosal exposure when grouped by condition (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83 to 0.98; p=0.02) or grouped by exposure type (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76 to 0.95; p=0.01). Findings of this meta-analysis suggest that vaccinations are not associated with the development of autism or autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, the components of the vaccines (thimerosal or mercury) or multiple vaccines (MMR) are not associated with the development of autism or autism spectrum disorder.
authors.affiliation: The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Level 3, Clinical Building, PO Box 63, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Level 3, Clinical Building, PO Box 63, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Swerdfeger
authors.affiliation: The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Level 3, Clinical Building, PO Box 63, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: guy.eslick@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Guy D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Eslick
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced*; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008628:Mercury / Q000009:adverse effects; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000009:adverse effects; D017594:Publication Bias; D013849:Thimerosal / Q000009:adverse effects; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D022542:Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D013849:Thimerosal; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Autism; Autism spectrum disorder; Immunisation; Mercury; Thimerosal; Vaccination; Vaccine