title: Inflammatory activity modulation by hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline in a rat model of strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal obstruction is an abdominal disease associated to mortality, especially if complicated with sepsis. Resuscitation increases survival, although controversies remain concerning to therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the effects of hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline on the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, Wistar rats underwent a laparotomy loop intestinal obstruction and ischemia. After 24 h, the intestinal segment was resected (IO) without any other treatment and resuscitation/pentoxifylline were administered according to the group: Ringer's lactate (RL); hypertonic saline (HS); pentoxifylline (PTX); Ringer's lactate with pentoxifylline (RL + PTX); hypertonic saline with pentoxifylline (HS + PTX) and the control group (CG) that was not submitted to ischemia and obstruction. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded 4 times, and euthanasia was done 3 h after the resuscitation to obtain lung tissue, for malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method, inflammatory cytokines were assessed using ELISA and NF-κΒ by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial MAP levels were higher in the RL and HS groups than in the others; however, the last measurement was similar among all the groups. IL-1β, IL-6 and CINC-1 (Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant-1) were lower in the HS, PTX and HS + PTX groups compared with the IO and RL groups. IL-10 was lower in the HS + PTX group than in the IO group. NF-κB in the HS, PTX and HS + PTX groups were lower than in the IO group; NF-κB in the HS + PTX group was lower than in the RL group. MDA in the lung was lower in the HS + PTX group compared with other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline, both alone and in combination, attenuated oxidative stress and the activation of NF-κB, leading to a decrease in the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rasslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edivaldo Massazo
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo Magela Nogueira
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Camargo
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor Alves Pessoa
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathalia Cruz
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: de Victo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rasslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Physiopathology Laboratory (LIM-62), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: edna.montero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Edna Frassonde Souza
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Montero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007415:Intestinal Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D007421:Intestine, Small; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000209:etiology; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D016328:NF-kappa B; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D010431:Pentoxifylline
keywords: Cytokines; Hypertonic saline; Infection; Intestinal obstruction; Oxidative stress; Rehydration solution