title: Risk factors associated with rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NET) has been increasing since the implementation of the screening colonoscopy. However, very little is known about risk factors associated with rectal NETs. We examined the prevalence of and the risk factors for rectal NETs in a Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on 62,171 Koreans who underwent screening colonoscopy. The clinical characteristics and serum biochemical parameters of subjects with rectal NET were compared with those of subjects without rectal NET using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 57,819 participants, 101 [OR, 0.17%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14-0.20] had a rectal NET. Young age (<50 years; OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.06-4.15), male gender (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.15-3.20), alcohol drinking [adjusted OR (AOR), 1.56; 95% CI, 1.01-2.42], and a low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level (AOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.10-3.11) were independent risk factors for rectal NETs. Cigarette smoking, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome, higher triglyceride level (≥150 mg/dL), and higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (≥2.5) were not independently associated with rectal NETs, although these factors were more common in individuals with rectal NETs in the univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young age (<50 years), male gender, alcohol drinking, and a low HDL-C level were risk factors for rectal NETs. Our results suggest that gender, behavioral factors, and dyslipidemia may affect the risk for developing rectal NETs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the influence of gender, behavioral factors, and dyslipidemia in developing rectal NETs.
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Yoon Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, and.
authors.forename: Kyung Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, and Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoosoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, and Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seungho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Jung Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Hong Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Yong Kyun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Chong Il
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Woo Kyu
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine.
authors.forename: Byung Ik
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Authors' Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine, diksmc.park@samsung.com.
authors.forename: Dong Il
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL