title: Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity.
abstract: Recent findings link fronto-temporal gamma electroencephalographic (EEG) activity to conscious awareness in dreams, but a causal relationship has not yet been established. We found that current stimulation in the lower gamma band during REM sleep influences ongoing brain activity and induces self-reflective awareness in dreams. Other stimulation frequencies were not effective, suggesting that higher order consciousness is indeed related to synchronous oscillations around 25 and 40 Hz.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Psychology, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany. [2] Department of Clinical Sleep Research, VITOS Hochtaunus Klinik, Friedrichsdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holzmann
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koppehele-Gossel
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Clinical Sleep Research, VITOS Hochtaunus Klinik, Friedrichsdorf, Germany. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Duesseldorf University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klimke
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nitsche
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004325:Dreams / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult