title: Cell penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules.
abstract: Efficient delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the cells and tissues is a difficult challenge. The cellular membrane is very effective in its role as a selectively permeable barrier. While it is essential for cell survival and function, also presents a major barrier for intracellular delivery of cargo such as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In recent years, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), that are relatively short cationic and/or amphipathic peptides, received great attention as efficient cellular delivery vectors due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargo such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNAs), drugs, and nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. This review discusses the various uptake mechanisms of these peptides. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the use of CPP for the efficient delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, DNA, siRNA, and anticancer drugs to the cells. In addition, we have been highlighting new results for improving endosomal escape of CPP-cargo molecules. Finally, pH-responsive and activable CPPs for tumor-targeting therapy have been described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: mosafarkhanis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samad Mussa
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Farkhani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: a.valizadeh_medicalnano@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sardasht, 38481 Arak, Iran. Electronic address: Hadimolmed@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: asemane_m1986@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Samane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: Nasrin_sohrabi1986@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: badrzadehf@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Badrzadeh
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D011992:Endosomes / Q000737:chemistry; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: Cell penetrating peptides; Drug delivery; Endosomal escape; Gene delivery; Nanocarrier; Nanoparticle