title: Translation of the rat thoracic contusion model; part 2 - forward versus backward locomotion testing.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental animal study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Locomotion analyses in rat spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) models are widely used for the evaluation of recovery of supraspinal locomotor control. However, many commonly used locomotion tests are inadequate to test for spinal cord integrity as they assess motor function that can be highly mediated through below-level propriospinal pattern-generating circuitry, independently of below-level perception. Here we report a behavioral motor test that is more sensitive for spinal cord integrity, even 6 weeks after injury: the backward locomotion rotating rod.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of California - San Diego.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified rotating rod test was run in reverse. The rod diameter was increased and thin rubber lining was added. As a reference, we included commonly used motor tests: BBB score, catwalk gait analysis, motor-evoked potentials, single frame analyses, a forward rotating rod test and the 55° inclined ladder test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unlike commonly used motor tests, the backward locomotion rotating rod test significantly discriminates between both sham-operated (falling latency: 20.4 s s.d.±4.5) vs mild SCI animals, and mild vs moderate SCI animals (differences between each group at acute, subacute and chronic phases: ⩾6 s, P⩽0.01). Moderate SCI animals were practically unable to make even slight backward hindpaw movements. The backward locomotion ability in the chronic phase correlates best with BBB locomotor scores from the acute phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that backward locomotion is a highly sensitive and quick test to discriminate between sham, mild and moderate SCI, even after 6 weeks. Backward locomotion testing may improve the translational value of experimental results for the clinic.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands [2] Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Gorp
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leerink
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Platoshyn
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marsala
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Joosten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000503:physiopathology; D008124:Locomotion; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test / Q000295:instrumentation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors