title: Individual reference values for 2D echocardiographic measurements. The Stockholm - Umeå Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved reference values for 2D echocardiographic measurements are required, even when more recent echocardiographic technology is employed. In addition, it may be preferable to individualize reference values from age, gender and body characteristics of any subject.
  
  
  METHODS
  A material of 180 healthy subjects was collected and investigated, aiming for an even distribution of sex and age (from 20 to 80 years of age; the Stockholm material). For atrial areas, material from another 216 healthy subjects with similar sex and age distribution was added (the Umeå material). The 2D measures determined were the left and right ventricular diameters in diastole, the left ventricular diameter in systole, the thickness of septum and posterior wall, the diameters of the aortic root (sinotubular junction) and the left atrium (all in parasternal view), together with the left and right ventricular diameters in diastole and left and right atrial areas in end-systole (apical four-chamber view). The width of the inferior vena cava (from subcostal view) was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confidence intervals for females and males are presented for each of these measures. Multiple linear regression analyses with age, sex and measures of body characteristics as predictors were also performed, and for eight of the 12 measurements, such equations are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to obtain more highly individualized reference values for these cardiac dimensions, which may clinically be a better way of distinguishing pathological states from normal states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Capio S:t Görans Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-8766
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svedenhag
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Danderyds Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.|Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Danderyds Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rythén Alder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002309:Cardiology / Q000592:standards*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000592:standards; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aortic root; atrium; chamber; dimensions; left ventricle; wall thickness