title: Blood substitutes.
abstract: The toxic side effects of early generations of red blood cell substitutes have stimulated development of more safe and efficacious high-molecular-weight polymerized hemoglobins, poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated hemoglobins, and vesicle-encapsulated hemoglobins. Unfortunately, the high colloid osmotic pressure and blood plasma viscosity of these new-generation materials limit their application to blood concentrations that, in general, are not sufficient for full restoration of oxygen-carrying and -delivery capacity. However, these materials may serve as oxygen therapeutics for treating tissues affected by ischemia and trauma, particularly when the therapeutics are coformulated with antioxidants. These new oxygen therapeutics also possess additional beneficial effects owing to their optimal plasma expansion properties, which induce systemic supraperfusion that increases endothelial nitric oxide production and improves tissue washout of metabolic wastes, further contributing to their therapeutic role.
authors.affiliation: William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; email: palmer.351@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Intaglietta
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001802:Blood Substitutes; D003102:Colloids; D006454:Hemoglobins; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: oxygen therapeutics; plasma expanders; poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated hemoglobin; polymerized hemoglobin; red blood cell substitutes; supraperfusion; vesicle-encapsulated hemoglobin