title: Intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery and microvascular density of the nasal mucosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the correlation between quality of the surgical field, intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and the density of microvasculature of the nasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal mucosa of 30 patients, operated for chronic rhinosinusitis, was biopsied to assess expression of CD34 antigen on vascular endothelium. Quality of surgical field was evaluated with Fromm-Boezaart scale at mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 70-80 mmHg. If at this MAP surgical field quality was not satisfactory further reduction of hemodynamic parameters was performed until 'bloodless surgical field' (grade 2 or lower) was achieved. The rate of intraoperative bleeding was calculated from the ratio of total blood loss and the operative time. The extent of the disease was assessed according to computed tomography findings using Lund-Mackay staging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant positive correlation (Spearman correlation test; p<0.05) was found between CD34 antigen expression and quality of surgical field at MAP between 70 and 80 mmHg as well as the rate of intraoperative bleeding. More intense reduction of MAP was necessary to achieve 'bloodless surgical field' in patients with high CD34 expression than in those with moderate and low expression. Lund-Mackay score correlated with quality of surgical field but not with the rate of intraoperative bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During ESS, it is microvascular density of the nasal mucosa rather than the extent of the disease that contributes to the intensity of intraoperative bleeding, although both factors negatively influence the quality of surgical field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. Electronic address: sieska@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sieśkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reszeć
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piszczatowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olszewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr Adrian
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Klimiuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Lech
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chyczewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: CD34 antigen; FESS; Intraoperative bleeding; Microvascular density; Nasal mucosa