title: [Neuropsychological evaluation of the executive functions by means of virtual reality].
abstract: Executive functions include a wide range of self regulatory functions that allow control, organization and coordination of other cognitive functions, emotional responses and behaviours. The traditional approach to evaluate these functions, by means of paper and pencil neuropsychological tests, shows a greater than expected performance within the normal range for patients whose daily life difficulties would predict an inferior performance. These discrepancies suggest that classical neuropsychological tests may not adequately reproduce the complexity and dynamic nature of real life situations. Latest developments in the field of virtual reality offer interesting options for the neuropsychological assessment of many cognitive processes. Virtual reality reproduces three-dimensional environments with which the patient interacts in a dynamic way, with a sense of immersion in the environment similar to the presence and exposure to a real environment. Furthermore, the presentation of these stimuli, as well as distractors and other variables, may be controlled in a systematic way. Moreover, more consistent and precise answers may be obtained, and an in-depth analysis of them is possible. The present review shows current problems in neuropsychological evaluation of executive functions and latest advances in the consecution of higher preciseness and validity of the evaluation by means of new technologies and virtual reality, with special mention to some developments performed in Spain.
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Climent-Martínez
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luna-Lario
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bombín-González
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cifuentes-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tirapu-Ustárroz
authors.affiliation: Nesplora, Technology and Behavior, Donostia-San Sebastian, Espana.
authors.forename: Unai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Díaz-Orueta
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014584:User-Computer Interface