title: Second stage of Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening - a way for diagnosis and beginning of proper treatment for infants with hearing loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze retrospectively the results of hearing testing in infants at the second stage of the Polish Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Program carried out in the Department of Otolaryngology at the Medical University of Warsaw.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 351 infants referred to our Department for the second stage of UNHS were included in the study. There were 39.60% infants referred due to positive result of hearing screening at the first stage of the Program performed in neonatal units, 55.27% with negative screening but risk factors present, and 5.13% without any tests due to equipment failure in the maternity unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors were identified in 86.61% of the infants. The most frequent ones were hyperbilirubinemia (71.51%), premature birth (63.25%), and ototoxic medication (62.11%). Otoacoustic emission test showed fail results in 17.66% of the infants, and auditory brainstem responses confirmed hearing loss in 16.81%. Correlation between risk factors and confirmed hearing loss was found for hyperbilirubinemia, low birth weight, intensive therapy for at least 7 days, low Apgar scores, and craniofacial abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The early identification of infants with hearing loss is essential for early intervention. Not only infants who fail the initial screening but also the ones with risk factors of hearing impairment should be referred to the centers that are capable of providing the necessary diagnostic services required for the second stage of the UNHSP. Those two steps are needed to both minimize the risk of overlooking a child with hearing loss and properly diagnose hearing impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Implant Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: mlachowska@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lachowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Implant Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Surowiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Implant Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morawski
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Implant Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pierchała
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Implant Center, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kazimierz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niemczyk
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D051556:Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal / Q000150:complications*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D047928:Premature Birth; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Auditory brainstem response; Early detection; Hearing loss; Infants; Otoacoustic emission; Screening