title: A systematic review of the angular values obtained by computerized photogrammetry in sagittal plane: a proposal for reference values.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reference values for postural alignment in the coronal plane, as measured by computerized photogrammetry, have been established but not for the sagittal plane. The objective of this study is to propose reference values for angular measurements used for postural analysis in the sagittal plane for healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (PubMed, BVS, Cochrane, Scielo, and Science Direct) were searched using the following key words: evaluation, posture, photogrammetry, and software. Articles published between 2006 and 2012 that used the PAS/SAPO (postural assessment software) were selected. Another inclusion criterion was the presentation of, at least, one of the following measurements: head horizontal alignment, pelvic horizontal alignment, hip angle, vertical alignment of the body, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis. Angle samples of the selected articles were grouped 2 by 2 in relation to an overall average, which made possible total average, variance, and SD calculations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six articles were included, and the following average angular values were found: 51.42° ± 4.87° (head horizontal alignment), -12.26° ± 5.81° (pelvic horizontal alignment), -6.40° ± 3.86° (hip angle), and 1.73° ± 0.94° (vertical alignment of the body). None of the articles contained the measurements for thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reference values can be adopted as reference for postural assessment in future researches if the same anatomical points are considered.
authors.affiliation: Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krawczky
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, PROCC, Scientific Computing Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: miriam.mainenti@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Míriam R M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mainenti
mesh_terms: D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000502:physiology; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Photogrammetry; Posture