title: Herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy farms from the High Plains of the northern Antioquia, Colombia.
abstract: Mastitis is the main disease entity affecting dairy farms in the Colombian High Plains of northern Antioquia, Colombia. However, no previous epidemiologic studies have determined the characteristics that increase the risk of infection in this region, where manual milking is still the prevailing system of milking. A 24-mo longitudinal study was designed to identify the predominant mastitis pathogens and important herd- and cow-level risk factors. Monthly visits were made to 37 commercial dairy farms to collect herd- and cow-level data and milk samples. Herd size varied from 6 to 136 cows (mean 37.0, median 29). Herd-level factors included type of milking system (manual or mechanical) and a range of management practices recommended by the National Mastitis Council (Madison, WI) to prevent mastitis. Individual cow-level risk factors included parity, stage of lactation, breed, udder hygiene, and lameness. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate associations between herd- and cow-level risk factors with the presence of subclinical mastitis and infection caused by Streptococcus agalactiae at the quarter level. A quarter was considered to have subclinical mastitis if it had a positive California Mastitis Test and was subsequently confirmed to have a somatic cell count of ≥200,000 cells/mL. Any cow with one or more quarters with subclinical mastitis was considered to have subclinical mastitis at the cow level. Using 17,622 cow observations, the mean prevalence of subclinical mastitis at the cow level was 37.2% (95% confidence interval: 31.2, 43.3) for the first month and did not substantially change throughout the study. The predominant microorganisms isolated from quarters meeting the subclinical mastitis definition were contagious pathogens, including Strep. agalactiae (34.4%), Corynebacterium spp. (13.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.0%). Significant variables associated with subclinical mastitis risk at the quarter level included being a purebred Holstein cow, higher parity, and increased months in milk. Variables that were protective for mastitis risk included being a crossbreed cow and adequate premilking udder hygiene. Significant variables associated with Strep. agalactiae infection were higher parity, increased months in milk, and manual milking. Variables that were protective were postmilking teat dipping and adequate cleaning of the udder. The results highlight the importance of hygiene practices in contagious mastitis control in manually milked herds.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health, Centauro Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, C.P. 050010 Medellín, Colombia. Electronic address: nicoramirez2010@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dohoo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health, Centauro Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, C.P. 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arroyave
authors.affiliation: Cooperativa Colanta Ltda., CRA 64C, 72-160 Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cerón
authors.affiliation: Cooperativa Colanta Ltda., CRA 64C, 72-160 Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health, Centauro Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, C.P. 050010 Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Palacio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: dairy cow; manual milking; mastitis prevalence