title: Effect of maternal lipid profile, C-peptide, insulin, and HBA1c levels during late pregnancy on large-for-gestational age newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Large-for-gestational age (LGA) newborns can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have shown that the levels of maternal blood lipids, connecting peptide (C-peptide), insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were significantly different between LGA and appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) newborns. This study aimed to determine the effect of the levels of maternal lipids, C-peptide, insulin, and HbA1c during late pregnancy on LGA newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised 2790 non-diabetic women in late pregnancy. Among their newborns, 2236 (80.1%) newborns were AGA, and 554 (19.9%) newborns were LGA. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were obtained from questionnaires and their case records. The levels of maternal fasting serum apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), C-peptide, insulin and blood HbA1c were measured. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze categorical variables and continuous variables between the AGA and LGA groups, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was made to determine the independent risk factors for LGA newborns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal TG, C-peptide, insulin and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in the LGA group than in the AGA group (P<0.05). The LGA group had significantly lower levels of maternal TC, HDL-C and LDL-C than the AGA group (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounding variables, including maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, smoking, annual household income, amniotic fluid volume, gestational hypertension, newborn gender and gestational age at blood collection, high maternal TG levels remained significantly associated with LGA newborns (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High maternal TG level during late pregnancy is significantly associated with LGA newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Children's Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Ruo-Lin
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Huan-Huan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xiao-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiu-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Zheng-Yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002096:C-Peptide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human