title: Effect of delayed breeding during the summer on profitability of dairy cows.
abstract: The objective of this retrospective observational cohort study, combined with simulation, was to evaluate the effect of extending the voluntary waiting period (VWP) during the summer on profitability on a Florida dairy farm. Data from Holstein cows (n=1,416) that calved between June and September of 2007 and 2008 were used. Cows that calved between June 1 and July 21 (regular group; REG; n=719) were artificially inseminated (AI) for the first time upon estrus detection (ED) after the second PGF₂α of the Presynch protocol administered between 57 and 63 d in milk (DIM), or underwent timed AI using the Ovsynch protocol (TAI) if not detected in estrus. Cows that calved between July 22 and September 18 (extended group; EXT; n=697) underwent AI for the first time after the first or second PGF₂α starting November 14 or November 21 or underwent TAI if not detected in estrus. For second and subsequent AI, all cows underwent AI upon ED or enrolled on TAI after nonpregnancy diagnosis. Following these schemes, average VWP in the REG group and EXT group were 60 and 83 d, respectively. Overall profitability for both experimental and subsequent parities were calculated by subtracting the costs existing of feeding costs ($0.30/kg lactating cow diet; $0.25/kg dry cow diet), breeding costs ($2.65/dose PGF₂α; $2.40/dose GnRH; $0.25/injection administration; $10/semen straw; $5/AI; $3/pregnancy diagnosis), and other costs ($3/d) from the daily revenues with milk sales ($0.44/kg of milk), cow sales ($1.76/kg of live weight), and calf sales ($140/calf). A herd budget simulation was used to predict future cash flow after culling or end of subsequent parity until 6 yr after the start of the study to account for all cash flow consequences of extended VWP. Cows in the EXT group had greater first-service pregnancy per AI (PAI1) but still had greater days open and calving interval. Delaying breeding did not affect total cash flow because the EXT group had greater combined profitability for the experimental parity and subsequent parity but lesser future cash flow. Delayed breeding during the summer increased PAI1 but did not improve overall reproductive efficiency and did not affect overall profitability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobikrushanth
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610. Electronic address: devries@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
authors.forename: J E P
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Risco
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610. Electronic address: galvaok@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Galvão
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003612:Dairying / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons
keywords: dairy cow; delayed breeding; profitability; summer