title: Dual-transmitter neurons: functional implications of co-release and co-transmission.
abstract: Co-transmission, the ability of a neuron to release multiple transmitters, has long been recognized in selected circuits. However, the release of multiple primary neurotransmitters from a single neuron is only beginning to be appreciated. Here we consider recent examples of co-transmission as well as co-release-the packaging of multiple neurotransmitters into a single vesicle. The properties associated with each mode of release greatly enhance the possible action of such neurons within circuits. The functional importance of dual- (or multi-) transmitter neurons extends beyond actions on postsynaptic receptors, due in part to differential spatial and temporal profiles of each neurotransmitter. Recent evidence also suggests that the dual-transmitter phenotype can be dynamically regulated during development and following injury or disease.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Vaaga
authors.affiliation: Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borisovska
authors.affiliation: Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. Electronic address: westbroo@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Westbrook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents