title: Sleep duration and insulin resistance in individuals without type 2 diabetes: the PPP-Botnia study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both short and long sleep duration may increase risk of type 2 diabetes (diabetes). We studied if short and long sleep durations were associated with insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion in individuals without diabetes, and if the associations remained after we excluded individuals who reported more frequent and severe complaints of sleep apnea and insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed for 722 adults without diabetes. Indices of IR and insulin secretion were calculated. Sleep duration and complaints of sleep apnea and insomnia were self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to average sleepers (6-9 h/night), short sleepers (< 6 h/night) had higher 120-min insulin and AUC glucose, and long sleepers (≥ 9 h/night) had higher fasting and 120-min insulin, 120-min glucose, and HOMAIR and lower Insulin Sensitivity Index. After adjusting for confounders and after excluding individuals who reported more frequent and severe complaints of sleep apnea and insomnia, long sleep duration remained significantly associated with IR and insulin secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long but not short sleep duration is associated with IR and insulin secretion in individuals without diabetes whether or not accompanied by sleep complaints. Long sleepers may benefit from targeted preventions and interventions that aim at reducing risk of future diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Antti-Jussi
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pyykkönen
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Isomaa
authors.forename: Anu-Katriina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: Tiinamaija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Insulin resistance; sleep complaints; sleep duration