title: Course of the radial nerve in relation to the center of rotation of the elbow--the need for a rational safe zone for lateral pin placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the course and variability of the radial nerve along the lateral humerus in relation to the center of rotation of the elbow joint in the context of lateral pin placement for hinged external fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 95 formalin-fixed upper extremities were dissected. The course of the radial nerve along the lateral aspect of the humerus was measured at 3 landmarks with respect to the center of rotation of the elbow. We analyzed the data and the landmark positions correlated with the length of the humerus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured positions of 3 landmarks of the radial nerve in the lateral aspect of the humerus ranged from 19% to 43% of the length of the humerus and were located, on average, 6.0, 9.7, and 13.5 cm from the lateral center of rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data help predict the humeral course of the radial nerve and define a safe zone for pin implantation. However, because of variability in the course of the radial nerve, a safe zone cannot fully ensure prevention of iatrogenic injury to the nerve. The safest method of pin application remains mini-open dissection and visual implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this cadaveric study, it is not possible to define a rational safe zone. The safest method of pin application for dynamic external fixation of the elbow is to perform a mini-open dissection with direct visualization.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Kilian.Wegmann@uk-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wegmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lappen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Doreen B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pfau
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Neiss
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany; Klinik für Schulterchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum, Bad Neustadt/Saale, Cologne, Germany; Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Burkhart
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011826:Radial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Radial nerve; center of rotation; dynamic fixator; elbow; iatrogenic injury