title: Whole exome sequencing identifies CRB1 defect in an unusual maculopathy phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a new phenotype caused by mutations in the CRB1 gene in a family with 2 affected siblings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular genetics and observational case studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two affected siblings and 3 unaffected family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject received a complete ophthalmic examination together with color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Microperimetry 1 (MP-1) mapping and electroretinogram (ERG) analysis were performed on the proband. Screening for disease-causing mutations was performed by whole exome sequencing in 3 family members followed by segregation analyses in the entire family.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appearance of the macula as examined by clinical examination, fundus photography, FAF imaging, SD-OCT, and visual function by MP-1 and ERG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proband and her affected brother exhibited unusual, previously unreported, findings of a macular dystrophy with relative sparing of the retinal periphery beyond the vascular arcades. The FAF imaging showed severely affected areas of hypoautofluorescence that extended nasally beyond the optic disc in both eyes. A central macular patch of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) sparing was evident in both eyes on FAF, whereas photoreceptor sparing was documented in the right eye only using SD-OCT. The affected brother presented with irregular patterns of autofluorescence in both eyes characterized by concentric rings of alternating hyper- and hypoautofluorescence, and foveal sparing of photoreceptors and RPE, as seen on SD-OCT, bilaterally. After negative results in screening for mutations in candidate genes including ABCA4 and PRPH2, DNA from 3 members of the family, including both affected siblings and their mother, was screened by whole exome sequencing resulting in identification of 2 CRB1 missense mutations, c.C3991T:p.R1331C and c.C4142T:p.P1381L, which segregated with the disease in the family. Of the 2, the p.R1331C CRB1 mutation has not been described before and the p.P1381L variant has been described in 1 patient with Leber congenital amaurosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report illustrates a novel presentation of a macular dystrophy caused by CRB1 mutations. Both affected siblings exhibited a relatively well-developed retinal structure and preservation of generalized retinal function. An unusual 5-year progression of macular atrophy alone was observed that has not been described in any other CRB1-associated phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York; University Eye Clinic, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Maris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oll
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Yajing Angela
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York. Electronic address: rla22@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Rando
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allikmets
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: C448939:CRB1 protein, human; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins