title: A method to detect diphenylamine contamination of apple fruit and storages using headspace solid phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.
abstract: Analysis of headspace concentrations of diphenylamine using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) was examined for its suitability to detect DPA contamination and off-gassing in apple (Malus domestica) fruit, storage rooms and storage materials. Four SPME fibre coatings including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 μm), PDMS/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), Polyacrylate (PA) and PDMS 7 μm were evaluated. The average limits of detection and of quantification for head space DPA ranged from 0.13 to 0.72 μg L(-1) and 0.42 to 2.35 μg L(-1), respectively. Polyacrylate was identified to be the most suitable and compatible fibre for DPA analysis in apple samples, because of its high sensitivity to DPA and low fruit volatile interferences. SPME techniques were further applied to study contamination of DPA in apples, storage rooms and packaging materials. DPA was found in the air of storage rooms containing apples that were not treated with DPA. Wood and plastic bin material, bin liners, and foam insulation all adsorbed and off-gassed DPA and could be potential sources of contamination of untreated apples.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Electronic address: jun.song@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Forney
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D004159:Diphenylamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis; D061353:Food Storage; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D004159:Diphenylamine
keywords: Apple aroma; DPA; Headspace; Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME); Storage materials