title: Population heterogeneity and dynamics in starter culture and lag phase adaptation of the spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii to weak acid preservatives.
abstract: The food spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii shows great resistance to weak-acid preservatives, including sorbic acid (2, 4-hexadienoic acid). That extreme resistance was shown to be due to population heterogeneity, with a small sub-population of cells resistant to a variety of weak acids, probably caused by a lower internal pH reducing the uptake of all weak acids. In the present paper, it was found that resistant cells were extremely rare in exponential cultures, but increased by up to 8000-fold in stationary phase. Inoculation of media containing sorbic acid with a population of Z. bailii cells gave rise to what appeared to be a prolonged lag phase, suggesting adaptation to the conditions before the cells entered the period of exponential growth. However, the apparent lag phase caused by sorbic acid was largely due to the time required for the resistant sub-population to grow to detectable levels. The slow growth rate of the sub-population was identical to that of the final total population. The non-resistant bulk population remained viable for 3 days but had lost viability by 6 days and, during that time, there was no indication of any development of resistance in the bulk population. The sub-population growing in sorbic acid showed very high population diversity in colony size and internal pH. After removal of sorbic acid, the population rapidly reverted back to the normal, largely non-resistant, population distribution. The data presented suggest that a reevaluation of the lag phase in microbial batch culture is required, at least for the resistance of Z. bailii to sorbic acid. Furthermore, the significance of phenotypic diversity and heterogeneity in microbial populations is discussed more broadly with potential relevance to bacterial "persisters", natural selection and evolution.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: malcolm.stratford@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.affiliation: Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: hazel.steels@mologic.co.uk.
authors.forename: Hazel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steels
authors.affiliation: Mologic Ltd., Bedford Technology Park, Thurleigh, Bedford, MK44 2YP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: g.nebe-von-caron@alere.com.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nebe-von-Caron
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: simon.avery@nottingham.co.uk.
authors.forename: Simon V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: michaela.novodvorska@nottingham.co.uk.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novodvorska
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom. Electronic address: david.archer@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Archer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D044822:Biodiversity; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020068:Zygosaccharomyces / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D013011:Sorbic Acid
keywords: Adaptation; Lag phase; Population diversity; Resistant sub-population; Sorbic acid; Spoilage