title: Tissue-specific bioconcentration of antidepressants in fish exposed to effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant.
abstract: Tissue-specific bioconcentration of selected antidepressants was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to undiluted effluent from a Swedish municipal sewage treatment plant for 13 days. Citalopram, sertraline and venlafaxine were found in the brains and livers of most fish, but not in blood plasma or muscle. Venlafaxine was the only drug found in plasma (3/20 fish). Fluoxetine was not detected in any fish tissue, in accordance with a low concentration in the effluent and a comparably high limit of quantification in tissues. Concentrations of citalopram, sertraline and venlafaxine in fish brain were up to 1/12, 1/8 and 1/26, respectively, of the lowest concentrations found in the brains of mammals treated with therapeutic doses. Thus, given co-exposure to several antidepressants and an assumed similar potency in fish, the margin of safety for target-related effects in fish residing in effluent-dominated streams is relatively low. Furthermore, the non-detectable levels of these drugs in blood plasma suggest that analyses of concentrations in target tissues (brain) would be more informative in field studies and other studies with environmentally realistic exposure concentrations.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: grabicova@frov.jcu.cz.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grabicova
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostman
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabic
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Randak
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: D G Joakim
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Brain; Caged fish; Liver; Rainbow trout; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Venlafaxine