title: Effect of increasing levels of seven tree species extracts added to a high concentrate diet on in vitro rumen gas output.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing levels of extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, Celtis pallida, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Fraxinus excelsior, Ficus trigonata, Phoradendrom brevifolium and Prunus domestica on in vitro gas production (GP) and ruminal fermentation of a high concentrate diet. Plant extracts were prepared at 1 g dry matter (DM)/8 mL of solvent mixture (methanol : ethanol : water, 1:1:8) and added at levels of 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM of a high concentrate diet. In vitro GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Increasing addition of extracts linearly increased (P < 0.001), the GP24 , GP48 and GP72 (mL/g DM), and linearly decreased (P < 0.001), the discrete GP lag time. Moreover, increasing extract doses linearly increased (P < 0.001) the asymptotic GP and decreased (P < 0.001) the rate of GP. GP6 was not impacted by treatments and GP12 increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing addition of extracts. Rumen pH declined linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of extracts added. As no interactions (P > 0.05) occurred between the extracts and doses, it could be conclude that all extracts positively modified rumen fermentation at doses of 1.2 to 1.8 mL extract/g diet DM.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico; Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdelfattah Z M
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kholif
authors.forename: Mona M Y
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Elghandour
authors.forename: Saul R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Ignacio A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Vara
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mellado
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012756:Sheep; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: in vitro gas production; plant extracts; rumen fermentation