title: Parenting style of women who conceived using in vitro fertilization: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has shown that the mental health of women contributes to their parenting style. However, it remains unclear whether the experience of in vitro fertilization (IVF) affects parenting style.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to assess whether there is a difference in parenting styles between women who conceived using IVF and those who conceived naturally.
  
  
  METHODS
  This meta-analysis searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and CINAHL) for relevant articles published between 1978 and 2011. Key words used included parenting, mothering, parent-child relations, childrearing, infertility, assisted reproductive technique, IVF, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Study inclusion criteria were as follows: published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal, with the definition of parenting style categorized as one of two dimensions: warmth and control; quantification of the parenting behaviors; use of a case-controlled study design to compare IVF and natural conceptions; and reported data sufficient to calculate the effect sizes. Studies that included women who conceived using a donor egg or sperm for IVF and those that included women who were either surrogates or in homosexual relationships were excluded. Three hundred ninety studies were identified. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to appraise the quality of the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IVF participants used significantly greater controlling parenting behaviors than their natural conception participant peers (d = 0.148, p < .01). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of parenting behaviors related to warmth, rejection, or respect for autonomy. The homogeneity test for the effect size of warmth and controlling parenting behavior achieved significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who conceive using IVF have slightly but still significantly greater controlling parenting behaviors than women who conceive naturally. The results of this study may help professionals to better understand the parenting style of IVF women and develop appropriate interventions to reduce parenting anxiety and promote the mental health of IVF women.
authors.affiliation: 1MS, Assistant Professor, School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University and Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Doctoral Candidate, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC 2MSN, RN, Assistant Professor, School of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, and Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC 3PhD, RN, Distinguished Professor, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, and Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC 4PhD, RN, Professor, Department of Nursing, University of New Hampshire, USA 5PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, and Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bih-Ching
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fetzer
authors.forename: Ying-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic