title: Morning meal more efficient for fat loss in a 3-month lifestyle intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of 2 low-calorie diets but with different distributions of calories throughout the day on weight loss and other major obesity-related metabolic parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 42 nonsmoking homemakers (age = 46.3 ± 2.3 years, body mass index [BMI] = 35.7 ± 0.8 kg/m(2), mean ± SD) in 2 groups of 21 subjects (G1 and G2). The participants underwent a 3 month individualized Mediterranean-style diet (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein and fiber > 30 g), calorie (600 kcal daily deficit compared to the total energy expenditure measured by a metabolic Holter). Diets consisted of the same food and complied with cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines but differed in the distribution of calories throughout the day (G1: 70% breakfast, morning snack, lunch and 30% afternoon snack and dinner; G2: 55 breakfast, morning snack, lunch and 45% afternoon snack and dinner). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used for pre- and postintervention body composition assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six subjects completed the study (G1 = 18, G2 = 18). Both groups had significant improvements in body composition and metabolic parameters but G1 had enhanced results for weight loss (G1: -8.2 ± 3.0 kg; G2: -6.5 ± 3.4 kg; p = 0.028), waist circumference reduction (G1: -7 ± 0.6 cm; G2: -5 ± 0.3 cm; p = 0.033), and fat mass loss (G1: -6.8 ± 2.1 kg, G2: -4.5 ± 2.9 kg, p = 0.031; mean ± SD). Improvements were detected in both groups for blood pressure and blood and lipid parameters. G1 subjects showed a greater improvement in insulin sensitivity measured by homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (G1: -1.37 ± 0.27, G2: -0.74 ± 0.12, p = 0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that a low-calorie Mediterranean diet with a higher amount of calories in the first part of the day could establish a greater reduction in fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity than a typical daily diet.
authors.affiliation: a San Raffaele Rome Open University.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellia
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Annino
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Adamo
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iellamo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sbraccia
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D007328:Insulin
keywords: 7-day diet diaries; Mediterranean; body composition; breakfast; diet; fat loss; lifestyle; metabolic Holter; morning