title: Cost-effectiveness analyses of targeted oral anti-cancer drugs: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last 15 years, a paradigm shift in oncology has led to the approval of dozens of targeted oral anti-cancer medications (OAMs), which have become the standard of care for certain cancers. While more convenient for patients than infused drugs, the possibility of non-adherence and the frequently high costs of targeted OAMs have proven controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to perform the first comprehensive review of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of targeted OAMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) reports published by the National Institute for Health Research HTA Programme in the UK was performed, covering articles published in the 5 years prior to 30 September 2013. Our inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed English-language full-text original research articles with a primary focus on CEA related to targeted OAMs. We categorized these articles by treatment setting (i.e. cancer site/type, line of therapy, and treatment and comparator) and synthesized information from the articles into summary tables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 41 CEAs covering nine of the 18 targeted OAMs approved by the US FDA as of December 2012. These medications were studied in seven cancers, most often as second-line therapy for advanced-stage patients. In over half of treatment settings where a targeted OAM was compared with treatment that was not a targeted OAM, targeted OAMs were considered cost effective. Limitations in interpreting these findings include the risk of bias due to author conflicts of interest, cross-country variation, and difficulties in generalizing clinical trial evidence to community practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several types of cost-effectiveness studies remain under-represented in the literature on targeted OAMs, including those for follow-on indications approved after the initial indication for a drug and for off-label indications, head-to-head comparisons of targeted OAMs with other targeted OAMs and targeted intravenous therapies, and studies that adopt a perspective other than the payer's. Keeping up with the increasing number of approved targeted OAMs will also prove an important challenge for economic evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smieliauskas
authors.forename: Chun-Ru
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Geynisman
authors.forename: Ya-Chen Tina
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shih
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents