title: Assessment of the sensitivity of three North American fish species to disruptors of steroidogenesis using in vitro tissue explants.
abstract: There is concern regarding exposure of aquatic organisms to chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system. One critical mechanism of endocrine disruption is impairment of steroidogenesis that can lead to altered hormone levels, altered or delayed sexual development, and ultimately reproductive failure. With the current large gap in knowledge and a high degree of uncertainty regarding the sensitivity of fishes native to northern ecosystems to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro gonadal explant assay enabling the assessment of EDCs on sex-steroid production in wild fish species native to North America. Northern pike (Esox lucius), walleye (Sander vitreus), and white sucker (Catostomus commeroni) were sampled from a reference location in Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, Canada, at spawn and multiple post-spawn time points. Gonads were excised and immediately exposed for 24h to a model inducer (forskolin) or inhibitor (prochloraz) of steroidogenesis in L-15 supplemented media. Furthermore, seasonal profiles of plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17-β estradiol (E2) concentrations were characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify hormone concentrations in plasma and media. The seasonal profile of plasma hormones was significantly correlated with basal in vitro hormone production. Gonad tissue exposed to forskolin showed a concentration-dependent increase in E2 and a general increase in 11-KT. Gonad tissue exposed to prochloraz resulted in a decrease of concentrations of 11-KT and E2. These results illustrated that gonadal tissue is undergoing steroidogenesis in an in vitro setting that is comparable to in vivo hormone profiles, and which is responsive to chemical exposure in a concentration-dependent manner. The seasonal time point during which gonad explants were excised and exposed had an impact on the potency and magnitude of responses, resulting in a seasonal effect on sensitivity. Male and female white sucker showed greatest sensitivity to forskolin, while male and female walleye showed greatest sensitivity to prochloraz. Also, gonad explants from these species were found to have greater sensitivity than responses previously reported for in vitro explants of other fish species such as the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), and stable cell lines currently used as screening applications to detect chemicals that might disrupt the endocrine system. Therefore, current approaches that use stable cell lines or tissue explants from standardized small bodied laboratory species might not be protective of some wild fish species. Future research is required that investigates whether this in vitro gonadal explant assay is predictive of in vivo effects in wild species of fishes.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Electronic address: scb839@mail.usask.ca.
authors.forename: Shawn C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Beitel
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Jon A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doering
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Electronic address: markus.hecker@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D019848:Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal / Q000187:drug effects; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009656:North America; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemical; Northern pike; Walleye; White sucker