title: Hepatitis B and C viruses are not risks for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) increase risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 585 patients with cytological and/or pathologically confirmed PDAC in National Taiwan University Hospital from September 2000 to September 2013, and 1716 age-, sex-, and race-matched controls who received a screening program in a community located in Northern Taiwan. Blood samples were tested for the presence of HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in all cases and controls. The odds ratio (OR) of PDAC was estimated by logistic regression analysis with adjustment diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HBsAg was positive in 73 cases (12.5%) and 213 controls (12.4%). Anti-HCV was positive in 22 cases (3.8%) and 45 controls (2.6%). Anti-HBs was positive in 338 cases (57.8%) and 1047 controls (61.0%). The estimated ORs of PDAC in multivariate analysis were as follows: DM, 2.08 (95%CI: 1.56-2.76, P < 0.001), smoking, 1.36 (95%CI: 1.02-1.80, P = 0.035), HBsAg(+)/anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(-), 0.89 (95%CI: 0.89-1.68, P = 0.219), HBsAg(-)/anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(+), 1.03 (95%CI: 0.84-1.25, P = 0.802).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HBV and HCV infection are not associated with risk of PDCA after adjustment for age, sex, DM and smoking, which were independent risk factors of PDAC.
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chu
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ja-Der
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jau-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Ming-Chu Chang, Chien-Hung Chen, Ja-Der Liang, Jau-Min Wong, Yu-Ting Chang, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 101, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Endemic disease; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; Risk