title: Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators in cardiac myocytes.
abstract: Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators constitute a powerful set of tools to investigate functional aspects of Ca(2+) signaling in isolated cardiomyocytes, cardiac tissue, and whole hearts. Here, we provide an overview of the concepts, experiences, state of the art, and ongoing developments in the use of genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators for cardiac cells and heart tissue. This review is supplemented with in vivo viral gene transfer experiments and comparisons of available genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators with each other and with the small molecule dye Fura-2. In the context of cardiac myocytes, we provide guidelines for selecting a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator. For future developments, we discuss improvements of a broad range of properties, including photophysical properties such as spectral spread and biocompatibility, as well as cellular and in vivo applications.
authors.affiliation: From the Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Research Center for Molecular Imaging and Screening, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg-Saar, Germany (L.K., A.S., Q.T., S.R., W.T., K.W., P.L.); Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.A.K., O.J.M.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (H.A.K., O.J.M.); and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (M.I.K.).
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaestner
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruppenthal
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tabellion
authors.forename: Kathrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiesen
authors.forename: Hugo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: Oliver J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Kotlikoff
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000235:genetics*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D006801:Humans; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes
keywords: calcium; fluorescence resonance energy transfer; gene transfer techniques; myocytes, cardiac