title: Transnasal endosocpic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can arise as a complication of trauma, hydrocephalus, endoscopic sinus surgery or it may occur spontaneously without any identifiable cause. Surgical repair is recommended in patients who do not respond to the conservative management. In recent years transnasal endoscopic approach has become the preferred method for repairing the CSF leaks and better outcomes have been reported as compared to the intracranial approaches that were previously used. Objective of this study was to analyse the outcome of transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhoea.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, from March 2007 to March 2010. Twenty-one patients with CSF rhinorrhoea were included in study that were diagnosed on the basis of clinical evaluation, glucose concentration of nasal discharge, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These patients did not respond to conservative management and were operated transnasally using rigid endoscope. Patients were followed up for a mean duration of 9 months and the outcome was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients included in the study ranged in the age group of 12-55 years. Among the patients 13 (57%) were female and 8 (38%) were males. The cause of CSF rhinorrhoea was traumatic in 16 (76.19%), Idiopathic or spontaneous in 4 (19.04%) and 1 (4.7%) case was related to endoscopic surgery for pituitary macroedenoma. In 10 (47.6.8%) patients the site of leak was cribriform plate, 5 (23.8%) had from sphenoid, 4 (19.04%) from frontal sinus and in 2 (9.5%) Ethmoid was affected. Primary surgery was successful in 17 (80.95%) of cases. In 2 (9.5%) cases re-exploration had to be performed. In 1 patient re-exploration had to be done for the third time. Overall success rate was 95%. One patient presented with CSF leak and meningitis 1 month after surgery and unfortunately died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transnasal endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhoea is highly successful, safe and less traumatic.
authors.forename: Sajid Nazir
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: Shahbaz Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ahsan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aurangzeb
authors.forename: Ehtisham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: Khalid Khan
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Zadran
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alvi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome