title: Microbial glycan microarrays define key features of host-microbial interactions.
abstract: Genomic approaches continue to provide unprecedented insight into the microbiome, yet host immune interactions with diverse microbiota can be difficult to study. We therefore generated a microbial microarray containing defined antigens isolated from a broad range of microbial flora to examine adaptive and innate immunity. Serological studies with this microarray show that immunoglobulins from multiple mammalian species have unique patterns of reactivity, whereas exposure of animals to distinct microbes induces specific serological recognition. Although adaptive immunity exhibited plasticity toward microbial antigens, immunological tolerance limits reactivity toward self. We discovered that several innate immune galectins show specific recognition of microbes that express self-like antigens, leading to direct killing of a broad range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes. Thus, host protection against microbes seems to represent a balance between adaptive and innate immunity to defend against evolving antigenic determinants while protecting against molecular mimicry.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2].
authors.forename: Sean R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stowell
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2].
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [3].
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Razi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heimburg-Molinaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Lilian C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gourdine
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Gunten
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Yuriy A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Knirel
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and the Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D016466:CHO Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000276:immunology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005470:Fluorometry / Q000379:methods; D037161:Galectins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D037161:Galectins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011134:Polysaccharides