title: Introduction: brief historical overview.
abstract: Membranes are essential in defining the border and ensuring function of all living cells. As such they are vulnerable and have been a preferred target of attack throughout evolution. The most powerful way of damaging a membrane is through the insertion of pore-forming proteins. Research over the last decades shows that such proteins are produced by bacteria to attack bacterial or eukaryotic cells, vertebrates to kill invading organisms or infected cells, and by eukaryotic cells to "kill" mitochondria and trigger apoptosis. The breadth of effect of these proteins is bringing together, in a very exciting way, research communities that used to be unaware of each other.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, gisou.vandergoot@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Gisou F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: van der Goot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D054353:Perforin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D052899:Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; D054353:Perforin; C032676:aerolysin