title: Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of paints containing polycyclic- and Naphthol AS-type pigments.
abstract: This study reports the concentrations and congener partners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commercially available paints. Polycyclic-type pigments containing dioxazine violet (pigment violet (PV) 23, PV37) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (PR254, PR255) were found to contain PCB-56, PCB-77, PCB-40, PCB-5, and PCB-12, and PCB-6, PCB-13, and PCB-15, respectively, as major congeners. Dioxazine violet is contaminated with by-products during synthesis from o-dichlorobenzene, which is used as a solvent during synthesis, and diketopyrrolopyrrole is contaminated with by-products during synthesis from p-chlorobenzonitrile. The concentration of PCBs in paint containing PV23 or PV37 was 0.050-29 mg/kg, and toxic equivalency (TEQ) values ranged 1.1-160 pg-TEQ/g. The concentration of PCBs in paint containing PR254 or PR255 was 0.0019-2.4 mg/kg. Naphthol AS is an azo-type pigment, and PCB-52 was detected in paint containing pigment red (PR) 9 with 2,5-dichloroaniline as its source. PCB-146, PCB-149, and PCB-153 were identified from paint containing PR112 produced from 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, as major congeners. These congeners have chlorine positions similar to aniline, indicating that these congeners are by-products obtained during the synthesis of pigments. The concentrations of PCBs in paints containing PR9 and PR112 were 0.0042-0.43 and 0.0044-3.8 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding TEQ for PR112 was 0.0039-8.6 pg-TEQ/g.
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Research Organization, Environmental and Geological Research Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, N19W12, Kita, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819, Japan. anezaki@hro.or.jp.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anezaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Narayanan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009284:Naphthols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009284:Naphthols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C008584:naphthol AS
keywords: By-product; Congeners; Diketopyrrolopyrrole; Dioxazine violet; Naphthol AS; Pigments; Polychlorinated biphenyls