title: Correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction for 7T MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the effect of gradient nonlinearity and develop a method for correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction (Mo-Co).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonlinear gradients can induce geometric distortions in magnetic resonance imaging, leading to pixel shifts with errors of up to several millimeters, thereby interfering with precise localization of anatomical structures. Prospective Mo-Co has been extended by conventional gradient warp correction applied to individual phase encoding steps/groups during the reconstruction. The gradient-related displacements are approximated using spherical harmonic functions. In addition, the combination of this method with a retrospective correction of the changes in the coil sensitivity profiles relative to the object (augmented sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction) was evaluated in simulation and experimental data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prospective Mo-Co under gradient fields and coils sensitivity inconsistencies results in residual blurring, spatial distortion, and coil sensitivity mismatch artifacts. These errors can be considerably mitigated by the proposed method. High image quality with very little remaining artifacts was achieved after a few iterations. The relative image errors decreased from 25.7% to below 17.3% after 10 iterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined correction of gradient nonlinearity and sensitivity map variation leads to a pronounced reduction of residual motion artifacts in prospectively motion-corrected data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Radiological Technology, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Uten
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yarach
authors.forename: Chaiya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luengviriya
authors.forename: Appu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danishad
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stucht
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Godenschweger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Speck
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: coil sensitivity mismatch; gradient nonlinearity; gradient warp correction; prospective motion correction