title: Is urine an alternative to cosmetically treated hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol?
abstract: This study attempts to assess the utility of the urine matrix as an alternative to cosmetically treated hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol for driving licence re-granting in 1026 cosmetically treated hair samples and 33 262 urine routine samples. No significant difference was observed between the percentage positive samples in cosmetically treated hair to those in urine at both the 95% and 99% significance level for amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepines, and methadone. Significant difference was found between the positivity rates of cannabinoids in cosmetically treated hair and that in urine indicating urine to be a better alternative to the use of the hair matrix even when cosmetically treated. The opposite was observed for the alcohol consumption marker ethyl glucuronide (EtG) for which the positivity rate in cosmetically treated hair was twice that in urine samples. Particularly for alcohol abstinence monitoring, as for the rehabilitative driving licence re-granting medical and psychological assessment (MPA) programme in Germany, it seems that ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair presents a much better alternative than urine testing, even when cosmetically treated hair is analyzed. Moreover, segmentation is an additional advantage of hair testing which can provide additional useful information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology, Siemensstrasße 40, 32105 Bad Salzuflen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agius
authors.forename: Bertin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dufaux
authors.forename: Hans-Gerhard
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nadulski
mesh_terms: D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D058206:Hair Bleaching Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D058206:Hair Bleaching Agents; D006202:Hair Dyes; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: EtG; cosmetic treatment; driving licence re-granting; drugs; hair; urine