title: Current vaccine trials in glioblastoma: a review.
abstract: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor, and despite aggressive therapy with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, average survival remains at about 1.5 years. The highly infiltrative and invasive nature of GBM requires that alternative treatments for this disease be widespread and targeted to tumor cells. Immunotherapy in the form of tumor vaccines has the potential to meet this need. Vaccines against GBM hold the promise of triggering specific and systemic antitumor immune responses that may be the key to eradicating this unrelenting cancer. In this review, we will discuss past and present clinical trials of various GBM vaccines and their potential impact on the future care of GBM patients. There have been many promising phase I and phase II GBM vaccine studies that have led to ongoing and upcoming phase III trials. If the results of these randomized trials show a survival benefit, immunotherapy will become a standard part of the treatment of this devastating disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Linda W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin K H
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0523-3076
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8372-0676
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000276:immunology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines