title: Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury - induced acute renal injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute kidney injury occurs frequently in patients subsequent to coronary artery revascularization or myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MIR). Hypotension and excessive nitric oxide (NO) production through inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were implicated in renal injury. On the other hand, NO may have a protective role during early reperfusion. In this study, we aim to compare protective effectiveness of 1,400W, a highly selective iNOS inhibitor, and L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, against MIR-induced hemodynamic stabilization and kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were evenly divided in four groups including sham-operated, MIR, and groups pretreated with 1,400W (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, [ip]) or L-NAME (30 mg/kg, ip) 15 minutes before MIR. Ischemia was conducted by occluding the left coronary artery for 30 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. We determined the measured aortic pressure (MAP) and assessed kidney injury through serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), methylguanidine (MG), malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO at different phases during the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAP, decreased during myocardial ischemia, increased during early reperfusion; however, that was abolished with L-NAME pretreatment, and the increase was moderate with 1,400W pretreatment. Serum MDA, MG and BUN levels, although relatively unaltered during ischemia, significantly increased after 120 minutes of reperfusion. Treatment with 1,400W reduced post-reperfusion MDA and MG levels (P < .05), but the improvement was not significant with L-NAME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1,400W was effective in reducing MIR-induced hemodynamic instability and kidney injury, in contrast to no apparent protection with L-NAME administration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T-H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: F-T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Electronic address: 078625@mail.fju.edu.tw.
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000578:Amidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D015415:Biomarkers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester