title: A care pathway analysis of tuberculosis patients in benin: Highlights on direct costs and critical stages for an evidence-based decision-making.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Free tuberculosis control fail to protect patients from substantial medical and non-medical expenditure, thus a greater degree of disaggregation of patient cost is needed to fully capture their context and inform policymaking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of six health districts of Southern Benin. From August 2008 to February 2009, we recruited all smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated under the national strategy in the selected districts. Direct out-of-pocket costs associated with tuberculosis, time delays, and care-seeking pattern were collected from symptom onset to end of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Population description and outcome data were reported for 245 patients of whom 153 completed their care pathway. For them, the median overall direct cost was USD 183 per patient. Payments to traditional healers, self-medication drugs, travel, and food expenditures contributed largely to this cost burden. Patient, provider, and treatment delays were also reported. Pre-diagnosis and intensive treatment stages were the most critical stages, with median expenditure of USD 43 per patient and accounting for 38% and 29% of the overall direct cost, respectively. However, financial barriers differed depending on whether the patient lived in urban or rural areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study delivers new evidence about bottlenecks encountered during the TB care pathway. Financial barriers to accessing the free-of-charge tuberculosis control strategy in Benin remain substantial for low-income households. Irregular time delays and hidden costs, often generated by multiple visits to various care providers, impair appropriate patient pathways. Particular attention should be paid to pre-diagnosis and intensive treatment. Cost assessment and combined targeted interventions embodied by a patient-centered approach on the specific critical stages would likely deliver better program outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Université Libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Research centre Health Policy and Systems - International Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laokri
authors.affiliation: Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Unité de recherche, Ouidah, Benin.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amoussouhui
authors.affiliation: Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Unité de recherche, Ouidah, Benin.
authors.forename: Edgard M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ouendo
authors.affiliation: Institut Régional de Santé Publique, Unité de recherche, Ouidah, Benin.
authors.forename: Athanase Cossi
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hounnankan
authors.affiliation: Programme National contre la Tuberculose, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Séverin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anagonou
authors.affiliation: Programme National contre la Tuberculose, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gninafon
authors.affiliation: Programme National contre la Tuberculose, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kassa
authors.affiliation: Programme National contre la Tuberculose, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Léon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tawo
authors.affiliation: Université Libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Research centre Health Policy and Systems - International Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dujardin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D003657:Decision Making; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy