title: Health risk assessments for alumina refineries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe contemporary air dispersion modeling and health risk assessment methodologies applied to alumina refineries and to summarize recent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Air dispersion models using emission source and meteorological data have been used to assess ground-level concentrations (GLCs) of refinery emissions. Short-term (1-hour and 24-hour average) GLCs and annual average GLCs have been used to assess acute health, chronic health, and incremental carcinogenic risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The acute hazard index can exceed 1 close to refineries, but it is typically less than 1 at neighboring residential locations. The chronic hazard index is typically substantially less than 1. The incremental carcinogenic risk is typically less than 10(-6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risks of acute health effects are adequately controlled, and the risks of chronic health effects and incremental carcinogenic risks are negligible around referenced alumina refineries.
authors.affiliation: From Alcoa of Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: A Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Coffey
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D001315:Australia; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D008669:Metallurgy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000537:Aluminum Oxide