title: Accuracy of initial clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in children from a malaria-endemic area of Papua New Guinea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is challenging in resource-limited settings where cerebral malaria and viral encephalitis are also common.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the accuracy of an initial clinical diagnosis of ABM in a malaria-endemic area of Papua New Guinea (PNG), a retrospective chart review of hospitalized children aged 2 months to 10 years was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 481 eligible children, 240 had an initial clinical diagnosis of ABM that was confirmed independently by trained research staff under standardized conditions, with laboratory support in only 84 (17.5%; 84/481). When compared with the final laboratory-confirmed diagnosis, an initial diagnosis of ABM had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 76% (95% CI 66-85%), 56% (95% CI 51-61%), 27% (95% CI 21-33) and 92% (95% CI 87-95%), respectively. There was discordance between initial and final diagnosis of ABM in 196 children; 176 initially considered to have ABM had an alternative diagnosis, while 20 without an initial diagnosis of ABM were confirmed to have ABM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that initial misdiagnosis of ABM is common in a malaria-endemic area of PNG. A diagnostic algorithm using standardized assessment for meningeal irritation, coma and malaria parasitological testing needs further evaluation in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Modilon General Hospital, Paediatrics Unit, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aipit
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia drmlaman@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laman
authors.affiliation: Modilon General Hospital, Paediatrics Unit, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Ilomo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hwaiwhanje
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bona
authors.affiliation: Modilon General Hospital, Paediatrics Unit, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pomat
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siba
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy M E
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Laurens
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manning
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016779:Malaria, Cerebral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010219:Papua New Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Acute bacterial meningitis; Malaria-endemic setting; Papua New Guinea