title: Effects of pretransport handling stress on physiological and behavioral response of ostriches.
abstract: Ostrich (Struthio camelus) production is a relatively young industry and there has been little research on ostrich welfare during pretransport handling and the transportation process. A heavy body with a high center of gravity makes ostriches' handling and transportation problems different from other livestock. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the pretransport holding time duration on ostrich behavior and physiological responses. A second objective was to identify and validate behavioral indicator(s) that could be used to identify stressed birds during pretransport handling. Prior to shipping, twenty-four 2.5-yr-old ostriches were moved into a holding pen. Birds were then individually restrained, hooded, and walked from the holding pen (approximately 12 min/bird) to a sampling pen (visually isolated from the holding pen) where they were weighed and a 10-mL blood sample obtained. A second blood sample was taken from each bird after a 1,100-km transportation. Blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of blood metabolites, enzymes, corticosterone, and white blood cell and differential counts. Behavioral responses and physical damages of ostriches were also recorded before and after transport. Results indicated that birds that spent longer time in the pretransport holding pen had higher pretransport plasma concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, sodium, and packed cell volume. Immobile sitting behavior, observed in 5 out of the last 11 birds handled, was positively correlated with higher pretransport handling stress, higher posttransport aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, and glucose concentrations, and transport losses. Knowledge of pretransport handling impacts on ostrich stress and availability of behavioral indicators (e.g., immobile sitting response) could be used to improve handing processes, thereby decreasing potential weight loss, injury, and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Avian Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bejaei
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000416:Alberta; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006234:Handling, Psychological; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D020310:Struthioniformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation
keywords: behavioral stress response; immobility; ostrich; physiological stress response; pretransport handling