title: Effect of lingual enamel sandblasting with aluminum oxide of different particle sizes in combination with phosphoric acid etching on indirect bonding of lingual brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare bond strength and bond failure location of lingual brackets indirectly bonded after lingual enamel sandblasting with 27-, 50-, and 90-µm aluminum oxide particles followed by 37% phosphoric acid etching.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty maxillary premolars were randomly divided into four equal groups according to the method of lingual enamel surface conditioning: Group 1 (control) was etched with 37% phosphoric acid, and group 2, group 3, and group 4 were sandblasted with 27-, 50-, and 90-µm aluminum oxide particles, respectively, prior to acid etching. Lingual brackets were indirectly bonded using the same protocol and adhesive (Sondhi) in all groups. The maximum shear bond strength required to debond the brackets was measured using a testing machine, and the bond failure location was classified according to the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean bond strength between groups. The differences between ARI scores were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences in mean shear bond strength or ARI scores between the four enamel-conditioning procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lingual enamel sandblasting using different particle sizes of aluminum oxide prior to phosphoric acid etching did not increase the shear bond strength of indirectly bonded brackets and did not affect the amount of adhesive remnant on the enamel.
authors.affiliation: a  Orthodontic graduate student, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julissa Janet
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Robles-Ruíz
authors.forename: Ana Lidia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ciamponi
authors.forename: Igor Studart
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.forename: Lylian Kazumi
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Kanashiro
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000268:Adhesiveness; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010316:Particle Size; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C477791:Sondhi Indirect Bonding Resin; C030242:phosphoric acid; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Acid etching; Lingual brackets; Lingual enamel; Sandblasting