title: Sociodemographic risk and early environmental factors that contribute to resilience in executive control: A factor mixture model of 3-year-olds.
abstract: Young children at sociodemographic risk generally demonstrate lower executive control (EC), although with substantial heterogeneity across children. Given this marked variability, there may be some at-risk children who display higher EC and may be buffered from or resilient to the effects of sociodemographic risk who can be studied to identify the contributory factors. In this study, factor mixture modelling was used to determine whether subgroups of 3-year-old children existed based on their observed performance on a battery of EC tasks. Results indicated 2 latent groups: One characterized by lower EC and the other by higher EC. Both sociodemographically at-risk and low-risk children were represented in each group, yielding 4 risk-status-by-EC groups, where at-risk higher EC children were termed the resilient group. Proximal household enrichment (e.g., exposure to learning materials, varied enriching experiences, academic and language stimulation, parental responsivity) distinguished the resilient group from lower performing children of similar risk status, whereas distal financial resources and proximal social network resources did not distinguish these two groups. Results suggest potential intervention targets to promote optimal EC development, particularly among children at risk.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology and Office of Research , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , NE , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer Mize
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Hye-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Caron A C
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Tiffany D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wiebe
authors.forename: Kimberly Andrews
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Espy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Executive control; Factor mixture modelling; Preschool; Resilience; Sociodemographic risk