title: Hybrid transvaginal nephrectomy: development of our technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the development of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) transvaginal nephrectomy and present the initial experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight female patients were submitted to hybrid NOTES transvaginal nephrectomy for tumor (n=23) and nonfunctioning renal unit (n=15) in 2 academic medical centers. Patients underwent surgery from July 2010 to June 2012 and none of them were candidates for partial nephrectomy (clinical stage T1b or higher). The procedure was performed by the use of multi-instrument ports or flexible cannulas inserted through umbilical and vaginal incisions. A 30° lens extra-long camera and combinations of conventional laparoscopic and prebent instruments were used. Specially designed extra-long, prebent straight instruments were found to be particularly useful for transvaginal manipulations. Prospective data regarding patient demographics, intraoperative and postoperative course of the patients, and pathology results were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average tumor diameter was 6 cm (range, 4.9-7.5 cm). Average operative time was 114.1 minutes (range, 90-190 minutes). Estimated blood loss ranged between 50 and 150 mL (average, 80 mL). Intraoperatively, 2 bladder perforations occurred and were treated by suturing. Postoperatively, 2 patients suffered from fever of unknown origin and 2 patients required transfusions due to bleeding. Average hospital stay was 3.3 days (range, 3-5 days). Positive surgical margins were not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hybrid NOTES transvaginal nephrectomy is a feasible and safe alternative to standard laparoscopic nephrectomy in selected patients. Difficulties arising from limitations in current instrumentation have been addressed by the use of specially designed instruments. Further clinical studies are required to ascertain this approaches' place among nephrectomy techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgiopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kallidonis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Iason
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kyriazis
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adonakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens-Uwe
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Stolzenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwentner
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece. Electronic address: liatsikos@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014621:Vagina