title: Combining site occupancy, breeding population sizes and reproductive success to calculate time-averaged reproductive output of different habitat types: an application to Tricolored Blackbirds.
abstract: In metapopulations in which habitat patches vary in quality and occupancy it can be complicated to calculate the net time-averaged contribution to reproduction of particular populations. Surprisingly, few indices have been proposed for this purpose. We combined occupancy, abundance, frequency of occurrence, and reproductive success to determine the net value of different sites through time and applied this method to a bird of conservation concern. The Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) has experienced large population declines, is the most colonial songbird in North America, is largely confined to California, and breeds itinerantly in multiple habitat types. It has had chronically low reproductive success in recent years. Although young produced per nest have previously been compared across habitats, no study has simultaneously considered site occupancy and reproductive success. Combining occupancy, abundance, frequency of occurrence, reproductive success and nest failure rate we found that that large colonies in grain fields fail frequently because of nest destruction due to harvest prior to fledging. Consequently, net time-averaged reproductive output is low compared to colonies in non-native Himalayan blackberry or thistles, and native stinging nettles. Cattail marshes have intermediate reproductive output, but their reproductive output might be improved by active management. Harvest of grain-field colonies necessitates either promoting delay of harvest or creating alternative, more secure nesting habitats. Stinging nettle and marsh colonies offer the main potential sources for restoration or native habitat creation. From 2005-2011 breeding site occupancy declined 3x faster than new breeding colonies were formed, indicating a rapid decline in occupancy. Total abundance showed a similar decline. Causes of variation in the value for reproduction of nesting substrates and factors behind continuing population declines merit urgent investigation. The method we employ should be useful in other metapopulation studies for calculating time-averaged reproductive output for different sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holyoak
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Meese
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and Avian Sciences Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D017753:Ecosystem; D008136:Longevity; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D011156:Population Density; D012098:Reproduction; D013997:Time Factors