title: Simultaneous assessment of the macrobiome and microbiome in a bulk sample of tropical arthropods through DNA metasystematics.
abstract: Conventional assessments of ecosystem sample composition are based on morphology-based or DNA barcode identification of individuals. Both approaches are costly and time-consuming, especially when applied to the large number of specimens and taxa commonly included in ecological investigations. Next-generation sequencing approaches can overcome the bottleneck of individual specimen isolation and identification by simultaneously sequencing specimens of all taxa in a bulk mixture. Here we apply multiple parallel amplification primers, multiple DNA barcode markers, 454-pyrosequencing, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing to the same sample to maximize recovery of the arthropod macrobiome and the bacterial and other microbial microbiome of a bulk arthropod sample. We validate this method with a complex sample containing 1,066 morphologically distinguishable arthropods from a tropical terrestrial ecosystem with high taxonomic diversity. Multiamplicon next-generation DNA barcoding was able to recover sequences corresponding to 91% of the distinguishable individuals in a bulk environmental sample, as well as many species present as undistinguishable tissue. 454-pyrosequencing was able to recover 10 more families of arthropods and 30 more species than did conventional Sanger sequencing of each individual specimen. The use of other loci (16S and 18S ribosomal DNA gene regions) also added the detection of species of microbes associated with these terrestrial arthropods. This method greatly decreases the time and money necessary to perform DNA-based comparisons of biodiversity among ecosystem samples. This methodology opens the door to much cheaper and increased capacity for ecological and evolutionary studies applicable to a wide range of socio-economic issues, as well as a basic understanding of how the world works.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;Department of Microbiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 35516;
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shokralla
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1; and.
authors.forename: Teresita M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1;
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Konynenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 mhajibab@uoguelph.ca djanzen@sas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Janzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hallwachs
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; mhajibab@uoguelph.ca djanzen@sas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajibabaei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000737:chemistry*; D044822:Biodiversity; D003364:Costa Rica; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic / Q000379:methods; D064308:Ecological Parameter Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D017753:Ecosystem; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics*; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D064307:Microbiota / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Costa Rica; Malaise trap; NGS; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; insect