title: Management of cardiorenal metabolic syndrome in diabetes mellitus: a phytotherapeutic perspective.
abstract: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex disease in which the heart and kidney are simultaneously affected and their deleterious declining functions are reinforced in a feedback cycle, with an accelerated progression. Although the coexistence of kidney and heart failure in the same individual carries an extremely bad prognosis, the exact cause of deterioration and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the initiation and maintenance of the interaction are complex, multifactorial in nature, and poorly understood. Current therapy includes diuretics, natriuretic hormones, aquaretics (arginine vasopressin antagonists), vasodilators, and inotropes. However, large numbers of patients still develop intractable disease. Moreover, the development of resistance to many standard therapies, such as diuretics and inotropes, has led to an increasing movement toward utilization and development of novel therapies. Herbal and traditional natural medicines may complement or provide an alternative to prevent or delay the progression of CRS. This review provides an analysis of the possible mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of phytotherapeutic medicines for the amelioration of the progression of CRS.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Min Kyong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5795-8402
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: The University of Manitoba, Faculty of Pharmacy, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2.
authors.forename: Neal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; The University of Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Basil D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Roufogalis
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Tom Hsun-Wei
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000009:adverse effects; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects