title: Alcohol use, stigmatizing/discriminatory attitudes, and HIV high-risk sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research was conducted to assess the correlates of alcohol consumption and HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shandong province, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey provided demographics, sexual behaviors, illicit drug use, alcohol consumptions, and service utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,230 participants, 82.8% were single, 85.7% aged <35 years, 47.2% had college or higher education, and 11.7% drank alcohol >3 times per week in the past six months. The average total score of stigmatizing and discriminatory attitude was 37.4 ± 4.4. More frequent episodes of alcohol use were independently associated with higher levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, unprotected anal sex, bisexual identity, multiple male sex partners, drug use, and lower levels of education. Expressing higher levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes was independently associated with alcohol use, unprotected male anal sex, bisexuals, more male sex partners, commercial sex with men, and non-receipt of peer education in the past year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes are common and associated with alcohol use and unprotected sex among MSM. The finding highlights the needs to develop programs that would reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes and strengthen alcohol use prevention and risk reduction initiatives among MSM.
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Meizhen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Dianmin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Xiaorun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer Huang
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bouey
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA ; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Muktar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aliyu
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Yuesheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Guoyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institution for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention and Shandong Key Laboratory for Epidemic Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Yujiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners / Q000523:psychology; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult