title: Should vitamin B12 tablets be included in more Canadian drug formularies? An economic model of the cost-saving potential from increased utilisation of oral versus intramuscular vitamin B12 maintenance therapy for Alberta seniors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-savings attainable if all patients aged ≥65 years in Alberta, Canada, currently on intramuscular therapy were switched to oral therapy, from the perspective of a provincial ministry of health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care setting in Alberta, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seniors of age 65 years and older currently receiving intramuscular vitamin B12 therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral vitamin B12 therapy at 1000 μg/day versus intramuscular therapy at 1000 μg/month.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost saving from oral therapy over intramuscular therapy, from the perspective of the Alberta Ministry of Health, including drug costs, dispensing fees, injection administration fees, additional laboratory monitoring and physician visit fees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 5 years, if all Albertans aged 65 years and older who currently receive intramuscular B12 are switched to oral therapy, our model found that $C13 975 883 can be saved. Even if no additional physician visits are billed for among patients receiving intramuscular therapy, $C8 444 346 could be saved from reduced administration costs alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral B12 therapy has been shown to be an effective therapeutic option for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, yet only three provinces and the Non-Insured Health Benefits program include oral tablets on their formulary rather than the parenteral preparation. To ensure judicious use of limited health resources, clinicians and formulary committees are encouraged to adopt oral B12 therapy as a clinically and cost-effective first-line therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sherilyn K D
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Houle
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kolber
authors.forename: Anderson W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chuck
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000416:Alberta; D017046:Cost Savings; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005569:Formularies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D018803:Models, Economic; D013607:Tablets / Q000191:economics; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Health Economics; Primary Care