title: Nano characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian ammunition.
abstract: Gunshot residues (GSR) from a total of nine different caliber ammunitions produced in Brazil were analyzed and characterized by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). GSR particles are composed of spherical particles of several micrometers of diameter containing distinct amounts of lead, barium and antimony, along with other organic and inorganic elements arising from the primer, gunpowder, the gun and the bullet itself. This study was carried out to obtain additional information on the properties of GSR nanoparticles originated from different types of regular ammunition produced in Brazil by CBC. Besides the SEM, we have used a TEM, exploring its high magnification capability and ability to explore internal structure and chemical composition of submicron particles. We observed that CBC ammunition generated smaller particles than usually reported for other ammunitions and that the three component particles are not a majority. TEM analysis revealed that GSR are partially composed of sub-micron particles as well. The electron diffraction pattern from these particles confirmed them to be mainly composed of lead oxides crystalline nanoparticles that may be agglomerated into larger particles. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that most of them were composed of two elements, especially PbSb. Ba was not a common element found in the nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: lismellow@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lis G A
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, prédio 27, Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: amartiny@inmetro.gov.br.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martiny
authors.affiliation: Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-180, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: pinto@cbpf.br.
authors.forename: André L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pinto
keywords: Electron microscopy; Gunshot residue; Nanoparticles