title: GSSG/GSH ratios in cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes as a biomarker for drug induced oxidative stress.
abstract: The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could cause cellular damage and eventually lead to apoptosis and necrosis. The ratio between oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSSG-to-GSH ratio) has been used as an important in vitro and in vivo biomarker of the redox balance in the cell and consequently of cellular oxidative stress. This paper optimizes a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG. The proposed method is based on the derivatization of reduced GSH using iodoacetic acid (IAA) in order to prevent its rapid oxidation to GSSG during sample preparation. The optimized analytical method was applied to evaluate the effect of different pharmaceutical agents on GSSG-to-GSH ratio in cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes in culture. Hepatocyte viabilities were also determined at the same time by using the WST-1 assay as a direct measurement of cell mitochondrial respiration. The results obtained demonstrate that cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes in culture are reliable in vitro models for the evaluation of cellular oxidative stress. In addition, the GSSG-to-GSH ratio measurements could be a biomarker of hepatotoxicity providing similar results to those of cytotoxicity assay.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: sonia.sentellas@almirall.com.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sentellas
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Oriol
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Morales-Ibanez
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zanuy
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Albertí
mesh_terms: D000632:Aminopyrine / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015925:Cryopreservation; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000633:toxicity; D005485:Flutamide / Q000633:toxicity; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D022781:Hepatocytes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014046:Tolmetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000632:Aminopyrine; D005485:Flutamide; C020549:zomepirac; D016572:Cyclosporine; D014046:Tolmetin; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: GSH; GSSG; Hepatocytes; Menadione; Oxidative stress