Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy-different mechanisms in adult and pediatric cases.
BACKGROUND
Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy (CMP) is a rare but potentially reversible cause of heart failure. However, the mechanism of hypocalcemia seems to differ between infants and adults. Although severe vitamin D deficiency alone is the usual cause of hypocalcemic CMP in infants, in adult patients significant cardiac dysfunction usually occurs as a result of hypoparathyroidism, either isolated or in combination with vitamin D deficiency. We present two cases of hypocalcemic CMP-one adult and one pediatric-to highlight these differences.


METHODS
The first patient was a 47-year-old female who presented with progressive dyspnea and fatigue and was found to have severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction, 25%). Her serum calcium level was 3.5 mg/dL, serum phosphorus level was 5.7 mg/dL, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 14.1 ng/mL, along with a serum PTH level of 11.8 pg/mL. Her LV ejection fraction normalized completely over 6 months with calcium and calcitriol treatment. In contrast, the second patient was an infant who had presented in cardiogenic shock. Investigations revealed serum calcium of 4.5 mg/dL, serum phosphorus of 11.9 mg/dL, 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 8.9 ng/mL, and serum PTH level of 670 pg/mL. Calcium and calcitriol supplementation resulted in rapid and complete clinical and hemodynamic recovery.


CONCLUSIONS
Hypocalcemia is a rare but treatable cause of dilated CMP. In infants, hypocalcemia is usually due to maternal vitamin D deficiency and is accompanied by compensatory hyperparathyroidism. In contrast, in adult patients, hypocalcemic CMP is usually a result of hypoparathyroidism, with or without concomitant vitamin D deficiency.
Divisions of Endocrinology and Diabetes (B.B.), Cardiology (M.B., H.K.G.), and Pediatric Cardiology (P.B.), Medanta, the Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India.
Beena
B
Bansal
Manish
M
Bansal
Pankaj
P
Bajpai
Hardeep Kaur
HK
Garewal
D000367:Age Factors; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007011:Hypoparathyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis