Timed-daily ingestion of whey protein and exercise training reduces visceral adipose tissue mass and improves insulin resistance: the PRISE study.
The present study examined the effects of timed ingestion of supplemental protein (20-g servings of whey protein, 3×/day), added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults and subsequently randomized to either whey protein only (P; n = 24), whey protein and resistance exercise (P + RT; n = 27), or a whey protein and multimode exercise training program [protein and resistance exercise, intervals, stretching/yoga/Pilates, endurance exercise (PRISE); n = 28]. Total and regional body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), insulin sensitivity [homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)], plasma lipids and adipokines, and feelings of hunger and satiety (visual analog scales) were measured before and after the 16-wk intervention. All groups lost body weight, fat mass (FM), and abdominal fat; however, PRISE lost significantly (P < 0.01) more body weight (3.3 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7 kg, P + RT) and FM (2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 kg, P + RT) and gained (P < 0.05) a greater percentage of lean body mass (2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.4%, P + RT and P, respectively). Only P + RT (0.1 ± 0.04 kg) and PRISE (0.21 ± 0.07 kg) lost VAT mass (P < 0.05). Fasting glucose decreased only in P + RT (5.1 ± 2.5 mg/dl) and PRISE (15.3 ± 2.1 mg/dl), with the greatest decline occurring in PRISE (P < 0.05). Similarly, HOMA-IR improved (0.6 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.4 units), and leptin decreased (4.7 ± 2.2, 4.7 ± 3.1 ng/dl), and adiponectin increased (3.8 ± 1.1, 2.4 ± 1.1 μg/ml) only in P + RT and PRISE, respectively, with no change in P. In conclusion, we find evidence to support exercise training and timed ingestion of whey protein added to the habitual diet of free-living overweight/obese adults, independent of caloric restriction on total and regional body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and adipokines.
Skidmore College, Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Saratoga Springs, New York; parciero@skidmore.edu.
Paul J
PJ
Arciero
Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida;
Daniel
D
Baur
Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, California; and.
Scott
S
Connelly
Florida State University, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Michael J
MJ
Ormsbee
D054392:Adipokines / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D050218:Body Fat Distribution / Q000379:methods; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology; D000067816:Whey Proteins
D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins
adipokines; exercise; insulin resistance; visceral adipose tissue; whey protein