Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children.
All neonates, infants and young children receive multiple priming doses and booster vaccinations in the 1st and 2nd year of life to prevent infections by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite high vaccine compliance, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infections are occurring worldwide. These data strongly argue for an improved understanding of the immune responses of neonates, infants and young children to vaccine antigens and further study of the exploitable mechanisms to achieve more robust and prolonged immunity with fewer primary and booster vaccinations in the pediatric population. This review will focus on our recent work involving infant and young child immunity following routine recommended vaccinations. The discussion will address vaccine responses with respect to four areas: (1) systemic antibody responses, (2) memory B-cell generation, (3) CD4 T-cell responses, and (4) APC function.
Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, United States of America. Electronic address: Michael.Pichichero@rochestergeneral.org.
Michael E
ME
Pichichero
D000917:Antibody Formation; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D014611:Vaccination
D007074:Immunoglobulin G
Antigen presenting cells; B cells; B-cell receptor; CD4 T-cells; Children; Dendritic cells; Haemophilus influenzae; Infants; MHC II; Neonate; Streptococcus pneumoniae; T cells; T-cell receptor; Toll-like receptor; Vaccination; cytokines; immunologic memory; pediatric vaccines