Cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risks in minority populations.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart disease and stroke, is the leading cause of death in the USA, regardless of self-determined race/ethnicity, and largely driven by cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS). The primary drivers of increased CMR include obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease as well as associated adverse behaviors of physical inactivity, smoking, and unhealthy eating habits. Given the importance of CRS for public health, multiple stakeholders, including the National Minority Quality Forum (the Forum), the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC), have developed this review to inform clinicians and other health professionals of the unique aspects of CMR in racial/ethnic minorities and of potential means to improve CMR factor control, to reduce CRS and CVD in diverse populations, and to provide more effective, coordinated care. This paper highlights CRS and CMR as sources of significant morbidity and mortality (particularly in racial/ethnic minorities), associated health-care costs, and an evolving index tool for cardiometabolic disease to determine geographical and environmental factors. Finally, this work provides a few examples of interventions potentially successful at reducing disparities in cardiometabolic health.
Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La., USA.
Keith C
KC
Ferdinand
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
Fatima
F
Rodriguez
Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA.
Samar A
SA
Nasser
Latino Diabetes Initiative, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
A Enrique
AE
Caballero
Department of National Minority Quality Forum, Washington, D.C., USA.
Gary A
GA
Puckrein
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA.
Farhad
F
Zangeneh
Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss., USA ; Delta Regional Medical Center, Greenville, Miss., USA.
Michael
M
Mansour
Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA.
JoAnne Micale
JM
Foody
Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA.
Priscilla E
PE
Pemu
Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA.
Elizabeth O
EO
Ofili
Cardiometabolic risk; Cardiorenal metabolic syndrome; Disparities; Metabolic syndrome; Racial/ethnic minorities