Relations of vitamin D status, gender and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Caucasians.
Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency may be linked to the development of obesity-associated complications such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We therefore evaluated the relationship of Vit D serum concentrations with metabolic parameters and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Caucasian men and women. One thousand six hundred and thirty-one Caucasians (832 males, 58.8 ± 9.7 years; 799 females, 59.7 ± 10.7 years) were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Vit D status was assessed by measuring the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Type 2 diabetes prevalence was ascertained by medical history, fasting plasma glucose concentrations, oral glucose tolerance testing and/or glycosylated hemoglobin. Men displayed higher crude or seasonally adjusted 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations than women (24.64 ± 10.98 vs. 22.88 ± 11.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Strong associations between body mass index (BMI) and 25(OH)D3 were observed in both genders (P < 0.001). Seasonally adjusted levels of 25(OH)D3 revealed stronger associations with type 2 diabetes in women than men (P < 0.001). However, adjustment for BMI and other confounding variables revealed an independent inverse association of 25(OH)D3 with diabetes only in women (P < 0.001), whereas the association was abrogated in men. Using a 15 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 cutoff for binary comparison, adjusted odds ratios for having newly diagnosed or known type 2 diabetes more than doubled (2.95 [95 % CI 1.37-4.89] and 3.26 [1.59-6.68], respectively), in women below the cutoff. We conclude that in women, but not in men, low 25(OH)D3 serum levels are independently associated with type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest sex-specific effects of Vit D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Department of Internal Medicine, Oberndorf Hospital, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Paracelsusstraße 37, Oberndorf, 5110, Austria.
Andreas
A
Stadlmayr
Elmar
E
Aigner
Ursula
U
Huber-Schönauer
David
D
Niederseer
Jochen
J
Zwerina
Emma
E
Husar-Memmer
Florian
F
Hohla
Georg
G
Schett
Wolfgang
W
Patsch
Christian
C
Datz
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
D002762:Cholecalciferol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin