Glioblastoma multiforme: exploratory radiogenomic analysis by using quantitative image features.
OBJECTIVE
To derive quantitative image features from magnetic resonance (MR) images that characterize the radiographic phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) lesions and to create radiogenomic maps associating these features with various molecular data.


METHODS
Clinical, molecular, and MR imaging data for GBMs in 55 patients were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Cancer Imaging Archive after local ethics committee and institutional review board approval. Regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to enhancing necrotic portions of tumor and peritumoral edema were drawn, and quantitative image features were derived from these ROIs. Robust quantitative image features were defined on the basis of an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.6 for a digital algorithmic modification and a test-retest analysis. The robust features were visualized by using hierarchic clustering and were correlated with survival by using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Next, these robust image features were correlated with manual radiologist annotations from the Visually Accessible Rembrandt Images (VASARI) feature set and GBM molecular subgroups by using nonparametric statistical tests. A bioinformatic algorithm was used to create gene expression modules, defined as a set of coexpressed genes together with a multivariate model of cancer driver genes predictive of the module's expression pattern. Modules were correlated with robust image features by using the Spearman correlation test to create radiogenomic maps and to link robust image features with molecular pathways.


RESULTS
Eighteen image features passed the robustness analysis and were further analyzed for the three types of ROIs, for a total of 54 image features. Three enhancement features were significantly correlated with survival, 77 significant correlations were found between robust quantitative features and the VASARI feature set, and seven image features were correlated with molecular subgroups (P < .05 for all). A radiogenomics map was created to link image features with gene expression modules and allowed linkage of 56% (30 of 54) of the image features with biologic processes.


CONCLUSIONS
Radiogenomic approaches in GBM have the potential to predict clinical and molecular characteristics of tumors noninvasively. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
From the Departments of Medicine (O.G.), Radiology (O.G., L.A.M., J.X., S.E., S.N., G.Z., S.K.P.), and Neurosurgery (A.S.A., G.K.S., S.H.C.), Stanford University, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94304-5479.
Olivier
O
Gevaert
Lex A
LA
Mitchell
Achal S
AS
Achrol
Jiajing
J
Xu
Sebastian
S
Echegaray
Gary K
GK
Steinberg
Samuel H
SH
Cheshier
Sandy
S
Napel
Greg
G
Zaharchuk
Sylvia K
SK
Plevritis
D000465:Algorithms; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis; D010641:Phenotype; D015996:Survival Rate
D003287:Contrast Media