Calcification of the aortic arch predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients.
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular calcification represents a marker of cardiovascular risk in chronic dialysis patients. In the general population, aortic arch calcification (AAC) can predict cardiovascular mortality. We conducted a prospective study to investigate factors associated with AAC in hemodialysis patients and examined its prognostic value in long-term outcome.


METHODS
A total of 712 hemodialysis patients were enrolled. AAC was identified on postero-anterior chest X-ray films and classified as grade (Gr.) 0, 1, 2 or 3. Demographic data including age, gender, dialysis vintage, co-morbidity and biochemical data were reviewed and recorded. The patients were followed for 10 years.


RESULTS
AAC was present in 164 patients (23%) as Gr. 1, in 116 patients (16.3%) as Gr. 2 and in 126 patients (17.7%) as Gr. 3. An increase in the severity of calcification was associated with older patients who had lower albumin, higher calcium and glucose levels. During the follow-up period of 10 years, we found that the grade of AAC was directly related to cardiovascular mortality (Gr. 0: 5.3%; Gr. 1: 12.7%; Gr. 2: 18.9%, and Gr. 3: 24.4%; p < 0.05) and all-cause mortality (Gr. 0: 19.9%; Gr. 1: 31.1%; Gr. 2: 44.8%, and Gr. 3: 53.2%; p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that high-grade calcification was associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Patients with AAC were associated with a worse outcome in survival analysis. The severity of AAC also influenced their survival.


CONCLUSIONS
Calcification of the aortic arch detected in plain chest radiography was an important determinant of cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. The presence and severity of AAC predicted long-term survival.
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Chien-Te
CT
Lee
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Chiang-Chi
CC
Huang
Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
Chung-Yao
CY
Hsu
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Terry Ting-Yu
TT
Chiou
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Hwee-Yeong
HY
Ng
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Chien-Hsing
CH
Wu
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Wei-Hung
WH
Kuo
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, ROC ; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
Yueh-Ting
YT
Lee
Hemodialysis; Survival; Vascular calcification