Multiple sclerosis genetics.
Genome-wide association studies have revolutionised the genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis. Through international collaborative efforts involving tens of thousands of cases and controls, more than 100 associated common variants have now been identified. These variants consistently implicate genes associated with immunological processes, overwhelmingly lie in regulatory rather than coding regions, and are frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases. The functional implications of these associated variants are mostly unknown; however, early work has shown that several variants have effects on splicing that result in meaningful changes in the balance between different isoforms in relevant tissues. Including the well established risk attributable to variants in genes encoding human leucocyte antigens, only about a quarter of reported heritability can now be accounted for, suggesting that a substantial potential for further discovery remains.
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: sjs1016@cam.ac.uk.
Stephen
S
Sawcer
Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Robin J M
RJ
Franklin
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Maria
M
Ban
D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*