Electrocardiographic T wave and its relation with ventricular repolarization along major anatomical axes.
BACKGROUND
The genesis of the electrocardiographic T wave is incompletely understood and subject to controversy. We have correlated the ventricular repolarization sequence with simultaneously recorded T waves.


RESULTS
Nine pig hearts were Langendorff-perfused (atrial pacing, cycle length 650 ms). Local activation and repolarization times were derived from unipolar electrograms sampling the ventricular myocardium. Dispersion of repolarization time was determined along 4 anatomic axes: left ventricle (LV)-right ventricle (RV), LV:apico-basal, LV:anterior-posterior, and LV:transmural. The heart was immersed in a fluid-filled bucket containing 61 electrodes to determine Tp (Tpeak in lead of maximum integral), TpTe (Tp to Tend), and TpTe_total (first Tpeak in any lead to last Tend in any lead). Repolarization was nonlinearly distributed in time. RT25 (time at which 25% of sites were repolarized, 288±26 ms) concurred with Tp. TpTe was 38±8 ms, and TpTe_total was 75±9 ms. TpTe_total correlated with dispersion of repolarization time in the entire heart (73±18 ms), but not with dispersion of repolarization times along individual axes (LV-RV, 66±17 ms; LV:apico-basal, 51±18 ms; LV:anterior-posterior, 51±27 ms; mean LV:transmural, 14±7 ms; all n=9).


CONCLUSIONS
We provide a correlation between local repolarization and T wave in a pseudo-ECG. Repolarization differences along all anatomic axes contribute to the T wave. TpTe_total represents total dispersion of repolarization. At Tp, ≈25% of ventricular sites have been repolarized.
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.). veromeijborg@gmail.com.
Veronique M F
VM
Meijborg
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.).
Chantal E
CE
Conrath
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.).
Tobias
T
Opthof
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.).
Charly N W
CN
Belterman
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.).
Jacques M T
JM
de Bakker
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.F.M., C.E.C., T.O., C.N.W.B., J.M.T.d.B., R.C.); Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (T.O.); and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.M.T.d.B.).
Ruben
R
Coronel
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011930:Reaction Time; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology*
electrocardiography; electrophysiology