Impact of daily chlorhexidine baths and hand hygiene compliance on nosocomial infection rates in critically ill patients.
BACKGROUND
Up to 25% of all nosocomial infections (NIs) develop in critically ill patients. Our objective was to evaluate chlorhexidine (CHX) bathing and hand hygiene (HH) compliance in the reduction of NIs in the intensive care unit.


METHODS
The study comprised three 6-month periods: preintervention (PIP; soap/water bathing), intervention (IP; bathing with CHX-impregnated wipes), and postintervention (PoIP; soap/water bathing). An HH program was implemented during the IP and PoIP. Primary outcomes were global and specific NI rates.


RESULTS
A total of 1007 patients were included. Infection rates per 100 discharges were higher in the PIP compared with the IP and also higher in the PoIP compared with the IP (P = .0004 and .0109, respectively). Global infection rates per 1000 hospital-days were higher in the PIP than in the IP (P = .0268). The rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) were higher in the PIP than in the IP (P = .036 and .0001, respectively). Isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii from VAP specimens (P = .0204) and isolation of Candida spp from CAUTI specimens (P = .0005) decreased as well.


CONCLUSIONS
The combined intervention reduced global and specific infection rates, including rates of VAP associated with A baumannii and CAUTI associated with Candida spp.
Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Michel Fernando
MF
Martínez-Reséndez
Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México; Clinical Pathology Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Elvira
E
Garza-González
Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México; Clinical Pathology Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Soraya
S
Mendoza-Olazaran
Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Alexis
A
Herrera-Guerra
Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Juan Manuel
JM
Rodríguez-López
Hospital Administration Subdirection, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Edelmiro
E
Pérez-Rodriguez
Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México.
Roberto
R
Mercado-Longoria
Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital "Dr José Eleuterio González", Monterrey, México. Electronic address: acamacho_md@yahoo.com.
Adrián
A
Camacho-Ortiz
D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001494:Baths / Q000379:methods*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002710:Chlorhexidine
Hospital-acquired infection; Infection control; Prevention