Accuracy of a novel prototype dynamic computer-assisted surgery system.
OBJECTIVE
To implement and evaluate the accuracy of a prototype dynamic computer-assisted surgery (CAS) system for implant osteotomy preparation and compare its accuracy vs. three commercial static CAS systems and the use of an acrylic stent.


METHODS
Eight osteotomies were prepared in radiopaque partially edentulous mandible and maxilla typodonts. After cone-beam CT acquisition, DICOM files were imported into a prototype dynamic, and three static CAS systems (NobelClinician, Simplant, and CoDiagnostiX). Implant placements were planned to replicate the existing osteotomies and respective guides were requisitioned, along with one laboratory-made acrylic guide. The eight osteotomies per jaw were transferred to one typodont pair mounted in a manikin in a clinical setting and the process was repeated for four additional pairs. The 80 (two jaws × eight holes × five pairs) osteotomies were filled with radiopaque cement in-between the testing series. Three clinicians experienced with the use of the static CAS softwares used in this study prepared each 400 (80 holes × five modalities) osteotomies. One clinician repeated the experiment twice, resulting in a total of 2000 (five clinicians × 400) osteotomies. The lateral, vertical, total, and angular deviations of the actual vs. the original osteotomies in the master typodonts were measured using stereo optical tracking cameras. Linear regression statistics using generalized estimating equations were used for comparisons between the five modalities and omnibus chi-square tests applied to assess statistical significance of differences.


RESULTS
The prototype dynamic CAS system was as accurate as other implant surgery planning and transfer modalities. The dynamic and static CAS systems provide superior accuracy vs. a laboratory-made acrylic guide, except vertically. Both dynamic and static CAS systems show on average <2 mm and 5 degrees error. Large deviations between planned and actual osteotomies were occasionally observed, which needs to be considered in clinical practice.


CONCLUSIONS
The prototype dynamic CAS system was comparably accurate to static CAS systems.
Discipline of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Eszter
E
Somogyi-Ganss
Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Howard I
HI
Holmes
Discipline of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Asbjørn
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-4520
A
Jokstad
D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008348:Manikins; D003765:Models, Dental; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*
accuracy; computer aided; computer guided; dental implant; navigation; static guide; stereolithographic guide