Effect of heat treatment of wood on the morphology, surface roughness and penetration of simulated and human blood.
BACKGROUND
Wood has been used as a model material for the development of novel fiber-reinforced composite bone substitute biomaterials. In previous studies heat treatment of wood was perceived to significantly increase the osteoconductivity of implanted wood material.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to examine some of the changing attributes of wood materials that may contribute to improved biological responses gained with heat treatment.


METHODS
Untreated and 140°C and 200°C heat-treated downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were used as the wood materials. Surface roughness and the effect of pre-measurement grinding were measured with contact and non-contact profilometry. Liquid interaction was assessed with a dipping test using two manufactured liquids (simulated blood) as well as human blood. SEM was used to visualize possible heat treatment-induced changes in the hierarchical structure of wood.


RESULTS
The surface roughness was observed to significantly decrease with heat treatment. Grinding methods had more influence on the surface contour and roughness than heat treatment. The penetration of the human blood in the 200°C heat-treated exceeded that in the untreated and 140°C heat-treated materials. SEM showed no significant change due to heat treatment in the dry-state morphology of the wood.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of the liquid penetration test support previous findings in literature concerning the effects of heat treatment on the biological response to implanted wood. Heat-treatment has only a marginal effect on the surface contour of wood. The highly specialized liquid conveyance system of wood may serve as a biomimetic model for the further development of tailored fiber-composite materials.
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
J
J
Rekola
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland.
L V J
LV
Lassila
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland.
S
S
Nganga
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland.
A
A
Ylä-Soininmäki
Materials Science Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
G J P
GJ
Fleming
Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
R
R
Grenman
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
A J
AJ
Aho
Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Biocity Turku Biomaterials Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre, Turku, Finland.
P K
PK
Vallittu
D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D029662:Betula; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001769:Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013499:Surface Properties; D017155:Wettability; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
D018786:Bone Substitutes
Natural fiber-composite; biomimetic; heat treatment; liquid interaction; roughness