Nonfouling property of zwitterionic cysteine surface.
Applications of implantable bioelectronics for analytical and curative purposes are currently limited by their poor long-term biofunctionality in physiological media and nonspecific interactions with biomolecules. In an attempt to prolong in vivo functionality, recent advances in surface modifications have demonstrated that zwitterionic coatings can rival the performance of conventional poly(ethylene glycol) polymers in reducing nonspecific protein fouling. Herein, we report the fabrication of a very thin layer of nonfouling zwitterionic cysteine surface capable of protecting implantable bioelectronics from nonspecific adsorption of plasma proteins. This work is the first of its kind to fabricate, through solution chemistry, a cysteine surface exhibiting zwitterionic state as high as 88% and to demonstrate antibiofouling under the exposure of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum. The fabricated surface utilized a minimal amount of gold substrate, approximately 10 nm, and an extremely thin antifouling layer at 1.14 nm verified by ellipsometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy assessment of the nitrogen (N1s) and carbon (C1s) spectra conclude that 87.8% of the fabricated cysteine surface is zwitterionic, 2.5% is positively charged, and 9.6% is noncharged. Antibiofouling performance of the cysteine surface is quantitatively determined by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay as well as qualitatively confirmed using scanning electron spectroscopy. Cysteine surfaces demonstrated a BSA fouling of 3.9 ± 4.84% μg/cm(2), which is 93.6% and 98.5% lower than stainless steel and gold surfaces, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance imaging analysis returned similar results and suggest that a thinner cysteine coating will enhance performance. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results of BCA assay and suggested that the cysteine surface demonstrated a 69% reduction to serum fouling. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that it is possible to achieve a highly zwitterionic surface through solution chemistry on a macroscopic level that is capable of improving biocompatibility of long-term implantable bioelectronics.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
Peter
P
Lin
Ling
L
Ding
Chii-Wann
CW
Lin
Frank
F
Gu
D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002417:Cattle; D003545:Cysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013499:Surface Properties
D011108:Polymers; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D003545:Cysteine