Need for a gender-sensitive human security framework: results of a quantitative study of human security and sexual violence in Djohong District, Cameroon.
BACKGROUND
Human security shifts traditional concepts of security from interstate conflict and the absence of war to the security of the individual. Broad definitions of human security include livelihoods and food security, health, psychosocial well-being, enjoyment of civil and political rights and freedom from oppression, and personal safety, in addition to absence of conflict.


METHODS
In March 2010, we undertook a population-based health and livelihood study of female refugees from conflict-affected Central African Republic living in Djohong District, Cameroon and their female counterparts within the Cameroonian host community. Embedded within the survey instrument were indicators of human security derived from the Leaning-Arie model that defined three domains of psychosocial stability suggesting individuals and communities are most stable when their core attachments to home, community and the future are intact.


RESULTS
While the female refugee human security outcomes describe a population successfully assimilated and thriving in their new environments based on these three domains, the ability of human security indicators to predict the presence or absence of lifetime and six-month sexual violence was inadequate. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the study demonstrates that common human security indicators do not uncover either lifetime or recent prevalence of sexual violence.


CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that current gender-blind approaches of describing human security are missing serious threats to the safety of one half of the population and that efforts to develop robust human security indicators should include those that specifically measure violence against women.
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Parveen Kaur
PK
Parmar
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Division of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine & Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA.
Pooja
P
Agrawal
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Ravi
R
Goyal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA ; Division of Women' Health, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Jennifer
J
Scott
Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
P Gregg
PG
Greenough
Cameroon; Central African Republic; Human security; Refugee; Sexual violence; Women’s health