Relationship between sleep disturbance, pain, depression and functioning in long-term sick-listed patients experiencing difficulty in resuming work.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the frequency of reported sleeping, depression and pain problems, the severity of these problems and the degree of self-estimated difficulties in mental functions and activities in relation to the sleep disturbance and pain category group in patients on long-term sick-leave.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
A total of 1206 patients experiencing difficulty in resuming work.


METHODS
Patient examinations by specialists in psychiatry, orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation medicine. Validated questionnaires, including status regarding depression, sleep, pain and functioning were used.


RESULTS
The prevalence of sleep disturbance was 83%; 74% of the patients with moderate/severe sleep disturbance also had moderate/severe pain problems and 26% had no/mild pain problems. Fifty-seven percent of the patients with no/mild sleep disturbance and 83% of the patients with moderate/ severe sleep disturbance also had depression. The degree of difficulty in performing the 6 selected International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health activities and mental functions was higher for the category with moderate/severe sleep problems, compared with those with no/mild sleep problems.


CONCLUSIONS
To optimize rehabilitation for patients on long-term sick-leave experiencing difficulties in returning to work, the results indicate a need also to focus attention on sleep problems and not only on pain and depression. This may entail the planning of measures to improve decision-making and concentration and alleviate lassitude, fatigability, sadness and pessimistic thoughts.
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden. jurgen.linder@ki.se.
Jürgen
J
Linder
Gunilla Brodda
GB
Jansen
Kristina Schüldt
KS
Ekholm
Jan
J
Ekholm
D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D062707:Return to Work / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors