Raman Labeled Nanoparticles: Characterization of Variability and Improved Method for Unmixing.
Raman spectroscopy can differentiate the spectral fingerprints of many molecules, resulting in potentially high multiplexing capabilities of Raman-tagged nanoparticles. However, accurate quantitative unmixing of Raman spectra is challenging because of potential overlaps between Raman peaks from each molecule as well as slight variations in the location, height and width of the very narrow peaks. If not accounted for properly, even minor fluctuations in the spectra may produce significant error which will ultimately result in poor unmixing accuracy. The objective of our study was to develop and validate a mathematical model of the Raman spectra of nanoparticles to unmix the contributions from each nanoparticle allowing simultaneous quantitation of several nanoparticle concentrations during sample characterization. We developed and evaluated an algorithm for quantitative unmixing of the spectra, called Narrow Peak Spectral Algorithm (NPSA) . Using NPSA, we were able to successfully unmix Raman spectra from up to 7 Raman nanoparticles after correcting for the spectral variations of 30% in intensity and shifts in peak locations of up to 10 cm-1which is equivalent to 50% of the full width at half maximum (FWHM). We compared the performance of NPSA to the conventional least squares analysis (LS), error in NPSA is approximately 50% lower than LS. The error in estimating the relative contributions of each nanoparticle using NPSA are in the range of 10-16% for equal ratios and 13-19% for unequal ratios for unmixing of 7 composite organic - inorganic nanoparticles (COINs) whereas the errors using the traditional least squares approach were in the range of 25-38% for equal ratios and 45-68% for unequal ratios. Here, we report for the first time, the quantitative unmixing of 7 nanoparticles with maximum RMS % error less than 20%.
Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine ; Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering.
Kranthi
K
Kode
Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine ; Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
Cathy
C
Shachaf
Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
Sailaja
S
Elchuri
Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
Garry
G
Nolan
Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
David S
DS
Paik
COINs; Least Squares; Multiplexing; Quantitative Unmixing; Raman Spectroscopy; Variability