Intravenous paracetamol for fever control in acute brain injury patients: cerebral and hemodynamic effects.
BACKGROUND
Fever occurs frequently in acute brain injury patients, and its occurrence is associated with poorer outcomes. Paracetamol, an antipyretic frequently employed in patients with cerebral damage, may cause hypotension. We evaluated the cerebral and hemodynamic effects of intravenous (IV) paracetamol for the control of fever in Neuro-Intensive Care Unit (NICU) patients.


METHODS
This is a prospective observational study in which we enrolled 32 NICU patients: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH, n = 18), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI, n = 10), Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH, n = 2) and Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS, n = 2).


RESULTS
The administration of paracetamol resulted in a decrease of core body temperature (Tc) (p = 0,0001), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0,0006), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) (p = 0,0033), and jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO2) (p = 0.0193), and in an increase of arteriojugular venous differences of oxygen (AVDO2) (p = 0.0012). The proportion of patients who had an infusion of norepinephrine increased from 47 % to 75 % (p = 0.0039 McNemar Test). When intracranial pressure (ICP) at the start of paracetamol infusion (t-0) was compared with the measurement of ICP after 2 h, a significant correlation was observed (r = 0.669, p = 0.0002). This marked and significant correlation can be explained by the fact that for the higher levels of ICP assessed at t-0 (greater than 15 mmHg), we observed a marked reduction of ICP concomitant with the decrease of Tc. No problems related to norepinephrine administration and/or increase in dosage were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Paracetamol administration is effective but exposes patients to hypotensive episodes that must be recognized and treated expeditiously to prevent further damage to the injured brain.
I Servizio Anestesia e Rianimazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100, Parma, Italy, edoardopicetti@hotmail.com.
Edoardo
E
Picetti
Antonino
A
De Angelis
Fabio
F
Villani
Marta Velia
MV
Antonini
Ilaria
I
Rossi
Franco
F
Servadei
Maria Luisa
ML
Caspani
D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020206:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis
D000082:Acetaminophen