RETRACTED: Paraoxonase I polymorphisms and attention/hyperactivity in school-age children from Mexico City, Mexico.
Globally, organophosphate (OP) pesticide usage and exposure is widespread. Studies have found that fetuses and infants are more sensitive than adults to environmental toxicants and that prenatal exposure to low levels of OPs has been associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Like Phenotypes (ADHD-LP). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme involved in detoxifying some OPs and its polymorphisms influence enzyme activity and quantity. The objective of this study was to examine whether maternal and/or child PON1 genotypes (PON1R192Q and PON1L55M) were associated with ADHD-LP in a Mexico City, Mexico birth cohort. PON1R192Q and PON1L55M genotypes in mothers (PON1R192Q: N=531; PON1L55M: N=458) and children (PON1R192Q: N=532; PON1L55M: N=478) from blood DNA were determined. We assessed ADHD-LP for children between the ages of 6 and 13 using Conners' Parent Rating Scales-Revised (CRS-R), Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and the parent scores for Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC2). Multivariable linear regression models were used to test relationships between ADHD-LP and PON1 polymorphisms. In these models, significant associations were observed with maternal genotypes but not with the child genotypes. A higher DSM IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity score (β=3.27 points; 95% CI (0.89, 5.65)) and a 2.17 higher score in child DSM IV Total (95% CI (0.05, 4.29)) were observed for maternal PON155MM in comparison to PON155LM+LL. The childattention problems score was 2.27 points higher (95% CI (0.002, 4.53) for maternal PON1192QQ in comparison to PON1192QR+RR. Because maternal PON1 polymorphisms were associated with child ADHD-LP, this may be a viable biomarker of susceptibility for ADHD-LP.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Gamola Z
GZ
Fortenberry
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: meekerj@umich.edu.
John D
JD
Meeker
Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
Brisa N
BN
Sánchez
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
David
D
Bellinger
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Karen
K
Peterson
Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, México.
Lourdes
L
Schnaas
Center for Evaluation Research and Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Maritsa
M
Solano-González
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
Adrienne S
AS
Ettinger
National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
Mauricio
M
Hernandez-Avila
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Howard
H
Hu
Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Martha
M
Maria Tellez-Rojo
D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D055815:Young Adult
D010755:Organophosphates; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human
ADHD; Biomarker; Exposure; Human; Paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms