The importance of prostate bed tilt during postprostatectomy intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
Variations in rectal and bladder filling can create a tilt of the prostate bed, which generates the potential for a geographic miss during postprostatectomy radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to assess the effect that bladder and rectum filling has on planning target volume angle, to determine a method to assess prostate bed tilt leading to potential geographic miss, and to discuss possible implementation issues. The cone-beam computed tomography images (n = 377) of 40 patients who received postprostatectomy radiotherapy with intensity-modulated radiotherapy were reviewed. The amount of tilt in the prostate bed was defined as the angle change between 2 surgical clips, one in the upper prostate bed and another in the lower. A potential geographic miss was defined as movement of any clip of more than 1cm in any direction or 0.5 cm posteriorly when aligned to bone anatomy. Variations in bladder and rectum size were correlated with the degree of prostate bed tilt, and the rate of potential geographic miss was determined. A possible clinical use of prostate bed tilt was then assessed for different imaging techniques. A tilt of more than 10° was seen in 20.2% of images, which resulted in a 57.9% geographic miss rate of the superior clip. When tilt remained within 10°, there was only a 9% rate of geographic miss. Potential geographic miss of the inferior surgical clip was rare, occurring in only 1.9% of all images reviewed. The most common occurrence when the prostate bed tilt increased by more than 10° was a smaller bladder and larger rectum (6.4% of all images). The most common occurrence when the prostate bed tilt decreased by more than 10° was a larger bladder and smaller rectum (1.3% of all images). Significant prostate bed tilt (>± 10°) occurred in more than 20% of images, creating a 58% rate of geographic miss. Greatest prostate bed tilt occurred when the bladder size increased or reduced by more than 2 cm or the superior rectum size increased by more than 1.5 cm or reduced by more than 1cm from the planned size. Using prostate bed tilt could be an effective measurement for assessing potential geographic miss on orthogonal images if volumetric imaging is unavailable.
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: Linda.Bell1@health.nsw.gov.au.
Linda J
LJ
Bell
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia.
Jennifer
J
Cox
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Thomas
T
Eade
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Marianne
M
Rinks
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Andrew
A
Kneebone
D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*
Cone-beam CT; Geographic miss; IGRT; Postprostatectomy radiotherapy