Gut dysbiosis and detection of "live gut bacteria" in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
Mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota are an important modifier of obesity and diabetes. However, so far there is no information on gut microbiota and "live gut bacteria" in the systemic circulation of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
Using a sensitive reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method, we determined the composition of fecal gut microbiota in 50 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 control subjects, and its association with various clinical parameters, including inflammatory markers. We also analyzed the presence of gut bacteria in blood samples.


RESULTS
The counts of the Clostridium coccoides group, Atopobium cluster, and Prevotella (obligate anaerobes) were significantly lower (P < 0.05), while the counts of total Lactobacillus (facultative anaerobes) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fecal samples of diabetic patients than in those of control subjects. Especially, the counts of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum subgroups were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Gut bacteria were detected in blood at a significantly higher rate in diabetic patients than in control subjects (28% vs. 4%, P < 0.01), and most of these bacteria were Gram-positive.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of gut dysbiosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes as assessed by RT-qPCR. The high rate of gut bacteria in the circulation suggests translocation of bacteria from the gut to the bloodstream.
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Junko
J
Sato
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan akana@juntendo.ac.jp.
Akio
A
Kanazawa
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Fuki
F
Ikeda
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Tomoaki
T
Yoshihara
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiromasa
H
Goto
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiroko
H
Abe
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Koji
K
Komiya
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Minako
M
Kawaguchi
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Tomoaki
T
Shimizu
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Takeshi
T
Ogihara
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanSportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Yoshifumi
Y
Tamura
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Yuko
Y
Sakurai
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Risako
R
Yamamoto
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Tomoya
T
Mita
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Beta Cell Biology and Regeneration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Yoshio
Y
Fujitani
Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiroshi
H
Fukuda
Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
Koji
K
Nomoto
Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
Takuya
T
Takahashi
Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
Takashi
T
Asahara
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Takahisa
T
Hirose
Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
Satoru
S
Nagata
Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Yuichiro
Y
Yamashiro
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Beta Cell Biology and Regeneration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Hirotaka
H
Watada
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology*; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged