Effects of spirotetramat on the acute toxicity, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) tadpoles.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential effects of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation parameters as indicators of exposure to spirotetramat and effects of acute toxicity in the Chinese toad Bufo bufo gargarizans. The results of an acute toxicity test showed that the 72 and 96 h median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) of spirotetramat for tadpoles were 6.98 and 6.45 mg/L, respectively. It indicated that the spirotetramat was moderate toxicity to Chinese toad tadpoles. In a sub-lethal toxicity test, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were determined after exposure to 0.03, 0.06, 0.13, 0.65, and 3.23 mg/L for 4, 15, and 30 days. SOD activity significantly in all experimental groups except the highest concentration group increased on day 4 but decreased on days 15 compared with that of the acetone control (P < 0.05). The most sensitive parameters was GSH-Px activity, which significantly increased on day 4, but was inhibited and decreased after prolonged exposure for 15 and 30 days except the lowest concentration treatment group (P < 0.05). The MDA content significantly decreased on day 30 (P < 0.05). During the entire experimental period, sub-lethal doses spirotetramat caused oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in B. gargarizans tadpoles. These results indicate that sub-lethal even non-lethal spirotetramat are potentially toxic to amphibians. The information presented in this study will be helpful for understanding oxidative stress induced by spirotetramat in aquatic organisms.
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, HangZhou 311300, China.
XiaoHui
X
Yin
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, HangZhou 311300, China.
ShengJu
S
Jiang
College of Civil and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, HangZhou 311003, China.
Jun
J
Yu
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, HangZhou 311300, China.
GuoNian
G
Zhu
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, HangZhou 311300, China. Electronic address: wuhm@zafu.edu.cn.
HuiMing
H
Wu
School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, HangZhou 311300, China.
ChenLei
C
Mao
D000818:Animals; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002023:Bufo bufo / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D001372:Aza Compounds; D007306:Insecticides; D013141:Spiro Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C570705:spirotetramat; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
Antioxidant enzyme; Bufo bufo gargarizans tadpoles; Lipid peroxidation; Spirotetramat