A Markov random field based approach to the identification of meat and bone meal in feed by near-infrared spectroscopic imaging.
Contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) in animal feedstuff has been the source of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) disease in cattle, leading to a ban in its use, so methods for its detection are essential. In this study, five pure feed and five pure MBM samples were used to prepare two sets of sample arrangements: set A for investigating the discrimination of individual feed/MBM particles and set B for larger numbers of overlapping particles. The two sets were used to test a Markov random field (MRF)-based approach. A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging system was used for data acquisition. The spatial resolution of the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic image was 25 μm × 25 μm. Each spectrum was the average of 16 scans across the wavenumber range 7,000-4,000 cm(-1), at intervals of 8 cm(-1). This study introduces an innovative approach to analyzing NIR spectroscopic images: an MRF-based approach has been developed using the iterated conditional mode (ICM) algorithm, integrating initial labeling-derived results from support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVMDA) and observation data derived from the results of principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that MBM covered by feed could be successfully recognized with an overall accuracy of 86.59% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.68. Compared with conventional methods, the MRF-based approach is capable of extracting spectral information combined with spatial information from NIR spectroscopic images. This new approach enhances the identification of MBM using NIR spectroscopic imaging.
College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, PO Box 191, No.17 Qinghua Donglu, 100083, Beijing, China.
Xunpeng
X
Jiang
Zengling
Z
Yang
Lujia
L
Han
D000465:Algorithms; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D016643:Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform / Q000517:prevention & control; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
D001688:Biological Products; D008903:Minerals; C027762:bone meal