Smoking status, service use and associated factors among Japanese cancer survivors--a web-based survey.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to investigate smoking status and its associated factors among Japanese cancer survivors. We stretched our focus on association with health-related behaviors other than smoking (alcohol intake, physical exercise, and social activity) and the smoking cessation strategies used by cancer survivors.


METHODS
An anonymous cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted, enrolling survivors of various types of cancer up to 10 years after diagnosis. Smoking status, socioeconomic status, health-related behaviors other than smoking, and smoking cessation resource that the participants used were evaluated. Factors associated with continuous smoking after cancer diagnosis were explored using multivariate analysis.


RESULTS
Among 168 participants who were smoking at the time of cancer diagnosis, 96 participants (57.1 %) continued smoking. Sixty-seven survivors (69.8 %) were willing to reduce or quit smoking, however, only 39 survivors (40.6 %) were provided with counseling or intervention on smoking cessation. Male gender, shorter time after cancer diagnosis, and lack of regular physical exercise associated with continuous smoking. Higher level of fear of cancer recurrence had trend-level significance of association with smoking cessation.


CONCLUSIONS
Substantial proportions of Japanese cancer survivors continue smoking after diagnosis of cancer. The majority of them are not provided with relevant information or support, despite their willingness of reducing or quitting smoking. Smoking cessation is associated with other health behaviors (i.e., physical exercise). This suggests considerable missed opportunities for health-care providers to provide cancer survivors with counseling and evidence-based interventions. Promotion of professional support on smoking cessation and education to encourage healthy behaviors are needed.
Psycho-Oncology Division, National Cancer Center East, Kashiwa, Japan, dai_fujisawa@yahoo.co.jp.
Daisuke
D
Fujisawa
Shino
S
Umezawa
Ado
A
Basaki-Tange
Maiko
M
Fujimori
Mitsunori
M
Miyashita
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data