Evaluation of the agonist PET radioligand [¹¹C]GR103545 to image kappa opioid receptor in humans: kinetic model selection, test-retest reproducibility and receptor occupancy by the antagonist PF-04455242.
BACKGROUND
Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are implicated in several brain disorders. In this report, a first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted with the potent and selective KOR agonist tracer, [(11)C]GR103545, to determine an appropriate kinetic model for analysis of PET imaging data and assess the test-retest reproducibility of model-derived binding parameters. The non-displaceable distribution volume (V(ND)) was estimated from a blocking study with naltrexone. In addition, KOR occupancy of PF-04455242, a selective KOR antagonist that is active in preclinical models of depression, was also investigated.


METHODS
For determination of a kinetic model and evaluation of test-retest reproducibility, 11 subjects were scanned twice with [(11)C]GR103545. Seven subjects were scanned before and 75 min after oral administration of naltrexone (150 mg). For the KOR occupancy study, six subjects were scanned at baseline and 1.5 h and 8 h after an oral dose of PF-04455242 (15 mg, n=1 and 30 mg, n=5). Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured and all scans were 150 min in duration. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were analyzed with 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1TC and 2TC) and the multilinear analysis (MA1) method to derive regional volume of distribution (V(T)). Relative test-retest variability (TRV), absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) and intra-class coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess test-retest reproducibility of regional VT. Occupancy plots were computed for blocking studies to estimate occupancy and V(ND). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PF-04455242 was determined from occupancies and drug concentrations in plasma. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) was also estimated.


RESULTS
Regional TACs were well described by the 2TC model and MA1. However, 2TC VT was sometimes estimated with high standard error. Thus MA1 was the model of choice. Test-retest variability was ~15%, depending on the outcome measure. The blocking studies with naltrexone and PF-04455242 showed that V(T) was reduced in all regions; thus no suitable reference region is available for the radiotracer. V(ND) was estimated reliably from the occupancy plot of naltrexone blocking (V(ND)=3.4±0.9 mL/cm(3)). The IC50 of PF-04455242 was calculated as 55 ng/mL. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) value was estimated as 0.069 nmol/L.


CONCLUSIONS
[(11)C]GR103545 PET can be used to image and quantify KOR in humans, although it has slow kinetics and variability of model-derived kinetic parameters is higher than desirable. This tracer should be suitable for use in receptor occupancy studies, particularly those that target high occupancy.
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: mika.naganawa@yale.edu.
Mika
M
Naganawa
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Leslie K
LK
Jacobsen
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Ming-Qiang
MQ
Zheng
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Shu-Fei
SF
Lin
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Anindita
A
Banerjee
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Wonkyung
W
Byon
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
David
D
Weinzimmer
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Giampaolo
G
Tomasi
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Nabeel
N
Nabulsi
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Sarah
S
Grimwood
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Lori L
LL
Badura
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Richard E
RE
Carson
Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT and Cambridge, MA, USA.
Timothy J
TJ
McCarthy
PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
Yiyun
Y
Huang
D000328:Adult; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
C568463:2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010879:Piperazines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D013449:Sulfonamides; C071609:GR 89696; D009271:Naltrexone
(11)C-GR103545; Kappa opioid receptor; Occupancy plot; PF-04455242; Positron emission tomography (PET); Test–retest