Association of reimbursement policy and urologists' characteristics with the use of medical androgen deprivation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Physician characteristics and changes in drug reimbursement rates have been shown to influence practice patterns regardless of clinical guidelines, patient, clinical, or sociodemographic factors. We concurrently examined the association between urologists׳ characteristics and non-evidence-based use of primary medical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for clinically localized patients with prostate cancer, before and after the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act׳s reductions in ADT reimbursement rates.


METHODS
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare-linked database and the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile are used in a retrospective analysis of 12,255 patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2007 with clinical stage T1-T2, low- to intermediate-grade prostate cancer, and the 1,863 urologists who treated them. Logistic multilevel regression analyses are used to evaluate the association of urologists׳ characteristics on ADT use among patients within 6 months of diagnosis.


RESULTS
Overall, 3,866 (32%) patients received non-evidence-based ADT. After adjusting for patient and urologist characteristics, patients treated by urologists with no medical school affiliations, compared with those treated by urologists with major medical school affiliations, are significantly more likely to receive non-evidence-based medical ADT (odds ratio = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.71-3.23; P<0.0001). Non-US-trained urologists are also more likely to prescribe non-evidence-based medical ADT (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.33-2.04; P<0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Patients treated by non-medical school-affiliated or non-US-trained urologists or both are significantly more likely to receive non-evidence-based ADT before and after the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act. Better strategies to encourage evidence-based ADT use on clinically localized patients with prostate cancer may be of benefit especially among non-medical school-affiliated or non-US-trained urologists or both.
Statistics and Evaluation Center, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society and Department of Health Policy and Management, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: ruben.quek@emory.edu.
Ruben G W
RG
Quek
Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Viraj A
VA
Master
Statistics and Evaluation Center, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Kenneth M
KM
Portier
Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Kevin C
KC
Ward
Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
Chun Chieh
CC
Lin
Department of Health Policy and Management, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Katherine S
KS
Virgo
Winship Cancer Institute and Department of Health Policy and Management, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Joseph
J
Lipscomb
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000574:American Medical Association; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018426:SEER Program / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States
D000726:Androgen Antagonists
Antineoplastic agents; Health services research; Hormonal; Physician׳s role; Prostatic neoplasms; SEER program