Parasite virulence, co-infections and cytokine balance in malaria.
Strong early inflammatory responses followed by a timely production of regulatory cytokines are required to control malaria parasite multiplication without inducing major host pathology. Here, we briefly examine the homeostasis of inflammatory responses to malaria parasite species with varying virulence levels and discuss how co-infections with bacteria, viruses, and helminths can modulate inflammation, either aggravating or alleviating malaria-related morbidity.
Raquel Müller
RM
Gonçalves
Nathália Ferreira
NF
Lima
Marcelo Urbano
MU
Ferreira
D000818:Animals; D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008288:Malaria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000276:immunology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; D014774:Virulence
D016207:Cytokines
Cytokines,; Immunity,; Inflammation; Malaria,