Standardized handwriting to assess bradykinesia, micrographia and tremor in Parkinson's disease.
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether standardized handwriting can provide quantitative measures to distinguish patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease from age- and gender-matched healthy control participants.


METHODS
Exploratory study. Pen tip trajectories were recorded during circle, spiral and line drawing and repeated character 'elelelel' and sentence writing, performed by Parkinson patients and healthy control participants. Parkinson patients were tested after overnight withdrawal of anti-Parkinsonian medication.


METHODS
University Medical Center Groningen, tertiary care, the Netherlands.


METHODS
Patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 10; mean age 69.0 years; 6 male) and healthy controls (n = 10; mean age 68.1 years; 6 male).


METHODS
Not applicable.


METHODS
Movement time and velocity to detect bradykinesia and the size of writing to detect micrographia. A rest recording to investigate the presence of a rest-tremor, by frequency analysis.


RESULTS
Mean disease duration in the Parkinson group was 4.4 years and the patients were in modified Hoehn-Yahr stages 1-2.5. In general, Parkinson patients were slower than healthy control participants. Median time per repetition, median velocity and median acceleration of the sentence task and median velocity of the elel task differed significantly between Parkinson patients and healthy control participants (all p<0.0014). Parkinson patients also wrote smaller than healthy control participants and the width of the 'e' in the elel task was significantly smaller in Parkinson patients compared to healthy control participants (p<0.0014). A rest-tremor was detected in the three patients who were clinically assessed as having rest-tremor.


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that standardized handwriting can provide objective measures for bradykinesia, tremor and micrographia to distinguish Parkinson patients from healthy control participants.
Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Esther J
EJ
Smits
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland.
Antti J
AJ
Tolonen
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland.
Luc
L
Cluitmans
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland.
Mark
M
van Gils
The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Bernard A
BA
Conway
Manus Neurodynamica Ltd, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
Rutger C
RC
Zietsma
Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Klaus L
KL
Leenders
Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Natasha M
NM
Maurits
D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology