Novel utilization of waste marine sponge (Demospongiae) as a catalyst in ultrasound-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil.
This study demonstrates the potential of Na-silica waste sponge as a source of low cost catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil aided by ultrasound. In this work an environmentally friendly and efficient transesterification process using Na-loaded SiO2 from waste sponge skeletons as a solid catalyst is presented. The results showed that the methyl esters content of 98.4±0.4wt.% was obtainable in less than an hour (h) of reaction time at 55°C. Optimization of reaction parameters revealed that MeOH:oil, 9:1; catalyst, 3wt.% and reaction duration of 30min as optimum reaction conditions. The catalyst is able to tolerant free fatty acid and moisture content up to 6% and 8%, respectively. In addition, the catalyst can be reused for seven cycles while maintaining the methyl esters content at 86.3%. Ultrasound undoubtedly assisted in achieving this remarkable result in less than 1h reaction time. For the kinetics study at 50-60°C, a pseudo first order model was proposed, and the activation energy of the reaction is determined as 33.45kJ/mol using Arrhenius equation.
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mulawarman University, Gunung Kelua, 75113 Samarinda, East Borneo, Indonesia.
Noor
N
Hindryawati
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Central Laboratory, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Electronic address: gaanty@hotmail.com.
Gaanty Pragas
GP
Maniam
D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D002384:Catalysis; D003296:Cooking; D004951:Esterification; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000737:chemistry; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007700:Kinetics; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D011161:Porifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014866:Waste Products; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
D056804:Biofuels; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D009821:Oils; D014866:Waste Products; D014867:Water; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
Biodiesel; Heterogeneous catalyst; Transesterification; Ultrasound; Waste cooking oil