Early age of alcohol initiation is not the cause of alcohol use disorders in adulthood, but is a major indicator of genetic risk. A population-based twin study.
OBJECTIVE
An early age of alcohol initiation (AAI) is associated with and has been hypothesized to be a cause of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in adulthood. Results from twin studies, however, indicate that AAI is an indicator of risk for AUD. We aimed to test a causal hypothesis versus a risk indicator hypothesis for the relationship between early AAI and AUD.


METHODS
A population-based twin study using biometric twin modelling.


METHODS
Norway.


METHODS
A population-based sample of 1336 Norwegian twins.


METHODS
Life-time DSM-IV AUDs were assessed by structured clinical interview and AAI by questionnaire.


RESULTS
The risk indicator model in which the association between AAI and AUD was explained by common vulnerability was the best fitted to the data. The heritability was 37% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 21%, 53%] for AAI and 62% (95% CI = 51%, 73%) for AUD. Genetic risk for AAI accounted for 44% (95% CI = 17%, 71%) of the total genetic risk for AUD and the correlation between genetic factors for AAI and AUD was -0.66 (95%CI -0.87, -0.46). Individual-specific environmental risk for AAI explained only 1% (95% CI = 0%, 3%) of the risk for AUD. Shared environmental factors did not influence AUD, but accounted for 25% (95% CI = 7%, 35%) of the variance in AAI.


CONCLUSIONS
The association between early age of alcohol initiation and alcohol use disorders in later life does not reflect a causal relationship, but is due almost entirely to common genetic risk factors.
Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Eivind
E
Ystrom
Kenneth S
KS
Kendler
Ted
T
Reichborn-Kjennerud
D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
Alcohol abuse; alcohol dependence; alcohol use; alcohol use disorders; causality; cohort studies; confounding factors; genetics; sex; twin study