Relative inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria and sewage markers in freshwater and seawater microcosms.
In this study, the relative inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) namely Escherichia coli, enterococci and sewage markers [Bacteroides HF183 and human adenoviruses (HAVs)] was assessed in sewage-spiked freshwater and seawater microcosms under ambient subtropical climatic conditions. The numbers of declining FIB were measured with culture-based methods, whereas the numbers of sewage markers were measured with qPCR assays. The T90 inactivation times of E. coli, enterococci and the HF183 markers in both freshwater and seawater microcosms were <3·5 days, suggesting the suitability of the HF183 marker to identify recent sewage pollution events. The T90 value of HAVs (9·4-13 days), however, was significantly higher than FIB and the HF183 marker in both freshwater (P < 0·001) and seawater (P < 0·05) microcosms. Therefore, we recommend that HAVs should be used as an additional marker to adequately assess the potential health risks associated with longer-term sewage-polluted environmental waters.


CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we have shown that the persistence of the Bacteroides HF183 marker in freshwater and seawater microcosms was similar to faecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli and enterococci), whereas human adenoviruses (HAVs) persisted relatively longer. These findings suggest the suitability of both the markers to identify sewage pollution in environmental waters. However, HF183 marker appeared to be more useful than HAVs in identifying recent sewage pollution. As, HAVs may remain infective for lengthy periods, it should be used in conjunction with the HF183 marker to obtain information on the potential human health risks associated with sewage-polluted freshwater and seawater.
CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld, Australia.
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W
Ahmed
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Gyawali
J P S
JP
Sidhu
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S
Toze
D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D060753:Water Quality
D015415:Biomarkers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage
faecal indicator bacteria; human adenoviruses; inactivation; microbial source tracking; microcosms; sewage pollution