The History of the Data Systems AutoChemist® (ACH) and AutoChemist- PRISMA (PRISMA®): from 1964 to 1986.
OBJECTIVE
This paper presents the history of data system development steps (1964 - 1986) for the clinical analyzers AutoChemist®, and its successor AutoChemist PRISMA® (PRogrammable Individually Selective Modular Analyzer). The paper also partly recounts the history of development steps of the minicomputer PDP 8 from Digital Equipment. The first PDP 8 had 4 core memory boards of 1 K each and was large as a typical oven baking sheet and about 10 years later, PDP 8 was a "one chip microcomputer" with a 32 K memory chip. The fast developments of PDP 8 come to have a strong influence on the development of the data system for AutoChemist. Five major releases of the software were made during this period (1-5 MIACH).


RESULTS
The most important aims were not only to calculate the results, but also be able to monitor their quality and automatically manage the orders, store the results in digital form for later statistical analysis and distribute the results to the physician in charge of the patient using thesame computer as the analyzer. Another result of the data system was the ability to customize AutoChemist to handle sample identification by using bar codes and the presentation of results to different types of laboratories.


CONCLUSIONS
Digital Equipment launched the PDP 8 just as a new minicomputer was desperately needed. No other known alternatives were available at the time. This was to become a key success factor for AutoChemist. That the AutoChemist with such a high capacity required a computer for data collection was obvious already in the early 1960s. That computer development would be so rapid and that one would be able to accomplish so much with a data system was even suspicious at the time. In total, 75; AutoChemist (31) and PRISMA (44) were delivered Worldwide. The last PRISMA was delivered in 1987 to the Veteran Hospital Houston, TX USA.
Leif Ohlsén, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: leifomikaela@hotmail.com, , Hans E. Peterson MD, PhD, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: hans.peterson@hsi.se, , Ingmar Jungner MD, PhD, Stockholm, Sweden, E-mail: ingmar.jungner@ki.se.
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Ohlsén
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Jungner
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Peterson
D001322:Autoanalysis / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D019963:Clinical Chemistry Tests / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D003201:Computers / Q000266:history*; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000266:history; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000266:history; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software; D013548:Sweden; D014481:United States
Computer systems for clinical analyzers; barcode used to identify sample tubes; computers in laboratory automation; quality control in clinical laboratories; software development for PDP 8