The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system: regulation by protein phosphorylation and phosphorylation-dependent protein-protein interactions.
The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) carries out both catalytic and regulatory functions. It catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of a variety of sugars and sugar derivatives but also carries out numerous regulatory functions related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate metabolism, to chemotaxis, to potassium transport, and to the virulence of certain pathogens. For these different regulatory processes, the signal is provided by the phosphorylation state of the PTS components, which varies according to the availability of PTS substrates and the metabolic state of the cell. PEP acts as phosphoryl donor for enzyme I (EI), which, together with HPr and one of several EIIA and EIIB pairs, forms a phosphorylation cascade which allows phosphorylation of the cognate carbohydrate bound to the membrane-spanning EIIC. HPr of firmicutes and numerous proteobacteria is also phosphorylated in an ATP-dependent reaction catalyzed by the bifunctional HPr kinase/phosphorylase. PTS-mediated regulatory mechanisms are based either on direct phosphorylation of the target protein or on phosphorylation-dependent interactions. For regulation by PTS-mediated phosphorylation, the target proteins either acquired a PTS domain by fusing it to their N or C termini or integrated a specific, conserved PTS regulation domain (PRD) or, alternatively, developed their own specific sites for PTS-mediated phosphorylation. Protein-protein interactions can occur with either phosphorylated or unphosphorylated PTS components and can either stimulate or inhibit the function of the target proteins. This large variety of signal transduction mechanisms allows the PTS to regulate numerous proteins and to form a vast regulatory network responding to the phosphorylation state of various PTS components.
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE3630 Expression Génétique Microbienne, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France Josef.Deutscher@grignon.inra.fr.
Josef
J
Deutscher
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Francine Moussan Désirée
FM
Aké
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Meriem
M
Derkaoui
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Arthur Constant
AC
Zébré
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Thanh Nguyen
TN
Cao
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Houda
H
Bouraoui
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Takfarinas
T
Kentache
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Abdelhamid
A
Mokhtari
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Eliane
E
Milohanic
INRA, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, UMR1319, Jouy en Josas, France AgroParisTech, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au Service de la Santé Humaine, Jouy en Josas, France.
Philippe
P
Joyet
D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010728:Phosphoenolpyruvate; D010770:Phosphotransferases