Designing allosteric inhibitors of factor XIa. Lessons from the interactions of sulfated pentagalloylglucopyranosides.
We recently introduced sulfated pentagalloylglucopyranoside (SPGG) as an allosteric inhibitor of factor XIa (FXIa) (Al-Horani et al., J. Med Chem. 2013, 56, 867-878). To better understand the SPGG-FXIa interaction, we utilized eight SPGG variants and a range of biochemical techniques. The results reveal that SPGG's sulfation level moderately affected FXIa inhibition potency and selectivity over thrombin and factor Xa. Variation in the anomeric configuration did not affect potency. Interestingly, zymogen factor XI bound SPGG with high affinity, suggesting its possible use as an antidote. Acrylamide quenching experiments suggested that SPGG induced significant conformational changes in the active site of FXIa. Inhibition studies in the presence of heparin showed marginal competition with highly sulfated SPGG variants but robust competition with less sulfated variants. Resolution of energetic contributions revealed that nonionic forces contribute nearly 87% of binding energy suggesting a strong possibility of specific interaction. Overall, the results indicate that SPGG may recognize more than one anion-binding, allosteric site on FXIa. An SPGG molecule containing approximately 10 sulfate groups on positions 2 through 6 of the pentagalloylglucopyranosyl scaffold may be the optimal FXIa inhibitor for further preclinical studies.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University , 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States.
Rami A
RA
Al-Horani
Umesh R
UR
Desai
D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000737:chemistry; D015945:Factor XIa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
D000925:Anticoagulants; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D005960:Glucosides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D006493:Heparin; D015945:Factor XIa; D013917:Thrombin