Strategies for vascular disease prevention: the role of lipids and related markers including apolipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-particle size, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA₂) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)).
Considerable progress has been achieved in the treatment of dyslipidemias. However, half of cardiovascular events occur in individuals with average or low cholesterol levels and there is still a considerable residual risk with 70% of patients having an event despite statin treatment. In the era of personalized medicine there is increased interest in the incorporation of individual biomarkers in risk score algorithms in order to improve cardiovascular risk stratification followed by the prompt initiation of preventive measures. Since the 2001 third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment on High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) several studies have evaluated the prognostic value of lipid related biomarkers such as non-HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio, lipoprotein(a), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, and C-reactive protein. This article tries to summarize the most recent results in this area.
University of Ulm Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: dhayana.dallmeier@uni-ulm.de.
Dhayana
D
Dallmeier
University of Ulm Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.koenig@uniklinik-ulm.de.
Wolfgang
W
Koenig
D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001053:Apolipoproteins / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D010316:Particle Size; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
D001053:Apolipoproteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase; C526684:PLA2G7 protein, human
apolipoprotein A1; apolipoprotein B; apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1; cardiovascular disease; high sensitive C-reactive protein; lipoprotein(a); lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2); non-HDL-C