The safety of propofol sedation for elective nonintubated esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety of deep sedation provided by pediatric intensivists for elective nonintubated esophagogastroduodenoscopy.


METHODS
Retrospective observational study.


METHODS
The sedation program at the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital.


METHODS
A 4-year retrospective analysis was done on all outpatient elective pediatric esophagogastroduodenoscopy procedures performed in an intensivist run sedation program. Safety was examined by reviewing the occurrence of minor and major adverse effects during esophagogastroduodenoscopy sedation. Interventions were studied and reported.


METHODS
None.


RESULTS
During the study period, 12,447 sedations were performed by the pediatric sedation program for various procedures. Two thousand one hundred forty-seven patients received 2,325 sedations (18.6%) for esophagogastroduodenoscopies performed for various indications. During the same time period, 53 (one for every 40 esophagogastroduodenoscopy sedations) were screened, found unsuitable for nonintubated sedation, and referred for general anesthesia. There were 2,254 sedations with propofol, 65 methohexital, five ketamine, and one fentanyl/midazolam sedation. Propofol sedation proved safe with a 2.1% prevalence of minor adverse events and no major events. Methohexital, on the other hand, had higher rate (p < 0.001) of minor events and one patient developed an anaphylactic reaction to its use. Regression analysis showed that other sedative agents were 8.6 times more likely to be associated with complications than propofol (odds ratio, 8.6; 95% CI, 4.1-18.2; p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that deep sedation for elective esophagogastroduodenoscopies can be provided safely in the appropriately screened patient by nonanesthesiologist physicians in a sedation program. These data suggest that propofol is a safe and effective agent for esophagogastroduodenoscopy sedation.
1Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI. 2Research Department, Grand Rapids Medical Education Partners, Grand Rapids, MI. 3Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI.
Surender
S
Rajasekaran
Richard M
RM
Hackbarth
Alan T
AT
Davis
John S
JS
Kopec
Deborah L
DL
Cloney
Robert K
RK
Fitzgerald
Nabil E
NE
Hassan
Akunne N
AN
Ndika
Kathleen
K
Cornelius
Allison
A
McCullough
Dominic
D
Sanfilippo
D000293:Adolescent; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000191:economics; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008723:Methohexital / Q000009:adverse effects; D018579:Patient Selection; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008723:Methohexital; D015742:Propofol