The 18-month impact of special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children food package revisions on diets of recipient families.
BACKGROUND
Beginning in 2009, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) revised its food packages and provided more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables and fewer foods with high saturated fat content. However, knowledge of the impact of this policy shift on the diets of WIC participants remains limited.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the longer-term impact of the 2009 WIC food package change on nutrient and food group intake and overall diet quality among African American and Hispanic WIC child participants and their mothers/caregivers.


METHODS
In this natural experiment, 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in the summer of 2009, immediately before WIC food package revisions occurred in Chicago IL and at 18 months following the food package change (winter/spring 2011). Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare dietary intake at these two time points. Data were analyzed in July 2013.


RESULTS
Eighteen months following the WIC food package revisions, significant decreases in total fat (p=0.002) and saturated fat (p=0.0004) and increases in dietary fiber (p=0.03) and overall diet quality (p=0.02) were observed among Hispanic children only. No significant changes in nutrient intake or diet quality were observed for any other group. The prevalence of reduced-fat milk intake significantly increased for African American and Hispanic children, whereas the prevalence of whole milk intake significantly decreased for all groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Positive dietary changes were observed at 18 months post policy implementation, with the effects most pronounced among Hispanic children.
University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago; Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago. Electronic address: akong@uic.edu.
Angela
A
Kong
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Chicago.
Angela M
AM
Odoms-Young
Department of Medicine, Chicago.
Linda A
LA
Schiffer
Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago.
Yoonsang
Y
Kim
Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago.
Michael L
ML
Berbaum
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Chicago.
Summer J
SJ
Porter
Department of Medicine, Chicago.
Lara B
LB
Blumstein
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Nutrition Services, Illinois Department of Human Services, Springfield, Illinois.
Stephanie L
SL
Bess
University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago; Institute for Health Research and Policy, Chicago; Department of Medicine, Chicago; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
Marian L
ML
Fitzgibbon
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002641:Chicago; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance / Q000592:standards*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult