Breast cancer screening in an era of personalized regimens: a conceptual model and National Cancer Institute initiative for risk-based and preference-based approaches at a population level.
Breast cancer screening holds a prominent place in public health, health care delivery, policy, and women's health care decisions. Several factors are driving shifts in how population-based breast cancer screening is approached, including advanced imaging technologies, health system performance measures, health care reform, concern for "overdiagnosis," and improved understanding of risk. Maximizing benefits while minimizing the harms of screening requires moving from a "1-size-fits-all" guideline paradigm to more personalized strategies. A refined conceptual model for breast cancer screening is needed to align women's risks and preferences with screening regimens. A conceptual model of personalized breast cancer screening is presented herein that emphasizes key domains and transitions throughout the screening process, as well as multilevel perspectives. The key domains of screening awareness, detection, diagnosis, and treatment and survivorship are conceptualized to function at the level of the patient, provider, facility, health care system, and population/policy arena. Personalized breast cancer screening can be assessed across these domains with both process and outcome measures. Identifying, evaluating, and monitoring process measures in screening is a focus of a National Cancer Institute initiative entitled PROSPR (Population-based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens), which will provide generalizable evidence for a risk-based model of breast cancer screening, The model presented builds on prior breast cancer screening models and may serve to identify new measures to optimize benefits-to-harms tradeoffs in population-based screening, which is a timely goal in the era of health care reform.
Department of Community & Family Medicine and The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Tracy
T
Onega
Elisabeth F
EF
Beaber
Brian L
BL
Sprague
William E
WE
Barlow
Jennifer S
JS
Haas
Anna N A
AN
Tosteson
Mitchell
M
D Schnall
Katrina
K
Armstrong
Marilyn M
MM
Schapira
Berta
B
Geller
Donald L
DL
Weaver
Emily F
EF
Conant
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003657:Decision Making; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008327:Mammography; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D057285:Precision Medicine; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
breast cancer; guidelines; mammography; process of care; screening