Need for immunization against hepatotropic viruses in children with chronic liver disease.
OBJECTIVE
Infection with hepatotropic viruses is a common cause of acute deterioration and adverse outcome in children with chronic liver disease (CLD). Such superimposed infections may be preventable through vaccination. The present study aimed to evaluate the exposure rates of hepatitis A, B, and E viruses in children with CLD and suggest an optimal vaccination strategy.


METHODS
Children with CLD were prospectively evaluated with a demographic, clinical, and investigative proforma. Hepatitis B surface antigen positive cases were labeled as hepatitis B virus-CLD, and all other etiologies as non-HBV-related CLD. Patients were tested for exposure to hepatitis A (total anti-hepatitis A virus [HAV], immunoglobulin M anti-HAV), hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen, total anti-hepatitis B core, anti-hepatitis B surface), and hepatitis E (IgG anti-hepatitis E virus).


RESULTS
A total of 142 children with CLD (age 9.1 ± 3.7 years, 83 [58.5%] boys) were enrolled. A total of 3.5% (5/142) and 38.7% (55/142) had received HAV and HBV vaccines, respectively. A total of 134 (94.4%) were total anti-HAV positive including 5 postimmunization patients, with higher positivity in those older than 5 years (19/25 vs 115/117; P = 0.001). Of the 115 patients with non-HBV-related CLD, 45 (39.1%) had exposure to HBV (40 total anti-hepatitis B core positive and 5 anti-HBs positive without immunization). Only 28 of 142 (19.7%) patients were IgG anti-HEV positive, with no difference across age.


CONCLUSIONS
A total of 90.8%, 39.1%, and 19.7% of children with CLD from the developing world are exposed to hepatitis A, B, and E infections, respectively. Selective hepatitis A vaccination (patients younger than 5 years of age) and universal hepatitis B vaccination are required to protect children with CLD. Sanitation improvement and HEV vaccine trial are needed for prevention against HEV.
*Departments of Pediatric Gastroenterology †Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Anshu
A
Srivastava
Amrita
A
Mathias
Surender Kumar
SK
Yachha
Jaya
J
Agarwal
Rakesh
R
Aggarwal
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population; D014611:Vaccination
D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D006508:Hepatitis Antibodies; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G