Speciation analysis of organotin compounds in human urine by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection.
A new headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) method followed by gas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detection (GC-PFPD) analysis has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 organotin compounds, including methyl-, butyl-, phenyl- and octyltin derivates, in human urine. The methodology has been validated by the analysis of urine samples fortified with all analytes at different concentration levels, and recovery rates above 87% and relative precisions between 2% and 7% were obtained. Additionally, an experimental-design approach has been used to model the storage stability of organotin compounds in human urine, demonstrating that organotins are highly degraded in this medium, although their stability is satisfactory during the first 4 days of storage at 4 °C and pH=4. Finally, this methodology was applied to urine samples collected from harbor workers exposed to antifouling paints; methyl- and butyltins were detected, confirming human exposure in this type of work environment.
Laboratorio de Química Analítica y Ambiental, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
Aníbal
A
Valenzuela
Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio Inorganique et Environment, IPREM, Université de Pau et des Pays de l׳Adour, Avenue de l׳Université, 64013 Pau, France.
Gaëtane
G
Lespes
Laboratorio de Química Analítica y Ambiental, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
Waldo
W
Quiroz
Laboratorio de Fotofísica y espectroscopia molecular, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile.
Luis F
LF
Aguilar
Laboratorio de Química Analítica y Ambiental, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: manuel.bravo@ucv.cl.
Manuel A
MA
Bravo
D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006801:Humans; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D010783:Photometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013696:Temperature; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014835:Volatilization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Gas chromatography; Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME); Human urine; Organotin speciation; Pulsed flame photometric detection (GC-PFPD); Storage conditions