Reporting sexual assault in the military: who reports and why most servicewomen don't.
BACKGROUND
Public and congressional attention to the Department of Defense's (DoD's) efforts to prevent and respond to sexual assault in the military (SAIM) is increasing. To promote reporting, the DoD offers (1) restricted reporting, allowing confidential reporting to designated military personnel without triggering an official investigation, and (2) unrestricted reporting, which initiates a criminal investigation.


OBJECTIVE
To identify factors associated with officially reporting SAIM by examining demographic, military, and sexual assault characteristics and survey reporting perceptions and experiences. Differences between active component (AC) (full-time active duty) and Reserve and National Guard (RNG) were explored.


METHODS
A Midwestern community sample of currently serving and veteran servicewomen (1,339) completed structured telephone interviews. RNG interviews were conducted March 2010 to September 2010 and AC interviews from October 2010 to December 2011. Data were analyzed in 2013. Logistic regression analyses examined demographic, military, and SA characteristics related to SAIM reporting. Bivariate statistics tested differences between AC and RNG.


RESULTS
A total of 205 servicewomen experienced SAIM and 25% reported. More AC servicewomen experienced SAIM, but were no more likely to report than RNG servicewomen. Restricted reporting was rated more positively, but unrestricted reporting was used more often. Reporters' experiences corroborated non-reporters' concerns of lack of confidentiality, adverse treatment by peers, and beliefs that nothing would be done. Officers were less likely to report than enlisted servicewomen.


CONCLUSIONS
Actual and perceived reporting consequences deter servicewomen from reporting. SAIM undermines trust in military units, mission readiness, and the health and safety of all service members.
Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research & Evaluation, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Office of Rural Health, Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Central Region, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa. Electronic address: michelle.mengeling@va.gov.
Michelle A
MA
Mengeling
Center for Mental Healthcare Outcomes and Research, Central Arkansas Healthcare System & Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
Brenda M
BM
Booth
Department of Neurosurgery and Surgery, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.
James C
JC
Torner
Center for Comprehensive Access & Delivery Research & Evaluation, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
Anne G
AG
Sadler
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult