Insights from the genome annotation of Elizabethkingia anophelis from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
Elizabethkingia anophelis is a dominant bacterial species in the gut ecosystem of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. We recently sequenced the genomes of two strains of E. anophelis, R26T and Ag1, isolated from different strains of A. gambiae. The two bacterial strains are identical with a few exceptions. Phylogenetically, Elizabethkingia is closer to Chryseobacterium and Riemerella than to Flavobacterium. In line with other Bacteroidetes known to utilize various polymers in their ecological niches, the E. anophelis genome contains numerous TonB dependent transporters with various substrate specificities. In addition, several genes belonging to the polysaccharide utilization system and the glycoside hydrolase family were identified that could potentially be of benefit for the mosquito carbohydrate metabolism. In agreement with previous reports of broad antibiotic resistance in E. anophelis, a large number of genes encoding efflux pumps and β-lactamases are present in the genome. The component genes of resistance-nodulation-division type efflux pumps were found to be syntenic and conserved in different taxa of Bacteroidetes. The bacterium also displays hemolytic activity and encodes several hemolysins that may participate in the digestion of erythrocytes in the mosquito gut. At the same time, the OxyR regulon and antioxidant genes could provide defense against the oxidative stress that is associated with blood digestion. The genome annotation and comparative genomic analysis revealed functional characteristics associated with the symbiotic relationship with the mosquito host.
Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
Phanidhar
P
Kukutla
Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Bo G
BG
Lindberg
Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
Dong
D
Pei
Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Melanie
M
Rayl
Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
Wanqin
W
Yu
Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
Matthew
M
Steritz
Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ingrid
I
Faye
Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America.
Jiannong
J
Xu
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000382:microbiology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D041965:Flavobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D013729:Terpenes / Q000378:metabolism
D017931:DNA Primers; D013729:Terpenes