Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccinations against laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated infections among Singapore military personnel in 2010-2013.
BACKGROUND
Limited information is available about seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in tropical communities.


OBJECTIVE
Virus subtype-specific VE was determined for all military service personnel in the recruit camp and three other non-recruit camp in Singapore's Armed Forces from 1 June 2009 to 30 June 2012.


METHODS
Consenting servicemen underwent nasal washes, which were tested with RT-PCR and subtyped. The test positive case and test negative control design was used to estimate the VE. To estimate the overall effect of the programme on new recruits, we used an ecological time series approach.


RESULTS
A total of 7016 consultations were collected. The crude estimates for the VE of the triavalent vaccine against both influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B were 84% (95% CI 78-88%, 79-86%, respectively). Vaccine efficacy against influenza A(H3N2) was markedly lower (VE 33%, 95% CI -4% to 57%). An estimated 70% (RR = 0.30; 95% CI 0.11-0.84), 39% (RR = 0.61;0.25-1.43) and 75% (RR = 0.25; 95% CI 0.11-0.50) reduction in the risk of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B infections, respectively, in the recruit camp during the post-vaccination period compared with during the pre-vaccination period was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the blanket influenza vaccine programme in Singapore's Armed Forces has had a moderate to high degree of protection against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B, but not against influenza A(H3N2). Blanket influenza vaccination is recommended for all military personnel.
Biodefence Centre, Ministry of Defence, Singapore.
Hin Peow
HP
Ho
Xiahong
X
Zhao
Junxiong
J
Pang
Mark I-C
MI
Chen
Vernon J M
VJ
Lee
Li Wei
LW
Ang
Raymond V Tzer Pin
RV
Lin
Christine Q
CQ
Gao
Li Yang
LY
Hsu
Alex R
AR
Cook
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012621:Seasons; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D007252:Influenza Vaccines
influenza A(H1N1)pdm09; influenza A(H3N2); influenza B; influenza vaccination; vaccine effectiveness