Japanese versions of the executive interview (J-EXIT25) and the executive clock drawing task (J-CLOX) for older people.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to develop the Japanese versions of Executive Interview (J-EXIT25) and Executive Clock Drawing Task (J-CLOX) and to evaluate the aspects of executive function that these two tests will be examining.


METHODS
The concurrent validity and reliability of J-EXIT25 and J-CLOX were first examined in all participants (n = 201). Next, the relationship between the two tests was examined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC), correlation, and regression analyses in healthy participants (n = 45) and participants with mild cognitive impairment (n = 36) and dementia (n = 95).


RESULTS
Satisfactory concurrent validity and reliability of J-EXIT25 and J-CLOX were shown. ROC analysis indicated that J-EXIT25 and J-CLOX1 were superior to the Frontal Assessment Battery, but inferior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), in discriminating between non-dementia and dementia. J-EXIT25, J-CLOX1, and J-CLOX2 scores were significantly correlated with age, scores on the MMSE, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), and care level. In stepwise regression analyses of IADL scores, MMSE and J-EXIT25 were significantly independent predictors in men, and MMSE, age, and J-CLOX1 were significantly independent predictors in women. J-EXIT25, MMSE, and J-CLOX1 were significantly independent predictors in stepwise regression analysis of PSMS scores, and J-EXIT25 was the only significantly independent predictor in stepwise regression analysis of care level.


CONCLUSIONS
J-EXIT25 and J-CLOX are valid and reliable instruments for assessment of executive function in older people. The present results suggest that these tests have common and distinct psychometric properties in the assessment of executive function.
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Teruyuki
T
Matsuoka
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Yuka
Y
Kato
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Shogo
S
Taniguchi
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Mayu
M
Ogawa
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Hiroshi
H
Fujimoto
Department of Psychiatry,Umibeno-mori Hospital,251 Nagahama,Kochi 781-0270,Japan.
Aiko
A
Okamura
Department of Psychiatry,Kawagoe Hospital,48 Jodoji-Baba-cho,Sakyo-ku,Kyoto 606-8412,Japan.
Keisuke
K
Shibata
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Kaeko
K
Nakamura
Department of Neuropsychiatry,Keio University School of Medicine,35 Shinanomachi,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160-8582,Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Uchida
Department of Neuropsychiatry,Keio University School of Medicine,35 Shinanomachi,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160-8582,Japan.
Shutaro
S
Nakaaki
Department of Clinical Psychology,Faculty of Social Welfare,Hanazono University,8-1 Tubonouchi-cho,Nishinokyo,Nakagyo-ku,Kyoto 604-8456,Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Koumi
Department of Neuropsychiatry,Keio University School of Medicine,35 Shinanomachi,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160-8582,Japan.
Masaru
M
Mimura
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Kenji
K
Fukui
Department of Psychiatry,Graduate School of Medical Science,Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,465 Kajii-cho,Kawaramachi-Hirokoji,Kamigyo-ku,Kyoto 602-8566,Japan.
Jin
J
Narumoto
D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000592:standards; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014175:Translating