Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: A review.
BACKGROUND
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a systemic noninflammatory disease characterized by ossification of the entheses.


METHODS
This paper reviews the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, and treatment of DISH, based on current available literature.


RESULTS
Exact prevalence and incidence of DISH remains undetermined. Many external and genetic factors have been reported as being contributors to the pathogenesis of DISH. Current theories focus on the pathologic calcification of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine as the main physiopathological mechanism of disease. Clinical features are variable from monoarticular sinovitis to airway obstruction, and can be associated to systemic conditions. Comorbidities include obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia according to a number of reports.


CONCLUSIONS
DISH is a disease which involves the calcification of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine and can be associated with numerous clinical presentations and comorbidities.
Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil.
Fábio A
FA
Nascimento
Department of Neurosurgery of Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, Paraná, Neurosurgeon, Fellow of Interventional Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery Resident, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Luana Antunes Maranha
LA
Gatto
Department of Neurosurgery of Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Roberto Oliver
RO
Lages
Radiologist in Clínica X Leme, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Heraldo Mello
HM
Neto
Department of Neurosurgery of Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, Paraná, Neurosurgeon and Interventional Neuroradiologist, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil.
Zeferino
Z
Demartini
Department of Neurosurgery of Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, Paraná, Interventional Neuroradiologist in Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
Gelson Luis
GL
Koppe
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament; Forestier's disease; diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis