Analytical techniques for estimation of heavy metals in soil ecosystem: a tabulated review.
Soil, an important environmental medium, is exposed to a number of pollutants including toxic heavy metals by various natural and anthropogenic activities. Consequently heavy metal contaminated soil has the potential to pose severe health risks and hazards to humans as well as other living creatures of the ecosystem through various routes of exposure such as direct ingestion, contaminated drinking ground water, food crops, contact with contaminated soil and through food chain. Therefore, it is mandatory to explore various techniques that could efficiently determine the occurrence of heavy metals in soil. A number of methods have been developed by several regulatory agencies and private laboratories and are applied routinely for the quantiﬁcation and monitoring of soil matrices. The present review is an initiative to summarize the work on pollution levels of soil ecosystem and thus pertains to various extraction and quantiﬁcation procedures used worldwide to analyze heavy metals in soil.
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
Rajneet Kour
RK
Soodan
Hill Area Tea Science Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresources and Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Yogesh B
YB
Pakade
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
Avinash
A
Nagpal
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India. Electronic address: jkat08@yahoo.co.in.
Jatinder Kaur
JK
Katnoria
D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D057230:Limit of Detection; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
Atomic absorption spectrometry; Atomic fluorescence spectrometry; Heavy metal contamination; Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy; Soil; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry