The praxis of courage as a foundation for care.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the concept of courage and determine its relevance for the present-day context of nursing.


METHODS
Using techniques of pragmatic utility, a systematic review of the literature was conducted using 18 articles and books from the nursing literature. Analytical questions were developed to guide the data synthesis.


RESULTS
Despite fear for self and others, courage in nursing is usually presented as ethical-moral "risk-taking" action(s) with the intent to ensure safe patient care.


CONCLUSIONS
The concept of courage is germane to nursing and provides a unique aspect of nursing care, not fully incorporated into "care," "compassion," or the caring sciences. Apart from its linkage toward a moral ethic, courage is not presently used in nursing theory. We recommend incorporating this traditional concept into nursing theory, research, and practice.


CONCLUSIONS
Developing courage in novice professionals and stre-ngthening courage in practitioners can not only improve professional integrity, but also improve patient safety.
Mu Gamma, Doctoral Student, University of Utah, College of Nursing, and Instructor, Brigham Young University-Idaho, Rexburg, ID.
Sara F
SF
Hawkins
Janice
J
Morse
D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D009732:Nursing Care / Q000523:psychology*; D009742:Nursing Theory; D061214:Patient Safety; D012309:Risk-Taking
Concept analysis; courage; fear; nursing; patient safety; pragmatic utility; risk-taking