The role of biomarkers in the assessment of prostate cancer risk prior to prostate biopsy: which markers matter and how should they be used?
Prostate cancer (PCa) screening has been substantially influenced by the clinical implementation of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In this context, improvement of early PCa detection and stage migration as well as reduced PCa mortality were achieved, and up-to-date PSA represents the gold standard biomarker of PCa diagnosis together with clinical findings. Nonetheless, PSA shows weakness in discriminating between malign and benign prostatic disease or indolent and aggressive cancers. As a result, the expansion of PSA screening is extensively debated with regard to overdetection and ultimately overtreatment, keeping in mind that PCa is still the third leading cause of cancer-specific mortality in the Western male population. Consequently, today's task is to increase the accuracy of PCa detection and furthermore to allow stratification for indolent PCa that might permit active surveillance and to filter out aggressive cancers necessitating treatment. Thus, novel biomarkers, especially in combination with approved clinical risk factors (e.g., age or family history of PCa), within multivariable prediction models carry the potential to improve many aspects of PCa diagnosis and to enable risk classification in clinical practice. Multivariable models lead to superior accuracy for PCa prediction instead of the use of a single risk factor. The aim of this article was to present an overview of known risk factors for PCa together with new promising blood- and urine-based biomarkers and their application within risk models that may allow risk stratification for PCa prior to prostate biopsy. Risk models may optimize PCa detection and classification with regard to improved PCa risk assessment and avoidance of unnecessary prostate biopsies.
Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
Marianne
M
Schmid
Quoc-Dien
QD
Trinh
Markus
M
Graefen
Margit
M
Fisch
Felix K
FK
Chun
Jens
J
Hansen
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C479341:prostate cancer antigen 3, human; C000595667:KLK2 protein, human; D007610:Kallikreins; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen