Mapping a patient-reported functional outcome measure to a utility measure for comparative effectiveness and economic evaluations in older adults with low back pain.
Linking patient-reported back pain outcomes with health utility measures is valuable for informing economic evaluations.



We used the Back pain Outcomes using Longitudinal Data (BOLD) registry to assess back pain and quality-of-life measures. The BOLD registry includes participants ≥65 years from 3 health systems. We used multiple baseline outcome measures: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Euroqol-5D (EQ-5D), and back and leg pain numerical rating scales (NRS). To develop and validate a model, we used a standard split-sample method and a novel multisite validation approach. We applied linear regression to map RMDQ to EQ-5D, adjusting for age, sex, pain numerical rating scores, and nonlinear transformations of outcome measures. We computed R (2), root mean squared error, and mean absolute error (MAE) for purposes of model selection. The final model included EQ-5D as the dependent variable with independent variables of age, RMDQ, and back NRS. We used this model to predict EQ-5D scores in validation samples.



In total, 5224 participants had both baseline RMDQ and EQ-5D. Mean age was 74 years (65% female). Negative correlations (-0.72) were observed at baseline for RMDQ and EQ-5D. The selected model from all developmental samples had R (2) >0.41 and MAE < 0.119. Validation analyses indicated no differences in estimated v. observed mean EQ-5D scores in the split sample. Validation using the multisite validation approach identified prediction error variability, MAE of 0.081 to 0.119, when predicting EQ-5D.



The statistical relationship may not generalize well to all study populations as we demonstrated in our multisite analysis.



An empirical algorithm predicting EQ-5D weights from RMDQ scores provides a currently unavailable link for conducting economic evaluations in low back pain studies.
Comparative Effectiveness, Cost, and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JLF, JGJ)|Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JGJ)
Sean D
SD
Rundell
Comparative Effectiveness, Cost, and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JLF, JGJ)|Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JGJ)|Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research & Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle (BWB, SDS)
Brian W
BW
Bresnahan
Center for Biomedical Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle (PJH, BAC)
Patrick J
PJ
Heagerty
Center for Biomedical Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle (PJH, BAC)
Bryan A
BA
Comstock
Comparative Effectiveness, Cost, and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JLF, JGJ)|Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (JLF)
Janna L
JL
Friedly
Comparative Effectiveness, Cost, and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JLF, JGJ)|Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle (SDR, BWB, JGJ)|Departments of Neurological Surgery, Health Services, Pharmacy and Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (JGJ).
Jeffrey G
JG
Jarvik
Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research & Policy Program, University of Washington, Seattle (BWB, SDS)
Sean D
SD
Sullivan
D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011788:Quality of Life; D012042:Registries
EQ-5D; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; health economic evaluations; low back pain; older adults