Dynamics of leaf gas exchange, xylem and phloem transport, water potential and carbohydrate concentration in a realistic 3-D model tree crown.
OBJECTIVE
Tree models simulate productivity using general gas exchange responses and structural relationships, but they rarely check whether leaf gas exchange and resulting water and assimilate transport and driving pressure gradients remain within acceptable physical boundaries. This study presents an implementation of the cohesion-tension theory of xylem transport and the Münch hypothesis of phloem transport in a realistic 3-D tree structure and assesses the gas exchange and transport dynamics.


METHODS
A mechanistic model of xylem and phloem transport was used, together with a tested leaf assimilation and transpiration model in a realistic tree architecture to simulate leaf gas exchange and water and carbohydrate transport within an 8-year-old Scots pine tree. The model solved the dynamics of the amounts of water and sucrose solute in the xylem, cambium and phloem using a fine-grained mesh with a system of coupled ordinary differential equations.


RESULTS
The simulations predicted the observed patterns of pressure gradients and sugar concentration. Diurnal variation of environmental conditions influenced tree-level gradients in turgor pressure and sugar concentration, which are important drivers of carbon allocation. The results and between-shoot variation were sensitive to structural and functional parameters such as tree-level scaling of conduit size and phloem unloading.


CONCLUSIONS
Linking whole-tree-level water and assimilate transport, gas exchange and sink activity opens a new avenue for plant studies, as features that are difficult to measure can be studied dynamically with the model. Tree-level responses to local and external conditions can be tested, thus making the approach described here a good test-bench for studies of whole-tree physiology.
Eero
E
Nikinmaa
Risto
R
Sievänen
Teemu
T
Hölttä
D001692:Biological Transport; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D008954:Models, Biological; D052585:Phloem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D041605:Pinus sylvestris / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism; D052584:Xylem / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon