Liver transplantation: fifty years of experience.
Since 1963, when the first human liver transplantation (LT) was performed by Thomas Starzl, the world has witnessed 50 years of development in surgical techniques, immunosuppression, organ allocation, donor selection, and the indications and contraindications for LT. This has led to the mainstream, well-established procedure that has saved innumerable lives worldwide. Today, there are hundreds of liver transplant centres in over 80 countries. This review aims to describe the main aspects of LT regarding the progressive changes that have occurred over the years. We herein review historical aspects since the first experimental studies and the first attempts at human transplantation. We also provide an overview of immunosuppressive agents and their potential side effects, the evolution of the indications and contraindications of LT, the evolution of survival according to different time periods, and the evolution of methods of organ allocation.
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Alice Tung Wan
AT
Song
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Vivian Iida
VI
Avelino-Silva
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Rafael Antonio Arruda
RA
Pecora
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Vincenzo
V
Pugliese
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Luiz Augusto Carneiro
LA
D'Albuquerque
Alice Tung Wan Song, Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora, Vincenzo Pugliese, Luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque, Edson Abdala, Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit, Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 05403-900, Brazil.
Edson
E
Abdala
D000818:Animals; D006085:Graft Survival; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000266:history / Q000401:mortality; D018579:Patient Selection; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000600:supply & distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014850:Waiting Lists
D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
History; Indications; Liver transplantation; Organ allocation; Survival