Understanding the roadmaps to induced pluripotency.
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by ectopic expression of transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc. Recent advancements have shown that small-molecule compounds can induce pluripotency, indicating that cell fate can be regulated by direct manipulation of intrinsic cell signaling pathways, thereby innovating our current understanding of reprogramming. The fact that lineage specifiers can induce pluripotency suggests that the pluripotent state is a fine balance between competing differentiation forces. Dissection of pluripotent roadmaps indicates that reprogramming is a process of reverse development, involving a series of complicated and distinct reprogramming stages. Evidence from mouse iPSC transplantation studies demonstrated that some certain but not all cells derived from iPSCs are immunogenic. These studies provide new ways to minimize reprogramming-induced abnormalities and maximize reprogramming efficiency to facilitate clinical development and use of iPSCs.
1] State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [2] Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Liu
State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Song
1] State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [2] Department of Biology, Yulin University, Yulin, China.
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Yu
State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhao
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D014157:Transcription Factors