Mobile smartphone applications for body position measurement in rehabilitation: a review of goniometric tools.
OBJECTIVE
To provide a systematic review of apps for smartphones validated for body position measurement relevant to physical medicine and rehabilitation. TYPE: Systematic search and review.


METHODS
A literature search was conducted on relevant articles indexed by PubMed before April 15, 2014. We selected only research papers published in English. Papers dealing with apps not relevant to physical medicine and rehabilitation or unavailable on the market were excluded.


METHODS
Two independent reviewers screened the articles (full text).We analyzed the following information for all apps: target population, object of the measure, body segment evaluated, modality of use, operating platform system, and validation results.


RESULTS
The literature search produced 27 papers, 17 of which met the inclusion criteria for our review. The included papers featured 12 apps validated for angle measurement: 7 were validated exclusively for upper and lower limb joint angles, 4 for spine measurements, ie, cervical or lumbar range of motion and curvature, Cobb angle on radiographs, and the scoliotic distortions of the torso, and 1 for both upper limb and spine measurement. The 12 apps used the inbuilt smartphone magnetometer, accelerometer, or camera to produce angle measurements. Most of the studies assessed the smartphone-apps' reliability (calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients) and validity (showing the limits of agreement).


CONCLUSIONS
This review highlights the validated goniometer apps that physiatrists and other health care practitioners can use with confidence in research and clinical practice. We found 12 apps corresponding to these criteria, but there is a need for validation studies on available or new apps focused on goniometric measurement in dynamic conditions, eg, during gait or when performing therapeutic exercises.
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Resident program, Università degli Studi, Turin, Italy∗
Patrizia
P
Milani
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Resident program, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy(†).
Carlo Alberto
CA
Coccetta
Department of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Physiatrics, University Hospital "A. Gemelli," Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy(‡).
Alessia
A
Rabini
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tor Vergata University Medical School Rome, Italy(§).
Tommaso
T
Sciarra
Director of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Training Program, Department of Surgical Science, Università degli Studi, Turin, Italy||
Giuseppe
G
Massazza
Unit of Occupational Rehabilitation & Ergonomics, Scientific Institute of Veruno, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno (NO), Italy¶. Electronic address: giorgio.ferriero@fsm.it.
Giorgio
G
Ferriero
D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D040421:Cell Phone; D006801:Humans; D063731:Mobile Applications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*