Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Alcohol use disorders cause substantial morbidity and early mortality yet remain greatly undertreated. Medications are considerably underused.


OBJECTIVE
To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits and harms of medications (US FDA-approved and others) for adults with alcohol use disorders.


METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, FDA website, and clinical trials registries (January 1, 1970, to March 1, 2014).


METHODS
Two reviewers selected randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with at least 12 weeks' duration that reported eligible outcomes and head-to-head prospective cohort studies reporting health outcomes or harms.


METHODS
We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models and calculated numbers needed to treat for benefit (NNTs) or harm (NNHs).


METHODS
Alcohol consumption, motor vehicle crashes, injuries, quality of life, function, mortality, and harms.


RESULTS
We included 122 RCTs and 1 cohort study (total 22,803 participants). Most assessed acamprosate (27 studies, n = 7519), naltrexone (53 studies, n = 9140), or both. The NNT to prevent return to any drinking for acamprosate was 12 (95% CI, 8 to 26; risk difference [RD], -0.09; 95% CI, -0.14 to -0.04) and was 20 (95% CI, 11 to 500; RD, -0.05; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.002) for oral naltrexone (50 mg/d). The NNT to prevent return to heavy drinking was 12 (95% CI, 8 to 26; RD -0.09; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.04) for oral naltrexone (50 mg/d). Meta-analyses of trials comparing acamprosate to naltrexone found no statistically significant difference between them for return to any drinking (RD, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.08) or heavy drinking (RD, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.05 to 0.06). For injectable naltrexone, meta-analyses found no association with return to any drinking (RD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.03) or heavy drinking (RD, -0.01; 95% CI, -0.14 to 0.13) but found an association with reduction in heavy drinking days (weighted mean difference [WMD], -4.6%; 95% CI, -8.5% to -0.56%). Among medications used off-label, moderate evidence supports an association with improvement in some consumption outcomes for nalmefene (heavy drinking days per month: WMD, -2.0; 95% CI, -3.0 to -1.0; drinks per drinking day: WMD, -1.02; 95% CI, -1.77 to -0.28) and topiramate (% heavy drinking days: WMD, -9.0%; 95% CI, -15.3% to -2.7%; drinks per drinking day: WMD, -1.0; 95% CI, -1.6 to -0.48). For naltrexone and nalmefene, NNHs for withdrawal from trials due to adverse events were 48 (95% CI, 30 to 112) and 12 (95% CI, 7 to 50), respectively; risk was not significantly increased for acamprosate or topiramate.


CONCLUSIONS
Both acamprosate and oral naltrexone were associated with reduction in return to drinking. When directly compared with one another, no significant differences were found between acamprosate and naltrexone for controlling alcohol consumption. Factors such as dosing frequency, potential adverse events, and availability of treatments may guide medication choice.
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill2Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Daniel E
DE
Jonas
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Halle R
HR
Amick
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill2Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Cynthia
C
Feltner
Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Georgiy
G
Bobashev
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Kathleen
K
Thomas
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Roberta
R
Wines
North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill5Center on Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Mimi M
MM
Kim
Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Ellen
E
Shanahan
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
C Elizabeth
CE
Gass
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Cassandra J
CJ
Rowe
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill8Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill.
James C
JC
Garbutt
D000077443:Acamprosate; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010045:Outpatients; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013654:Taurine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077236:Topiramate
D000077236:Topiramate; D013654:Taurine; D005632:Fructose; D009271:Naltrexone; D000077443:Acamprosate; C038981:nalmefene