Multiple resistances and complex mechanisms of Anopheles sinensis mosquito: a major obstacle to mosquito-borne diseases control and elimination in China.
Malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis are three of the most common mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Malaria and lymphatic filariasis can occur as concomitant human infections while also sharing common mosquito vectors. The overall prevalence and health significance of malaria and filariasis have made them top priorities for global elimination and control programmes. Pyrethroid resistance in anopheline mosquito vectors represents a highly significant problem to malaria control worldwide. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate insecticide resistance, including rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action. Anopheles sinensis, an important malaria and filariasis vector in Southeast Asia, represents an interesting mosquito species for examining the consequences of long-term insecticide rotation use on resistance. We examined insecticide resistance in two An. Sinensis populations from central and southern China against pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates, which are the major classes of insecticides recommended for indoor residual spray. We found that the mosquito populations were highly resistant to the four classes of insecticides. High frequency of kdr mutation was revealed in the central population, whereas no kdr mutation was detected in the southern population. The frequency of G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene was moderate in both populations. The classification and regression trees (CART) statistical analysis found that metabolic detoxification was the most important resistance mechanism, whereas target site insensitivity of L1014 kdr mutation played a less important role. Our results indicate that metabolic detoxification was the dominant mechanism of resistance compared to target site insensitivity, and suggests that long-term rotational use of various insecticides has led An. sinensis to evolve a high insecticide resistance. This study highlights the complex network of mechanisms conferring multiple resistances to chemical insecticides in mosquito vectors and it has important implication for designing and implementing vector resistance management strategies.
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China; Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Xuelian
X
Chang
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Daibin
D
Zhong
Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China.
Qiang
Q
Fang
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Joshua
J
Hartsel
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Guofa
G
Zhou
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Linna
L
Shi
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Fujin
F
Fang
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
Changliang
C
Zhu
Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America.
Guiyun
G
Yan
D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues