Women's perspectives on female-initiated barrier methods for the prevention of HIV in the context of methamphetamine use and partner violence.
BACKGROUND
Female-initiated barrier methods for the prevention of HIV may be an effective alternative for drug-using women who are unable to negotiate safe sex, often as a result of physical and/or sexual partner violence.


METHODS
Utilizing a SAVA (substance abuse, violence, and AIDS) syndemic framework, we qualitatively examined perspectives on female condoms and vaginal microbicides among 18 women with histories of methamphetamine abuse and partner violence in San Diego, California.


RESULTS
Most women were not interested in female condoms owing to perceived discomfort, difficulty of insertion, time-intensive effort, and unappealing appearance. Alternatively, most women viewed vaginal microbicides as a useful method. Positive aspects included convenience, ability to disguise as a lubricant, and a sense of control and empowerment. Concerns included possible side effects, timing of application, and unfavorable characteristics of the gel. Acceptability of female-initiated barrier methods was context dependent (i.e., partner type, level of drug use and violence that characterized the sexual relationship).


CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicate that efforts are needed to address barriers identified for vaginal microbicides to increase its uptake in future HIV prevention trials and marketing of future Food and Drug Administration-approved products. Strategies should address gender-based inequalities (e.g., partner violence) experienced by drug-using women and promote female empowerment. Education on female-initiated barrier methods is also needed for women who use drugs, as well as health care providers and other professionals providing sexual health care and contraception to women with histories of drug use and partner violence.
Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. Electronic address: stockman78@hotmail.com.
Jamila K
JK
Stockman
Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Jennifer L
JL
Syvertsen
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Angela M
AM
Robertson
Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Natasha T
NT
Ludwig-Barron
Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Julie N
JN
Bergmann
School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Lawrence A
LA
Palinkas
D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002140:California; D019111:Single-Use Internal Condom; D019548:Crime Victims; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses; D012747:Sexual Partners; D013179:Spouse Abuse; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States; D014621:Vagina; D014754:Violence; D014930:Women
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008694:Methamphetamine