Comparative study for hardwood and softwood forest biomass: chemical characterization, combustion phases and gas and particulate matter emissions.
Two different types of typical Brazilian forest biomass were burned in the laboratory in order to compare their combustion characteristics and pollutant emissions. Approximately 2 kg of Amazon biomass (hardwood) and 2 kg of Araucaria biomass (softwood) were burned. Gaseous emissions of CO2, CO, and NOx and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were evaluated in the flaming and smoldering combustion phases. Temperature, burn rate, modified combustion efficiency, emissions factor, and particle diameter and concentration were studied. A continuous analyzer was used to quantify gas concentrations. A DataRam4 and a Cascade Impactor were used to sample PM2.5. Araucaria biomass (softwood) had a lignin content of 34.9%, higher than the 23.3% of the Amazon biomass (hardwood). CO2 and CO emissions factors seem to be influenced by lignin content. Maximum concentrations of CO2, NOx and PM2.5 were observed in the flaming phase.
Energy Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Guaratinguetá Campus, Brazil.
Simone Simões
SS
Amaral
Energy Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Guaratinguetá Campus, Brazil. Electronic address: joao.a.carvalho.jr@pq.cnpq.br.
João Andrade
JA
de Carvalho
Lumber Industrial Engineering Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Itapeva Campus, Brazil.
Maria Angélica Martins
MA
Costa
Combustion and Propulsion Associate Laboratory, Brazilian Space Research Institute (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil.
Turíbio Gomes
TG
Soares Neto
Lumber Industrial Engineering Department, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Itapeva Campus, Brazil.
Rafael
R
Dellani
Combustion and Propulsion Associate Laboratory, Brazilian Space Research Institute (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil.
Luiz Henrique Scavacini
LH
Leite
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D018533:Biomass; D001938:Brazil; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002482:Cellulose / Q000032:analysis; D065928:Forests; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D008031:Lignin / Q000032:analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014835:Volatilization; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D009566:Nitrates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002482:Cellulose; D008031:Lignin
Combustion; Forest biomass; Gas emissions; Lignin content; PM(2.5)