Evolution of adaptive immunity: implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys.
An alternative antigen receptor, named the variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR), was first identified in lampreys in 2004. Since then, the mechanism of VLR diversification via somatic gene assembly and the function of VLR-expressing lymphocytes have been the subject of much research. VLRs comprise leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs and are found only in the most phylogenetically distant vertebrates from mammals, lampreys, and hagfish. Previous reports showed that VLRA and VLRB are reciprocally expressed by lymphocytes that resemble T- and B cells; however, more recent reports show that another VLR, VLRC, is expressed on a third lymphocyte lineage, which may be equivalent to γδ T cells. The existence of three major lymphocyte lineages - one B-cell-like and two T-cell-like - and their development in lampreys, parallels the mammalian adaptive immune system. This suggests that these three cell lineages were present in the common vertebrate ancestor approximately 500 million years ago.
Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier International Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Natsuko
N
Kishishita
Fumikiyo
F
Nagawa
D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000276:immunology*; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D007798:Lampreys / Q000276:immunology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology
antigen receptor; jawless vertebrate; leucine-rich repeat; lymphocyte lineage; somatic diversification; variable lymphocyte receptor