mRNA expression of DOK1-6 in human breast cancer.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the expression of downstream of tyrosine kinase (DOK)1-6 genes in normal and breast cancer tissue and correlated this with several clinico-pathological and prognostic factors.


METHODS
DOK1-6 mRNA extraction and reverse transcription were performed on fresh frozen breast cancer tissue samples (n = 112) and normal background breast tissue (n = 31). Tissues were collected between 1991 and 1996 at two centres and all patients underwent mastectomy and ipsilateral axillary node dissection. All tissues were randomly numbered and the details were only made known after all analyses were completed. Transcript levels of expression were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and analyzed against TNM stage, tumour grade and clinical outcome over a 10-year follow-up period.


RESULTS
DOK-2 and DOK-6 expression decreased with increasing TNM stage. DOK-6 expression decreased with increasing Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) [NPI-1 vs NPI-3 (mean copy number 15.4 vs 0.22, 95%CI: 2.7-27.6, P = 0.018) and NPI-2 vs NPI-3 (mean copy number 7.6 vs 0.22, 95%CI: 0.1-14.6, P = 0.048)]. After a median follow up period of 10 years, higher levels of DOK-2 expression were found among patients who remained disease-free compared to those who developed local or distant recurrence (mean copy number 3.94 vs 0.0000096, 95%CI: 1.0-6.85, P = 0.0091), and distant recurrence (mean copy number 3.94 vs 0.0025, 95%CI: 1.0-6.84, P = 0.0092). Patients who remained disease-free had higher levels of DOK-6 expression compared to those who died from breast cancer.


CONCLUSIONS
Decreasing expression levels of DOK-2 and DOK-6 with increased breast tumour progression supports the notion that DOK-2 and DOK-6 behave as tumour suppressors in human breast cancer.
Tamara Ghanem, James Bracken, Abdul Kasem, Kefah Mokbel, London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, W1U 5NY, United Kingdom.
Tamara
T
Ghanem
Tamara Ghanem, James Bracken, Abdul Kasem, Kefah Mokbel, London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, W1U 5NY, United Kingdom.
James
J
Bracken
Tamara Ghanem, James Bracken, Abdul Kasem, Kefah Mokbel, London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, W1U 5NY, United Kingdom.
Abdul
A
Kasem
Tamara Ghanem, James Bracken, Abdul Kasem, Kefah Mokbel, London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, W1U 5NY, United Kingdom.
Wen G
WG
Jiang
Tamara Ghanem, James Bracken, Abdul Kasem, Kefah Mokbel, London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, W1U 5NY, United Kingdom.
Kefah
K
Mokbel
Adaptor protein; Breast cancer; Downstream of tyrosine kinase-2; Downstream of tyrosine kinase-6; Mitogen-activated protein kinase; Tyrosine kinase, Tumour suppressor