'Saying it without words': a qualitative study of oncology staff's experiences with speaking up about safety concerns.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the experiences of oncology staff with communicating safety concerns and to examine situational factors and motivations surrounding the decision whether and how to speak up using semistructured interviews.


METHODS
7 oncology departments of six hospitals in Switzerland.


METHODS
Diverse sample of 32 experienced oncology healthcare professionals.


RESULTS
Nurses and doctors commonly experience situations which raise their concerns and require questioning, clarifying and correcting. Participants often used non-verbal communication to signal safety concerns. Speaking-up behaviour was strongly related to a clinical safety issue. Most episodes of 'silence' were connected to hygiene, isolation and invasive procedures. In contrast, there seemed to exist a strong culture to communicate questions, doubts and concerns relating to medication. Nearly all interviewees were concerned with 'how' to say it and in particular those of lower hierarchical status reflected on deliberate 'voicing tactics'.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate a widely accepted culture to discuss any concerns relating to medication safety while other issues are more difficult to voice. Clinicians devote considerable efforts to evaluate the situation and sensitively decide whether and how to speak up. Our results can serve as a starting point to develop a shared understanding of risks and appropriate communication of safety concerns among staff in oncology.
Swiss Patient Safety Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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DL
Schwappach
Swiss Patient Safety Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
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K
Gehring
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D061214:Patient Safety; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult