Pulmonary hypertension in adults with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome: current advanced management strategies.
The presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) increases morbidity and reduces survival in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). PAH-CHD is a heterogeneous condition, depending on the type of the underlying defect and previous repair strategies. There is growing evidence of the benefits of PAH-specific therapy in the PAH-CHD population, but despite recent advances mortality rates remain relatively high. In the last years, an increasing focus has been placed on patients with PAH-CHD and net left-to-right shunt. Currently, there are limited data to guide the management of these patients and uncertainty on the cut-off values for eventual defect closure. Pregnancy conveys significant risks in PAH-CHD patients: appropriate counselling and care, including psychological support and a multidisciplinary team, should be part of the routine management of women with PAH-CHD of reproductive age. Some subgroups, such as patients with Down's syndrome, Fontan circulation and 'segmental' pulmonary hypertension, present particular challenges in terms of management and therapy. The current review focuses on contemporary treatment strategies in PAH-CHD patients with particular emphasis on challenging patient groups and conditions.
Department of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Michele
M
D'Alto
Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease Centre, University of Münster, Muenster, Germany.
Gerhard-Paul
GP
Diller
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D004541:Eisenmenger Complex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Congenital Heart Disease