Prevalence of chlorhexidine-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following prolonged exposure.
Chlorhexidine has been increasingly utilized in outpatient settings to control methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreaks and as a component of programs for MRSA decolonization and prevention of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of chlorhexidine resistance in clinical and colonizing MRSA isolates obtained in the context of a community-based cluster-randomized controlled trial for SSTI prevention, during which 10,030 soldiers were issued chlorhexidine for body washing. We obtained epidemiological data on study participants and performed molecular analysis of MRSA isolates, including PCR assays for determinants of chlorhexidine resistance and high-level mupirocin resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). During the study period, May 2010 to January 2012, we identified 720 MRSA isolates, of which 615 (85.4%) were available for molecular analysis, i.e., 341 clinical and 274 colonizing isolates. Overall, only 10 (1.6%) of 615 isolates were chlorhexidine resistant, including three from the chlorhexidine group and seven from nonchlorhexidine groups (P > 0.99). Five (1.5%) of the 341 clinical isolates and five (1.8%) of the 274 colonizing isolates harbored chlorhexidine resistance genes, and four (40%) of the 10 possessed genetic determinants for mupirocin resistance. All chlorhexidine-resistant isolates were USA300. The overall prevalence of chlorhexidine resistance in MRSA isolates obtained from our study participants was low. We found no association between extended chlorhexidine use and the prevalence of chlorhexidine-resistant MRSA isolates; however, continued surveillance is warranted, as this agent continues to be utilized for infection control and prevention efforts.
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA cschlett@idcrp.org.
Carey D
CD
Schlett
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Eugene V
EV
Millar
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Katrina B
KB
Crawford
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Tianyuan
T
Cui
Martin Army Community Hospital, Fort Benning, Georgia, USA.
Jeffrey B
JB
Lanier
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
David R
DR
Tribble
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Michael W
MW
Ellis
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008889:Military Personnel; D016712:Mupirocin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D016712:Mupirocin; D002710:Chlorhexidine