Prevalence and management of chronic kidney disease in primary care patients in the UK.
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the UK in 2010 and to assess prevalence, comorbidities and comedications associated with the disease over time, following inclusion of CKD in the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF).


METHODS
This was a retrospective, longitudinal study assessing individuals with prevalent or incident CKD (identified using estimated glomerular filtration rate readings and/or Read codes) in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) in 2010. Individuals were assessed at two time points: in 2010 and at the date of their first classification of CKD in the GPRD.


RESULTS
The prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD in 2010 was 5.9%. In patients with stage 3-5 CKD at first classification, their disease remained stable, progressed or improved by 2010 in approximately 50%, 10-15% and 25-30% of patients, respectively. Diagnoses of cardiovascular-related comorbidities (hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and treatment with antihypertensives and lipid-modifying therapy (LMT), increased with worsening disease severity. When patients were stratified by diagnosis date, the proportion of patients with stage 3-5 CKD and cardiovascular-related comorbidities decreased with time, and the relative use of LMT and antihypertensives among patients with hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension increased with time.


CONCLUSIONS
Chronic kidney disease is generally stable or progressive, although more patients improve disease stage than previously assumed. Data suggest that the introduction of CKD into the QOF has increased awareness of CKD among physicians in the UK, allowing for earlier intervention and better control of CKD progression.
Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hoddesdon, UK.
K
K
Jameson
S
S
Jick
K W
KW
Hagberg
B
B
Ambegaonkar
A
A
Giles
D
D
O'Donoghue
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents