The fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances within a melting snowpack of a boreal forest.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were measured systematically in a snowpack in northern Sweden to determine chemical behaviour during seasonal melt. Average PFAS concentrations were generally low, but displayed a wide range with median (range) concentrations of PFOA and PFOS of 66.5 pg L(-1) (ND-122) and 20.5 pg L(-1) (2.60-253) respectively. Average concentrations of the shorter chain, C4 and C5 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), were ∼10-fold higher. Differences in the PFAS concentrations and profile were observed between surface snow and deeper layers, with evidence of PFAS migration to deeper snow layers as melt progressed. Chemical loads (ng m(-2)) for C4-9 PFCAs decreased gradually as melt progressed, but increased for C4, C6-8 PFSAs and the longer chain C10-12 PFCAs. This enrichment in the diminishing snowpack is an unusual phenomenon that will affect PFAS elution with meltwater and subsequent entry to catchment surface waters.
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
Garry
G
Codling
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Electronic address: c.halsall@lancaster.ac.uk.
Crispin
C
Halsall
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Uppsala, Sweden.
Lutz
L
Ahrens
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
Sabino
S
Del Vento
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Uppsala, Sweden.
Karin
K
Wiberg
Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, Umeå, Sweden.
Magnus
M
Bergknut
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Ecology& Management, Umeå, Sweden.
Hjalmar
H
Laudon
Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
Ralf
R
Ebinghaus
D000476:Alkanesulfonates / Q000737:chemistry; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005615:Freezing; D012914:Snow / Q000737:chemistry*; D013548:Sweden; D014197:Trees
D000476:Alkanesulfonates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons
Atmospheric deposition; Fate; Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs); Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); Snow