title: Health and human rights in eastern Myanmar prior to political transition: a population-based assessment using multistaged household cluster sampling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myanmar/Burma has received increased development and humanitarian assistance since the election in November 2010. Monitoring the impact of foreign assistance and economic development on health and human rights requires knowledge of pre-election conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2008-January 2009, community-based organizations conducted household surveys using three-stage cluster sampling in Shan, Kayin, Bago, Kayah, Mon and Tanintharyi areas of Myanmar. Data was collected from 5,592 heads of household on household demographics, reproductive health, diarrhea, births, deaths, malaria, and acute malnutrition of children 6-59 months and women aged 15-49 years. A human rights focused survey module evaluated human rights violations (HRVs) experienced by household members during the previous year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated infant and under-five rates were 77 (95% CI 56 to 98) and 139 (95% CI 107 to 171) deaths per 1,000 live births; and the crude mortality rate was 13 (95% CI 11 to 15) deaths per thousand persons. The leading respondent-reported cause of death was malaria, followed by acute respiratory infection and diarrhea, causing 21.2% (95% CI 16.5 to 25.8), 16.6% (95% CI 11.8 to 21.4), and 12.3% (95% CI 8.7 to 15.8), respectively. Over a third of households suffered at least one human rights violation in the preceding year (36.2%; 30.7 to 41.7). Household exposure to forced labor increased risk of death among infants (rate ratio (RR) = 2.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4) and children under five (RR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.6). The proportion of children suffering from moderate to severe acute malnutrition was higher among households that were displaced (prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.3; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior to the 2010 election, populations of eastern Myanmar experienced high rates of disease and death and high rates of HRVs. These population-based data provide a baseline that can be used to monitor national and international efforts to improve the health and human rights situation in the region.
authors.forename: Parveen K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benjamin-Chung
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Saw Nay
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Htoo
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laeng
authors.forename: Aye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lwin
authors.forename: Mahn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahn
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maung
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reh
authors.forename: Eh Kalu
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Shwe Oo
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Community Partners International, 2560 Ninth St,, Suite 315b, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA. AdamRichards@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Adam K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000401:mortality; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012036:Refugees; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality; D012924:Social Conditions; D055815:Young Adult