title: Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics.
abstract: Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects on human health of cyanobacterial compounds that cause taste and odor, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GEO) using the MTT assay and the in vitro comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN-Cyt) assays in human HepG2 cells. The toxicogenomics of genes responsive to DNA damage and metabolization by the exposure of cells to 2-MIB and GEO were also investigated. The results showed that concentrations of 2-MIB and GEO above 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively, were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Doses of 2-MIB (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and GEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) were unable to induce neither DNA damage nor events associated with chromosomal instability. Similarly, no concentration of each compound induced increments in the expression of CDKN1A, GADD45α, MDM2 and TP53 DNA damage responsive genes as well as in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 metabolizing genes. Although cytotoxicity was observed, concentrations that caused it are much higher than those expected to occur in aquatic environments. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of both compounds are not expected to exhibit cytotoxicity or genotoxicity to humans.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Helena Rodrigues
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca Regina Ribas
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: de Abreu
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Dreher
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Nabinger
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grivicich
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Viviane Berwanger
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Juliano
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: rafael.rodrigues@ulbra.br.
authors.forename: Rafael Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dihl
mesh_terms: D001892:Camphanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D004249:DNA Damage; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009284:Naphthols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D013649:Taste; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001892:Camphanes; D060766:Drinking Water; D009284:Naphthols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005536:2-methylisoborneol; C001278:geosmin
keywords: 2-MIB; CBMN-Cyt; Comet assay; GEO; Gene expression; MTT assay