title: Palliative gastrostomy in the setting of voluminous ascites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report the indications, methods, and complications of percutaneous gastrostomy/gastrojejunostomy (G/GJ) in patients with voluminous ascites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following institutional review board approval, 69 patients (14 male, 55 female, mean age 58±12 years, range 32-89 years) who underwent percutaneous G/GJ with paracentesis were identified from a prospectively acquired database. Electronic medical record data extracted included diagnosis, method of G/GJ insertion, clinical course, and complications, which were graded by The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) criteria. Statistics were performed using Graphpad Instat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six G and three GJ catheters were placed in 62 patients with malignant and 7 patients with benign disease; 47 procedures were conducted using fluoroscopy and 22 using computed tomography (CT; 10 patients had failed fluoroscopy). Sixty-six patients had 1980±1371 mL (range, 20-5000 mL) ascites drained (more in males, p=0.01) 0.8±1.6 days (range, 0-5 days) prior to placement. Forty-one patients had significantly less ascites (1895±1426 mL; range, 100-5400 mL) drained after G/GJ (p>0.0.5). Mean survival after insertion was 43±57 days (range, 1-252 days) among 38 patients for whom data were available. Fifty-six patients had a mean postprocedure hospital stay of 8.6±8.4 days (range, 0-45 days); 3 were outpatients and 10 patients died in the hospital. Successful gastropexy was confirmed on subsequent cross-sectional imaging in 22 of 25 patients. There were 25 tube maintenance issues that included catheter displacement and leakage, one patient experienced hemorrhage, and there were two deaths. All except one patient had satisfactory gastrostomy function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective G/GJ placement is possible in most patients with voluminous ascites provided ascites is drained and gastrocutaneous fistula formation occurs. Caution is advised; placement is generally for fragile terminal patients, and fluoroscopy or CT guidance is required.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Owen J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Diver
authors.forename: Shaunagh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Covarrubias
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shelly
authors.forename: Whitfield
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Growdon
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001201:Ascites / Q000628:therapy*; D057785:Catheters; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D005774:Gastrostomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed