title: Risk factors for hypospadias in China.
abstract: This case-controlled study was designed to evaluate the association between various baseline parental factors and the risk of hypospadias in China. Patients were selected from tertiary referral hospitals in Anhui, a province in mid-eastern China. A questionnaire was given to the parents of each patient. The final database included 193 cases and 835 controls. The incidence of additional coexistent anomalies was 13.0%, primarily cryptorchidism (9.8%). Ten patients (5.1%) were from families with genital anomaly, including five families (2.6%) with hypospadias. The risks of hypospadias was higher for children of mothers > 35 (odds ratio [OR] =1.47) and < 18 (OR = 2.95) years of age, and in mothers who had consumed alcohol (OR = 2.67), used drugs (OR = 1.53) and had an infection (OR = 1.87) during pregnancy. The risk of hypospadias was also higher when mothers (OR = 1.68) and fathers (OR = 1.74) were engaged in agriculture. Other factors assessed were not associated with the risk of hypospadias.
authors.forename: Ling-Fan
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
authors.forename: Chao-Zhao
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipianskaya
authors.forename: Xian-Guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Chang-Qin
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult