title: Socioeconomic and geographic differences in immediate reconstruction after mastectomy in the United States.
abstract: Disparities are evident in breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. This study examines multiple socioeconomic and geographic regions across the US to determine if disparities exist in the type of reconstruction obtained after mastectomy. This is a retrospective study evaluating socioeconomic and geographic variables of 14,764 women who underwent mastectomy in 2008 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Statistical analysis was performed on three groups of women: patients without reconstruction (NR), patients who underwent breast implant/tissue expander reconstruction (TE), and patients with autologous reconstruction such as free or pedicled flaps (FLAP). The majority of patients (63.9%) had NR, while 23.9% had TE and 12.2% underwent FLAP. Compared to patients with NR, women with TE or FLAP were younger (64.9 years versus 51.3 and 51.1 years, p < 0.001), had fewer chronic conditions (2.60 and 2.54 chronic conditions for TE and FLAP respectively versus 3.85 for NR, p < 0.001) and higher mean hospital charges ($42,850 TE and $48,680 FLAP versus $22,300 NR, p < 0.001). Both Medicare and Medicaid insurance carriers had a higher proportion of women that did not get reconstructed compared to other insurance types (p < 0.001). Compared to NR, reconstructed women more often lived in urban areas and zip codes with higher average incomes (p < 0.001). This is the first national study analyzing insurance type and geographic variations to show statistically significant disparities in rate and type of immediate reconstruction after mastectomy. These inequalities need to be addressed to extend immediate reconstruction options to all women undergoing mastectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wexelman
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estabrook
authors.forename: Aye Moe Thu
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008484:Medicaid; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014481:United States
keywords: disparities; geographic; immediate breast reconstruction; socioeconomic