title: Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from forested areas in Turkey: determination of specific emission rates for thirty-one tree species.
abstract: Normalized biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission rates for thirty one tree species that cover the 98% of national forested areas in Turkey were determined. Field samplings were performed at fourteen different forested areas in Turkey using a specific dynamic enclosure system. The selected branches of tree species were enclosed in a chamber consisted of a transparent Nalofan bag. The air-flows were sampled from both inlet and outlet of the chamber by Tenax-filled sorbent tubes during photosynthesis of trees under the presence of sunlight. Several environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, photosynthetically active radiation-PAR, and CO2) were continuously monitored inside and outside the enclosure chamber during the samplings. Collected samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system equipped with a thermal desorber (TD). Sixty five BVOCs classified in five major groups (isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and other oxygenated compounds) were analyzed. Emission rates were determined by normalization to standard conditions (1000 μmol/m(2)s PAR and 30 °C temperature for isoprene and 30 °C temperature for the remaining compounds). In agreement with the literature, isoprene was mostly emitted by broad-leaved trees while coniferous species mainly emitted monoterpenes. Several tree species such as Sweet Chestnut, Silver Lime, and European Alder had higher monoterpene emissions although they are broad-leaved species. High isoprene emissions were also observed for a few coniferous species such as Nordmann Fir and Oriental Spruce. The highest normalized total BVOC emission rate of 27.1 μg/gh was observed for Oriental Plane while South European Flowering Ash was the weakest BVOC emitter with a total normalized emission rate of 0.031 μg/gh. Monoterpene emissions of broad-leaved species mainly consisted of sabinene, limonene and trans-beta-ocimene, while alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and beta-myrcene were generally emitted by coniferous species. Oxygenated compounds were the third most prominent BVOC group and sesquiterpenes had slightly lower contributions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yagmur Meltem
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Husnu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koca
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Okan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dasdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altiok
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yetkin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dumanoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdurrahman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science and Ecology, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Doganay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tolunay
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odabasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: tolga.elbir@deu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Elbir
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D045782:Hemiterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000077222:Limonene; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010420:Pentanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology*; D014421:Turkey; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000475:Alkenes; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D002070:Butadienes; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010420:Pentanes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C005059:isoprene; C008574:beta-myrcene; C443996:beta-ocimene; C010789:beta-pinene; C035127:sabinene; D000077222:Limonene; C005451:alpha-pinene
keywords: BVOC emission; Dynamic enclosure system; Forested area; Turkey