title: Genotype-specific risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus in Swiss dairy herds with an elevated yield-corrected herd somatic cell count.
abstract: Bovine mastitis is a frequent problem in Swiss dairy herds. One of the main pathogens causing significant economic loss is Staphylococcus aureus. Various Staph. aureus genotypes with different biological properties have been described. Genotype B (GTB) of Staph. aureus was identified as the most contagious and one of the most prevalent strains in Switzerland. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the herd-level presence of Staph. aureus GTB and Staph. aureus non-GTB in Swiss dairy herds with an elevated yield-corrected herd somatic cell count (YCHSCC). One hundred dairy herds with a mean YCHSCC between 200,000 and 300,000cells/mL in 2010 were recruited and each farm was visited once during milking. A standardized protocol investigating demography, mastitis management, cow husbandry, milking system, and milking routine was completed during the visit. A bulk tank milk (BTM) sample was analyzed by real-time PCR for the presence of Staph. aureus GTB to classify the herds into 2 groups: Staph. aureus GTB-positive and Staph. aureus GTB-negative. Moreover, quarter milk samples were aseptically collected for bacteriological culture from cows with a somatic cell count ≥150,000cells/mL on the last test-day before the visit. The culture results allowed us to allocate the Staph. aureus GTB-negative farms to Staph. aureus non-GTB and Staph. aureus-free groups. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were built to identify risk factors associated with the herd-level presence of Staph. aureus GTB and Staph. aureus non-GTB. The prevalence of Staph. aureus GTB herds was 16% (n=16), whereas that of Staph. aureus non-GTB herds was 38% (n=38). Herds that sent lactating cows to seasonal communal pastures had significantly higher odds of being infected with Staph. aureus GTB (odds ratio: 10.2, 95% CI: 1.9-56.6), compared with herds without communal pasturing. Herds that purchased heifers had significantly higher odds of being infected with Staph. aureus GTB (rather than Staph. aureus non-GTB) compared with herds without purchase of heifers. Furthermore, herds that did not use udder ointment as supportive therapy for acute mastitis had significantly higher odds of being infected with Staph. aureus GTB (odds ratio: 8.5, 95% CI: 1.6-58.4) or Staph. aureus non-GTB (odds ratio: 6.1, 95% CI: 1.3-27.8) than herds that used udder ointment occasionally or regularly. Herds in which the milker performed unrelated activities during milking had significantly higher odds of being infected with Staph. aureus GTB (rather than Staph. aureus non-GTB) compared with herds in which the milker did not perform unrelated activities at milking. Awareness of 4 potential risk factors identified in this study guides implementation of intervention strategies to improve udder health in both Staph. aureus GTB and Staph. aureus non-GTB herds.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland. Electronic address: beat.berchtold@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berchtold
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodmer
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Vetsuisse-Faculty, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B H P
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: van den Borne
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Vetsuisse-Faculty, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reist
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Graber
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, 3003 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Vetsuisse-Faculty, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wohlfender
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D007774:Lactation; D016015:Logistic Models; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000382:microbiology; D008892:Milk / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013557:Switzerland
keywords: Staphylococcus aureus genotype B (GTB); Switzerland; bulk milk; risk factor