title: Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies have reported coffee consumption to be associated with various health conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of coffee consumption with colorectal cancer incidence in a large-scale prospective cohort study in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). Here, we analyzed a total of 58 221 persons (23 607 men, 34 614 women) followed from 1988 to the end of 2009. During 738 669 person-years of follow-up for the analysis of colorectal cancer risk with coffee consumption at baseline, we identified 687 cases of colon cancer (355 males and 332 females) and 314 cases of rectal cancer (202 males and 112 females). We used the Cox proportional-hazard regression model to estimate hazard ratio (HR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to those who consumed less than 1 cup of coffee per day, men who consumed 2-3 cups of coffee per day had an HR of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93-1.70), and men who consumed more than 4 cups of coffee per day had an HR of 1.79 (95% CI 1.01-3.18). A statistically significant increase in the risk of colon cancer was associated with increasing coffee consumption among men (P for trend = 0.03). On the other hand, coffee consumption in women was not associated with incident risk of colon cancer. Coffee consumption was also not associated with rectal cancer incidence in men or women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large-scale population-based cohort study showed that coffee consumption increases the risk of colon cancer among Japanese men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawado
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee