title: A proposed abiotic reaction scheme for hydroxylamine and monochloramine under chloramination relevant drinking water conditions.
abstract: Drinking water monochloramine (NH2Cl) use may promote ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). AOB use (i) ammonia monooxygenase for biological ammonia (NH3) oxidation to hydroxylamine (NH2OH) and (ii) hydroxylamine oxidoreductase for NH2OH oxidation to nitrite. NH2Cl and NH2OH may react, providing AOB potential benefits and detriments. The NH2Cl/NH2OH reaction would benefit AOB by removing the disinfectant (NH2Cl) and releasing their growth substrate (NH3), but the NH2Cl/NH2OH reaction would also provide a possible additional inactivation mechanism besides direct NH2Cl reaction with cells. Because biological NH2OH oxidation supplies the electrons required for biological NH3 oxidation, the NH2Cl/NH2OH reaction provides a direct mechanism for NH2Cl to inhibit NH3 oxidation, starving the cell of reductant by preventing biological NH2OH oxidation. To investigate possible NH2Cl/NH2OH reaction implications on AOB, an understanding of the underlying abiotic reaction is first required. The present study conducted a detailed literature review and proposed an abiotic NH2Cl/NH2OH reaction scheme (RS) for chloramination relevant drinking water conditions (μM concentrations, air saturation, and pH 7-9). Next, RS literature based kinetics and end-products were evaluated experimentally between pHs 7.7 and 8.3, representing (i) the pH range for future experiments with AOB and (ii) mid-range pHs typically found in chloraminated drinking water. In addition, a (15)N stable isotope experiment was conducted to verify nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas production and their nitrogen source. Finally, the RS was slightly refined using the experimental data and an AQUASIM implemented kinetic model. A chloraminated drinking water relevant RS is proposed and provides the abiotic reaction foundation for future AOB biotic experiments.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. Electronic address: wahman.david@epa.gov.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Wahman
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Speitel
authors.affiliation: Pegasus Technical Services Inc., 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
authors.forename: Madhav V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Machavaram
mesh_terms: D000586:Amination; D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D043370:Nitrosomonas europaea / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D019811:Hydroxylamine; C030816:chloramine
keywords: (15)N; Drinking water; Hydroxylamine; Isotopes; Monochloramine; Nitrification