title: Efficacy and complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma, ESD was one of treatment modalities to remove the lesion safely and effectively. We perform this meta-analysis to determine the efficacy and incidence of complication of ESD for patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were searched in MEDLINE (PubMed and Ovid), Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, Google scholar, and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently searched and extracted data. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of ESD was analyzed by calculating pooled en bloc and R0 resection rate. Incidence of complications such as perforation, stenosis and mediastinal emphysema was also calculated. Pooling was conducted using either fixed-effects model or random-effects model depending on the heterogeneity across studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 studies (1152 patients and 1240 lesions) were included in this analysis. The pooled en bloc resection rate was 99% (95% CI 99%-100%). Stratified by tumor size, en bloc resection rates did not show any significant difference. The pooled R0 resection rate was 90% (95% CI 87%-93%). The pooled R0 resection rate was 85% (95% CI, 80%-90%) for large tumor and 92% (95% CI, 87%-93%) for small tumor (p < 0.001). Stenosis served as the most common reported complication with pooled incidence of 5% (95% CI 3-8%), followed by perforation (1%, 95% CI 0-1%) and mediastinal emphysema (0% CI 0-1%). The incidence of postoperative stenosis decreased significantly after 2011 (2%, 95% CI 0-3%) compared with that before 2011 (9%, 95% CI 3-8%) (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESD was an efficient modality for treating superficial esophageal carcinoma, with perfect en bloc and R0 resection rate and low complication rate. The most common complication of ESD was stenosis. Although recurrence rate was low, patients should be maintained in a scheduled surveillance program.
authors.forename: Fenghao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Tianxiang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. hujian_med@163.com.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000601:surgery*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome