title: Biocompatibility evaluation of densified bacterial nanocellulose hydrogel as an implant material for auricular cartilage regeneration.
abstract: Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), synthesized by the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus, is composed of highly hydrated fibrils (99 % water) with high mechanical strength. These exceptional material properties make BNC a novel biomaterial for many potential medical and tissue engineering applications. Recently, BNC with cellulose content of 15 % has been proposed as an implant material for auricular cartilage replacement, since it matches the mechanical requirements of human auricular cartilage. This study investigates the biocompatibility of BNC with increased cellulose content (17 %) to evaluate its response in vitro and in vivo. Cylindrical BNC structures (Ø48 × 20 mm) were produced, purified in a built-in house perfusion system, and compressed to increase the cellulose content in BNC hydrogels. The reduction of endotoxicity of the material was quantified by bacterial endotoxin analysis throughout the purification process. Afterward, the biocompatibility of the purified BNC hydrogels with cellulose content of 17 % was assessed in vitro and in vivo, according to standards set forth in ISO 10993. The endotoxin content in non-purified BNC (2,390 endotoxin units (EU)/ml) was reduced to 0.10 EU/ml after the purification process, level well below the endotoxin threshold set for medical devices. Furthermore, the biocompatibility tests demonstrated that densified BNC hydrogels are non-cytotoxic and cause a minimal foreign body response. In support with our previous findings, this study concludes that BNC with increased cellulose content of 17 % is a promising non-resorbable biomaterial for auricular cartilage tissue engineering, due to its similarity with auricular cartilage in terms of mechanical strength and host tissue response.
authors.affiliation: Biopolymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 41346, Gothenburg, Sweden, hectorm@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martínez Ávila
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Eva-Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantas
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Bomhard
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gatenholm
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rotter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002482:Cellulose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004425:Ear Cartilage / Q000502:physiology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D041822:Gluconacetobacter xylinus / Q000378:metabolism; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008422:Materials Testing; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D002482:Cellulose