title: Sexual and gender-based violence in the European asylum and reception sector: a perpetuum mobile?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are at risk of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and subsequent ill-health in Europe; yet, European minimum reception standards do not address SGBV. Hence, this paper explores the nature of SGBV occurring in this sector and discusses determinants for 'Desirable Prevention'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Applying community-based participatory research, we conducted an SGBV knowledge, attitude and practice survey with residents and professionals in eight European countries. We conducted logistic regression using mixed models to analyse the data in R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 562 respondents, 58.3% reported cases of direct (23.3%) or peer (76.6%) victimization. Our results indicate that when men were involved, it most likely concerned sexual perpetration (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.09, confidence interval [CI]: 1.2; 13.89) and physical victimization (aOR: 2.57, CI: 1.65; 4), compared with females, who then rather perpetrated emotional violence (aOR: 1.85, CI: 1.08; 3.13) and underwent sexual victimization (aOR: 7.14, CI: 3.33; 16.67). Compared with others, asylum seekers appeared more likely to perpetrate physical (aOR 7.14, CI: 4; 12.5) and endure socio-economic violence (aOR: 10, CI: 1.37; 100), whereas professionals rather bore emotional (aOR: 2.01, CI: 0.98; 4.12) and perpetrated socio-economic violence (aOR: 25.91, CI: 13.41; 50.07). When group perpetration (aOR: 2.13, CI: 1.27; 3.58) or victimization (aOR: 1.84, CI: 1.1; 3.06) occurred, it most likely concerned socio-economic violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the European asylum reception sector, residents and professionals of both sexes experience SGBV victimization and perpetration. Given the lack of prevention policies, our findings call for urgent Desirable Prevention programmes addressing determinants socio-ecologically.
authors.affiliation: 1 International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Ines.keygnaert@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keygnaert
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sonia F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: 1 International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Degomme
authors.affiliation: 3 NIVEL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Devillé
authors.affiliation: 4 School of Applied Social Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: 5 Menedék & MTA TK KI, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kováts
authors.affiliation: 1 International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Meyer
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Social Welfare Studies, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vettenburg
authors.affiliation: 1 International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roelens
authors.affiliation: 1 International Centre for Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult