title: Global gene expression analysis following spinal cord injury in non-human primates.
abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with no established treatment. To better understand the pathology and develop a treatment modality for SCI, an understanding of the physiological changes following SCI at the molecular level is essential. However, studies on SCI have primarily used rodent models, and few studies have examined SCI in non-human primates. In this study, we analyzed the temporal changes in gene expression patterns following SCI in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using microarray analysis and mRNA deep sequencing. This analysis revealed that, although the sequence of events is comparable between primates and rodents, the inflammatory response following SCI is significantly prolonged and the onset of glial scar formation is temporally delayed in primates compared with rodents. These observations indicate that the optimal time window to treat SCI significantly differs among different species. This study provides the first extensive analysis of gene expression following SCI in non-human primates and will serve as a valuable resource in understanding the pathology of SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: soraya-n@z8.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Center for Integrated Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: sasasa@z5.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1, Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan. Electronic address: chromosome8q23@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Regenerative & Cellular Medicine Office, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan. Electronic address: kenji-yoshida@ds-pharma.co.jp.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: iwai@a7.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: koya-ikuko@a5.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: y.kobayashi@z7.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiomi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: itakura@a2.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Itakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: shibata@2001.jukuin.keio.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan. Electronic address: hayao-ebise@ds-pharma.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hayao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebise
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: horiuchi@z3.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horiuchi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Gene Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: jkudoh@dmb.med.keio.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: toyama@z6.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.affiliation: Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. Electronic address: aja@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Aileen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: hidokano@a2.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: masa@a8.keio.jp.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002144:Callithrix; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Microarray; Non-human primate; Spinal cord injury; mRNA sequencing