title: Relationship of skin autofluorescence to severity of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between skin autofluorescence (SAF), which reflects the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven eyes of 67 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Sixty-seven age-matched non-diabetic subjects served as controls. Diabetic patients were classified by the severity of their DR: no DR (NDR), non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). SAF was measured with an autofluorescence reader.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SAF in the diabetes patients was significantly higher than in the controls (median 2.5 (interquartile range 2.3-2.7) and 1.8 (1.6-2.3) arbitrary unit (AU), respectively, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in SAF along with the increasing severity of DR (from NDR to NPDR: p = 0.034; NPDR to PDR: p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that SAF (OR, 17.2; p < 0.05) was an independent factor indicating the presence of PDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAF has an independent relationship with PDR in patients with type 2 diabetes. SAF measurement with an autofluorescence reader is a non-invasive way to assess the risk of DR. SAF may, therefore, be a surrogate marker candidate for the non-invasive evaluation of DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi , Japan .
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kunikata
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Taiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kokubun
authors.forename: Kazuichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061848:Optical Imaging; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: AGE; Advanced glycation end products; biomarker; diabetic retinopathy; skin autofluorescence