title: Validation of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results TNM staging for testicular germ cell tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of testicular germ cell tumor category in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database following the 2010 American Joint Committee of Cancer revision of the TNM staging criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of our testicular cancer database from January 2010 to July 2011. Registrar extracted data on 76 patients were entered into the Cancer Surveillance Program database from 2 hospitals. We reviewed the SEER coding for each patient, including T, N, M, and S and overall stage group, as well as the range and S value given for tumor markers (lactate dehydrogenase, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and α-fetoprotein) both preorchiectomy and postorchiectomy. We then compared these values with the actual staging and tumor markers determined by patient medical record review by a single urologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high proportion of registry records were found to have inaccurate values of category: 71% of S category entries and 34% of N category entries, leading to an overall group stage inaccuracy of 77% in SEER data. Accuracy of overall combined stage group was significantly different between hospitals, with a higher percentage of errors at Hospital A (P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite improvements made to the SEER criteria for extracting data used to code testicular germ cell tumor TNM stage, considerable errors were identified, most notably in tumor marker and nodal status, resulting in an overwhelming number of errors in overall stage. Our findings suggest caution when utilizing SEER data for review of patients with testicular cancer and their staging.
authors.affiliation: USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Mari C T R
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Preventive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Cortessis
authors.affiliation: USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: daneshma@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daneshmand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018426:SEER Program; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Germ cell tumor staging; SEER; Testis cancer