title: Early and frequent development of ocular hypertension in children with nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prednisolone, the first-line treatment for children with nephrotic syndrome, causes severe side effects. One of these side effects is ocular hypertension, which can result in severe and permanent visual disturbance. However, the exact prevalence, severity and timing of development of ocular hypertension have yet to be fully explored in this pediatric patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective cohort study, children with nephrotic syndrome treated with prednisolone for their first episode were analyzed. Intraocular pressure was screened with an iCare® tonometer and confirmed with Goldmann applanation tonometry before the initiation of prednisolone treatment and at 1 and 4 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 26 children with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study, of whom eight (30.8 %) required treatment with eye drops for ocular hypertension. The median time interval between the diagnosis of ocular hypertension and start of treatment was 9 (range 5-31) days. At relapse of nephrotic syndrome, all children who had undergone treatment for ocular hypertension in their first episode again required treatment for ocular hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Routine ophthalmologic examination should be conducted from the early phase after the start of prednisolone treatment. In addition, children with episodes of ocular hypertension may be at greater risk of its reappearance with relapse of the nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikura
authors.forename: Riku
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hataya
authors.forename: Eiichiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077338:Latanoprost; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015995:Prevalence; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013999:Timolol / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; D000077338:Latanoprost; D013999:Timolol; D011239:Prednisolone