title: mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors and their signaling mediators in healthy and diseased gingival tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gingivitis and periodontitis are initiated by inflammation caused by microorganisms. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from these microorganisms are recognized through various toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). In this study, we have chosen five TLRs and two NLRs as representatives taking part in the recognition and inflammation process, along with a few of their signaling mediators including CD14, MYD88, and TRIF to compare their mRNA expression levels between healthy and diseased gingival tissues. This will provide deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying gingivitis and periodontitis. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of the periodontal diseases could greatly help in establishing effective ways for prevention and treatment of these diseases besides decreasing the risk factor for relevant systemic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival tissue samples for mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were taken from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis and from healthy control subjects. Messenger RNA expression of all genes was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the genes studied in different groups, only MYD88 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the periodontitis group compared to that of the controls. The expression level of this molecule was also significantly higher in patients with severe periodontitis compared to other patients and also compared to healthy individuals. In different tissues, positive significant correlations were observed between the mRNA expression levels of some genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated mRNA levels of MYD88 in periodontitis might have a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, MYD88 may be a useful target for the therapy of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiany
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razmkhah
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dadras
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Noushafarin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chenari
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Younesi
authors.affiliation: Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
keywords: Gingivitis; inflammation; mRNA expression; periodontitis; toll-like receptor