title: Acute toxicity of mixture of acetaminophen and ibuprofen to Green Neon Shrimp, Neocaridina denticulate.
abstract: In recent years, numerous studies have indicated that various long-term use drugs, such as antibiotics or analgesics, not only cannot be completely decomposed via sewage treatment but also exhibit biological toxicity if they enter the environment; thus, the release of these drugs into the environment can damage ecological systems. This study sought to investigate the acute toxicity of two commonly utilized analgesics, ibuprofen (IBU) and acetaminophen (APAP), to aquatic organisms after these drugs have entered the water. To address this objective, the acute toxicity (median lethal concentration, LC₅₀, for a 96-h exposure) of IBU alone, APAP alone, and mixtures containing different ratios of IBU and APAP in green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata) were measured. The results of four tests revealed that the 96-h LC₅₀ values for IBU and APAP alone were 6.07 mg/L and 6.60 mg/L, respectively. The 96-h LC₅₀ for a 1:1 mixture of IBU and APAP was 6.23 mg/L, and the toxicity of this mixture did not significantly differ from the toxicity of either drug alone (p<0.05). The experimental results for mixtures containing unequal ratios of IBU and APAP indicated that mixtures with high APAP concentrations and low IBU concentrations exhibited markedly greater toxicity in N. denticulata (LC₅₀=4.78 mg/L) than APAP or IBU alone. However, mixtures with high IBU concentrations and low APAP concentrations exhibited lower toxicity in N. denticulata (LC₅₀=6.78 mg/L) than IBU or APAP alone. This study demonstrated that different mixtures of IBU and APAP were associated with different toxic effects in green neon shrimp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Hung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuh-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Yang Ming Shan, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shu-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: daji@ms19.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Da-Ji
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D033364:Decapoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Acetaminophen; Drug residues; Ibuprofen; Median lethal concentration; Neocaridina denticulate