title: Ecological interactions shape the dynamics of seed predation in Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The complex network of direct and indirect relationships determines not only the species abundances but also the community characteristics such as diversity and stability. In this context, seed predation is a direct interaction that affects the reproductive success of the plant. For Acrocomia aculeata, the seed predation by Pachymerus cardo and Speciomerus revoili in post-dispersal may destroy more than 70% of the propagules and is influenced by the herbivory of the fruits during pre-dispersal. Fruits of plants with a higher level of herbivory during pre-dispersal are less attacked by predators in post-dispersal. We proposed a hypothesis that describes this interaction as an indirect defense mediated by fungi in a multitrophic interaction. As explanations, we proposed the predictions: i) injuries caused by herbivores in the fruits of A. aculeata favor fungal colonization and ii) the colonization of A. acuelata fruit by decomposing fungi reduces the selection of the egg-laying site by predator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For prediction (i), differences in the fungal colonization in fruits with an intact or damaged epicarp were evaluated in fruits exposed in the field. For prediction (ii), we performed fruit observations in the field to determine the number of eggs of P. cardo and/or S. revoili per fruit and the amount of fungal colonization in the fruits. In another experiment, in the laboratory, we use P. cardo females in a triple-choice protocol. Each insect to choose one of the three options: healthy fruits, fruits with fungus, or an empty pot. The proposed hypothesis was corroborated. Fruits with injuries in the epicarp had a higher fungal colonization, and fruits colonized by fungi were less attractive for egg-laying by seed predators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study emphasizes the importance of exploring the networks of interactions between multitrophic systems to understand the dynamics and maintenance of natural populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anielle C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Chemical Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine S A
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gleicielle R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ane K C
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcílio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reis-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Faria
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D028023:Arecaceae; D001517:Coleoptera; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D060434:Herbivory; D058614:Seed Dispersal; D012639:Seeds