title: Effect of sunlight exposure on the release of intentionally and/or non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: chemical analysis and in vitro toxicity.
abstract: The effect of sunlight exposure on chemical migration into PET-bottled waters was investigated. Bottled waters were exposed to natural sunlight for 2, 6 and 10 days. Migration was dependent on the type of water. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and Sb migration increased with sunlight exposure in ultrapure water. In carbonated waters, carbon dioxide promoted migration and only formaldehyde increased slightly due to sunlight. Since no aldehydes were detected in non-carbonated waters, we conclude that sunlight exposure has no effect. Concerning Sb, its migration levels were higher in carbonated waters. No unpredictable NIAS were identified in PET-bottled water extracts. Cyto-genotoxicity (Ames and micronucleus assays) and potential endocrine disruption effects (transcriptional-reporter gene assays) were checked in bottled water extracts using bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) and human cell lines (HepG2 and MDA-MB453-kb2). PET-bottled water extracts did not induce any toxic effects (cyto-genotoxicity, estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity) in vitro at relevant consumer-exposure levels.
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France; Institute Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, Department SI2M, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, University of Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt, CS 14234, 54042 Nancy, France. Electronic address: cristina.bach@anses.fr.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dauchy
authors.affiliation: Derttech "Packtox", Nutox team, AgroSupDijon Nord, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Severin
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.affiliation: Institute Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, Department SI2M, Ecole des Mines de Nancy, University of Lorraine, Parc de Saurupt, CS 14234, 54042 Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.affiliation: Derttech "Packtox", Nutox team, AgroSupDijon Nord, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chagnon
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D014867:Water
keywords: Aldehydes; Antimony; Chemical analysis; Endocrine disruption; Genotoxicity; Migration; NIAS; PET-bottled waters; Sunlight