title: Melanin-templated rapid synthesis of silver nanostructures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a potent antimicrobial agent, silver nanostructures have been used in nanosensors and nanomaterial-based assays for the detection of food relevant analytes such as organic molecules, aroma, chemical contaminants, gases and food borne pathogens. In addition silver based nanocomposites act as an antimicrobial for food packaging materials. In this prospective, the food grade melanin pigment extracted from sponge associated actinobacterium Nocardiopsis alba MSA10 and melanin mediated synthesis of silver nanostructures were studied. Based on the present findings, antimicrobial nanostructures can be developed against food pathogens for food industrial applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Briefly, the sponge associated actinobacterium N. alba MSA10 was screened and fermentation conditions were optimized for the production of melanin pigment. The Plackett-Burman design followed by a Box-Behnken design was developed to optimize the concentration of most significant factors for improved melanin yield. The antioxidant potential, reductive capabilities and physiochemical properties of Nocardiopsis melanin was characterized. The optimum production of melanin was attained with pH 7.5, temperature 35°C, salinity 2.5%, sucrose 25 g/L and tyrosine 12.5 g/L under submerged fermentation conditions. A highest melanin production of 3.4 mg/ml was reached with the optimization using Box-Behnken design. The purified melanin showed rapid reduction and stabilization of silver nanostructures. The melanin mediated process produced uniform and stable silver nanostructures with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The melanin pigment produced by N. alba MSA10 can be used for environmentally benign synthesis of silver nanostructures and can be useful for food packaging materials. The characteristics of broad spectrum of activity against food pathogens of silver nanostructures gives an insight for their potential applicability in incorporation of food packaging materials and antimicrobials for stored fruits and foods.
authors.forename: George Seghal
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhasayan
authors.forename: Anuj Nishanth
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India. josephselvinss@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selvin
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D008543:Melanins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011161:Porifera / Q000382:microbiology; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008543:Melanins; D012834:Silver