title: Urinary perchlorate exposure and risk in women of reproductive age in a fireworks production area of China.
abstract: Perchlorate is used widely in fireworks, and, if ingested, it has the potential to disrupt thyroid function. The concentrations of perchlorate in water and soil samples and in urine samples of women of reproductive age from Liuyang, the largest fireworks production area in China, were investigated. The results showed that the average perchlorate concentrations in groundwater, surface water, farmland soil, and urine samples of women from the fireworks production area were significantly greater than those from the control area. The health risk of perchlorate ingested through drinking water was assessed based on the mode recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The values of hazard quotient of river water and groundwater in the fireworks production area were much greater than the safe level (=1), which indicates that adverse health effects may result from perchlorate when these sources of water are used as drinking water. These results indicated that the environment of the fireworks production area has been polluted by perchlorate and that residents were and are facing greater exposure doses of perchlorate. Fireworks production enterprises may be a major source of perchlorate contamination.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China, liqin529luck@163.com.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yun-jiang
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Fei-fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shi-wu
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Hai-peng
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Che
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hong-mei
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D010472:Perchlorates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C494474:perchlorate