title: Neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation predicts weight gain in a multi-ethnic population: longitudinal data from the Dallas Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to examine a relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic deprivation and weight change in a multi-ethnic cohort from Dallas County, Texas and whether behavioral/psychosocial factors attenuate the relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-movers (those in the same neighborhood throughout the study period) aged 18-65 (N=939) in Dallas Heart Study (DHS) underwent weight measurements between 2000 and 2009 (median 7-year follow-up). Geocoded home addresses defined block groups; a neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) was created (higher NDI=greater deprivation). Multi-level modeling determined weight change relative to NDI. Model fit improvement was examined with adding physical activity and neighborhood environment perceptions (higher score=more unfavorable perceptions) as covariates. A significant interaction between residence length and NDI was found (p-interaction=0.04); results were stratified by median residence length (11 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, and education/income, those who lived in neighborhood >11 years gained 1.0 kg per one-unit increment of NDI (p=0.03), or 6 kg for those in highest NDI tertile compared with those in the lowest tertile. Physical activity improved model fit; NDI remained associated with weight gain after adjustment for physical activity and neighborhood environment perceptions. There was no significant relationship between NDI and weight change for those in their neighborhood ≤11 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Living in more socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods over a longer time period was associated with weight gain in DHS.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. Electronic address: tiffany.powell@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Tiffany M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Powell-Wiley
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States. Electronic address: colby.ayers@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Colby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayers
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States. Electronic address: pagyeman169@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agyemang
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, United States. Electronic address: Leonard@utdallas.edu.
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. Electronic address: berrigad@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berrigan
authors.affiliation: Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. Electronic address: barbashr@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
authors.affiliation: Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States. Electronic address: mlian@dom.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, United States. Electronic address: Sandeep.das@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Sandeep R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States. Electronic address: christyhoehner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hoehner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D013781:Texas; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Neighborhood environment; Obesity; Socioeconomic deprivation; Socioeconomic status