title: Adenine nucleotide translocase is acetylated in vivo in human muscle: Modeling predicts a decreased ADP affinity and altered control of oxidative phosphorylation.
abstract: Proteomics techniques have revealed that lysine acetylation is abundant in mitochondrial proteins. This study was undertaken (1) to determine the relationship between mitochondrial protein acetylation and insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle, identifying key acetylated proteins, and (2) to use molecular modeling techniques to understand the functional consequences of acetylation of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1), which we found to be abundantly acetylated. Eight lean and eight obese nondiabetic subjects had euglycemic clamps and muscle biopsies for isolation of mitochondrial proteins and proteomics analysis. A number of acetylated mitochondrial proteins were identified in muscle biopsies. Overall, acetylation of mitochondrial proteins was correlated with insulin action (r = 0.60; P < 0.05). Of the acetylated proteins, ANT1, which catalyzes ADP-ATP exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane, was acetylated at lysines 10, 23, and 92. The extent of acetylation of lysine 23 decreased following exercise, depending on insulin sensitivity. Molecular dynamics modeling and ensemble docking simulations predicted the ADP binding site of ANT1 to be a pocket of positively charged residues, including lysine 23. Calculated ADP-ANT1 binding affinities were physiologically relevant and predicted substantial reductions in affinity upon acetylation of lysine 23. Insertion of these derived binding affinities as parameters into a complete mathematical description of ANT1 kinetics predicted marked reductions in adenine nucleotide flux resulting from acetylation of lysine 23. Therefore, acetylation of ANT1 could have dramatic physiological effects on ADP-ATP exchange. Dysregulation of acetylation of mitochondrial proteins such as ANT1 therefore could be related to changes in mitochondrial function that are associated with insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85004, United States.
authors.forename: Clinton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lefort
authors.forename: Carrie G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Jeanine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cordova
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Langlais
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bordner
authors.forename: Jerez A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Te
authors.forename: S Banu
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Wayne T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mandarino
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D033741:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001665:Binding Sites; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008239:Lysine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009043:Motor Activity; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D033741:Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C580832:SLC25A4 protein, human; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D008239:Lysine