title: Fate and transport of monensin in the presence of nonionic surfactant Brij35 in soil.
abstract: As fresh water is a limited resource in many parts of the world, the use of wastewater for irrigation has become an important alternative. Therefore, many countries facing a water deficit, use partially treated, or even untreated, wastewater. This may increase the input of many contaminants into the environment. In the present study, we investigated the effect of using surfactant rich water in irrigation on the mobility of the most commonly-used veterinary antibiotic, monensin. Nine PVC lysimeters, 1.0m long×0.45 m diameter, were packed with a sandy soil to a bulk density of 1.35 Mg m(-3). Cattle manure, containing monensin, was applied at the surface of the lysimeters at the recommended rate of 10t/ha. Each of three aqueous Brij 35 solutions, 0, 0.5 and 5 g L(-1), was applied to the lysimeters in triplicate. Over a 90 day period, soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed. The results of the laboratory sorption experiment showed that when the nonionic surfactant Brij 35 is present, the sorption coefficient of monensin was reduced significantly from 120.22 mL g(-1) in the aqueous medium to 112.20, 100 and 63.09 mL g(-1) with Brij35 concentrations of 0.25, 2.5 and 5 g L(-1), respectively. The lysimeter results indicated a significant downward movement of monensin at depths of 60 cm in the soil profile and leachate in the presence of the surfactant. Thus, the continuous use of poor quality water could influence the transport of monensin in agricultural soils, and consequently, pose a risk for groundwater pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9. Electronic address: Eman.elsayed@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Eman M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: ElSayed
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9.
authors.forename: Shiv O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Prasher
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods; D008985:Monensin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D008985:Monensin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D062065:Wastewater; C515901:Brij 35
keywords: Fate; Ionophores; Monensin; Nonionic surfactants; Soil