title: An appropriate and systematized procedure for validating qualitative methods: its application in the detection of sulfonamide residues in raw milk.
abstract: The lack of well-established references for the validation of qualitative analyses and the increasing demand for reliable binary responses were the main motivating factors for this study. A detailed procedure for single-laboratory validation of qualitative methods is proposed. The experimental design and the tools for data analysis were based on the theoretical background, as well as the aspects of efficiency, convenience and simplicity. Four experimental steps were defined, as follows: (i) preliminary tests for the determination of the concentration range, (ii) a study of the rates, unreliability region, detection limit, and the accordance and concordance values, (iii) a study of the selectivity in the presence of known interferences, and (iv) a study of robustness. The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by the validation of a qualitative commercial kit for detecting sulfonamide residues in raw milk using both the visual and instrumental reading techniques. Reliability rates of 100% were obtained for the blank samples. For the samples spiked with sulfamethazine at 10.8 and 108 μg L(-1) and with sulfadimethoxine or sulfathiazole at 10 and 100 μg L(-1), the reliability rates ranged from 93.3 to 100%. Selectivity was demonstrated using trimethoprim as a potential interferent. The method was considered robust for the factors of the temperature (54 and 58°C) and time (6 and 10 min) for incubating the test strips. The estimated detection limits and unreliability regions confirmed the suitability of the kit for this purpose, based on the legislated residue limits.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina de Souza
authors.initials: Cde S
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
authors.forename: Otávio Augusto Mazzoni
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronália Leite
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Gonçalves
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Department of Food Science, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-010, Brazil. Electronic address: scheilla@bromatologiaufmg.com.br.
authors.forename: Scheilla Vitorino Carvalho
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: de Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013449:Sulfonamides
keywords: Milk; Performance parameters; Qualitative method; Residues; Sulfonamides; Validation