title: Detection of quiescent cardiac phases in echocardiography data using nonlinear filtering and boundary detection techniques.
abstract: We describe an algorithm to detect cardiac quiescence within a heartbeat using nonlinear filtering and boundary detection techniques in echocardiography images. The motivation for detection of these quiescent phases is to provide improved cardiac gating to obtain motion-artifact-free images of the heart at cardiac computed tomography (CT). Currently, cardiac gating is provided through electrocardiography (ECG), which does not provide information about the instantaneous mechanical state of the heart. Our goal is to test if information about the actual mechanical motion of the heart obtained from B-mode echocardiographic data could potentially be used for gating purposes. The nonlinear filtering algorithm presented involves anisotropic diffusion to smoothen the homogeneous regions of the B-mode images while preserving image edges that represent myocardial boundaries. Following this, we detect the boundary of a particular region of interest (ROI) using a thresholding step. The positional changes of this ROI are then observed for quiescent phases over multiple cardiac cycles using the ECG's R-R interval. In a pilot study, seven subjects were imaged in the apical, four-chamber view, and quiescence of the interventricular septum was primarily observed in the diastolic region of the ECG signal. However, the position and length of quiescence vary across multiple heartbeats for the same individual and for different individuals as well. The center of quiescence for the seven patients ranged from 51 to 84 % and did not show a trend with heart rates, which ranged from 54 to 83 beats per minute. The gating intervals based on such analysis of echocardiographic signals could potentially optimize cardiac CT gating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA, lakshminarayan.r@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lakshminarayan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ravichandran
authors.forename: Carson A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Srini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tridandapani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D055424:Cardiac-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult