title: A qualitative exploration of attitudes towards alcohol, and the role of parents and peers of two alcohol-attitude-based segments of the adolescent population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An earlier study using social marketing and audience segmentation distinguished five segments of Dutch adolescents aged 12-18 years based on their attitudes towards alcohol. The present, qualitative study focuses on two of these five segments ('ordinaries' and 'ordinary sobers') and explores the attitudes of these two segments towards alcohol, and the role of parents and peers in their alcohol use in more detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  This qualitative study was conducted in the province of North-Brabant, the Netherlands. With a 28-item questionnaire, segments of adolescents were identified. From the ordinaries and ordinary sobers who were willing to participate in a focus group, 55 adolescents (30 ordinaries and 25 ordinary sobers) were selected and invited to participate. Finally, six focus groups were conducted with 12-17 year olds, i.e., three interviews with 17 ordinaries and three interviews with 20 ordinary sobers at three different high schools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ordinaries thought that drinking alcohol was fun and relaxing. Curiosity was an important factor in starting to drink alcohol. Peer pressure played a role, e.g., it was difficult not to drink when peers were drinking. Most parents advised their child to drink a small amount only. The attitude of ordinary sobers towards alcohol was that drinking alcohol was stupid; moreover, they did not feel the need to drink. Most parents set strict rules and prohibited the use of alcohol before the age of 16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qualitative insight into the attitudes towards alcohol and the role played by parents and peers, revealed differences between ordinaries and ordinary sobers. Based on these differences and on health education theories, starting points for the development of interventions, for both parents and adolescents, are formulated. Important starting points for interventions targeting ordinaries are reducing perceived peer pressure and learning to make one's own choices. For the ordinary sobers, an important starting point includes enabling them to express to others that they do not feel the need to drink alcohol. Starting points for parents include setting strict rules, restricting alcohol availability at home and monitoring their child's alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Tranzo Department, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands. m.janssen4@tilburguniversity.edu.
authors.forename: Meriam M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Jolanda J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mathijssen
authors.forename: Marja J H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Bon-Martens
authors.forename: Hans A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Oers
authors.forename: Henk F L
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Garretsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D010379:Peer Group; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires