title: Multiscale patterning of a biomimetic scaffold integrated with composite microspheres.
abstract: The ideal scaffold for regenerative medicine should concurrently mimic the structure of the original tissue from the nano- up to the macroscale and recapitulate the biochemical composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in space and time. In this study, a multiscale approach is followed to selectively integrate different types of nanostructured composite microspheres loaded with reporter proteins, in a multi-compartment collagen scaffold. Through the preservation of the structural cues of the functionalized collagen scaffold at the nano- and microscale, its macroscopic features (pore size, porosity, and swelling) are not altered. Additionally, the spatial confinement of the microspheres allows the release of the reporter proteins in each of the layers of the scaffold. Finally, the staged and zero-order release kinetics enables the temporal biochemical patterning of the scaffold. The versatile manufacturing of each component of the scaffold results in the ability to customize it to better mimic the architecture and composition of the tissues and biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Bioceramics and Bio-hybrid composites, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council of Italy (ISTEC-CNR), via Granarolo 64, 48018, Faenza, RA, Italy; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minardi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.forename: Jonathan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Iman K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.forename: Xeuwu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Bradley K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tampieri
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tasciotti
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D032701:Biomimetics; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008863:Microspheres; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D016062:Porosity; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D012825:Silicon
keywords: PLGA; biomimetics; controlled release; silicon; tissue engineering