title: The evolution of our molecular understanding of colorectal cancer: what we are doing now, what the future holds, and how tumor profiling is just the beginning.
abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been extensively molecularly characterized in recent years. In addition to the understanding of biologic hallmarks of the disease, the ultimate goal of these studies was to provide tools that could allow us to differentiate subgroups of CRC with prognostic and predictive implications. So far, subtype classification has been largely driven by well-described features: (1) defective mismatch repair resulting in higher mutation rate; (2) cellular proliferation along with chromosomal instability and copy number aberrations; and (3) an invasive stromal phenotype mainly driven by TGF-β linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies have outlined the complexity of CRC at the gene expression level, confirming how heterogeneous the disease is beyond currently validated parameters, namely KRAS, BRAF mutations and microsatellite instability. In fact, adopting an extended mutation profile upfront, which includes nonrecurrent KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA gene variants, likely improves outcomes. In this article, we review the current trends of translational research in CRC, summarize ongoing genomically driven clinical trials, and describe the challenges for defining a comprehensive, robust, and reproducible disease classification system that links molecular features to personalized medicine. We believe that identification of CRC subtypes based on integrative genomic analyses will provide a better guide for patient stratification and for rational design of drugs targeting specific pathways.
authors.affiliation: From the Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dienstmann
authors.affiliation: From the Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: From the Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Medical Oncology, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tabernero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D018579:Patient Selection; D010641:Phenotype; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor