title: Fluorescent labelling of the actin cytoskeleton in plants using a cameloid antibody.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Certain members of the Camelidae family produce a special type of antibody with only one heavy chain. The antigen binding domains are the smallest functional fragments of these heavy-chain only antibodies and as a consequence have been termed nanobodies. Discovery of these nanobodies has allowed the development of a number of therapeutic proteins and tools. In this study a class of nanobodies fused to fluorescent proteins (chromobodies), and therefore allowing antigen-binding and visualisation by fluorescence, have been used. Such chromobodies can be expressed in living cells and used as genetically encoded immunocytochemical markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here a modified version of the commercially available Actin-Chromobody® as a novel tool for visualising actin dynamics in tobacco leaf cells was tested. The actin-chromobody binds to actin in a specific manner. Treatment with latrunculin B, a drug which disrupts the actin cytoskeleton through inhibition of polymerisation results in loss of fluorescence after less than 30 min but this can be rapidly restored by washing out latrunculin B and thereby allowing the actin filaments to repolymerise. To test the effect of the actin-chromobody on actin dynamics and compare it to one of the conventional labelling probes, Lifeact, the effect of both probes on Golgi movement was studied as the motility of Golgi bodies is largely dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. With the actin-chromobody expressed in cells, Golgi body movement was slowed down but the manner of movement rather than speed was affected less than with Lifeact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The actin-chromobody technique presented in this study provides a novel option for in vivo labelling of the actin cytoskeleton in comparison to conventionally used probes that are based on actin binding proteins. The actin-chromobody is particularly beneficial to study actin dynamics in plant cells as it does label actin without impairing dynamic movement and polymerisation of the actin filaments.
authors.affiliation: Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rocchetti
authors.affiliation: Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.affiliation: Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kriechbaumer
keywords: Actin; Actin dynamics; Chromobody; Golgi body; Nanobody