title: Inhibitory effects of β-chamigrenal, isolated from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis, on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages [corrected].
abstract: Much is known about the bioactive properties of lignans from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. However, very little work has been done to determine the properties of sesquiterpenes in the fruits of S. chinensis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of new sesquiterpenes (β-chamigrenal, β-chamigrenic acid, α-ylangenol, and α-ylangenyl acetate) isolated from the fruits of S. chinensis and to explore their effect on macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Of these four sesquiterpenes, β-chamigrenal most significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages (47.21 ± 4.54 % and 51.61 ± 3.95 % at 50 µM, respectively). Molecularly, the inhibitory activity of β-chamigrenal on nitric oxide production was mediated by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity but not its expression. In the prostaglandin E2 synthesis pathway, β-chamigrenal prevented the upregulation of inducible microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Conversely, β-chamigrenal had no effect on the expression and enzyme activity of cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, the expression of early growth response factor-1, a key transcription factor of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression, was inhibited by β-chamigrenal. These results may suggest a possible anti-inflammatory activity of β-chamigrenal which has to be proven in in vivo experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Wuk
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ji
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Sik
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Tae
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032141:Schisandra / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C000596152:beta-chamigrenal; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D015232:Dinoprostone