title: The role of oxidative stress in the development of alcoholic liver disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol is the most accepted addictive substance worldwide and its consumption is related to multiple health, economic, and social problems. The liver is the organ in charge of ethanol metabolism and it is susceptible to alcohol's toxic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a detailed review of the role of oxidative stress in alcoholic liver disease and the mechanisms of damage involved, along with current information on the hepatoprotective effectiveness of the molecules that have been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the PubMed database was conducted using the following keywords oxidative stress, alcoholic liver damage, alcoholic cirrhosis, and antioxidants. There was no time limit for gathering all available information on the subject at hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the literature reviewed, oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver damage. Molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), formed during ethanol metabolism, structurally and functionally modify organic molecules. Consequently, biologic processes are altered and hepatocytes are sensitized to the action of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as to the action of endotoxins, activating signaling pathways such as those controlled by nuclear factor kappa B, extracellular signal regulated kinases, and mitogen activated protein kinase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of liver damage resulting from alcohol consumption. The molecules that have currently displayed a hepatoprotective effect in preclinical and clinical trials must be studied further so that their effectiveness can be confirmed and they can possibly be used as adjuvant treatments for this disease.
authors.affiliation: Adscrita al laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM), Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México D.F., México.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galicia-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Jefa del laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM), Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México D.F., México. Electronic address: gabgurey@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Reyes
mesh_terms: D005609:Free Radicals; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Alcoholism; Alcoholismo; Antioxidantes; Antioxidants; Cirrhosis; Cirrosis; Estrés oxidativo; Mexico; México; Oxidative stress