title: Scabies mites alter the skin microbiome and promote growth of opportunistic pathogens in a porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The resident skin microbiota plays an important role in restricting pathogenic bacteria, thereby protecting the host. Scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) are thought to promote bacterial infections by breaching the skin barrier and excreting molecules that inhibit host innate immune responses. Epidemiological studies in humans confirm increased incidence of impetigo, generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, secondary to the epidermal infestation with the parasitic mite. It is therefore possible that mite infestation could alter the healthy skin microbiota making way for the opportunistic pathogens. A longitudinal study to test this hypothesis in humans is near impossible due to ethical reasons. In a porcine model we generated scabies infestations closely resembling the disease manifestation in humans and investigated the scabies associated changes in the skin microbiota over the course of a mite infestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a 21 week trial, skin scrapings were collected from pigs infected with S. scabies var. suis and scabies-free control animals. A total of 96 skin scrapings were collected before, during infection and after acaricide treatment, and analyzed by bacterial 16S rDNA tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing. We found significant changes in the epidermal microbiota, in particular a dramatic increase in Staphylococcus correlating with the onset of mite infestation in animals challenged with scabies mites. This increase persisted beyond treatment from mite infection and healing of skin. Furthermore, the staphylococci population shifted from the commensal S. hominis on the healthy skin prior to scabies mite challenge to S. chromogenes, which is increasingly recognized as being pathogenic, coinciding with scabies infection in pigs. In contrast, all animals in the scabies-free cohort remained relatively free of Staphylococcus throughout the trial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first experimental in vivo evidence supporting previous assumptions that establishment of pathogens follow scabies infection. Our findings provide an explanation for a biologically important aspect of the disease pathogenesis. The methods developed from this pig trial will serve as a guide to analyze human clinical samples. Studies building on this will offer implications for development of novel intervention strategies against the mites and the secondary infections.
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Biology Department and Genetics and Computational Biology Department, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Pearl M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Swe
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Biology Department and Genetics and Computational Biology Department, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zakrzewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Biology Department and Genetics and Computational Biology Department, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, Biology Department and Genetics and Computational Biology Department, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D064307:Microbiota; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D012532:Scabies / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D013210:Staphylococcus; D013552:Swine