title: Intraoperative systemic lidocaine for pre-emptive analgesics in subtotal gastrectomy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pre-emptive intravenous lidocaine infusion is known to improve postoperative pain in abdominal surgery. We assessed the effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion in patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with patients undergoing subtotal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer divided into 2 groups: 1 group received intravenous lidocaine infusion preoperatively and throughout surgery, and the other received normal saline infusion (placebo). We assessed postoperative outcomes, including pain scores on a visual analogue scale (VAS), administration frequency of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and the amount of consumed fentanyl. Postoperative nausea and vomiting, length of hospital stay (LOS), time to return to regular diet and patient satisfaction at discharge were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 36 patients in our study. Demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. The VAS pain scores and administration frequency of PCA were significantly lower in the lidocaine group until 24 hours after surgery, and fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in this group until 12 hours postoperatively compared with the placebo group. The total amount of consumed fentanyl and the total administration frequency of PCA were significantly lower in the lidocaine than the control group. No significant differences were detected in terms of nausea and vomiting, return to regular diet, LOS and patient satisfaction, and there were no reported side-effects of lidocaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous lidocaine infusion reduces pain during the postoperative period after subtotal gastrectomy.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.affiliation: The Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Geun J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: The Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: The Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joong-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005743:Gastrectomy; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl