title: Effects of long-term low-level radiation exposure after the Chernobyl catastrophe on immunoglobulins in children residing in contaminated areas: prospective and cross-sectional studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After the Chernobyl nuclear incident in 1986, children in the Narodichesky region, located 80 km west of the Chernobyl Power Plant, were exposed to 137Cesium (137Cs). Little is known about the effects of chronic low-level radiation on humoral immune responses in children residing in contaminated areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  In four different approaches we investigated the effect of residential 137Cs exposure on immunoglobulins A, G, M, and specific immunoglobulin E in children. In a dynamic cohort (1993-1998) we included 617 children providing 2,407 repeated measurements; 421 and 523 children in two cross-sectional samples (1997-1998 and 2008-2010, respectively); and 25 participants in a small longitudinal cohort (1997-2010). All medical exams, blood collections, and analyses were conducted by the same team. We used mixed linear models to analyze repeated measurements in cohorts and general linear regression models for cross-sectional studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residential soil contamination in 2008 was highly correlated with the individual body burden of 137Cs. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations increased between 1993 and 1998. Children with higher 137Cs soil exposure had lower serum IgG levels, which, however, increased in the small cohort assessed between 1997 and 2010. Children within the fourth quintile of 137Cs soil exposure (266-310 kBq/m2) had higher IgM serum concentrations between 1993 and 1998 but these declined between 1997 and 2010. IgA remained stable with median 137Cs exposures related to higher IgA levels, which was corroborated in the cross-sectional study of 2008-2010. Specific IgE against indoor allergens was detected less often in children with higher 137Cs exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show radiation-related alterations of immunoglobulins which by themselves do not constitute adverse health effects. Further investigations are necessary to understand how these changes affect health status.
authors.forename: Daria M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Vitaliy Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Vdovenko
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health University of Memphis, 301 Robison Hall, Memphis 38152 TN, USA. karmaus1@memphis.edu.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karmaus
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kondrashova
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.forename: Oksana M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Litvinetz
authors.forename: Yevgenia I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Stepanova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D047852:Chernobyl Nuclear Accident; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014455:Ukraine
chemical_list: D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive