title: A cognitive perspective on health systems integration: results of a Canadian Delphi study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ongoing challenges to healthcare integration point toward the need to move beyond structural and process issues. While we know what needs to be done to achieve integrated care, there is little that informs us as to how. We need to understand how diverse organizations and professionals develop shared knowledge and beliefs - that is, we need to generate knowledge about normative integration. We present a cognitive perspective on integration, based on shared mental model theory, that may enhance our understanding and ability to measure and influence normative integration. The aim of this paper is to validate and improve the Mental Models of Integrated Care (MMIC) Framework, which outlines important knowledge and beliefs whose convergence or divergence across stakeholder groups may influence inter-professional and inter-organizational relations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a two-stage web-based modified Delphi process to test the MMIC Framework against expert opinion using a random sample of participants from Canada's National Symposium on Integrated Care. Respondents were asked to rate the framework's clarity, comprehensiveness, usefulness, and importance using seven-point ordinal scales. Spaces for open comments were provided. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the structured responses, while open comments were coded and categorized using thematic analysis. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used to examine cross-group agreement by level of integration experience, current workplace, and current role.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first round, 90 individuals responded (52% response rate), representing a wide range of professional roles and organization types from across the continuum of care. In the second round, 68 individuals responded (75.6% response rate). The quantitative and qualitative feedback from experts was used to revise the framework. The re-named "Integration Mindsets Framework" consists of a Strategy Mental Model and a Relationships Mental Model, comprising a total of nineteen content areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Integration Mindsets Framework draws the attention of researchers and practitioners to how various stakeholders think about and conceptualize integration. A cognitive approach to understanding and measuring normative integration complements dominant cultural approaches and allows for more fine-grained analyses. The framework can be used by managers and leaders to facilitate the interpretation, planning, implementation, management and evaluation of integration initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, Ontario M5T3M6, Canada. jenna.evans@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Jenna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: G Ross
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berta
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnsley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018511:Systems Integration; D055815:Young Adult