title: Preparation of NiFe₂O₄/graphene nanocomposite and its application as a modifier for the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and acetaminophen.
abstract: An effective electrochemical sensor for the rapid and simultaneous determination of tramadol and acetaminophen based on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with NiFe2O4/graphene nanoparticles was developed. The structures of the synthesized NiFe2O4/graphene nanocomposite and the electrode composition were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The peak currents of square wave voltammetry of tramadol and acetaminophen increased linearly with their concentration in the range of 0.01-9 μmol L(-1). The detection limit for their determination was found to be 0.0036 and 0.0030 μmol L(-1), respectively. The results show that the combination of graphene and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles causes a dramatic enhancement in the sensitivity of the sensor. The fabricated sensor exhibited high sensitivity and good stability, and would be valuable for the clinical assay of tramadol and acetaminophen.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Electronic address: afkhami@basu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afkhami
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khoshsafar
authors.affiliation: Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bagheri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Tayyebeh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madrakian
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000700:Analgesics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D014147:Tramadol / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C550717:nickel ferrite; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; D006108:Graphite; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Chemically modified carbon paste electrode; Electrochemical sensor; Graphene; Magnetic nanoparticles; Simultaneous determination of tramadol and acetaminophen