title: Desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry for the fast investigation of natural polysaccharide interactions with a model drug in controlled release systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of drug release involves gaining an understanding of the complex interaction networks among drug-excipients-matrix-biological fluids. Thus, novel analytical methods that will lead to a better understanding of these interaction networks are urgently required.
  
  
  METHODS
  Desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (DESI-HRMS) was used to evaluate the behaviour of four biocompatible polysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate, chitosan, sodium alginate and λ-carrageenan) in the release of atenolol (ATN) from drug tablets. An aqueous solution at three different pH values (pH 7.4, 4.5 and 1.2) was electrosprayed onto the tablets, allowing direct, fast, sensitive detection of atenolol as the protonated molecule in positive ion mode. Information about the desorption mechanism was obtained by analyzing the ATN [M+H](+) ion signal as a function of time. ATN-polymer interactions in the drug/polymer mixtures were also studied by Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance (HATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DESI-MS results revealed statistically different ATN desorption trends as a function of the polysaccharide investigated and the pH of the desorbing solution. Different release kinetics were ascribed to the drug-polymer interactions, and to the diffusion process of the drug through the hydrated polymer mesh. In particular, the alginate and λ-carrageenan matrices were able to sustain drug release from the tablet even for a highly soluble drug. The HATR results confirmed the presence of ATN-polymer interactions that, depending on the polymer-drug-solvent combination used, might affect ATN diffusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that DESI-MS has a potential role for the micro-environmental analysis of drug diffusion and surface distribution in polymeric matrices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elviri
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeRobertis
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldassarre
authors.forename: Ruggero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bettini
mesh_terms: D001262:Atenolol; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013607:Tablets; D001262:Atenolol