title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions to improve child pedestrian safety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pedestrian injuries represent a pediatric public health challenge. This systematic review/meta-analysis evaluated behavioral interventions to teach children pedestrian safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple strategies derived eligible manuscripts (published before April 1, 2013, randomized design, evaluated behavioral child pedestrian safety interventions). Screening 1,951 abstracts yielded 125 full-text retrievals. 25 were retained for data extraction, and 6 were later omitted due to insufficient data. In all, 19 articles reporting 25 studies were included. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral interventions generally improve children's pedestrian safety, both immediately after training and at follow-up several months later. Quality of the evidence was low to moderate. Available evidence suggested interventions targeting dash-out prevention, crossing at parked cars, and selecting safe routes across intersections were effective. Individualized/small-group training for children was the most effective training strategy based on available evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Behaviorally based interventions improve children's pedestrian safety. Efforts should continue to develop creative, cost-efficient, and effective interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho schwebel@uab.edu.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Schwebel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: Jiabin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: Hayley L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogar
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D000069636:Pedestrians; D012449:Safety
keywords: accidents and injuries; evidence-based practice; meta-analysis; prevention/control; public health; systematic review