title: Perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences across multiple ethnic groups in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences (PE) using validated measures of discrimination and a racially/ethnically diverse population-level sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from two population-level surveys (The National Latino and Asian American Survey and The National Survey of American Life), which were analyzed together using survey weights and stratification variables. The analytic sample (N=8990) consisted of Latino, Asian, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean adults living in the United States. Separate unadjusted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used, first to examine the crude bivariate relationship between perceived discrimination and PE, and second to examine the relationship adjusting for demographic variables. Adjusted logistic regression models were also used to examine the relationships between perceived discrimination and specific sub-types of PE (auditory and visual hallucinatory experiences, and delusional ideation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to individuals who did not report any discrimination, those who reported the highest levels of discrimination were significantly more likely to report both 12-month PE (Adjusted OR=4.590, p<0.001) and lifetime PE (adjusted OR=4.270, p<0.001). This held true for visual hallucinatory experiences (adjusted OR=3.745, p<0.001), auditory hallucinatory experiences (adjusted OR=5.649, p<0.001), and delusional ideation (adjusted OR=7.208, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived discrimination is associated with the increased probability of reporting psychotic experiences in a linear Fashion in the US general population.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. Electronic address: hyo2000@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1610, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: lhy2001@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Graduate Center and The City College of New York, North Academic Center Building, Room 8/125, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: dangling@ccny.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Deidre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Anglin
authors.affiliation: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. Electronic address: jed2147@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: DeVylder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001213:Asian / Q000523:psychology*; D001307:Auditory Perception; D017691:Caribbean Region / Q000208:ethnology; D003702:Delusions / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D063508:Social Discrimination; D012938:Social Perception; D014481:United States; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CPES; NLAAS; NSAL; Perceived discrimination; Psychotic experience; Sub-threshold psychosis