title: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid radiosensitizes tumor hypoxic cells in vitro through the oxidation of nitroxyl to nitric oxide.
abstract: The pharmacological effects of hydroxamic acids are partially attributed to their ability to serve as HNO and/or NO donors under oxidative stress. Previously, it was concluded that oxidation of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) by the metmyoglobin/H2O2 reaction system releases NO, which was based on spin trapping of NO and accumulation of nitrite. Reinvestigation of this system demonstrates the accumulation of N2O, which is a marker of HNO formation, at similar rates under normoxia and anoxia. In addition, the yields of nitrite that accumulated in the absence and the presence of O2 did not differ, implying that the source of nitrite is other than autoxidation of NO. In this system metmyoglobin is instantaneously and continuously converted into compound II, leading to one-electron oxidation of SAHA to its respective transient nitroxide radical. Studies using pulse radiolysis show that one-electron oxidation of SAHA (pKa=9.56 ± 0.04) yields the respective nitroxide radical (pKa=9.1 ± 0.2), which under all experimental conditions decomposes bimolecularly to yield HNO. The proposed mechanism suggests that compound I oxidizes SAHA to the respective nitroxide radical, which decomposes bimolecularly in competition with its oxidation by compound II to form HNO. Compound II also oxidizes HNO to NO and NO to nitrite. Given that NO, but not HNO, is an efficient hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, we hypothesized that under an oxidizing environment SAHA might act as a NO donor and radiosensitize hypoxic cells. Preincubation of A549 and HT29 cells with 2.5 μM SAHA for 24h resulted in a sensitizer enhancement ratio at 0.01 survival levels (SER0.01) of 1.33 and 1.59, respectively. Preincubation of A549 cells with oxidized SAHA had hardly any effect and, with 2mM valproic acid, which lacks the hydroxamate group, resulted in SER0.01=1.17. Preincubation of HT29 cells with SAHA and Tempol, which readily oxidizes HNO to NO, enhanced the radiosensitizing effect of SAHA. Pretreatment with SAHA blocked A549 cells at the G1 stage of the cell cycle and upregulated γ-H2AX after irradiation. Overall, we conclude that SAHA enhances tumor radioresponse by multiple mechanisms that might also involve its ability to serve as a NO donor under oxidizing environments.
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon 78278, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Samuni
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Murali C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. Electronic address: sara.goldstein1@mail.huji.ac.il.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008786:Metmyoglobin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013113:Spin Labels; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D013113:Spin Labels; D008786:Metmyoglobin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077337:Vorinostat; D014635:Valproic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C039900:nitroxyl; C001803:tempol
keywords: Free radicals; HNO; Kinetics; NO; Nitroxide; Pulse radiolysis; SAHA; Tempol; Valproic acid