title: Determinants of HIV counseling and testing uptake among individuals in long-term sexual relationships in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies show that HIV counseling and testing (HCT) can improve linkage to HIV prevention, care and treatment services. However, uptake of HCT among couples remains low in most settings. We investigated the determinants of HCT uptake among individuals in long-term relationships in two districts in Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was conducted among 787 (400 in Kampala and 387 in Soroti) individuals in long-term sexual relationships, aged 18-54 years, using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Cases were individuals who had ever tested for HIV (selected from health facility records and traced in the community for interview) while controls were individuals who had never tested for HIV, identified from the same community as the cases. Data were collected on sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics; entered into FoxPro and analyzed using STATA version 12.1. We performed multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) associated with prior HCT and couples' HCT uptake, controlling for suspected confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 787 participants, 522 had ever tested for HIV (cases) while 265 had never tested for HIV (controls). Compared to those that had never tested for HIV, those that had ever tested for HIV were significantly more likely to be females (Adj. OR=3.23, 95%CI: 2.27, 4.60), to be 25-29 years old (Adj. OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.32, 3.50), to report exposure to a couples' HCT promotional campaign (Adj. OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.30, 3.10) and to believe that HIV discordance is possible among married couples (Adj. OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.20, 2.63). Compared to individuals that had ever received individual HCT, those that had ever received couples' HCT were significantly more likely to report prior discussion of HIV testing with partner (Adj. OR=4.35, 95%CI: 2.61, 7.28) and to be residents of Soroti district (Adj. OR=6.01, 95%CI: 3.74, 9.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prior HCT was significantly associated with female gender and exposure to a couples' HCT promotional campaign while prior couples' HCT was significantly associated with prior discussion of HIV testing with partner. To increase HIV testing among couples, these findings suggest a need for HCT promotional campaigns that promote communication about HCT between partners.
authors.forename: Joseph K B
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Matovu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kabanda
authors.forename: John Baptist
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bwanika
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bwayo
authors.forename: Narathius
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asingwire
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kyaddondo
authors.affiliation: Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. jmatovu@musph.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003142:Communication; D003376:Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult