title: Low- and high-grade bladder cancer appraisal via serum-based proteomics approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address the shortcomings of urine cytology and cystoscopy for screening and grading of urinary bladder cancer (BC) we applied a serum-based proteomics approach as a surrogate tactic for rapid BC probing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was performed on 90 sera samples comprising of low-grade (LG, n=33) and high-grade (HG, n=32) BC, and healthy controls (HC, n=25). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) tactic was executed to describe serum proteome. MALDI-TOF-MS (MS) was used to identify the characteristics of aberrantly expressed proteins in 2DE and validated using Western blot (WB) and ELISA approach. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was also performed to determine the clinical usefulness of these proteins to discriminate among LG, HG and HC cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This comprehensive approach of 2DE, MS, WB and ELISA reveals five differentially expressed proteins. Among them two biomarkers (S100A8 and S100A9) were able to accurately (ROC, 0.946) distinguish 81% of BC (LG+HG) cases compared to HC with highest sensitivity and specificity. With a comparable tactic, two biomarkers (S100A8 and S100A4) were able to precisely (ROC, 0.941) discriminate 92% of LG cases from HG with utmost sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum proteomics probing appears to be an encouraging and least-invasive tactic for screening and grading of BC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Navneeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolomics, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: shankwar23@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Satya Narain
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sankhwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Abbas Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahdi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Serum proteomics; Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; Urinary bladder cancer