title: Low level deltamethrin resistance in ticks from cattle of Kerala, a south Indian state.
abstract: The deltamethrin resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus ticks collected from cattle of five organized farms of Kerala, south India was evaluated. Resistance was characterized using biological (larval packet test), biochemical (esterase enzyme activity assay) and molecular tools (PCR amplification and sequencing of deltamethrin resistance-associated genes). Characterization of field isolates revealed level I resistance in ticks collected from four out of five farms. Elevated level of α/β esterase activity was not recorded in isolates showing level I resistance. Previously reported point mutations in the carboxyl esterase (G1120A) and sodium channel (T2134A and C190A) genes were not observed in any of the field isolates. The present study showed a low level (level I) resistance is developed in the most economically important ticks infesting cattle of this state and it cautions the development of large scale resistance in future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jyothimol
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India. Electronic address: drreghuravi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juliet
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Ajithkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Vimalkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lenka
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP 243122, India.
authors.forename: Srikanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D004950:Esterases / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017354:Point Mutation; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000235:genetics*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D015222:Sodium Channels; C017180:decamethrin; D004950:Esterases
keywords: Deltamethrin; Kerala; Resistance; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus; South India