title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-based pain self-management intervention for patients undergoing total hip replacement: feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total hip replacement (THR) is a common elective surgical procedure and can be effective for reducing chronic pain. However, waiting times can be considerable. A pain self-management intervention may provide patients with skills to more effectively manage their pain and its impact during their wait for surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-based pain self-management course for patients undergoing THR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients listed for a THR at one orthopedic center were posted a study invitation pack. Participants were randomized to attend a pain self-management course plus standard care or standard care only. The lay-led course was delivered by Arthritis Care and consisted of two half-day sessions prior to surgery and one full-day session after surgery. Participants provided outcome and resource-use data using a diary and postal questionnaires prior to surgery and one month, three months and six months after surgery. Brief telephone interviews were conducted with non-participants to explore barriers to participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Invitations were sent to 385 eligible patients and 88 patients (23%) consented to participate. Interviews with 57 non-participants revealed the most common reasons for non-participation were views about the course and transport difficulties. Of the 43 patients randomized to the intervention group, 28 attended the pre-operative pain self-management sessions and 11 attended the post-operative sessions. Participant satisfaction with the course was high, and feedback highlighted that patients enjoyed the group format. Retention of participants was acceptable (83% of recruited patients completed follow-up) and questionnaire return rates were high (72% to 93%), with the exception of the pre-operative resource-use diary (35% return rate). Resource-use completion rates allowed for an economic evaluation from the health and social care payer perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the importance of feasibility work prior to a randomized controlled trial to assess recruitment methods and rates, barriers to participation, logistics of scheduling group-based interventions, acceptability of the intervention and piloting resource use questionnaires to improve data available for economic evaluations. This information is of value to researchers and funders in the design and commissioning of future research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN52305381.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK. v.wylde@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Vikki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wylde
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gooberman-Hill
mesh_terms: D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004739:England; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006126:Group Processes; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012107:Research Design; D012648:Self Care / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014850:Waiting Lists