title: Examination of the physical properties of Microcystis aeruginosa flocs produced on coagulation with metal salts.
abstract: Coagulation-flocculation (C-F) is a key barrier to cyanobacterial and algal cell infiltration in water treatment plants during seasonal blooms. However, the resultant cell floc properties, in terms of size, strength and density, which dominate under different coagulation conditions and govern cell removal, are not well understood. This paper investigated the floc properties produced during C-F of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, under low and high doses of aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride coagulants and at different pH values, so as to promote charge neutralisation (CN) and sweep flocculation (SF) dominant conditions (or a combination of these). It was demonstrated that application of ferric chloride produced larger flocs that resulted in higher cell removal during jar testing. These flocs were also larger than those observed for natural organic matter (NOM) and kaolin, suggesting a role of algogenic organic matter (AOM) as an inherent bioflocculant. Under SF conditions, stronger flocs were produced; however, these had lower capacity for size recovery after exposure to high shear. Analysis of particle size distribution demonstrated that large scale fragmentation followed by erosion dominated for CN while erosion dominated under SF conditions. Overall, marked differences were observed dependent on the coagulation regime imposed that have implications for improving robustness of cell removal by downstream separation processes. While the cyanobacterium, M. aeruginosa, appeared to share general floc characteristics commonly observed for NOM and kaolin flocs, there were distinct differences in terms of size and strength, which may be attributed to AOM.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Torres
authors.affiliation: UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.affiliation: UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stuetz
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. Electronic address: r.henderson@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005427:Flocculation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D046931:Microcystis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010316:Particle Size; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000534:Alum Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C041524:aluminum sulfate; C024555:ferric chloride
keywords: Algae; Coagulation; Cyanobacteria; Floc properties; Flocculation; Water treatment