title: Use of cortical stimulation in neuropathic pain, tinnitus, depression, and movement disorders.
abstract: Medical treatment must strike a balance between benefit and risk. As the field of neuromodulation develops, decreased invasiveness, in combination with maintenance of efficacy, has become a goal. We provide a review of the history of cortical stimulation from its origins to the current state. The first part discusses neuropathic pain and the nonpharmacological treatment options used. The second part covers transitions to tinnitus, believed by many to be another deafferentation disorder, its classification, and treatment. The third part focuses on major depression. The fourth section concludes with the discussion of the use of cortical stimulation in movement disorders. Each part discusses the development of the field, describes the current care protocols, and suggests future avenues for research needed to advance neuromodulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Fedor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panov
authors.forename: Brian Harris
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kopell
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000266:history*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000266:history*