title: Conditioned hearing sensitivity reduction in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
abstract: The conditioned change in hearing sensitivity during a warning sound preceding a loud sound was investigated in the bottlenose dolphin. Hearing sensitivity was measured using pip-train test stimuli and auditory evoked potential recording. When the test/warning stimulus with a frequency of 22.5 or 32 kHz preceded the loud sound with a frequency of 22.5 kHz and a sound pressure level of 165 dB re. 1 μPa rms, hearing thresholds before the loud sound increased relative to the baseline. The threshold increased up to 15 dB. In order to further investigate whether the observed threshold increase was due to conditioning, the dependence of the effect on warning duration and inter-trial interval was investigated. The duration of the warning substantially influenced the effect. Shorter warnings resulted in deeper suppression of responses and higher threshold increases than longer warnings. In contrast, the effect was nearly independent of the duration of the inter-trial interval, i.e. it was independent of the delay from the loud sound to the test/warning sound in the subsequent trial. These data are considered as evidence that the observed hearing threshold increases were not a result of the unconditioned effect of the loud sound and were instead a manifestation of a conditioned dampening of hearing when the bottlenose dolphin anticipated the quick appearance of a loud sound in the same way as previously demonstrated in the false killer whale.
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, PO Box 1106, Kailua, HI 96734, USA nachtiga@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander Ya
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Supin
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: AEP; Damping; Sensation control