title: Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardio-metabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort.
abstract: We investigated whether residential environment characteristics related to food (unhealthful/healthful food sources ratio), walkability and public open spaces (POS; number, median size, greenness and type) were associated with incidence of four cardio-metabolic risk factors (pre-diabetes/diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity) in a biomedical cohort (n=3205). Results revealed that the risk of developing pre-diabetes/diabetes was lower for participants in areas with larger POS and greater walkability. Incident abdominal obesity was positively associated with the unhealthful food environment index. No associations were found with hypertension or dyslipidaemia. Results provide new evidence for specific, prospective associations between the built environment and cardio-metabolic risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Internal Post Code CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; Research Centre of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada H4H 1R2. Electronic address: Catherine.paquet@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paquet
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Internal Post Code CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia. Electronic address: Neil.Coffee@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Neil T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Coffee
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Internal Post Code CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia. Electronic address: matt.haren@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Haren
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Internal Post Code CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia. Electronic address: Natasha.Howard@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Natasha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia. Electronic address: Robert.adams@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia. Electronic address: Anne.Taylor@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Internal Post Code CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne 3065, VIC, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia. Electronic address: mark.daniel@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D015331:Cohort Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants; D012307:Risk Factors; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Food environment; Longitudinal studies; Public open space; Residence characteristics; Walkability