title: Effects of different sonic activation protocols on debridement efficacy in teeth with single-rooted canals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of different EndoActivator® (EA) sonic activation protocols on root canal debridement efficacy were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Root canals in 48 single-rooted teeth were instrumented, irrigated initially with NaOCl and divided into 6 groups (N=8) based on the application time of QMix (antimicrobial calcium-chelating irrigant), and the time and sequence of EA irrigant activation - Positive Control: 90s QMix; Negative Control: 90s saline; Group 1A: 15s QMix+15s QMix with EA-activation; Group 1B: 30s QMix+30s of QMix with EA-activation; Group 2A: 15s QMix with EA-activation+15s QMix; Group 2B: 30s QMix with EA-activation+30s QMix. Split roots were examined with scanning electron microscopy for assignment of smear and debris scores in locations along the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the canals. The overall cleanliness of pooled canal locations in the Positive Control and the 4 experimental groups were compared with chi-square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were detected among the 5 groups (P<0.001). Post hoc pairwise comparisons indicated that the overall canal cleanliness was in the order (from best to worst): 1B=2B>2A>1A>Positive Control. Completely clean canals could not be achieved due to the absence of continuous irrigant flow for EA to clear intraradicular debris.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Irrespective of the sonic activation sequence, irrigant activation for 30s during a 60-s period of QMix application appears to maximise the smear layer and debris removal potential of the EndoActivator® system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonic activation of root canal irrigants produces cleaner root canals and reduces the time required for final delivery of a canal wall smear later-removing irrigant when compared to the use of needle irrigation alone.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Li-na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guo-hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bortoluzzi
authors.affiliation: Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: jhchen@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ji-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: ftay@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D001645:Biguanides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011108:Polymers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016369:Smear Layer / Q000473:pathology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D065096:Calcium Chelating Agents; D011108:Polymers; C557698:QMix root canal irrigant; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Cleanliness; Debris; Irrigants; Root canal; Smear layer; Sonic activation