title: Differential inductions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during wounding, salicylic acid treatment, and salinity stress in safflower, Carthamus tinctorius.
abstract: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) serves as a reference dicot for investigation of defence mechanisms in Asteraceae due to abundant secondary metabolites and high resistance/tolerance to environmental stresses. In plants, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways are considered as two central defence signalling cascades in stress conditions. Here, we describe the isolation of two major genes in these pathways, CtPAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and CtCHS (chalcone synthase) in safflower along with monitoring their expression profiles in different stress circumstances. The aa (amino acid) sequence of isolated region of CtPAL possesses the maximum identity up to 96% to its orthologue in Cynara scolymus, while that of CtCHS retains the highest identity to its orthologue in Callistephus chinensis up to 96%. Experiments for gene expression profiling of CtPAL and CtCHS were performed after the treatment of seedlings with 0.1 and 1 mM SA (salicylic acid), wounding and salinity stress. The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that both CtPAL and CtCHS genes are further responsive to higher concentration of SA with dissimilar patterns. Regarding wounding stress, CtPAL gets slightly induced upon injury at 3 hat (hours after treatment) (hat), whereas CtCHS gets greatly induced at 3 hat and levels off gradually afterward. Upon salinity stress, CtPAL displays a similar expression pattern by getting slightly induced at 3 hat, but CtCHS exhibits a biphasic expression profile with two prominent peaks at 3 and 24 hat. These results substantiate the involvement of phenylpropanoid and particularly flavonoid pathways in safflower during wounding and especially salinity stress.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P. O. Box: 76169-133, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehghan
authors.affiliation: *Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P. O. Box: 76169-133, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pöppel
authors.affiliation: †LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Winchesterstrasse 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: §AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakes-Harlan
authors.affiliation: *Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P. O. Box: 76169-133, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kavousi
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilcinskas
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahnamaeian
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D031187:Carthamus tinctorius / Q000201:enzymology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000502:physiology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; D020156:Salicylic Acid