title: The role of phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholic acid in inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phosphatidylcholine with deoxycholic acid (PC/DA) is widely used to reduce localized fat deposits with mild adverse effects. We previously demonstrated that PC induces lipolysis with mild PMN infiltration, while DA induces adipose tissue damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extend our understanding of the pro-inflammatory responses of PC, DA, and PC/DA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the level of edema and polymononuclear (PMN) infiltration by histopathological examination. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was analyzed using an MPO activity assay kit. Levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and PGE2 were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A low and high dose of PC failed to induce an inflammatory response, whereas DA led to an intense inflammatory response in a dose dependent manner. Combined PC/DA treatment resulted in a mild inflammatory response that was notably less severe than higher DA. Together, these results demonstrated that DA plays a role in inflammation caused by combined PC/DA. Histopathological examination and measurement of MPO activity indicated that DA was the primary cause of edema and PMN infiltration. Further, increased levels of cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and PGE2 demonstrated that DA might directly induce inflammation, whereas PC alone has no effect on inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that DA rather than PC is responsible for inflammation, and that PC may not aggravate inflammatory responses induced by DA. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the adverse effects of PC/DA during localized fat treatment may be solely due to DA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chung Hun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Tae
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Uy Dong
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eon Sub
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Chungpa-Dong 2-Ka, Yongsan-ku, Seoul 140-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhjeong3@cau.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Deoxycholic acid; Edema; Inflammation; PMN infiltration; Phosphatidylcholine