title: Measurement of total ultrasonic power using thermal expansion and change in buoyancy of an absorbing target.
abstract: The Radiation Force Balance (RFB) technique is well established and most widely used for the measurement of total ultrasonic power radiated by ultrasonic transducer. The technique is used as a primary standard for calibration of ultrasonic transducers with relatively fair uncertainty in the low power (below 1 W) regime. In this technique, uncertainty comparatively increases in the range of few watts wherein the effects such as thermal heating of the target, cavitations, and acoustic streaming dominate. In addition, error in the measurement of ultrasonic power is also caused due to movement of absorber at relatively high radiated force which occurs at high power level. In this article a new technique is proposed which does not measure the balance output during transducer energized state as done in RFB. It utilizes the change in buoyancy of the absorbing target due to local thermal heating. The linear thermal expansion of the target changes the apparent mass in water due to buoyancy change. This forms the basis for the measurement of ultrasonic power particularly in watts range. The proposed method comparatively reduces uncertainty caused by various ultrasonic effects that occur at high power such as overshoot due to momentum of target at higher radiated force. The functionality of the technique has been tested and compared with the existing internationally recommended RFB technique.
authors.affiliation: Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Vibration Standards and Electronics Instrumentation Cell, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Vibration Standards and Electronics Instrumentation Cell, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: Yudhisther
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Vibration Standards and Electronics Instrumentation Cell, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: Reeta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Vibration Standards and Electronics Instrumentation Cell, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: Anshul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Acoustics, Ultrasonics, Vibration Standards and Electronics Instrumentation Cell, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gohiya