title: The value of 3D and 4D assessments of the fetal heart.
abstract: The objective of this review was to demonstrate the main tools of three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography, using the spatiotemporal image correlation software and its respective applications for assessing the fetal heart and its vascular connections, along with its potential contribution towards screening for congenital heart diseases. Today, conventional, two-dimensional, echocardiography continues to be the gold standard for diagnosing congenital heart diseases. However, recent studies have demonstrated that spatiotemporal image correlation offers some advantages that boost two-dimensional accuracy in detecting congenital heart diseases, given that the fetal heart assessment can be completed in the absence of the patient (offline) and be discussed by different examiners. Additionally, data volumes can be sent for analysis in reference centers via internet links. Spatiotemporal image correlation also enables direct measurement of heart structures in rendering mode, such as the interventricular septum and the annulus of the atrioventricular valves. Furthermore, it enables assessment of cardiac function when used in association with the virtual organ computer-aided analysis software, thus making it possible to calculate the total systolic function, ejection fraction, and cardiac output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliam Cristine
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane Alves
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano Marcondes Machado
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nardozza
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Fernandes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Moron
keywords: congenital heart disease; echocardiography; fetus; screening; spatiotemporal image correlation; three- and four-dimensional ultrasound