title: Individualistic population responses of five frog species in two changing tropical environments over time.
abstract: Roughly 40% of amphibian species are in decline with habitat loss, disease, and climate change being the most cited threats. Heterogeneity of extrinsic (e.g. climate) and intrinsic (e.g. local adaptations) factors across a species' range should influence population response to climate change and other threats. Here we examine relative detectability changes for five direct-developing leaf litter frogs between 42-year sampling periods at one Lowland Tropical Forest site (51 m.a.s.l.) and one Premontane Wet Forest site (1100 m.a.s.l.) in southwest Costa Rica. We identify individualistic changes in relative detectability among populations between sampling periods at different elevations. Both common and rare species showed site-specific declines, and no species exhibited significant declines at both sites. Detection changes are correlated with changes in temperature, dry season rainfall, and leaf litter depth since 1969. Our study species share Least Concern conservation status, life history traits, and close phylogenetic relationship, yet their populations changed individualistically both within and among species. These results counter current views of the uniformity or predictability of amphibian decline response and suggest additional complexity for conservation decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America; Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America.
authors.forename: Mason J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America; Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America.
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America; Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America; Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico United States of America.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poe
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willink
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolaños
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D057231:Climate Change; D003364:Costa Rica; D017753:Ecosystem; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves; D011153:Population; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014329:Tropical Climate