title: Identification of nuclear-enriched miRNAs during mouse granulopoiesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are coordinators of cellular differentiation, including granulopoiesis. Although differential expression of many miRNAs is associated with the maturation of granulocytes, analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs and their cellular localization across all stages of granulopoiesis, starting from hemopoietic stems cells, is not well characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed whole cell miRNA and mRNA expression during granulopoiesis using Taqman low-density and Affymetrix arrays respectively. We also performed nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation followed by Taqman low-density array and/or quantitative PCR to identify nuclear-enriched miRNAs in hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, promyelocytes, myelocytes, granulocytes and several hemopoietic cell lines. Anti-correlation between the expression of miRNA and target pairs was used to determine putative miRNA targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses of our array data revealed distinct clusters of differentially expressed miRNAs that are specific to promyelocytes and granulocytes. While the roles of many of these miRNAs in granulopoiesis are not currently known, anti-correlation of the expression of miRNA/mRNA target pairs identified a suite of novel target genes. Clusters of miRNAs (including members of the let-7 and miR-17-92 families) are downregulated in hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells, potentially allowing the expression of target genes known to facilitate stem cell proliferation and homeostasis. Additionally, four miRNAs (miR-709, miR-706, miR-690 and miR-467a*) were found to be enriched in the nucleus of myeloid cells and multiple hemopoietic cell lines compared to other miRNAs, which are predominantly cytoplasmic-enriched. Both miR-709 and miR-706 are nuclear-enriched throughout granulopoiesis and have putative binding sites of extensive complementarity downstream of pri-miRNAs. Nuclear enrichment of miR-467a* is specific to hemopoietic stem/progenitors and promyelocytes. These miRNAs are also nuclear-enriched in other hemopoietic cell lines, where nuclear sequestering may fine-tune the expression of cytoplasmic mRNA targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we have demonstrated differentially expressed miRNAs that have not previously been associated with hemopoietic differentiation and provided further evidence of regulated nuclear-enrichment of miRNAs. Further studies into miRNA function in granulocyte development may shed light on fundamental aspects of regulatory RNA biology and the role of nuclear miRNAs.
authors.forename: Justin J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Dadi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Anupma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Taft
authors.forename: John E J
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rasko
authors.affiliation: Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia. jeffh@centenary.org.au.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D042381:Granulocyte Precursor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006410:Hematopoiesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006412:Hematopoietic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger