title: Size does matter--age-related weight estimation in "tall n' thin" and "tiny n' thick" children and a new habitus-adapted alternative to the EPLS-formula.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Weight in kilograms is a required parameter in the emergency medical care of children. In emergent situations, obtaining an accurate weight is often not possible. In such situations, weight can be estimated by using an age-dependent formula such as the EPLS-formula (age in years+4)×2. As recently recognized for emergency tapes, the habitus of the child has a major influence on weight estimation. In this study, the performance of various age-dependent formulas is to be investigated, with special regard to children demonstrating non-normal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The performance of various formulas for weight estimation in children growing along the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile is investigated based on a mathematical model compared to the WHO and CDC reference percentiles using ICC and Bland-Altman methods. Additionally, a new formula for children demonstrating non-normal growth is derived by regression analysis and tested: f×age in years+6 with the factor f being 2 for "tall n' thin", 3 for normal and 4 for "tiny n' thick" children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All previously published formulas lack precision when applied to children outside the 50th percentile. The new habitus-adapted formula shows a better performance for children growing along the 5th or 95th percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new formula provides enhanced precision in weight estimation and can help in reducing, e.g. drug dosing errors. It should be used for weight estimation in children demonstrating non-normal weight development and in situations when superior methods such as weighing or habitus-adapted emergency tapes are not applicable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Germany. Electronic address: christian.erker@sfh-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Erker
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moellmann
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D004638:Emergency Treatment; D006801:Humans; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis
keywords: Anthropometry; Body weight; Body weight and measures; Development; Emergency treatment; Growth