title: Effector-triggered defence against apoplastic fungal pathogens.
abstract: R gene-mediated host resistance against apoplastic fungal pathogens is not adequately explained by the terms pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Therefore, it is proposed that this type of resistance is termed 'effector-triggered defence' (ETD). Unlike PTI and ETI, ETD is mediated by R genes encoding cell surface-localised receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that engage the receptor-like kinase SOBIR1. In contrast to this extracellular recognition, ETI is initiated by intracellular detection of pathogen effectors. ETI is usually associated with fast, hypersensitive host cell death, whereas ETD often triggers host cell death only after an elapsed period of endophytic pathogen growth. In this opinion, we focus on ETD responses against foliar fungal pathogens of crops.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
authors.forename: Henrik U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Stotz
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
authors.forename: Georgia K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Mitrousia
authors.affiliation: Wageningen University and Research Centre, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pierre J G M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK. Electronic address: b.fitt@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Bruce D L
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Fitt
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D005658:Fungi / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: R gene-mediated resistance; apoplastic fungal pathogens; cell wall; extracellular matrix; receptor-like protein