title: Phylloquinone concentrations and the risk of vascular calcification in healthy women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of plasma phylloquinone concentrations with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and vascular calcification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a prospective cohort of 508 postmenopausal women, plasma phylloquinone concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Calcification was measured in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, mitral valve, and thoracic aorta by multidetector computed tomography. To combine these calcification scores, we dichotomized each of the 4 areas into present or absent. Because of the continuous measurement of CAC, we categorized this as calcification present if Agatston score was >0, and calcification score was calculated as the sum of the calcified areas. Multivariate-adjusted prevalence ratios and odds ratios were estimated using Poisson regression and multinomial logistic regression. After 8.5 years of follow-up, 22% of the women had no calcification, whereas 5% had calcification in all measured areas. Detectable phylloquinone concentrations were associated with increased CAC compared with nondetectable phylloquinone concentrations with a prevalence ratio of 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.77). When dividing women with detectable phylloquinone concentrations into low detectable (>0-0.70 nmol/L) and moderate to high detectable (>0.70 nmol/L) phylloquinone concentrations versus nondetectable phylloquinone concentrations, both were associated with increased CAC with a prevalence ratio of 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.76) and 1.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.81), respectively. Detectable phylloquinone concentrations were not associated with the number of calcified areas with an odds ratio(no versus ≥ 3 areas calcifications) of 1.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.65-3.99; P=0.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detectable phylloquinone concentrations are not associated with reduced vascular calcification but seemed to be associated with an increased prevalence of CAC.
authors.affiliation: From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G.W.D., Y.T.v.d.S., J.W.J.B.) and Department of Radiology (P.A.d.J.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (S.L.B.). G.W.Dalmeijer@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Geertje W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Dalmeijer
authors.affiliation: From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G.W.D., Y.T.v.d.S., J.W.J.B.) and Department of Radiology (P.A.d.J.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (S.L.B.).
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.affiliation: From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G.W.D., Y.T.v.d.S., J.W.J.B.) and Department of Radiology (P.A.d.J.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (S.L.B.).
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G.W.D., Y.T.v.d.S., J.W.J.B.) and Department of Radiology (P.A.d.J.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (S.L.B.).
authors.forename: Pim A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: From the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (G.W.D., Y.T.v.d.S., J.W.J.B.) and Department of Radiology (P.A.d.J.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center of Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (S.L.B.).
authors.forename: Joline W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Beulens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010837:Vitamin K 1
keywords: epidemiology; nutrition; phylloquinone; vascular calcification