title: Noninvasive assessment of the risk of tobacco abuse in oral mucosa using fluorescence spectroscopy: a clinical approach.
abstract: Tobacco abuse and alcoholism cause cancer, emphysema, and heart disease, which contribute to high death rates, globally. Society pays a significant cost for these habits whose first demonstration in many cases is in the oral cavity. Oral cavity disorders are highly curable if a screening procedure is available to diagnose them in the earliest stages. The aim of the study is to identify the severity of tobacco abuse, in oral cavity, as reflected by the emission from endogenous fluorophores and the chromophore hemoglobin. A group who had no tobacco habits and another with a history of tobacco abuse were included in this study. To compare the results with a pathological condition, a group of leukoplakia patients were also included. Emission from porphyrin and the spectral filtering modulation effect of hemoglobin were collected from different sites. Multivariate analysis strengthened the spectral features with a sensitivity of 60% to 100% and a specificity of 76% to 100% for the discrimination. Total hemoglobin and porphyrin levels of habitués and leukoplakia groups were comparable, indicating the alarming situation about the risk of tobacco abuse. Results prove that fluorescence spectroscopy along with multivariate analysis is an effective noninvasive tool for the early diagnosis of pathological changes due to tobacco abuse.
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, IndiabMar Ivanios College, Department of Physics, Thiruvananthapuram 695 01.
authors.forename: Shaiju S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Nazeer
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Rajashekharan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asish
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, IndiadGeneral Hospital, Kerala Health Services, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Chandrashekharan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, IndiaeGovernment Dental College, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Kozhikkode 673 008, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Balan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anita
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, IndiafNational Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Department of.
authors.forename: Arun Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Biophotonics and Imaging Laboratory, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ramapurath S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Jayasree
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012907:Smoking; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins