title: The role of psychological factors in bipolar disorder: prospective relationships between cognitive style, coping style and symptom expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychological factors contribute to bipolar disorder illness course, representing targets for psychological intervention. Research to date has focused on bipolar I disorder, extrapolating results to bipolar II disorder. The current study addresses this discrepancy by exploring cognitive and coping styles in patients diagnosed with bipolar I or II disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from the Sydney-based Black Dog Institute. Diagnoses were derived via the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Baseline cognitive and coping style measures were completed, and mood symptoms assessed over a 6-month period. Clinician-rated mood status was assessed at follow-up to determine the predictive utility of cognitive and coping styles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The follow-up sample comprised 151 participants. Differential relationships between cognitive style, coping styles and mood symptoms emerged across the bipolar sub-types. Some key differences were that a broader set of negative cognitive styles were associated with bipolar II depression symptoms; while few relationships were observed between coping styles and bipolar II symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in cognitive and coping style relationships with symptom expression across bipolar I and II disorder may provide clinicians with fruitful guides for directing treatment interventions when relevant maladaptive styles are observed. Further exploration of differences in cognitive and coping styles in bipolar I and II disorder is warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Vijaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manicavasagar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept