title: Internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) activity generates endogenous carboxyl-terminal domains of Cx43 and is responsive to hypoxic conditions.
abstract: Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein in higher vertebrate organisms and has been shown to be involved in junctional and non-junctional functions. In addition to the expression of full-length Cx43, endogenously produced carboxyl-terminal segments of Cx43 have been described and have been suggested to be involved in manifold biological functions, such as hypoxic preconditioning and neuronal migration. Molecular aspects, however, behind the separate generation of carboxyl-terminal segments of Cx43 have remained elusive. Here we report on a mechanism that may play a key role in the separate production of these domains. First, stringent evidence derived from siRNA treatment and specific knockouts revealed significant loss of the low molecular weight fragments of Cx43. By applying a dicistronic vector strategy on transfected cell lines, we were able to identify putative IRES activity (nucleotides 442–637) in the coding region of Cx43, which resides upstream from the nucleotide sequence encoding the carboxyl terminus (nucleotides 637–1149). Functional responsiveness of the endogenous expression of Cx43 fragments to hypoxic/ischemic treatment was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models, which led to a significant increase of the fastest migrating form (20 kDa) under conditions of metabolic deprivation. By nano-MS spectrometry, we achieved stringent evidence of the identity of the 20-kDa segment as part of the carboxyl-terminal domain of full-length Cx43. Our data prove the existence of endogenously expressed carboxyl-terminal domains, which may serve as valuable tools for further translational application in ischemic disorders.
authors.forename: Mahboob
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ul-Hussain
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olk
authors.forename: Bodo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schoenebeck
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wasielewski
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prochnow
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galozzi
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoidl
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dermietzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D038621:Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; C580592:Gja1 protein, rat; D038621:Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid