title: Temporal variation in soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus and in controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To target gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by means of temporal variation in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of PAPP-A and sHLA-G blood levels in historical samples of 112 GDM and 112 controls, drawn at first trimester, and prospective study in 18 GDM and 105 controls collected in triplicate along the pregnancy. Six hundred and sixty-five samples were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gestational diabetes mellitus had significantly lower first-trimester PAPP-A concentrations than controls (2343±1519 versus 2996±1955 mU/mL, in retrospective brunch and 2490.57±1828.52 versus 3240.84±1930.69 mU/L in prospective one, P<0.001). First-trimester sHLA-G level was significantly lower in GDM than in controls (52.88±59.69 versus 66.81±50.14 ng/mL, P<0.001) and increased during gestation in diabetic women showing an opposite trend with respect to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAPP-A and sHLA-G are independent markers of GDM. Quantitative variations during pregnancy help to early unravel the onset of GDM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Fausta
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beneventi
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonetta
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavagnoli
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Badulli
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lovati
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garbin
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Genini
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Albertini
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tinelli
authors.forename: Miryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinetti
authors.forename: Arsenio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spinillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D059951:HLA-G Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood*; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A
keywords: Altered glucose metabolism; human pregnancy; predictive biomarkers