title: Natural rice rhizospheric microbes suppress rice blast infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The natural interactions between plant roots and their rhizospheric microbiome are vital to plant fitness, modulating both growth promotion and disease suppression. In rice (Oryza sativa), a globally important food crop, as much as 30% of yields are lost due to blast disease caused by fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Capitalizing on the abilities of naturally occurring rice soil bacteria to reduce M. oryzae infections could provide a sustainable solution to reduce the amount of crops lost to blast disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Naturally occurring root-associated rhizospheric bacteria were isolated from California field grown rice plants (M-104), eleven of which were taxonomically identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Bacterial isolates were tested for biocontrol activity against the devastating foliar rice fungal pathogen, M. oryzae pathovar 70-15. In vitro, a Pseudomonas isolate, EA105, displayed antibiosis through reducing appressoria formation by nearly 90% as well as directly inhibiting fungal growth by 76%. Although hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a volatile commonly produced by biocontrol pseudomonads, the activity of EA105 seems to be independent of its HCN production. During in planta experiments, EA105 reduced the number of blast lesions formed by 33% and Pantoea agglomerans isolate, EA106 by 46%. Our data also show both EA105 and EA106 trigger jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) response in rice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Out of 11 bacteria isolated from rice soil, pseudomonad EA105 most effectively inhibited the growth and appressoria formation of M. oryzae through a mechanism that is independent of cyanide production. In addition to direct antagonism, EA105 also appears to trigger ISR in rice plants through a mechanism that is dependent on JA and ET signaling, ultimately resulting in fewer blast lesions. The application of native bacteria as biocontrol agents in combination with current disease protection strategies could aid in global food security.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alff
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donofrio
authors.forename: Venkatesan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
authors.affiliation: Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, USA. hbais@udel.edu.
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bais
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000378:metabolism; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003486:Cyanides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds