title: Chemokine CXCL16 expression suppresses migration and invasiveness and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing evidence argues that soluble CXCL16 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro. However, the role of transmembrane or cellular CXCL16 in cancer remains relatively unknown. In this study, we determine the function of cellular CXCL16 as tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of cellular CXCL16 in breast cancer cell lines was determined at both RNA and protein levels. In vitro and in vivo studies that overexpressed or downregulated CXCL16 were conducted in breast cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report differential expression of cellular CXCL16 in breast cancer cell lines that was negatively correlated with cell invasiveness and migration. Overexpression of CXCL16 in MDA-MB-231 cells led to a decrease in cell invasion and migration and induced apoptosis of the cells; downregulation of CXCL16 in MCF-7 cells increased cell migration and invasiveness. Consistent with the in vitro data, CXCL16 overexpression inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cellular CXCL16 suppresses invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibits tumorigenesis in vivo. Targeting of cellular CXCL16 expression is a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors.forename: Yeying
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0598-6011
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
authors.forename: Fraser C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
authors.forename: Nianyong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016513:Mice, SCID; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C423727:CXCL16 protein, human; D000075743:Chemokine CXCL16; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D051116:Receptors, Scavenger