title: Autonomous exoskeleton reduces metabolic cost of human walking during load carriage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many soldiers are expected to carry heavy loads over extended distances, often resulting in physical and mental fatigue. In this study, the design and testing of an autonomous leg exoskeleton is presented. The aim of the device is to reduce the energetic cost of loaded walking. In addition, we present the Augmentation Factor, a general framework of exoskeletal performance that unifies our results with the varying abilities of previously developed exoskeletons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an autonomous battery powered exoskeleton that is capable of providing substantial levels of positive mechanical power to the ankle during the push-off region of stance phase. We measured the metabolic energy consumption of seven subjects walking on a level treadmill at 1.5 m/s, while wearing a 23 kg vest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the push-off portion of the stance phase, the exoskeleton applied positive mechanical power with an average across the gait cycle equal to 23 ± 2 W (11.5 W per ankle). Use of the autonomous leg exoskeleton significantly reduced the metabolic cost of walking by 36 ± 12 W, which was an improvement of 8 ± 3% (p = 0.025) relative to the control condition of not wearing the exoskeleton.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the design of leg exoskeletons, the results of this study highlight the importance of minimizing exoskeletal power dissipation and added limb mass, while providing substantial positive power during the walking gait cycle.
authors.forename: Luke M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.forename: Elliott J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.affiliation: MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. hherr@media.mit.edu.
authors.forename: Hugh M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult