title: Influence of nicotine and cotinine impregnation on the first step of periodontal regeneration: clot stabilization.
abstract: This study analyzes the clot stabilization on root surfaces of teeth impregnated with cotinine and nicotine and the influence of the scaling in the adhesion of blood components, observing the influence of new exposition to nicotine and/or cotinine after scaling. Fifteen human teeth extracted due to periodontal disease of non-smokers patients were selected and manually scaled. Four dentin blocks were obtained from each tooth (n = 60). Samples received blood application or reimpregnation with nicotine and/or cotinine, depending on the groups. Group 1: PBS immersion + root scaling + blood; group 2: nicotine + root scaling + blood; group 3: nicotine + root scaling + nicotine reapplication + blood; group 4: cotinine + root scaling + blood; group 5: cotinine + root scaling + cotinine reapplication+ blood; group 6: nicotine and cotinine + root scaling + nicotine and cotinine + blood. Samples were kept in 2 ml of each substance for 24 hours. Each group received a blood drop and was analyzed by SEM. The higher amount of blood components was present in teeth exposed to cotinine and the groups submitted to scaling and blood application in comparison with groups that received reapplication of toxic substances after scaling. The greater toxic effect on root dentin surface was after the exposure to nicotine and cotinine. Results suggest that periodontal healing may be delayed in smokers due to the direct inhibition of clot stabilization on the root surface when nicotine and cotinine are present concomitantly.
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, e-mail: shelonsouzap@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shelon Cristina Souza
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Semiology and Clinic, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Renato Manzolli
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Student, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Amaral
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Fontanari
authors.affiliation: Student, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavassim
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Araraquara Dental School UNESP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amauri Antiquera
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Postgraduation in Dentistry, CEUMA University, São Luis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Coelho
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bandéca
authors.affiliation: Professor, Program in Integrated Dental Sciences, University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alvaro Henrique
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Eduardo Cezar
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D003367:Cotinine / Q000633:toxicity*; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects; D005337:Fibrin / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D013357:Subgingival Curettage / Q000295:instrumentation; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000187:drug effects*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D005337:Fibrin; D003367:Cotinine