title: Assessing cerebrovascular autoregulation from critical closing pressure and resistance area product during upright posture in aging and hypertension.
abstract: Static cerebral autoregulation (sCA) is believed to be resistant to aging and hypertensive pathology. However, methods to characterize autoregulation commonly rely on beat-by-beat mean hemodynamic measures and do not consider within-beat pulse wave characteristics that are impacted by arterial stiffening. We examined the role of critical closing pressure (CrCP) and resistance area product (RAP), two measures derived from the pulse wave, across supine lying, sitting, and standing postures in young adults, normotensive older adults, and older adults with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension (N = 80). Traditional measures of sCA, using both intracranial and extracranial methods, indicated similar efficiency across all groups, but within-beat measures suggested different mechanisms of regulation. At rest, RAP was increased in hypertension compared with young adults (P < 0.001), but CrCP was similar. In contrast, the drop in CrCP was the primary regulator of change in cerebrovascular resistance upon adopting an upright posture. Both CrCP and RAP demonstrated group-by-posture interaction effects (P < 0.05), with older hypertensive adults exhibiting a rise in RAP that was absent in other groups. The posture-related swings in CrCP and RAP were related to changes in both the pulsatile and mean components of arterial pressure, independent of age, cardiac output, and carbon dioxide. Group-by-posture differences in pulse pressure were mediated in part by an attenuated heart rate response in older hypertensive adults (P = 0.002). Examination of pulsatile measures in young, elderly, and hypertensive adults identified unique differences in how cerebral blood flow is regulated in upright posture.
authors.affiliation: Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada adrobert@sri.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Edgell
authors.affiliation: Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hughson
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011187:Posture; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D016683:Supine Position; D018617:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Doppler ultrasound; carotid arteries; middle cerebral artery; pulse pressure