title: Is the timing of scent emission correlated with insect visitor activity and pollination in long-spurred Satyrium species?
abstract: Plants are expected to emit floral scent when their pollinators are most active. In the case of long-tubed flowers specialised for pollination by crepuscular or nocturnal moths, scent emissions would be expected to peak during dawn. Although this classic idea has existed for decades, it has rarely been tested quantitatively. We investigated the timing of flower visitation, pollination and floral scent emissions in six long-spurred Satyrium species (Orchidaceae). We observed multiple evening visits by pollinaria-bearing moths on flowers of all study species, but rarely any diurnal visits. The assemblages of moth pollinators differed among Satyrium species, even those that co-flowered, and the lengths of moth tongues and floral nectar spurs were strongly correlated, suggesting that the available moth pollinator fauna is partitioned by floral traits. Pollinarium removal occurred more frequently during the night than during the day in four of the six species. Scent emission, however, was only significantly higher at dusk than midday in two species. Analysis of floral volatiles using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry yielded 168 scent compounds, of which 112 were species-specific. The scent blends emitted by each species occupy discrete clusters in two-dimensional phenotype space, based on multivariate analysis. We conclude that these long-spurred Satyrium species are ecologically specialised for moth pollination, yet the timing of their scent emission is not closely correlated with moth pollination activity. Scent composition was also more variable than expected from a group of closely related plants sharing the same pollinator functional group. These findings reveal a need for greater understanding of mechanisms of scent production and their constraints, as well as the underlying reasons for divergent scent chemistry among closely related plants.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Niet
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D057048:Plant Nectar
keywords: Cape flora; floral volatile; hawkmoth; linalool; methyl nicotinate; ocimene; settling moth