title: A transgenic approach to study argininosuccinate synthetase gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) participates in urea, nitric oxide and arginine production. Besides transcriptional regulation, a post-transcriptional regulation affecting nuclear precursor RNA stability has been reported. To study whether such post-transcriptional regulation underlines particular temporal and spatial ASS expression, and to investigate how human ASS gene behaves in a mouse background, a transgenic mouse system using a modified bacterial artificial chromosome carrying the human ASS gene tagged with EGFP was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two lines of ASS-EGFP transgenic mice were generated: one with EGFP under transcriptional control similar to that of the endogenous ASS gene, another with EGFP under both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation as that of the endogenous ASS mRNA. EGFP expression in the liver, the organ for urea production, and in the intestine and kidney that are responsible for arginine biosynthesis, was examined. Organs taken from embryos E14.5 stage to young adult were examined under a fluorescence microscope either directly or after cryosectioning. The levels of EGFP and endogenous mouse Ass mRNAs were also quantified by S1 nuclease mapping. EGFP fluorescence and EGFP mRNA levels in both the liver and kidney were found to increase progressively from embryonic stage toward birth. In contrast, EGFP expression in the intestine was higher in neonates and started to decline at about 3 weeks after birth. Comparison between the EGFP profiles of the two transgenic lines indicated the developmental and tissue-specific regulation was mainly controlled at the transcriptional level. The ASS transgene was of human origin. EGFP expression in the liver followed essentially the mouse Ass pattern as evidenced by zonation distribution of fluorescence and the level of EGFP mRNA at birth. However, in the small intestine, Ass mRNA level declined sharply at 3 week of age, and yet substantial EGFP mRNA was still detectable at this stage. Thus, the time course of EGFP expression in the transgenic mice resembled that of the human ASS gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that the transgenic mouse system reported here has the merit of sensitivity and direct visualization advantage, and is ideal for annotating temporal and spatial expression profiles and the regulation mode of the ASS gene.
authors.forename: Shih-Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shiue
authors.forename: Miao-Zeng
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology & Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan. su31659@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tsung-Sheng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001124:Argininosuccinate Synthase / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D014508:Urea; D001120:Arginine; D001124:Argininosuccinate Synthase