title: Blood lead concentration and thyroid function during pregnancy: results from the Yugoslavia Prospective Study of Environmental Lead Exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although maternal hypothyroidism increases the risk of adverse neonatal and obstetric outcomes as well as lower IQ in children, the environmental determinants of maternal thyroid dysfunction have yet to be fully explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine associations between mid-pregnancy blood lead (BPb) and concomitant measures of thyroid function among participants in the Yugoslavia Prospective Study of Environmental Lead Exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a population-based prospective study of two towns in Kosovo-one with high levels of environmental lead and one with low-women were recruited during the second trimester of pregnancy, at which time blood samples and questionnaire data were collected. We measured concentrations of BPb, free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in archived serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women from the unexposed town, women from the exposed town had lower mean FT4 (0.91 ± 0.17 vs. 1.03 ± 0.16 ng/dL), higher mean TPOAb (15.45 ± 33.08 vs. 5.12 ± 6.38 IU/mL), and higher mean BPb (20.00 ± 6.99 vs. 5.57 ± 2.01 μg/dL). No differences in TSH levels were found. After adjustment for potential confounders, for each natural log unit increase in BPb, FT4 decreased by 0.074 ng/dL (95% CI: -0.10, -0.046 ng/dL), and the odds ratio for testing positive to TPOAb was 2.41 (95% CI: 1.53, 3.82). We found no association between BPb and TSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged lead exposure may contribute to maternal thyroid dysfunction by stimulating autoimmunity to the thyroid gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, and.
authors.forename: Linda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rajovic
authors.forename: Dusan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Popovac
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oberfield
authors.forename: Joseph H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Graziano
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Factor-Litvak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D015022:Yugoslavia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C056626:thyroid microsomal antibodies; D007854:Lead; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine