title: The preventive effect of grape seed extract on artificial enamel caries progression in a microbial biofilm-induced caries model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on enamel caries lesion formation in an in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilm model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enamel fragments were prepared from bovine incisors and divided into six treatment groups (n=12): inoculated Brain Heart Infusion with 1% sucrose (BHIS), 1mg/mL GSE, 2mg/mL GSE, 3mg/mL GSE, 10ppm fluoride as NaF, and uninoculated BHIS. For biofilm formation, tooth fragments were incubated anaerobically in polystyrene 6-well tissue culture plates containing BHIS, the respective agents, and S. mutans (1×10(5)CFU/mL) for 24h at 37°C. Culture medium was replaced with fresh BHIS and respective agents daily over a 7-day period. Following caries lesion formation, lesion depth (LD) and relative optical density (ROD) were determined by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively, to evaluate lesion progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LDs of the 2mg/mL GSE group (122.86±13.41μm) and the 3mg/mL GSE group (111.92±11.39μm) were significantly smaller than those of the 1mg/mL GSE (198.33±17.70μm) and control groups (210.86±15.50μm) (p<0.05). Compared with the 2mg/mL and 3mg/mL groups, the control and 1mg/mL GSE groups showed significantly lower ROD values when depth was less than 200μm, indicating greater mineral loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dose-dependent GSE inhibits in vitro enamel caries formation due to its ability to suppress growth of S. mutans and the formation of bioﬁlm. CLINICAL SIGNIﬁCANCE: Grape seed extract may be a novel virulence-targeted natural antimicrobial agent for caries prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomotology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Karina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bedran-Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomotology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: chriswu@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization; D011897:Random Allocation; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D012969:Sodium Fluoride
keywords: Caries prevention; Enamel caries lesion; Grape seed extract; Microbial biofilm-induced caries model; Streptococcus mutans biofilm