title: Effects of sagittal endplate shape on lumbar segmental mobility as evaluated by kinetic magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective analysis using kinetic magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate relationships between vertebral endplate remodeling, Modic changes, disc degeneration, and lumbar segmental mobility.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that disc degeneration and vertebral endplate Modic changes are associated with differences in spinal motion, however, the effects of vertebral endplate morphology on lumbar segmental motion have not been fully investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 420 patients underwent kinetic magnetic resonance imaging of 2100 lumbar motion segments. Sagittal endplate shapes (concave, flat, irregular), Modic changes (types, 0-3), and disc degeneration (grade, I-V) were assessed along with translational and angular motion of vertebral segments in flexion, extension, and neutral positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common findings were concave endplate shape (63.24%), type 2 Modic change (71.79%), and grade II disc degeneration (40.33%). Flat, irregular endplates were more common at L1-L2, L4-L5, and L5-S1 than L2-L3 and L3-L4. Types 1, 2, and 3 Modic changes increased in frequency according to endplate shape: concave less than flat less than irregular. Type 0 was observed to decrease with the change of endplate shape from flat to concave to irregular. Vertebral levels with irregular endplates had more disc generation than those with flat; levels with flat endplates had significantly more disc degeneration than those with concave. Translational motion of the lumbar segment was greatest at levels with irregular endplates and decreased at those with flat and then concaves endplates. Angular motion was least at levels with irregular endplates and increased at levels with flat, then concave endplates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of pathogenic lumbar segmental motion is associated with remodeling of the sagittal endplate. Endplate remodeling may occur as an adaptation to restrain abnormal movement of the lumbar segment.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Spine Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California Spine Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Yermie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Monchai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruangchainikom
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000473:pathology; D007700:Kinetics; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult