title: Antiretroviral therapy effects on sources of cortical rhythms in HIV subjects: responders vs. mild responders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that 5months of combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) affect cortical sources of resting state cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms in naïve HIV subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eyes-closed resting state EEG data were recorded at baseline (i.e. pre-treatment; T0), T1 (after 4weeks of cART), T2 (after 8weeks of cART), and T5 (after 5months of cART) in 38 naïve HIV subjects. EEG data were also recorded in 40 age-matched cognitively normal subjects for control purposes. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2-4Hz), theta (4-8Hz), alpha 1 (8-10.5Hz), alpha 2 (10.5-13Hz), beta 1 (13-20Hz), and beta 2 (20-30Hz). Cortical EEG sources were estimated by LORETA software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, the HIV group at T0 showed greater delta sources and lower widespread alpha sources. cART induced a global improvement of biological (viral load, CD4 count) and EEG (delta, alpha) markers, remarkable even after 4weeks. Compared to HIV Responders (>100cells/μl at 5-month follow up), the HIV Mild Responders (<100cells/μl) showed greater parietal delta sources at baseline and lower occipital alpha sources at 5-month follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In naïve HIV subjects, 5months of successful cART affect brain synchronization mechanisms at the basis of the generation of delta and alpha rhythms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present EEG markers may be useful secondary neurophysiological end points for pharmacological clinical trials in naïve HIV subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: claudio.babiloni@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennica
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferracuti
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roma
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noce
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Percio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonacci
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Campli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianserra
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aceti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viscione
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience & Orthopedics, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rossini
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects*; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003700:Delta Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: Alpha; Brain rhythms; CD4 lymphocyte; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Low-resolution brain electromagnetic source tomography (LORETA); Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG)