title: Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments.
abstract: Cigarette smoking (CS) can impact the immune system and induce pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is currently the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accordingly, the most significant risk factor associated with COPD is exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of the present study is to provide an updated overview of the literature regarding the effect of CS on the immune system and lungs, the mechanism of CS-induced COPD and oxidative stress, as well as the available and potential treatment options for CS-induced COPD. An extensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed/Medline databases to review current COPD treatment research, available in the English language, dating from 1976 to 2014. Studies have investigated the mechanism by which CS elicits detrimental effects on the immune system and pulmonary function through the use of human and animal subjects. A strong relationship among continued tobacco use, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of COPD symptoms is frequently observed in COPD subjects. In addition, therapeutic approaches emphasizing smoking cessation have been developed, incorporating counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. However, the inability to reverse COPD progression establishes the need for improved preventative and therapeutic strategies, such as a combination of intensive smoking cessation treatment and pharmaceutical therapy, focusing on immune homeostasis and redox balance. CS initiates a complex interplay between oxidative stress and the immune response in COPD. Therefore, multiple approaches such as smoking cessation, counseling, and pharmaceutical therapies targeting inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended for COPD treatment.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; zuo.4@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio;
authors.forename: Georgianna G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Sergakis
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas;
authors.forename: Majid S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Koozehchian
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio;
authors.forename: Julia N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Stimpfl
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio;
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Sports Health & Performance Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio;
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Best
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000276:immunology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods
keywords: antioxidant; inflammation; reactive oxygen species; smoking cessation