title: FOXO transcription factors: their clinical significance and regulation.
abstract: Members of the class O of forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO) have important roles in metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. The activity of FOXOs is tightly regulated by posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation. Activation of cell survival pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/IKK or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates FOXOs at different sites which regulate FOXOs nuclear localization or degradation. FOXO transcription factors are upregulated in a number of cell types including hepatocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and cardiac myocytes. They are involved in a number of pathologic and physiologic processes that include proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation, cytokine expression, immunity, differentiation, and resistance to oxidative stress. These processes impact a number of clinical conditions such as carcinogenesis, diabetes, diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, host response, and wound healing. In this paper, we focus on the potential role of FOXOs in different disease models and the regulation of FOXOs by various stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China ; Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0296-3356
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Implantology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
authors.forename: Yanmin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4173-6765
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Dana T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Graves
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors