title: Effects of body mass index-related disorders on cognition: preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Well-known risk factors for cognitive impairment are also associated with obesity. Research has highlighted genetic risk factors for obesity, yet the relationship of those risk factors with cognitive impairment is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between cognition, hypertension, diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing, and obesity. Genetic risk factors of obesity were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 369 nondemented individuals aged 50 years or older from four community cohorts. Primary outcome measures included auditory verbal memory, as measured by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and executive functioning, as measured by the Color-Word Interference Test of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System battery. Apnea-hypopnea index indicators were determined during standard overnight polysomnography. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and linear regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor executive function and auditory verbal memory were linked to cardiovascular risk factors, but not directly to obesity. Genetic factors appeared to have a small but measureable association to obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A direct linkage between obesity and poor executive function and auditory verbal memory is difficult to discern, possibly because nonobese individuals may show cognitive impairment due to insulin resistance and the "metabolic syndrome".
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lazzeroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer Kaci
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Doina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kulick
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jauhtai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zeitzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Hara
keywords: BMI; diabetes; hypertension; obesity; sleep apnea; sleep-disordered breathing