title: New case of trichorinophalangeal syndrome-like phenotype with a de novo t(2;8)(p16.1;q23.3) translocation which does not disrupt the TRPS1 gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterised by distinctive craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. TRPS is generally associated with mutations in the TRPS1 gene at 8q23.3 or microdeletions of the 8q23.3-q24.11 region. However, three deletions affecting the same chromosome region and a familial translocation t(8;13) co-segregating with TRPS, which do not encompass or disrupt the TRPS1 gene, have been reported. A deregulated expression of TRPS1 has been hypothesised as cause of the TRPS phenotype of these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the clinical and molecular characterisation of a 57-year-old Caucasian woman carrying the t(2;8)(p16.1;q23.3) de novo balanced translocation. The proband presented with peculiar clinical features (severe craniofacial dysmorphism, alopecia universalis, severe scoliosis, mitral valve prolapse, mild mental impairment and normal growth parameters) that partially overlap with TRPS I. Mutational and array CGH analyses ruled out any genetic defect affecting TRPS1 or genomic alteration at the translocation breakpoint or elsewhere in the genome. Breakpoint mapping excluded disruption of TRPS1, and revealed that the chromosome 8q23.3 breakpoint was located within the IVS10 of the long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00536, at approximately 300 kb from the TRPS1 5' end. Conversely, the 2p16.1 breakpoint mapped within a LINE sequence, in a region that lacks transcriptional regulatory elements. As a result of the translocation, nucleotide base pair additions and deletions were detected at both breakpoint junction fragments, and an evolutionarily conserved VISTA enhancer element from 2p16.1 was relocated at approximately 325 kb from the TRPS1 promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the disruption of the genomic architecture of cis regulatory elements downstream the TRPS1 5' region, combined with the translocation of a novel enhancer element nearby TRPS1, might be the pathogenetic mechanism underpinning the proband's phenotype. The clinical and genetic characterisation of the present subject allowed us to make a genetic diagnosis in the context of a known syndrome, contributing to a better comprehension of the complex transcriptional regulation of TRPS1 and TRPS ethiopathogenesis.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bestetti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perotti
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castronovo
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabano
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Picinelli
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larizza
authors.forename: Angela Ida
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Pincelli
authors.affiliation: Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, via Ariosto 13, Italy. palma.finelli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Palma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finelli
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D056905:Chromosome Breakpoints; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2; D002898:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D019295:Computational Biology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006201:Hair Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D006226:Hand Deformities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D015826:Langer-Giedion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010641:Phenotype; D011859:Radiography; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C108387:TRPS1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors