title: Biodegradation of the X-ray contrast agent iopromide and the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ofloxacin by the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor in hospital wastewaters and identification of degradation products.
abstract: This paper describes the degradation of the X-ray contrast agent iopromide (IOP) and the antibiotic ofloxacin (OFLOX) by the white-rot-fungus Trametes versicolor. Batch studies in synthetic medium revealed that between 60 and 80% of IOP and OFLOX were removed when spiked at approximately 12 mg L(-1) and 10 mg L(-1), respectively. A significant number of transformation products (TPs) were identified for both pharmaceuticals, confirming their degradation. IOP TPs were attributed to two principal reactions: (i) sequential deiodination of the aromatic ring and (ii) N-dealkylation of the amide at the hydroxylated side chain of the molecule. On the other hand, OFLOX transformation products were attributed mainly to the oxidation, hydroxylation and cleavage of the piperazine ring. Experiments in 10 L-bioreactor with fungal biomass fluidized by air pulses operated in batch achieved high percentage of degradation of IOP and OFLOX when load with sterile (87% IOP, 98.5% OFLOX) and unsterile (65.4% IOP, 99% OFLOX) hospital wastewater (HWW) at their real concentration (μg L(-1) level). Some of the most relevant IOP and OFLOX TPs identified in synthetic medium were also detected in bioreactor samples. Acute toxicity tests indicated a reduction of the toxicity in the final culture broth from both experiments in synthetic medium and in batch bioreactor.
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Girona, Spain; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land and Water Division, Waite Road Gate 4, Urrbrae, 5064 Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz-Morato
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marco-Urrea
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Longrée
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarrà
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollender
authors.affiliation: Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vicent
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Girona, Spain. Electronic address: srodriguez@icra.cat.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Mozaz
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000378:metabolism*; D006761:Hospitals; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D055454:Trametes / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; D015242:Ofloxacin; D062065:Wastewater; C038192:iopromide
keywords: Bioreactor; Hospital wastewater; Pharmaceutical compounds; White-rot fungi