title: Tissue engineering in dentistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  of this review is to inform practitioners with the most updated information on tissue engineering and its potential applications in dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used "PUBMED" to find relevant literature written in English and published from the beginning of tissue engineering until today. A combination of keywords was used as the search terms e.g., "tissue engineering", "approaches", "strategies" "dentistry", "dental stem cells", "dentino-pulp complex", "guided tissue regeneration", "whole tooth", "TMJ", "condyle", "salivary glands", and "oral mucosa".
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstracts and full text articles were used to identify causes of craniofacial tissue loss, different approaches for craniofacial reconstructions, how the tissue engineering emerges, different strategies of tissue engineering, biomaterials employed for this purpose, the major attempts to engineer different dental structures, finally challenges and future of tissue engineering in dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only those articles that dealt with the tissue engineering in dentistry were selected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There have been a recent surge in guided tissue engineering methods to manage periodontal diseases beyond the traditional approaches. However, the predictable reconstruction of the innate organisation and function of whole teeth as well as their periodontal structures remains challenging. Despite some limited progress and minor successes, there remain distinct and important challenges in the development of reproducible and clinically safe approaches for oral tissue repair and regeneration. Clearly, there is a convincing body of evidence which confirms the need for this type of treatment, and public health data worldwide indicates a more than adequate patient resource. The future of these therapies involving more biological approaches and the use of dental tissue stem cells is promising and advancing. Also there may be a significant interest of their application and wider potential to treat disorders beyond the craniofacial region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the interests of the patients who could possibly be helped by applying stem cell-based therapies should be carefully assessed against current ethical concerns regarding the moral status of the early embryo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials, Operative and Aesthetic Department Biomaterials Division, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK. Electronic address: eabouneel@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Ensanya Ali
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Abou Neel
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, The Faculty of Pharmacy, NSW 2006 Sydney, Australia; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chrzanowski
authors.affiliation: UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK; Plymouth University Peninsula School of Medicine & Dentistry, Drake's Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK.
authors.forename: Vehid M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook, University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003813:Dentistry; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Bioengineered teeth; Biomimetic scaffolds; Dentine-pulp complex; Tissue engineering strategies