title: Fabricating low cost and high performance elastomer lenses using hanging droplets.
abstract: Existing methods for low cost lenses using parallel mold stamping and high temperature reflow requires complex engineering controls to produce high quality lenses. These manufacturing techniques rely on expensive equipment. In this paper, we propose a low cost (< $ 0.01 per pc) flexible moldless lens fabrication method based on curing a hanging transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer droplet on a curved substrate. Additional deposition of hanging droplets in the same manner led to a substantial increase in the lens curvature and concomitant decrease in the focal length of the PDMS lenses down to ~2 mm. The shortest focal length lenses were shown to collimate light from a bare light emitting diode (LED) and image microscopic structures down to around 4 µm with 160x magnification. Our hanging droplet lens fabrication technique heralds a new paradigm in the manufacture of low cost, high performance optical lenses for the masses. Using these lenses, we were able to transform an ordinary commercial smartphone camera into a low-cost digital dermascope (60x magnification) that can readily visualize microscopic structures on skin such as sweat pores.
authors.affiliation: Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australia National University, North Road, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia ; School of Physics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2035, Australia ; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australia National University, North Road, Canberra ACT 0200 Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Upadhya
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2035, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.affiliation: Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia ; Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia.
authors.forename: Tri Giang
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Phan
keywords: (110.0110) Imaging systems; (120.0120) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology; (180.0180) Microscopy; (220.4610) Optical fabrication