title: Biofeedback for treatment of awake and sleep bruxism in adults: systematic review protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bruxism is a disorder of jaw-muscle activity characterised by repetitive clenching or grinding of the teeth which results in discomfort and damage to dentition. The two clinical manifestations of the condition (sleep and awake bruxism) are thought to have unrelated aetiologies but are palliated using similar techniques. The lack of a definitive treatment has prompted renewed interest in biofeedback, a behaviour change method that uses electronic detection to provide a stimulus whenever bruxism occurs. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of research into biofeedback for bruxism; to assess the efficacy and acceptability of biofeedback therapy in management of awake bruxism and, separately, sleep bruxism in adults; and to compare findings between the two variants.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of published literature examining biofeedback as an intervention directed at controlling primary bruxism in adults. We will search electronic databases and the grey literature using a predefined search strategy to identify randomised and non-randomised studies, technical reports and patents. Searches will not be restricted by language or date and will be expanded through contact with authors and experts, and by following up reference lists and citations. Two authors, working independently, will conduct screening of search results, study selection, data extraction and quality assessment and a third will resolve any disagreements. The primary outcomes of acceptability and effectiveness will be assessed using only randomised studies, segregated by bruxism subtype. A meta-analysis of these data will be conducted only if pre-defined conditions for quality and heterogeneity are met, otherwise the data will be summarized in narrative form. Data from non-randomised studies will be used to augment a narrative synthesis of the state of technical developments and any safety-related issues. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42013006880.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofeedback is not new, but its place in the clinical management of bruxism remains unclear. New research, and the availability of miniaturized consumer-grade devices, makes a systematic review timely to guide treatment decisions and inform future research.
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilovar
authors.forename: Danaja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zolger
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castrillon
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Car
authors.affiliation: Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, 306 The Reynolds Building, St Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RP, UK. c.huckvale@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huckvale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods; D002012:Bruxism / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000628:therapy*; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome