title: Fruiting bodies of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum increase spore transport by Drosophila.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many microbial phenotypes are the product of cooperative interactions among cells, but their putative fitness benefits are often not well understood. In the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, unicellular amoebae aggregate when starved and form multicellular fruiting bodies in which stress-resistant spores are held aloft by dead stalk cells. Fruiting bodies are thought to be adaptations for dispersing spores to new feeding sites, but this has not been directly tested. Here we experimentally test whether fruiting bodies increase the rate at which spores are acquired by passing invertebrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drosophila melanogaster accumulate spores on their surfaces more quickly when exposed to intact fruiting bodies than when exposed to fruiting bodies physically disrupted to dislodge spore masses from stalks. Flies also ingest and excrete spores that still express a red fluorescent protein marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multicellular fruiting bodies created by D. discoideum increase the likelihood that invertebrates acquire spores that can then be transported to new feeding sites. These results thus support the long-hypothesized dispersal benefits of altruism in a model system for microbial cooperation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Washington University in St, Louis, St, Louis, MO 63130, USA. jeffsmith@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Queller
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Strassmann
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000502:physiology*; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology*; D033761:Spores, Protozoan / Q000502:physiology*