title: Cervical/thoracotomic/thoracoscopic approaches for H-type congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aim of this systematic review is to investigate the thoracic and cervical surgical approaches of H-type tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) according to the position of the fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for original studies on H-type TEF treatment published between 1977 and 2012. Manuscripts finally included were divided into open and thoracoscopic surgery groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen studies were selected for open surgery group, and most of them agree on the importance of pre-operative diagnosis of the fistula by preliminary tracheoscopy. Right cervicotomy was used in 70 cases (76.9%), left cervicotomy in 12 (13.2%), and thoracotomy only in 9 (9.9%). Five studies were included in thoracoscopic group (6 patients). Indications for the surgical approach (cervical vs thoracic) according to the position of the TEF were clearly described in 10 manuscripts, and all stated differences in surgical technique details. Complications and mortality rates were not statistically correlated to the different surgical approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence base in regard to the treatment of H-type fistula in children is poor and the skills and preferences of the surgeons guide the choice of the procedure. Surgical division of the fistula is curative, and the key to a successful repair is the pre-operatively identification of the level of the fistula with tracheoscopy. Right cervicotomy seems to be the approach of choice in the majority of case, with the thoracic approach appropriate only for fistulae opening below T2. Further well-designed prospective studies which take into account of selection and performance bias are strongly required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: parfil@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gentilino
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanini
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leva
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Cervicotomy; Thoracoscopy; Thoracotomy; Tracheo-esophageal fistula