title: Uridine prevents tamoxifen-induced liver lipid droplet accumulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tamoxifen, an agonist of estrogen receptor, is widely prescribed for the prevention and long-term treatment of breast cancer. A side effect of tamoxifen is fatty liver, which increases the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prevention of tamoxifen-induced fatty liver has the potential to improve the safety of long-term tamoxifen usage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uridine, a pyrimidine nucleoside with reported protective effects against drug-induced fatty liver, was co-administered with tamoxifen in C57BL/6J mice. Liver lipid levels were evaluated with lipid visualization using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scatting (CARS) microscopy, biochemical assay measurement of triacylglyceride (TAG), and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) measurement of membrane phospholipid. Blood TAG and cholesterol levels were measured. Mitochondrial respiration of primary hepatocytes in the presence of tamoxifen and/or uridine was evaluated by measuring oxygen consumption rate with an extracellular flux analyzer. Liver protein lysine acetylation profiles were evaluated with 1D and 2D Western blots. In addition, the relationship between endogenous uridine levels, fatty liver, and tamoxifen administration was evaluated in transgenic mice UPase1-/-and UPase1-TG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uridine co-administration prevented tamoxifen-induced liver lipid droplet accumulation in mice. The most prominent effect of uridine co-administration with tamoxifen was the stimulation of liver membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. Uridine had no protective effect against tamoxifen-induced impairment to mitochondrial respiration of primary hepatocytes or liver TAG and cholesterol export. Uridine had no effect on tamoxifen-induced changes to liver protein acetylation profile. Transgenic mice UPase1-/-with increased pyrimidine salvage activity were protected against tamoxifen-induced liver lipid droplet accumulation. In contrast, UPase1-TG mice with increased pyrimidine catabolism activity had intrinsic liver lipid droplet accumulation, which was aggravated following tamoxifen administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uridine co-administration was effective at preventing tamoxifen-induced liver lipid droplet accumulation. The ability of uridine to prevent tamoxifen-induced fatty liver appeared to depend on the pyrimidine salvage pathway, which promotes biosynthesis of membrane phospholipid.
authors.affiliation: Nevada Cancer Institute, One Breakthrough Way, Las Vegas, NV 89135, USA. thuc@uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Thuc T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Yasuyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urasaki
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizzorno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014529:Uridine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014543:Uridine Phosphorylase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D008055:Lipids; D020011:Protective Agents; D013629:Tamoxifen; D014543:Uridine Phosphorylase; D014529:Uridine