title: Effects of different swimming race constraints on turning movements.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different swimming race constraints on the evolution of turn parameters. One hundred and fifty-eight national and regional level 200-m (meters) male swimming performances were video-analyzed using the individualized-distance model in the Open Comunidad de Madrid tournament. Turn (p<.001, ES=0.36) and underwater distances (p<.001, ES=0.38) as well as turn velocity (p<.001, ES=0.69) significantly dropped throughout the race, although stroke velocity and underwater velocity were maintained in the last lap of the race (p>.05). Higher expertise swimmers obtained faster average velocities and longer distances in all the turn phases (p<.001, ES=0.59), except the approach distance. In addition, national level swimmers showed the ability to maintain most of the turn parameters throughout the race, which assisted them in improving average velocity at the end of races. Therefore, the variations in the turning movements of a swimming race were expertise-related and focused on optimizing average velocity. Turning skills should be included in the swimming race action plan.
authors.affiliation: Madrid Swimming Federation, C/ José Martinez Velasco, 3, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Technical University of Madrid, Health and Human Performance Department, C/ Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: santi.veiga@fmn.es.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Madrid, Health and Human Performance Department, C/ Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mallo
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Madrid, Health and Human Performance Department, C/ Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Archit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navandar
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Madrid, Health and Human Performance Department, C/ Martín Fierro, 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001132:Arm; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Kinematic analysis; Performance; Skill; Underwater