title: Immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial and antigen presenting cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous findings suggested that Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 is able to increase resistance of children to intestinal viral infections. However, the intestinal cells, cytokines and receptors involved in the immunoregulatory effect of this probiotic strain have not been fully characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We aimed to gain insight into the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory effect of the CRL1505 strain and therefore evaluated in vitro the crosstalk between L. rhamnosus CRL1505, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and antigen presenting cells (APCs) from swine Peyer's patches in order to deepen our knowledge about the mechanisms, through which this strain may help preventing viral diarrhoea episodes. L. rhamnosus CRL1505 was able to induce IFN-α and -β in IECs and improve the production of type I IFNs in response to poly(I:C) challenge independently of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 or TLR9 signalling. In addition, the CRL1505 strain induced mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α via TLR2 in IECs. Furthermore, the strain significantly increased surface molecules expression and cytokine production in intestinal APCs. The improved Th1 response induced by L. rhamnosus CRL1505 was triggered by TLR2 signalling and included augmented expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in APCs. IL-10 was also significantly up-regulated by CRL1505 in APCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was recently reviewed the emergence of TLR agonists as new ways to transform antiviral treatments by introducing panviral therapeutics with less adverse effects than IFN therapies. The use of L. rhamnosus CRL1505 as modulator of innate immunity and inductor of antiviral type I IFNs, IFN-γ, and regulatory IL-10 clearly offers the potential to overcome this challenge.
authors.affiliation: Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan. jcvillena@cerela.org.ar.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Villena
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.forename: Maria Guadalupe
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vizoso-Pinto
authors.forename: Yohsuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomosada
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aso
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salva
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000276:immunology*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic