title: Daytime and nighttime effects of brimonidine on IOP and aqueous humor dynamics in participants with ocular hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of brimonidine on daytime and nighttime intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor dynamics were evaluated in volunteers with ocular hypertension (OHT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty participants with OHT (58.6±1.7 years old, mean±SEM) were enrolled into this randomized, double-masked, cross-over study. For 6 weeks, participants self-administered 0.2% brimonidine or placebo 3 times daily. During daytime and nighttime visits, measurements included aqueous flow (Fa) by fluorophotometry, outflow facility (C) by tonography, episcleral venous pressure (Pev) by venomanometry, and seated and supine IOP by pneumatonometry. Uveoscleral outflow (U) was calculated mathematically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When treated with placebo, nighttime supine Pev (11.2±0.25 mm Hg) was higher (P<0.05) compared with daytime seated Pev (10.2±0.25 mm Hg), and Fa and U were significantly reduced at night. Brimonidine significantly lowered seated IOP at 9:00 AM and 11:00 AM, 9:00 PM and 11:00 PM and supine IOP at 9:00 AM and 11:00 AM. Brimonidine increased U at 9 AM and 11 AM (P<0.01) and had no effect on daytime and nighttime Fa, C, or Pev.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In subjects with OHT, brimonidine treatment for 6 weeks significantly reduces seated IOP during the day by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The lack of IOP effect at night can be explained by failure to overcome a normal nighttime reduction of uveoscleral outflow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Donna G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Neely
authors.forename: Carol B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Toris
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000502:physiology*; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects*; D063171:Corneal Pachymetry; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015590:Fluorophotometry; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014690:Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011810:Quinoxalines; D000068438:Brimonidine Tartrate