title: Software algorithm and hardware design for real-time implementation of new spectral estimator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time spectral analyzers can be difficult to implement for PC computer-based systems because of the potential for high computational cost, and algorithm complexity. In this work a new spectral estimator (NSE) is developed for real-time analysis, and compared with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data in the form of 216 fractionated atrial electrogram sequences were used as inputs. The sample rate for acquisition was 977 Hz, or approximately 1 millisecond between digital samples. Real-time NSE power spectra were generated for 16,384 consecutive data points. The same data sequences were used for spectral calculation using a radix-2 implementation of the DFT. The NSE algorithm was also developed for implementation as a real-time spectral analyzer electronic circuit board.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average interval for a single real-time spectral calculation in software was 3.29 μs for NSE versus 504.5 μs for DFT. Thus for real-time spectral analysis, the NSE algorithm is approximately 150× faster than the DFT. Over a 1 millisecond sampling period, the NSE algorithm had the capability to spectrally analyze a maximum of 303 data channels, while the DFT algorithm could only analyze a single channel. Moreover, for the 8 second sequences, the NSE spectral resolution in the 3-12 Hz range was 0.037 Hz while the DFT spectral resolution was only 0.122 Hz. The NSE was also found to be implementable as a standalone spectral analyzer board using approximately 26 integrated circuits at a cost of approximately $500. The software files used for analysis are included as a supplement, please see the Additional files 1 and 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NSE real-time algorithm has low computational cost and complexity, and is implementable in both software and hardware for 1 millisecond updates of multichannel spectra. The algorithm may be helpful to guide radiofrequency catheter ablation in real time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA. ciaccio@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ciaccio
authors.forename: Angelo B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Biviano
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software