title: Efficacy of adalimumab in young children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic uveitis: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a relatively common chronic disease of childhood, and is associated with persistent morbidity and extra-articular complications, one of the most common being uveitis. The introduction of biologic therapies, particularly those blocking the inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-α, provided a new treatment option for juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients who were refractory to standard therapy such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and/or methotrexate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first case was a 2-year-old girl with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and uveitis who failed to respond to treatment with anti-inflammatories, low-dose corticosteroids and methotrexate, and had growth retardation. Adalimumab 24 mg/m2 every 2 weeks and prednisone 0.5 mg/kg/day were added to methotrexate therapy; steroid tapering and withdrawal started after 1 month. After 2 months the patient showed good control of articular and ocular manifestations, and she remained in remission for 1 year, receiving adalimumab and methotrexate with no side effects, and showing significant improvement in growth. Case 2 was a 9-year-old boy with an 8-year history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and uveitis that initially responded to infliximab, but relapse occurred after 2 years off therapy. After switching to adalimumab, and adjusting doses of both adalimumab and methotrexate based on body surface area, the patient showed good response and corticosteroids were tapered and withdrawn after 6 months; the patient remained in remission taking adalimumab and methotrexate. The final case was a 5-year-old girl with juvenile idiopathic arthritis for whom adalimumab was added to methotrexate therapy after three flares of uveitis. The patient had two subsequent episodes of uveitis that responded well to local therapy, but was then free of both juvenile idiopathic arthritis and uveitis symptoms, allowing methotrexate and then adalimumab to be stopped; the patient remained in drug-free remission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report includes the first published case of the use of adalimumab in a child aged <3 years. Our clinical experience further supports the use of biologic therapy for the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and uveitis in children as young as two years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy. latorre_francesco@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattalini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teruzzi
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meini
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moramarco
authors.forename: Florenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iannone
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000842:Ankle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014605:Uveitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068879:Adalimumab