title: Factors influencing dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients in Lebanon and Jordan: results of the Dyslipidemia International Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Therefore, as part of the Dyslipidemia International Study (DYSIS), we have analyzed the prevalence of lipid abnormalities and risk factors for dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients in Lebanon and Jordan.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional, multicenter study enrolled 617 patients at 13 hospitals in Lebanon and Jordan. Patients were at least 45 years old and had been treated with statins for at least 3 months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine patient characteristics contributing to dyslipidemia during statin therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings indicated that 55.9% of statin-treated patients (mean age 60.3 years, 47% female) in Lebanon and Jordan did not achieve goal levels for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol which were dependent on Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) risk, and 70% of patients (76% men and 63.3% of women) were at very high cardiovascular risk. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals were not achieved in 67.2% of those with very high cardiovascular risk. The most commonly prescribed statin was atorvastatin (44.6%), followed by simvastatin (27.7%), rosuvastatin (21.2%), fluvastatin (3.3%), pravastatin (3%), and lovastatin (0.2%). Approximately half of the population was treated with a statin dose potency of 4, equaling 40 mg of simvastatin. In Lebanon and Jordan, the strongest independent associations with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol not at goal were current smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.96; 95% confidence [CI] 1.25-3.08), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.53; 95% CI 1.70-3.77), and ischemic heart disease (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.45-3.53), while alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03-0.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that many patients in Lebanon and Jordan experienced persistent dyslipidemia during statin treatment, supporting the notion that novel lipid-lowering strategies need to be developed. Also, social programs aimed at combating the extremely high rates of tobacco use and obesity in Lebanon and Jordan are critical for combating cardiovascular disease in these countries.
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Sami T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Azar
authors.affiliation: Istishari Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Hadi Abu
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hantash
authors.affiliation: St Joseph University Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jambart
authors.affiliation: Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: El-Zaheri
authors.affiliation: Notre Dame des Secours Hospital, Jbeil, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Rachoin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rachoin
authors.affiliation: MSD Levant, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalfoun
authors.affiliation: MSD Levant, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Layla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lahoud
authors.affiliation: Istishari Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Okkeh
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmakologie und präventive Medizin, Mahlow, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramlage
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brudi
authors.affiliation: Merck and Co, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Baishali M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ambegaonkar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008055:Lipids
keywords: cardiovascular disease; lipid abnormalities; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; statins