title: The antibiofilm activity of lingonberry flavonoids against oral pathogens is a case connected to residual complexity.
abstract: The antimicrobial activity of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) was evaluated against two oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Long-bed gel permeation chromatography (GPC; Sephadex LH-20) yielded purified flavonoids, with the most efficient minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against planktonic cells in the anthocyanin and procyanidin primary fractions against F. nucleatum (63-125 μg/ml) and in the procyanidin rich fraction against S. mutans (16-31 μg/ml). The purified flavonol glycosides and procyanidins inhibited biofilm formation of S. mutans (MICs 16-31 μg/ml), while the corresponding reference compounds showed no activity. Secondary GPC purification yielded flavonol glycosides devoid of antibiofilm activity in the 50% MeOH fraction, while elution with 70% acetone recovered a brownish material with activity against S. mutans biofilm (MIC 8 μg/ml). Even after HPLC-PDA, NMR, and MALDI-TOF analyses, the structural identity of this material remained unknown, while its color and analytical characteristics appear to be consistent with flavonoid oxidation products.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: Kaisu.Riihinen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Kaisu R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Riihinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: Zhen M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gödecke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lankin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: Guido F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA.
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D029801:Vaccinium vitis-idaea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids
keywords: (+)-Catechin (PubChem CID: 9064); (−)-Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); Cyanidin-3-galactoside (PubChem CID: 44256700); Cyanidin-3-glucopyranoside (PubChem CID: 185664); Dental caries; Flavonoids; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidin A1 (PubChem CID: 9872976); Proanthocyanidin A2 (PubChem CID: 124025); Proanthocyanidin B2 (PubChem CID: 122738); Quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside (PubChem CID: 5490064); Quercetin-3-glucopyranoside (PubChem CID: 5280804); Quercetin-3-rhamnoside (PubChem CID: 5280459); Streptococcus mutans; Vaccinium vitis-idaea