title: Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged Chinese women: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High levels of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are each associated with a favorable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. However, the relationship between CRF and obesity is still inconsistent across studies, and there has been no thorough exploration of the independent contribution of CRF to different CVD risk factors in Chinese women. This study investigated the relationship between CRF and CVD risk factors in 40-49 year old women in Beijing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 231 urban-dwelling asymptomatic 40-49 year old women. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured at rest. Cycle ergometer exercise tests were conducted to assess CRF as indicated by maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)). Participants were categorized into three CRF levels (low, moderate and high).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High CRF level was associated with significantly less BF%, lower PWV, and higher weekly physical activity compared with low and moderate CRF (P < 0.05). Compared to high CRF, the odds ratios for having ≥3 main CVD risk factors (overweight, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) in low and moderate CRF were 2.09 (95% CI: 1.48-2.94) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.29-2.62), respectively. The proportion of participants with clinical ST segment depression and prolonged QTC interval during cycle ergometer testing was significantly higher in women with low CRF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, Chinese middle-aged women demonstrated a moderate level of CRF. CRF was independently associated with CVD risk factors, including overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia, arterial stiffness, and abnormal ECG during exercise, with the least fit women exhibiting the highest number of CVD risk factors.
authors.forename: Wenfei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hooker
authors.forename: Yuliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Minhao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Sport Biochemistry Program, Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, No,48 Xinxi Road, Beijing, Haidian District 100084, P, R, China. bsujianmincao@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002681:China; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D050177:Overweight; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides