title: Immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Advances in the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor immunosurveillance have resulted in the recognition that tumors can evade immune destruction via the dysregulation of co-inhibitory or checkpoint signals. This has led to the development of a generation immunotherapeutic agents targeting the immune checkpoint pathway. Recent early phase studies of immune checkpoint modulators, such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC have reported promising results with prolonged clinical responses and tolerable toxicity. This article provides an overview of co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules that regulate the immune response to tumors, recent therapies that have been developed to exploit these interactions and the role of predictive biomarkers in treatment selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Raghav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.affiliation: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soong
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Chul
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brahmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: ross_soo@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Soo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors
keywords: CTLA-4; Immunotherapy; Ipilimumab; Nivolumab; Non-small cell lung cancer; PD-L1