title: Roads in India: safety and knowledge cross-sectional evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The World Health Organization estimates that more than 15% of the global burden of road traffic trauma is in India. We performed an image-based survey of 3 major roadways in New Delhi, India, to evaluate collision-prone vehicle and pedestrian behaviors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional survey design with photograph- and video-based data collection. The study was performed at 3 purposively sampled high traffic volume roadways in New Delhi, India. The authors reviewed preliminary photographs and came to a consensus pertaining to the definition and criteria for dangerous and collision-prone behaviors. Analysis was descriptive and was based on frequency data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11,214 subjects were evaluated. Eighty-six percent were vehicles (n = 9624), whereas the remaining 14% were pedestrians (n = 1572). In 99% of the frames, 1 or more predefined behavioral infraction was identified, with a total of 21% (n = 2392) of subjects committing these infractions. Specifically, 15% of all vehicles (n = 1468) and 59% of all pedestrians (n = 924) displayed a risk-taking infraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Road users in New Delhi, India, engage in unacceptably high rates of collision-prone behavior. There is a need for interventions that will improve the behaviors of road users.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and †Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mundi
authors.forename: Harman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Flores-Miranda
authors.forename: Nazar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Puthukudy
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petrisor
authors.forename: Emil H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Schemitsch
authors.forename: Mohit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhandari
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D010781:Photography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014741:Video Recording