title: A case of Penicillium marneffei infection involving the main tracheal structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penicillium marneffei is the only dimorphic member of the genus and is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause fatal systemic mycosis. Penicillium marneffei disseminates hematogenously to other locations. Penicillium marneffei infection most commonly involves the skin, lungs, and reticuloendothelial system, including the bone, bone marrow, joints, lymph nodes, pericardium, liver, and spleen. Involvement of the mesenteric and central nervous systems has also been reported. Infection involving the trachea has not been previously reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We herein report a previously healthy 28-year-old male farmer from Guangxi Province without HIV who became infected with P. marneffei. The infection primarily affected the trachea, resulting in structural damage to the cartilage, tracheal stenosis, and tracheal absence. The infection also involved the lungs and lymph nodes. After antifungal treatment and surgery, his symptoms, signs, and lung imaging findings showed significant improvement. This is the first such case report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Penicillium marneffei infection in normal hosts is characterized by an insidious onset, various clinical manifestations, and common misdiagnosis, leading to high mortality rates. Penicillium marneffei hematogenously disseminates throughout the whole body. This is the first reported case of P. marneffei infection involving the main trachea with subsequent structural damage to the tracheal cartilage, severe tracheostenosis, and tracheal absence.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China. jqzhang2002@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jianquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guangnan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xiaoning
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Jingmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Zhiyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Bai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009181:Mycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents