title: The challenge of producing skin test antigens with minimal resources suitable for human application against a neglected tropical disease; leprosy.
abstract: True incidence of leprosy and its impact on transmission will not be understood until a tool is available to measure pre-symptomatic infection. Diagnosis of leprosy disease is currently based on clinical symptoms, which on average take 3-10 years to manifest. The fact that incidence, as defined by new case detection, equates with prevalence, i.e., registered cases, suggests that the cycle of transmission has not been fully intercepted by implementation of multiple drug therapy. This is supported by a high incidence of childhood leprosy. Epidemiological screening for pre-symptomatic leprosy in large endemic populations is required to facilitate targeted chemoprophylactic interventions. Such a test must be sensitive, specific, simple to administer, cost-effective, and easy to interpret. The intradermal skin test method that measures cell-mediated immunity was explored as the best option. Prior knowledge on skin testing of healthy subjects and leprosy patients with whole or partially fractionated Mycobacterium leprae bacilli, such as Lepromin or the Rees' or Convit' antigens, has established an acceptable safety and potency profile of these antigens. These data, along with immunoreactivity data, laid the foundation for two new leprosy skin test antigens, MLSA-LAM (M. leprae soluble antigen devoid of mycobacterial lipoglycans, primarily lipoarabinomannan) and MLCwA (M. leprae cell wall antigens). In the absence of commercial interest, the challenge was to develop these antigens under current good manufacturing practices in an acceptable local pilot facility and submit an Investigational New Drug to the Food and Drug Administration to allow a first-in-human phase I clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Becky L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rivoire
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: TerLouw
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Groathouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D001135:Armadillos; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007918:Leprosy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000276:immunology; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012107:Research Design; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D015507:Drugs, Investigational