title: Iodine insufficiency in pregnant women from the State of São Paulo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The intake of adequate amounts of iodine during pregnancy is essential for the neurological development of the fetus. The aim of this study was to assess iodine nutrition status in pregnant women from the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in 191 pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women matched by age. We used the World Health Organization criteria to define sufficient iodine supply (median UIC: 150-249 µg/L among pregnant women, and 100-199 µg/L for non-pregnant women).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median UIC of the pregnant women studied was lower than the recommended value (median = 137.7 µg/L, 95% CI = 132.9 - 155.9), while non-pregnant women had UIC levels within the appropriate range (median = 190 μg/L; 95% IC = 159.3-200.1). UIC was below 150 µg/L in 57% of the pregnant women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a larger sample is needed to consolidate these findings, these results raise concerns about the adequacy of the iodine supply of pregnant women in Brazil, especially considering the new determinations of the Brazilian government, which have recently reduced the concentrations of iodine in table salt to 15-45 mg/kg of salt.
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina Maria Saueia
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Nutrição, Departamento de Clínica Médica, FMRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson Marliere
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Künzle Ribeiro
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.affiliation: Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Léa Maria Zanini
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Maciel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D007455:Iodine / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000652:urine*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; C006606:anti-thyroglobulin; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine