title: Immune dysfunction in bipolar disorder and suicide risk: is there an association between peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone and interleukin-1β?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between peripheral levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) with and without suicide risk (SR), and controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 young adults (40 controls, 40 subjects with BD without SR, and 40 subjects with BD with SR) were enrolled from a population-based study carried out in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. BD and SR were assessed through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 5.0), and peripheral markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of CRH were significantly lower both in subjects with BD without SR (p = 0.04) and subjects with BD with SR (p = 0.02) when compared to controls. However, levels of IL-1β were increased in subjects with BD with SR (p = 0.05) when compared to controls. Sociodemographic and clinical variables, current mood episode, and use of psychiatric medications were not associated with changes in these markers. No correlation was found between peripheral levels of CRH and IL-1β (p = 0.60) in the population or in the BD with SR group (p = 0.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that peripheral mechanisms linking stress hormones and the immune system might be critical patterns involved in suicidal behavior associated with BD.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Xênia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Monfrim
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazal
authors.forename: Pâmela B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: De Leon
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.forename: Luciano D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Oses
authors.forename: Ricardo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Diogo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghisleni
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spessato
authors.forename: Manuella P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kaster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
keywords: bipolar disorder; corticotropin releasing hormone; interleukin-1β; suicide risk