title: Occurrence of multi-antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from karstic hydrosystems.
abstract: Aquatic environments could play a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes by enabling antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred through wastewater inputs to connect with autochthonous bacteria. Consequently, drinking water could be a potential pathway to humans and animals for antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate occurrences of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from a karst, a vulnerable aquifer with frequent increases in water turbidity after rainfall events and run-offs. Water samples were collected throughout the system from the karstic springs to the drinking water tap during three non-turbid periods and two turbid events. E. coli densities in the springs were 10- to 1000-fold higher during the turbid events than during the non-turbid periods, indicating that, with increased turbidity, surface water had entered the karstic system and contaminated the spring water. However, no E. coli were isolated in the drinking water. In contrast, Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the drinking water only during turbid events, while the densities in the springs were from 10- to 100-fold higher than in the non-turbid periods. All the 580 Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained from the sampling periods were resistant (to between 1 and 10 antibiotics), with similar resistance patterns. Among all the Pseudomonas isolated throughout the drinking water production system, between 32% and 86% carried the major resistance pattern: ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefsulodin, and/or aztreonam, and/or sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim, and/or fosfomycin. Finally, 8 Pseudomonas spp. isolates, related to the Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens species, were isolated from the drinking water. Thus, Pseudomonas could be involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via drinking water during critical periods.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France; UMR 6143 Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE A, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France. Electronic address: angela.floresribeiro@etu.univ-rouen.fr.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flores Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Josselin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bodilis
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Sylvaine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buquet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feuilloley
authors.affiliation: UMR 6143 Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE A, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Microbiologie-Signaux et Environnement (LMSM), EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Place Emile Blondel, Bâtiment IRESE B, 2(ème) étage, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pawlak
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas spp.; Drinking water; Plasmid