title: Cephalopod culture: current status of main biological models and research priorities.
abstract: A recent revival in using cephalopods as experimental animals has rekindled interest in their biology and life cycles, information with direct applications also in the rapidly growing ornamental aquarium species trade and in commercial aquaculture production for human consumption. Cephalopods have high rates of growth and food conversion, which for aquaculture translates into short culture cycles, high ratios of production to biomass and high cost-effectiveness. However, at present, only small-scale culture is possible and only for a few species: the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopuses Octopus maya and O. vulgaris. These four species are the focus of this chapter, the aims of which are as follows: (1) to provide an overview of the culture requirements of cephalopods, (2) to highlight the physical and nutritional requirements at each phase of the life cycle regarded as essential for successful full-scale culture and (3) to identify current limitations and the topics on which further research is required. Knowledge of cephalopod culture methods is advanced, but commercialization is still constrained by the highly selective feeding habits of cephalopods and their requirement for large quantities of high-quality (preferably live) feed, particularly in the early stages of development. Future research should focus on problems related to the consistent production of viable numbers of juveniles, the resolution of which requires a better understanding of nutrition at all phases of the life cycle and better broodstock management, particularly regarding developments in genetic selection, control of reproduction and quality of eggs and offspring.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Studies, University of Parana (UFPR), Parana, Brazil. Electronic address: ericavidal2000@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Erica A G
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.affiliation: CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciencias do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade doAlgarve, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: International Fisheries Science Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Gleadall
authors.affiliation: Oceanographic Center of Vigo. Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Subida a Radio Faro, Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iglesias
authors.affiliation: UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7028, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France.
authors.forename: Noussithé
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koueta
authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segawa
authors.affiliation: Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bret
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grasse
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Studies, University of Parana (UFPR), Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Franco-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Albertin
authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caamal-Monsreal
authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Chimal
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edsinger-Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.affiliation: UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7028, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Pabic
authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Sanidade de Organismos Aquáticos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roumbedakis
authors.affiliation: Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D049830:Cephalopoda / Q000502:physiology*; D012106:Research
keywords: Aquaculture; Broodstock; Cephalopod; Digestive physiology; Embryonic development; Experimental model; Grow-out; Nutrition; Octopus maya; Octopus vulgaris; Paralarvae; Sepia officinalis; Sepioteuthis lessoniana; Water quality