title: Development of a multiplex and cost-effective genotype test toward more personalized medicine for the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel.
abstract: There has been a wide range of inter-individual variations in platelet responses to clopidogrel. The variations in response to clopidogrel can be driven by genetic polymorphisms involved in the pathway of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and the target receptor P2Y12. A set of genetic variants known for causing variations in clopidogrel responses was selected, which included CYP2C19*2, *3, *17, CYP2B6*4, *6, *9, CYP3A4*18, CYP3A5*3, MDR1 2677G>T/A, 3435C>T, and P2Y12 H2 (742T>C). The simultaneous detection of these 10 variants was developed by using a multiplex PCR and single-base extension (MSSE) methodology. The newly developed genotyping test was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing in the representative positive control samples and validated in an extended set of 100 healthy Korean subjects. Genotyping results from the developed MSSE exhibited a perfect concordance with the direct DNA sequencing data and all of variants tested in 100 healthy Korean subjects were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The present molecular diagnostic studies provide an accurate, convenient, and fast genotyping method for the detection of multiple variants. This would be helpful for researchers, as well as clinicians, to use genetic information toward more personalized medicine of clopidogrel and other antiplatelet drugs in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. yhsong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hye-Eun
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. 2sujun@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Su-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. televy98@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Eun-Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. eykim@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. hosuegi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ho-Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Pukyoung National University, Busan 608-737, Korea. yhsong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Young Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University, Busan 614-812, Korea. phshinjg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jae-Gook
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D057285:Precision Medicine; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D056910:Republic of Korea; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D013988:Ticlopidine