title: Naja naja karachiensis envenomation: biochemical parameters for cardiac, liver, and renal damage along with their neutralization by medicinal plants.
abstract: Naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of ALT (72 ± 4.70 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05), AST (157 ± 24.24 U/L, 0.1 > P > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dL, 0.05 > P > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dL, 0.01 > P > 0.001), CK-MB (21 ± 1.5 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), and LDH (2064 ± 15.98 U/L, P < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. However, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of significant release of ALT (86 ± 5.0 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), AST (251 ± 18.2 U/L, 0.01 > P > 0.001), urea (57.6 ± 3.84 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01), creatinine (2.1 ± 0.10 mg/dL, 0.02 > P > 0.01), CK-MB (77 ± 11.22 U/L, 0.05 > P > 0.02), and LDH (2562 ± 25.14 U/L, P ≪ 0.001). Among twenty-eight tested medicinal plant extracts, only Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem was found the best antivenom (P > 0.5) compared to the efficacy of standard antidote (ALT = 52.5 ± 3.51 U/L, AST = 69.5 ± 18.55 U/L, urea = 31.5 ± 0.50 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.08 ± 0.02 mg/dL, CK-MB = 09 ± 0.85 U/L, and LDH = 763 ± 6.01 U/L). Other plant extracts were proved less beneficial and partly neutralized the toxicities posed by cobra venom. However, it is essential in future to isolate and characterize bioactive compound(s) from Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem extract to overcome the complications of snake bite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Asad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5649-5768
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murtaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ubaid
authors.affiliation: Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR), 377, Nishtar Hospital, Multan 60000, Pakistan.
authors.lastname: Durr-e-Sabih
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ashif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajjad
authors.affiliation: Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR), 377, Nishtar Hospital, Multan 60000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rubada
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Roba-al-Safwa Pharmacy, Alsafwa Hospital 67, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Muzzmil
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sabiha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mehmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Izhar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017815:Elapidae; D006321:Heart; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011817:Rabbits; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts