title: The effect of continuous passive motion and sling exercise training on clinical and functional outcomes following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized active-controlled clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The parallel-group randomized active-controlled clinical study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two in-hospital range of motion (ROM) exercise programs following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Continuous passive motion (CPM) is frequently used to increase ROM and improve postoperative recovery despite little conclusive scientific evidence. In contrast, a new active sling-based ROM therapy requires the activation of the knee joint muscles and dynamic joint stabilization. It was hypothesized that higher demands on muscle strength and muscle coordination during sling exercise training (ST) might be advantageous for early recovery following TKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 125 patients undergoing primary TKA were assessed for eligibility. Thirty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive ST or CPM (control intervention) during hospital stay. Patients were assessed before TKA for baseline measurement (pretest), 1 day before discharge (posttest) and 3 months after TKA (follow-up). The passive knee flexion range of motion (pFL) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included active knee flexion range of motion, active and passive knee extension ROM, static postural control, physical activity, pain, length of hospital stay as well as clinical, functional and quality-of-life outcomes (SF-36, HSS and WOMAC scores). Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Differences between the groups were tested for significance by the unpaired Student's t test or an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline, weight, sex, age, pain and physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A between-group difference could be determined at posttest. The pFL was significantly higher by 6.0° (95% CI 0.9 to 11.2°; P = 0.022) in the ST group. No difference between groups in pFL was documented at follow-up. Furthermore, no significant differences could be observed for any secondary outcome measure at posttest and follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ST seems to have a clinically relevant beneficial short-term effect on pFL compared to CPM. The results support the implementation of ST in rehabilitation programs following TKA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapy, level 2b.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Doberaner Strasse 142, Rostock 18057, Germany. anett.mau@uni-rostock.de.
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mau-Moeller
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finze
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bruhn
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mittelmeier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive; D009043:Motor Activity; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome