title: Assessing the invariance of a culturally competent multi-lingual unmet needs survey for immigrant and Australian-born cancer patients: a Rasch analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the invariance of a culturally competent multi-lingual unmet needs survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among immigrants of Arabic-, Chinese- and Greek-speaking backgrounds, and Anglo-Australian-born controls, recruited through Cancer Registries (n = 591) and oncology clinics (n = 900). The survey included four subscales, with newly developed items addressing unmet need in culturally competent health information and patient support (CCHIPS), and items adapted from existing questionnaires addressing physical and daily living (PDL), sexuality (SEX) and survivorship (SURV) unmet need. The survey was translated into Arabic, Chinese and Greek. Rasch analysis was carried out on the four domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whilst many items were mistargeted to less prevalent areas of unmet need, causing substantial floor effects in person estimates, reliability indices were acceptable. The CCHIPS domain showed differential item functioning (DIF) for cultural background and language, and the PDL domain showed DIF for treatment phase and gender. The results for SEX and SURV domains were limited by floor effects and missing responses. All domains showed adequate fit to the model after DIF was resolved and a small number of items were deleted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study highlights the intricacies in designing a culturally competent survey that can be applied to culturally and linguistically diverse groups across different treatment contexts. Overall, the results demonstrate that this survey is somewhat invariant with respect to these factors. Future refinements are suggested to enhance the survey's cultural competence and general validity.
authors.affiliation: Pearson Psychometric Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Western Australia, M428, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia, joshua.mcgrane@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McGrane
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Butow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenbruch
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054521:Cultural Competency; D003469:Culture; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People