title: Aging with HIV: osteoporosis and fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteoporosis remains an important focus of contemporary research in HIV, with co-morbidities and mortality from non-AIDS illnesses now a major barrier to normal lifespan in many populations living with HIV. This review outlines the major recent advances in our understanding of osteoporosis and fractures in those living with HIV and identifies remaining gaps in our knowledge of this complex but increasingly important aspect of aging research in HIV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis and fractures are all more common in those living with HIV, with recent data pointing for the first time to causal links between low BMD and fractures in those with HIV. The natural history and pathogenesis of osteoporosis in HIV and the epidemiology of fractures in this vulnerable population differ considerably from the general population, with both disease-related and treatment-related factors both contributing to its development through alterations in bone turnover and defects in bone architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only through a greater understanding of the pathogenesis can appropriate screening and preventive measures be taken in people living with HIV to preserve bone health as they age.
authors.affiliation: aHIV Molecular Research Group, School of Medicine and Medical Science University College Dublin bDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Patrick W G
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mallon
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011315:Preventive Medicine / Q000379:methods