title: Oxidative & nitrosative stress in depression: why so much stress?
abstract: Many studies support a crucial role for oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) in the pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders are characterized inter alia by lowered antioxidant defenses, including: lower levels of zinc, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and glutathione; increased lipid peroxidation; damage to proteins, DNA and mitochondria; secondary autoimmune responses directed against redox modified nitrosylated proteins and oxidative specific epitopes. This review examines and details a model through which a complex series of environmental factors and biological pathways contribute to increased redox signaling and consequently increased O&NS in mood disorders. This multi-step process highlights the potential for future interventions that encompass a diverse range of environmental and molecular targets in the treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: steven.moylan@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moylan
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Olivia M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Samuni
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Lana J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Amie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hayley
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Northwest Academic Centre, University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasco
authors.affiliation: CRC Scotland & London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Felice N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Jacka
authors.affiliation: IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Antioxidants; Autoimmune; Bipolar disorder; Depression; Inflammation; Oxidative & nitrosative stress