title: (11)C-Labeling of a potent hydroxyethylamine BACE-1 inhibitor and evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) is associated with the catalytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) which leads to the production of amyloid-β, an amyloidogenic peptide that forms insoluble fibrils and is linked to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A PET-radioligand for the quantification of BACE-1 would be useful for the understanding of AD. In this report, we describe the synthesis and carbon-11 radiolabeling of a potent hydroxyethylamine BACE-1 enzyme inhibitor (BSI-IV) and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  (11)[C]-N(1)-((2S,3R)-4-(cyclopropylamino)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-yl)-5-(N-methylmethyl-sulfonamido)-N(3)-((R)-1-phenylethyl)isophthalamide, a β-secretase inhibitor, denoted here as [(11)C]BSI-IV was synthesized through a palladium-mediated aminocarbonylation with an aryl halide precursor (I or Br) and [(11)C]CO. The effect of different palladium/ligand-complexes on radiochemical yield in the carbonylative reaction was investigated. The binding of the labeled compound to BACE-1 enzyme was studied in vitro by frozen section autoradiography from brains of healthy rats. Dynamic small animal PET-CT studies and ex vivo biodistribution were performed in male rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The halide precursors were synthesized in six steps starting from methyl-3-nitrobenzoate with an overall yield of 21-26%. [(11)C]BSI-IV was obtained in 29±12% decay corrected radiochemical yield (n=12) with a specific activity of 790±155GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis with a radiochemical purity of >99%. The preclinical studies showed that [(11)C]BSI-IV has a rapid metabolism in rat with excretion to the small intestines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (11)[C]BSI-IV was obtained in sufficient amount and purity to enable preclinical investigation. The preclinical studies showed low specific binding in vitro and fast clearance in vivo and a low uptake in the brain. These findings suggests that [(11)C]BSI-IV has limited use as a PET-ligand for the study of BACE-1 or AD.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordeman
authors.affiliation: Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.affiliation: Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.affiliation: Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Larhed
authors.affiliation: Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: gunnar.antoni@pet.medchem.uu.se.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Antoni
mesh_terms: D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005021:Ethylamines; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; C041564:ethylamine
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; BACE-1; PET; Position emission tomography; β-secretase