title: Anatomical Liver Resections Guided by 3-Dimensional Parenchymal Staining Using Fusion Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of anatomical liver resection (ALR) guided by fused images comprising a macroscopic view and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging (fusion IGFI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ALR is established in treating hepatocellular carcinoma or other malignancies to achieve curability and functional preservation. However, the conventional demarcation technique (CDT) marks only the organ surface and sometimes fails to execute a completely valid demarcation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four consecutive ALRs for focal liver malignancy were studied using fusion IGFI. Indocyanine green was administered systemically after selective inflow clamping in 12 patients or by portal puncture and direct injection in 12 patients, and we compared demarcation findings between fusion IGFI and CDT. The strength of contrast between target and nontarget areas was quantitatively calculated as contrast index and compared between IGFI and CDT according to injection technique or state of the liver surface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fusion IGFI achieved valid demarcation in 23 of 24 patients (95.8%), whereas CDT achieved valid demarcation in only 10 patients (41.7%) (P < 0.0001). The contrast index of fusion IGFI was 0.81 (0.18-2.51), which was significantly higher than that of CDT at 0.12 (0.01-0.42) (P < 0.0001), and the same result was obtained regardless of the injection method or liver surface state used. ALR was conducted referring to 3-dimensional staining of target parenchyma, with no related perioperative adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fusion IGFI is a safe imaging technique for ALR that attained valid 3-dimensional parenchymal demarcation with better feasibility and clearer demarcation than CDT.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan †Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and ‡Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arita
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Michiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kokudo
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saiura
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green