title: Sex and gender influences on pharmacological response: an overview.
abstract: Research on the specific effects of sex and gender on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as safety profile tolerability and drug efficacy, of medications remain meager because female animals and women have only recently been included in the pharmacological domain. To date, the influence of sex and gender on access to care and emotional factors, including patients and care provider dyads, the placebo effect, adherence, and safety profiles, are discussed. Furthermore, differences in drug responses, mainly for antidiabetic drugs, have been described. However, further studies are needed to explore the impact of sex and gender on reaching the most appropriate and tailored prescription for each patient, regardless of sex and gender.
authors.affiliation: Departiment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franconi
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campesi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010600:Pharmacology; D015990:Placebo Effect; D012449:Safety; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: adherence; antidiabetic drugs; drug adverse effect; gender; medication; sex