title: Quantitative evaluation of apical extrusion of debris and irrigants using four rotary instrumentation systems: an in vitro study.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The apical extrusion of infected debris may have the potential to disrupt the balance between microbial aggression and host defense, resulting in incidents of acute inflammation. During preparation, irrigants and debris, such as bacteria, dentin filings and necrotic tissue may be extruded into the periradicular region leading to periapical inflammation and postoperative flare ups. Using an instrumentation technique that minimizes apical extrusion would be beneficial to both the practitioner and patient. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the weight of debris and volume of irrigant extruded apically from extracted teeth in vitro after endodontic instrumentation using four different rotary root canal instrumentation systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of each 20 extracted mandibular premolars were instrumented using one of the four systems: ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)), Hero-shaper (MicroMega, Besancon, France), RaCe (FKG Dentaire, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and K3 (SybronEndo, West Collins, CA). Debris and irrigant extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected in preweighed test tubes. Volume of irrigant extruded was noted. The containers were stored in incubator at 70° for two days to evaporate the moisture. Weight of dry debris was noted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance of 0.001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that all of the instrumentation systems tested caused measurable apical extrusion of debris and irrigants. Higher extrusion was observed with Protaper system which was statistically significant with Hero-Shaper, RaCe and K3 systems. There were no statistical differences between Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All instrumentation techniques apically extruded debris and irrigant. However, Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems produced less extruded debris and irrigant than the Protaper system.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AME's Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bijangere Road, Raichur-584103, Karnataka, India, e-mail: drnagaveniaspalli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S Aspalli
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nagaveni
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: K Reddy
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Balakoti
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Periodontics, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences Bathinda, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smita
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics S. Nijalingappa Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ratnakar
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Navodaya Dental College, Raichur, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Satish
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Periodontics, Rama Dental College, Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aravind
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003790:Dental Pulp Necrosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003804:Dentin / Q000473:pathology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology; D010486:Periapical Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants