title: Biochemical characterization of the tandem HAMP domain from Natronomonas pharaonis as an intraprotein signal transducer.
abstract: Available structures of HAMP domains suggest rotation as one potential mechanism in intraprotein signal transduction. It has been proposed that in poly-HAMP modules the signal sign is inverted with each additional HAMP. We examined signal transduction through the HAMP tandem domain from the phototaxis transducer of the halophilic archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis in membrane-bound chimeras consisting of the Escherichia coli chemotaxis receptor for serine, Tsr, as an input and the mycobacterial adenylyl cyclase Rv3645 as an output domain, i.e. the basic chimera was 'Tsr-NpHAMP tandem-Rv3645 cyclase'. Neither of the NpHAMP units alone nor the NpHAMP tandem transduced a serine signal. After five targeted point mutations in the first α-helix of NpHAMP1 , the non-functional NpHAMP modules combined into a functional HAMP tandem. 1 mm serine significantly inhibited cyclase activity (-35%; IC50  = 30 μm) in disagreement with the structure-based predictions. Surprisingly, replacement of NpAS11 in the tandem by the respective AS1 from HAMPT sr resulted in signal inversion, i.e. serine activated cyclase (+129%; EC50  = 10 μm). Examination of 48 mutants of AS11 in the HAMP tandem including two residues of a putative N-terminal control cable identified five residues in NpAS11 which probably define different ground states of the output domain and thus affect the sign of signal output. The data question the predicted HAMP rotation as the predominant mechanism of intraprotein signal transduction and point to as yet unrecognized conformational motions of HAMP domains in intraprotein signaling.
authors.affiliation: Pharmazeutische Biochemie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Janani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kurz
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schultz
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D006216:Halobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050506:Mutant Chimeric Proteins; C057635:Tsr protein, Bacteria; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases
keywords: HAMP; adenylyl cyclase; archaea; bacterial signal transduction; chemotaxis; cyclic AMP