title: Biomarkers of type II synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in freshwater fish.
abstract: Type II synthetic pyrethroids contain an alpha-cyano group which renders them more neurotoxic than their noncyano type I counterparts. A wide array of biomarkers have been employed to delineate the toxic responses of freshwater fish to various type II synthetic pyrethroids. These include hematological, enzymatic, cytological, genetic, omic and other types of biomarkers. This review puts together the applications of different biomarkers in freshwater fish species in response to the toxicity of the major type II pyrethroid pesticides and assesses their present status, while speculating on the possible future directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235, India.
authors.forename: Anilava
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4843-8450
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaviraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6379-0271
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005618:Fresh Water; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009153:Mutagens; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D009584:Nitrogen