title: Plumage condition in laying hens: genetic parameters for direct and indirect effects in two purebred layer lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feather pecking is a major welfare issue in laying hen industry that leads to mortality. Due to a ban on conventional cages in the EU and on beak trimming in some countries of the EU, feather pecking will become an even bigger problem. Its severity depends both on the victim receiving pecking and on its group mates inflicting pecking (indirect effects), which together determine plumage condition of the victim. Plumage condition may depend, therefore, on both the direct genetic effect of an individual itself and on the indirect genetic effects of its group mates. Here, we present estimated genetic parameters for direct and indirect effects on plumage condition of different body regions in two purebred layer lines, and estimates of genetic correlations between body regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Feather condition scores (FCS) were recorded at 40 weeks of age for neck, back, rump and belly and these four scores were added-up into a total FCS. A classical animal model and a direct-indirect effects model were used to estimate genetic parameters for FCS. In addition, a bivariate model with mortality (0/1) was used to account for mortality before recording FCS. Due to mortality during the first 23 weeks of laying, 5363 (for W1) and 5089 (for WB) FCS records were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total heritable variance for FCS ranged from 1.5% to 9.8% and from 9.8% to 53.6% when estimated respectively with the classical animal and the direct-indirect effects model. The direct-indirect effects model had a significantly higher likelihood. In both lines, 70% to 94% of the estimated total heritable variation in FCS was due to indirect effects. Using bivariate analysis of FCS and mortality did not affect estimates of genetic parameters. Genetic correlations were high between adjacent regions for FCS on neck, back, and rump but moderate to low for belly with other regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that 70% to 94% of the heritable variation in FCS relates to indirect effects, indicating that methods of genetic selection that include indirect genetic effects offer perspectives to improve plumage condition in laying hens. This, in turn could reduce a major welfare problem.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brinker
authors.forename: Piter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bijma
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: T Bas
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P,O, Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Esther.Ellen@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Esther D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Ellen
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001947:Breeding; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D005241:Feathers / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D016014:Linear Models; D023421:Models, Animal; D008957:Models, Genetic