title: An evaluation of the Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) program in small enterprises in Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Participatory Action-Oriented Training (PAOT) has been known as a practical training methodology for improving health and safety at work, particularly for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Our hypothesis is that PAOT is a better approach than a traditional local method, and the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of PAOT and to make suggestions for improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intervention was performed for one year at 20 volunteer SMEs. PAOT was applied in 10 factories, and a traditional local method was applied in the other 10 SMEs as a control. Two cross-sectional studies were performed consisting of a questionnaire and environmental measurements. Data were also collected on the number of factory improvements, productivity, worker income, accidents, and health costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant improvements among the intervention factories in terms of work environment, number of improvements and health costs between the pre- and post- intervention phases. In terms of productivity, significant increases were seen in the civil engineering, metal, garment, and rice mill industries in the intervention group, while the metal casting and, garment industries in the control group also showed significant increase in productivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the idea that a PAOT program produces better outcomes in SMEs. It is recommended that a PAOT program be widely applied to SMEs to improve health and safety. A fuller examination could be obtained with more environmental measurements taken over a much longer period of time, together with data on sickness absence and accidents that have been independently validated.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham.
authors.forename: Toai Phuong
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ton That
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Khai
mesh_terms: D003256:Community Participation / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D016272:Occupational Health; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods; D015397:Program Evaluation; D058012:Small Business; D014744:Vietnam; D017132:Workplace