title: Terminalia catappa attenuates urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression through Erk pathways in Hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The survival rate of malignant tumors, and especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has not improved primarily because of uncontrolled metastasis. In our previous studies, we have reported that Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCE) exerts antimetastasis effects on HCC cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in HCC metastasis have not been thoroughly investigated, and remain poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The activities and protein levels of u-PA were determined by casein zymography and western blotting. Transcriptional levels of u-PA were detected by real-time PCR and promoter assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that treatment of Huh7 cells with TCE significantly reduced the activities, protein levels and mRNA levels of u-PA. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that TCE inhibited the transcription protein of nuclear factors SP-1 and NF-κB. TCE also did inhibit the effects of u-PA by reducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that u-PA expression may be a potent therapeutic target in the TCE-mediated suppression of HCC metastasis.
authors.forename: Chao-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Yung-Luen
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Chiao-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. 170780@cch.org.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Shun-Fa
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator