title: Taxonomic assessment of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae: Macrochelys), with the description of two new species from the southeastern United States.
abstract: The Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrochelys temminckii, is a large, aquatic turtle limited to river systems that drain into the Gulf of Mexico. Previous molecular analyses using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggested that Macrochelys exhibits significant genetic variation across its range that includes three distinct genetic assemblages (western, central, and eastern = Suwannee). However, no taxonomic revision or morphological analyses have been conducted previously. In this study, we test previous hypotheses of distinct geographic assemblages by examining morphology, reanalyzing phylogeographic genetic structure, and estimating divergence dating among lineages in a coalescent framework using Bayesian inference. We reviewed the fossil record and discuss phylogeographic and taxonomic implications of the existence of three distinct evolutionary lineages. We measured cranial (n=145) and post-cranial (n=104) material on field-captured individuals and museum specimens. We analyzed 420 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA sequence data for 158 Macrochelys. We examined fossil Macrochelys from ca. 15-16 million years ago (Ma) to the present to better assess historical distributions and evaluate named fossil taxa. The morphological and molecular data both indicate significant geographical variation and suggest three species-level breaks among genetic lineages that correspond to previously hypothesized genetic assemblages. The holotype of Macrochelys temminckii is from the western lineage. Therefore, we describe two new species as Macrochelys apalachicolae sp. nov. from the central lineage and Macrochelys suwanniensis sp. nov. from the eastern lineage (Suwannee River drainage). Our estimates of divergence times suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of M. temminckii (western) and M. apalachicolae (central) existed 3.2-8.9 Ma during the late Miocene to late Pliocene, whereas M. temminckii-M. apalachicolae and M. suwanniensis last shared a MRCA 5.5-13.4 Ma during the mid-Miocene to early Pliocene. Examination of fossil material revealed that the fossil taxon M. floridana is actually a large Chelydra. Our taxonomic revision of Macrochelys has conservation and management implications in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.; Email: travis.thomas@myfwc.com.
authors.forename: Travis M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Animal Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.; Email: michael.granatosky@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Granatosky
authors.affiliation: Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.; Email: jbourque@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bourque
authors.affiliation: Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.; Email: kenneyk@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Krysko
authors.affiliation: Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.; Email: paul.moler@myfwc.com.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Moler
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.; Email: gambl007@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gamble
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.; Email: eric.suarez@myfwc.com.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.affiliation: Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA.; Email: kevin.enge@myfwc.com.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.; Email: joe.roman@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman
mesh_terms: D000407:Alabama; D063147:Animal Distribution; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000818:Animals; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005431:Florida; D005580:Fossils; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005845:Georgia; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D014426:Turtles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial