title: [Trauma, developmental stages, and motivational abilities in indentured Swiss child laborers in old age].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examined the relationship between potential traumatic events in childhood and motivational abilities in old adulthood according to developmental stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motivational abilities of self-efficacy, conscientiousness and impulsivity (self control) were investigated in a sample of 114 formerly indentured Swiss child laborers. Adversities were assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The sample was split into four age groups according to the beginning of the potential trauma: infancy (0-2), preschool (3-5), early childhood (6-9), and early adolescence (≥ 10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest relationship was found between self-efficacy and CTQ in the group "early adolescence," followed by the relationship between conscientiousness and CTQ in the same group. Impulsivity and CTQ were most strongly associated in the "preschool" group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood adversities seem to have a negative impact on self-efficacy and conscientiousness after the age of ten. In contrast, self-control seems to be affected by the deleterious effect of trauma or adversity already at an earlier age.
authors.forename: Keti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simmen-Janevska
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krammer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maercker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005581:Foster Home Care / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D007223:Infant; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D064866:Mindfulness; D009042:Motivation; D010553:Personality Development; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D013557:Switzerland