title: Bismuth as a general internal standard for lead in atomic absorption spectrometry.
abstract: Bismuth was evaluated as internal standard for Pb determination by line source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (LS FAAS), high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS) and line source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (LS GFAAS). Analysis of samples containing different matrices indicated close relationship between Pb and Bi absorbances. Correlation coefficients of calibration curves built up by plotting A(Pb)/A(Bi)versus Pb concentration were higher than 0.9953 (FAAS) and higher than 0.9993 (GFAAS). Recoveries of Pb improved from 52-118% (without IS) to 97-109% (IS, LS FAAS); 74-231% (without IS) to 96-109% (IS, HR-CS FAAS); and 36-125% (without IS) to 96-110% (IS, LS GFAAS). The relative standard deviations (n=12) were reduced from 0.6-9.2% (without IS) to 0.3-4.3% (IS, LS FAAS); 0.7-7.7% (without IS) to 0.1-4.0% (IS, HR-CS FAAS); and 2.1-13% (without IS) to 0.4-5.9% (IS, LS GFAAS).
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University - Unesp, Analytical Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bechlin
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University - Unesp, Analytical Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University - Unesp, Analytical Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edilene C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: São Paulo State University - Unesp, Analytical Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 355, Araraquara, SP 14801-970, Brazil. Electronic address: anchieta@iq.unesp.br.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gomes Neto
authors.affiliation: Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joaquim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nóbrega
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Jones
keywords: Atomic absorption spectrometry; Bismuth; Lead; Universal internal standard