title: Enhanced bioavailability of apigenin via preparation of a carbon nanopowder solid dispersion.
abstract: In this study, a novel carbon nanopowder (CNP) drug carrier was developed to improve the oral bioavailability of apigenin (AP). Solid dispersions (SDs) of AP with CNP were prepared, and their in vitro drug release and in vivo performance were evaluated. The physicochemical properties of the formulations were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Drug release profiles showed that AP dissolution from the CNP-AP system (weight ratio, 6:1) after 60 minutes improved by 275% compared with that of pure AP. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic analysis of SD formulations in rats showed that the AP area under the curve0-t value was 1.83 times higher for the CNP-AP system than for pure AP, indicating that its bioavailability was significantly improved. In addition, compared with pure AP, SDs had a significantly higher peak and shorter time to peak. Preliminary intestinal toxicity tests indicated that there was no significant difference in the tissues of the rats treated with the CNP-AP system, rats treated with the CNP alone, and controls. In conclusion, CNP-based SDs could be used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs while also improving drug safety.
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shu-min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhen-hai
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu-dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D047310:Apigenin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D004058:Diffusion; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004655:Emulsions / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D065568:Oral Mucosal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D053769:Nanocapsules; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011208:Powders; D047310:Apigenin
keywords: apigenin; carbon nanopowder; dissolution; oral bioavailability; solid dispersions