title: Technologically sensed social exposure related to slow-wave sleep in healthy adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between automatically captured social exposure and detailed sleep parameters of healthy young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in a real-world setting in a graduate-student housing community at a US university. Social exposure was measured using Bluetooth proximity sensing technology in mobile devices. Sleep was monitored in a naturalistic setting using a headband sleep monitoring device over a period of 2 weeks. The analysis included a total of 11 subjects (6 males and 5 females) aged 24-35 (149 subject nights).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Slow-wave sleep showed a significant positive correlation (Spearman's rho = 0.51, p < 0.0001) with social exposure, whereas light non-REM (N1 + N2) sleep and wake time were found to be negatively correlated (rho = -0.25, p < 0.01; rho = -0.21, p < 0.01, respectively). The correlation of median slow-wave sleep with median social exposure per subject showed a strong positive significance (rho = 0.88, p < 0.001). On average, within subjects, following day's social exposure was higher when (slow-wave NREM + REM) percentage was high (Wilcoxon sign-ranked test, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with higher social exposure spent more time in slow-wave sleep. Following day's social exposure was found to be positively affected by previous night's (slow-wave NREM + REM) percentage. This suggests that sleep affects following day's social exposure and not vice versa. Capturing an individual's dynamic social behavior and sleep from their natural environment can provide novel insights into these relationships.
authors.affiliation: Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: Taha B M J
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ouarda
authors.forename: Stuart F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.forename: Alex Sandy
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pentland
authors.forename: Inas
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khayal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012016:Reference Values; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D000068997:Smartphone; D012919:Social Behavior; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology