title: Study of the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis by chemical fingerprinting and broth microdilution methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes both hospital- and community-acquired infections, and for which single-drug treatments are becoming less efficient. Rhizoma coptidis has been used for more than two thousand years in China to treat diarrhea, fever, and jaundice. In this study, the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis is examined and its effective components sought.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mecA and norA genes were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 was performed using the VITEK2 compact system. The chemical fingerprint of Rhizoma coptidis was investigated using HPLC and preparative liquid chromatography, and the anti-MRSA activity was determined using an improved broth microdilution method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drug susceptibility test revealed that the penicillin-binding protein phenotype of the strain changed in comparison to penicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Ten batches of Rhizoma coptidis showed anti-MRSA activity on the norA-negative Staphylococcus aureus strain, as well as the strain that contained a norA gene. The spectrum-effect relationship revealed that the berberine alkaloids were the effective components, within which berberine, coptisine, palmatine, epiberberine, and jatrorrhizine were the major components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study lays a foundation for in vivo studies of Rhizoma coptidis and for the development of multi-component drugs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Jiao-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Integrative Medical Center of 302 Military Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: yangmeihua15@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D029626:Ranunculaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal
keywords: Broth microdilution method; MRSA; Preparative liquid chromatography; Rhizoma coptidis; mecA and norA gene