title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive interventions for children with central nervous system disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of cognitive interventions for children with neurological disorders, acquired brain injuries, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for randomized controlled trials of cognitive interventions; 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was rated for each study. Standardized effect size estimates were examined in 7 outcome domains. The overall quality of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant positive treatment effects were found in all outcome domains aside from inhibitory control. Effects were large for attention, working memory, and memory tasks, and small for academic achievement and behavior rating scales. Results exhibited substantial heterogeneity in all domains. Overall quality of evidence was rated very low in all domains, suggesting substantial uncertainty about effect size estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide some evidence of a positive benefit from cognitive interventions, but cannot be regarded as robust given the overall very low quality of the evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Kristen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Eloise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaizar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catroppa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Psychology, Royal Children's Hospital kyeates@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Keith Owen
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: intervention outcome; meta-analysis; neurological disorders; randomized controlled trial; systematic review