title: The systemic nature of chronic lung disease.
abstract: The systemic effects and comorbidities of chronic respiratory disease such as COPD contribute substantially to its burden. Symptoms in COPD do not solely arise from the degree of airflow obstruction as exercise limitation is compounded by the specific secondary manifestations of the disease including skeletal muscle impairment, osteoporosis, mood disturbance, anemia, and hormonal imbalance. Pulmonary rehabilitation targets the systemic manifestations of COPD, the causes of which include inactivity, systemic inflammation, hypoxia and corticosteroid treatment. Comorbidities are common, including cardiac disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and should not preclude pulmonary rehabilitation as they may also benefit from similar approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Rachael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. Electronic address: rachael.evans@uhl-tr.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Michael D L
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Comorbidity; Dyspnea; Exercise; Pulmonary rehabilitation; Systemic manifestations