title: Three-dimensional data interpolation for environmental purpose: lead in contaminated soils in southern Brazil.
abstract: Monitoring of heavy metal contamination plume in soils can be helpful in establishing strategies to minimize its hazardous impacts to the environment. The objective of this study was to apply a new approach of visualization, based on tridimensional (3D) images, of pseudo-total (extracted with concentrated acids) and exchangeable (extracted with 0.5 mol L(-1) Ca(NO3)2) lead (Pb) concentrations in soils of a mining and metallurgy area to determine the spatial distribution of this pollutant and to estimate the most contaminated soil volumes. Tridimensional images were obtained after interpolation of Pb concentrations of 171 soil samples (57 points × 3 depths) with regularized spline with tension in a 3D function version. The tridimensional visualization showed great potential of use in environmental studies and allowed to determine the spatial 3D distribution of Pb contamination plume in the area and to establish relationships with soil characteristics, landscape, and pollution sources. The most contaminated soil volumes (10,001 to 52,000 mg Pb kg(-1)) occurred near the metallurgy factory. The main contamination sources were attributed to atmospheric emissions of particulate Pb through chimneys. The large soil volume estimated to be removed to industrial landfills or co-processing evidenced the difficulties related to this practice as a remediation strategy.
authors.affiliation: Soil Science Department, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Juvevê, 80.035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tales Campos
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Piedade
authors.forename: Vander Freitas
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Luiz Cláudio Paula
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Jeferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dieckow
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007221:Industry; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead