title: Green synthesis of a new gelatin-based antimicrobial scaffold for tissue engineering.
abstract: With the aim of developing appropriate scaffolds for tissue engineering to suppress the formation of biofilms, an effective one-pot process was applied in this study to produce scaffolds with inherent antibacterial activity. A new method to synthesize genipin-crosslinked gelatin/nanosilver scaffolds with "green" in situ formation of silver nanoparticles by heat treatment is presented in this paper. In this procedure, toxic solvents, reducing agents, and stabilizing agents are avoided. UV-visible absorption spectra of the synthesized gelatin/nanosilver solutions were obtained immediately and three months after the synthesis revealing the presence and high stability of the silver nanoparticles. The TEM of gelatin/nanosilver solutions showed silver particles with spherical shapes that were less than 5nm in size. Interestingly, contact angle was found to increase from 80° to 125° with the increase in concentration of nanosilver in gelatin. All gelatin/nanosilver solutions showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. However, only the highest concentration showed antifungal effects against Candida albicans pathogens. Scaffolds were prepared by a lyophilization technique from this solution and their antimicrobial activities were examined. Introducing this facile green one-pot process of synthesizing scaffolds with antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties may lead to key applications in tissue engineering techniques.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdimamaghani
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.
authors.forename: Daryoosh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vashaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.
authors.forename: Senait
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Assefa
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Environmental Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabrangharehdasht
authors.affiliation: School of Material Science and Engineering, Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.
authors.forename: Armin Tahmasbi
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-0447, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eastman
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Sundar V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madihally
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA.
authors.forename: Gerwald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; School of Material Science and Engineering, Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA. Electronic address: lobat.tayebi@okstate.edu.
authors.forename: Lobat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012834:Silver; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Biofilm; Scaffold; Silver nanoparticle; Tissue engineering