title: Two-dimensional strain-hardening membrane model for large deformation behavior of multiple red blood cells in high shear conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computational modeling of Red Blood Cell (RBC) flow contributes to the fundamental understanding of microhemodynamics and microcirculation. In order to construct theoretical RBC models, experimental studies on single RBC mechanics have presented a material description for RBC membranes based on their membrane shear, bending and area moduli. These properties have been directly employed in 3D continuum models of RBCs but practical flow analysis with 3D models have been limited by their computationally expensive nature. As such, various researchers have employed 2D models to efficiently and qualitatively study microvessel flows. Currently, the representation of RBC dynamics using 2D models is a limited methodology that breaks down at high shear rates due to excessive and unrealistic stretching.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a localized scaling of the 2D elastic moduli such that it increases with RBC local membrane strain, thereby accounting for effects such as the Poisson effect and membrane local area incompressibility lost in the 2D simplification. Validation of our 2D Large Deformation (2D-LD) RBC model was achieved by comparing the predicted RBC deformation against the 3D model from literature for the case of a single RBC in simple shear flow under various shear rates (dimensionless shear rate G = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5). The multi-cell flow of RBCs (38% Hematocrit) in a 20 μm width microchannel under varying shear rates (50, 150, 150 s-1) was then simulated with our proposed model and the popularly-employed 2D neo-Hookean model in order to evaluate the efficacy of our proposed 2D-LD model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The validation set indicated similar RBC deformation for both the 2D-LD and the 3D models across the studied shear rates, highlighting the robustness of our model. The multi-cell simulation indicated that the 2D neo-Hookean model predicts noodle-like RBC shapes at high shear rates (G = 0.5) whereas our 2D-LD model maintains sensible RBC deformations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of the 2D-LD model to limit RBC strain even at high shear rates enables this proposed model to be employed in practical simulations of high shear rate microfluidic flows such as blood separation channels.
authors.forename: Swe Soe
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Yan Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Hwa Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA #03-12, Singapore 117576, Singapore. bieks@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Sangho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004907:Erythrocyte Deformability; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical