title: A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci.
abstract: In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Purps
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siegert
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willuweit
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cíntia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Sheila M T
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Angustia
authors.affiliation: Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Lorna H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anslinger
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Qasim
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ayub
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tyler-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam Baeta
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bafalluy
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martínez-Jarreta
authors.affiliation: GenoID Forensic DNA Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Balazs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egyed
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balitzki
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tschumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic and Analytical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Denise Syndercombe
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Court
authors.affiliation: Forensic Sciences Department, Poder Judicial, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Xinia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Barrantes
authors.affiliation: Landeskriminalamt Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bäßler
authors.affiliation: Landeskriminalamt Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wiest
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niederstätter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; Penn State Eberly College of Science, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Parson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Ft. Worth, USA.
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Ft. Worth, USA; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budowle
authors.affiliation: Forensische Genetik, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.affiliation: Forensische Genetik, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Borer
authors.affiliation: Forensische Genetik, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Diagnósticos por DNA, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elizeu F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Diagnósticos por DNA, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Human DNA Diagnostics Laboratory, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Wafaa Takash
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chamoun
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genetica and CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corach
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genetica and CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.affiliation: University of the Western Cape, Biotechnology Department, Forensic DNA Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: D'Amato
authors.affiliation: University of the Western Cape, Biotechnology Department, Forensic DNA Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Decorte
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maarten H D
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Larmuseau
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottoni
authors.affiliation: Centre of Molecular Antropology For Ancient DNA Studies, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rickards
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chengtao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dobosz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonkisz
authors.affiliation: Illinois State Police, Research & Development Laboratory, Springfield, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminology, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Furac
authors.affiliation: University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gehrig
authors.affiliation: University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castella
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Centre "Ivan Vucetic", General Police Directorate, Ministry of Interior, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Branka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grskovic
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wobst
authors.affiliation: National Forensic Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Gavrilo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hadzic
authors.affiliation: National Forensic Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drobnic
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Shengping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Shenglan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta-Dorothee
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Immel
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lessig
authors.affiliation: Institute for Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Zlatko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jakovski
authors.affiliation: Institute for Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ilievska
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Klann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Cristina Cano
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Knijff
authors.affiliation: Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thirsa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraaijenbrink
authors.affiliation: Subdivision of Biological and Biochemical Examinations and Analyses F.S.D. - Hellenic Police, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondili
authors.affiliation: Subdivision of Biological and Biochemical Examinations and Analyses F.S.D. - Hellenic Police, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miniati
authors.affiliation: Subdivision of Biological and Biochemical Examinations and Analyses F.S.D. - Hellenic Police, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vouropoulou
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Lejla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kovacevic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marjanovic
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, American University of Science and Technology Beirut, Lebanon and School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, American University of Science and Technology Beirut, Lebanon and School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mouayyad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Azem
authors.affiliation: Molecular Biology Laboratory, American University of Science and Technology Beirut, Lebanon and School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ansar El
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Andari
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN, FCM - National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN, FCM - National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furfuro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN, FCM - National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Locarno
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gracia M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís Souto
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwashima
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and DIMAV/INMETRO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo S Moura
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiana L S
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nastainczyk-Wulf
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeanett
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edelmann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Shengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminal Investigation, Xuanwei Public Security Bureau, Xuanwei, China.
authors.forename: Xianping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Criminal Investigation, Yunnan Provincial Public Security Bureau, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Baowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.affiliation: BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain.
authors.forename: Marian Martínez de
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pancorbo
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jill K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morling
authors.affiliation: Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Onofri
authors.affiliation: Section of Legal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliabracci
authors.affiliation: DNA Laboratory, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Ministry of Public Administration and Justice, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Horolma
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pamjav
authors.affiliation: DNA Laboratory, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Ministry of Public Administration and Justice, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volgyi
authors.affiliation: DNA Laboratory, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Ministry of Public Administration and Justice, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gusztav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barany
authors.affiliation: Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.affiliation: Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maciejewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Institute of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pepinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abreu-Glowacka
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Danel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rey-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brisighelli
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Xenética Forense, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain; PRICAI-Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ulises
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toscanini
authors.affiliation: Forensic Genetics Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccinini
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marilidia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piglionica
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Baldassarra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ploski
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konarzewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Emila
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jastrzebska
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Ft. Worth, USA; Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajantila
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Palo
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jazelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines.
authors.forename: Maria Corazon De
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ungria
authors.affiliation: DNA Analysis Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jae Joseph Russell
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schlauderer
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saukko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sirker
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Na
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Athens Dept. of Legal Medicine, DNA Analysis Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Iulia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skitsa
authors.affiliation: Athens Dept. of Legal Medicine, DNA Analysis Laboratory, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ampati
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Tobi-Gail
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio Genetix S.A., Panamá, Panama.
authors.forename: Lina Solis de
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Calvit
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Criminalistics, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vlastimil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stenzl
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Criminalistics, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Capal
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tillmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turrina
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Leo
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Legale, Universitá degli Studi di Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verzeletti
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Medicina Legale, Universitá degli Studi di Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Venusia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cortellini
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Jon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wetton
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gwynne
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jobling
authors.affiliation: Genomic Engenharia Molecular Ltda., Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.affiliation: Genomic Engenharia Molecular Ltda., Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denilce R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sumita
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolańska-Nowak
authors.affiliation: Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rita Y Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krawczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nothnagel
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: lutz.roewer@charite.de.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roewer
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats
keywords: AMOVA; Database; Discriminatory power; Gene diversity; Population structure