title: Developing the principles of chair based exercise for older people: a modified Delphi study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chair based exercise (CBE) is suggested to engage older people with compromised health and mobility in an accessible form of exercise. A systematic review looking at the benefits of CBE for older people identified a lack of clarity regarding a definition, delivery, purpose and benefits. This study aimed to utilise expert consensus to define CBE for older people and develop a core set of principles to guide practice and future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The framework for consensus was constructed through a team workshop identifying 42 statements within 7 domains. A four round electronic Delphi study with multi-disciplinary health care experts was undertaken. Statements were rated using a 5 point Likert scale of agreement and free text responses. A threshold of 70% agreement was used to determine consensus. Free text responses were analysed thematically. Between rounds a number of strategies (e.g., amended wording of statements, generation and removal of statements) were used to move towards consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  16 experts agreed on 46 statements over four rounds of consultation (Round 1: 22 accepted, 3 removed, 5 new and 17 modified; Round 2: 16 accepted, 0 removed, 4 new and 6 modified; Round 3: 4 accepted, 2 removed, 0 new and 4 modified; Round 4: 4 accepted, 0 removed, 0 new, 0 modified).Statements were accepted in all seven domains: the definition of CBE (5), intended users (3), potential benefits (8), structure (12), format (8), risk management (7) and evaluation (3).The agreed definition of CBE had five components: 1. CBE is primarily a seated exercise programme; 2. The purpose of using a chair is to promote stability in both sitting and standing; 3. CBE should be considered as part of a continuum of exercise for frail older people where progression is encouraged; 4. CBE should be used flexibly to respond to the changing needs of frail older people; and 5. Where possible CBE should be used as a starting point to progress to standing programmes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consensus has been reached on a definition and a set of principles governing CBE for older people; this provides clarity for implementation and future research about CBE.
authors.affiliation: Healthcare for Older People, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Queens Medical Centre, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK. katie.robinson@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katie R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leighton
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Rowan H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: John R F
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gladman
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D032921:Consensus; D003697:Delphi Technique; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D016730:Program Development / Q000379:methods*