title: Establishment of and comparison between orthotopic xenograft and subcutaneous xenograft models of gallbladder carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common carcinoma of the biliary system. Among its research models, orthotopic xenograft models, important research tools, have been rarely reported in the literature however.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore establishment of an orthotopic xenograft model and to evaluate the advantage and disadvantage as compared with other models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic xenograft models of gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice were established and compared with human gallbladder carcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the orthotopic xenograft model and clinical gallbladder carcinomas, the lymph node metastatic rates were 69.2% and 53.3% (p>0.05); ascites generation rates, 38.5% and 11.7%(p<0.05); liver invasive rates, 100% and 61.7%(p<0.05); and lymphatic vessel densities (LVD), 10.4 ± 3.02 and 8.77 ± 2.92 (p>0.05), respectively. In the subcutaneous xenograft model, no evidence of ascites generation, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis were found, and its LVD was lower (4.56 ± 1.53, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with the subcutaneous xenograft model, the orthotopic xenograft model better simulates clinical gallbladder carcinoma in terms of metastasis and invasion, which may be attributed to the difference in microenvironment and LVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China E-mail : ylchen@medmail.com.cn, shefeifei@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Xiao-Qian
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Fei-Fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: She
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic / Q000379:methods*