title: Physiological and psychological responses of young males during spring-time walks in urban parks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is widely believed that contact with the natural environment can improve physical and mental health. Urban green spaces may provide city residents with these benefits; however, there is a lack of empirical field research on the health benefits of urban parks.
  
  
  METHODS
  This field experiment was performed in May. Seventeen males aged 21.2 ± 1.7 years (mean ± standard deviation) were instructed to walk predetermined 15-minute courses in an urban park and a nearby city area (control). Heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured to assess physiological responses. The semantic differential (SD) method, Profile of Mood States (POMS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to measure psychological responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate was significantly lower while walking in the urban park than while walking in the city street. Furthermore, the urban park walk led to higher parasympathetic nervous activity and lower sympathetic nervous activity compared with the walk through the city street. Subjective evaluations were generally in accordance with physiological reactions, and significantly higher scores were observed for the 'comfortable', 'natural', and 'relaxed' parameters following the urban park walk. After the urban park walk, the score for the 'vigor' subscale of the POMS was significantly higher, whereas that for negative feelings such as 'tension-anxiety' and 'fatigue' was significantly lower. The score for the anxiety dimension of the STAI was also significantly lower after the urban park walk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiological and psychological results from this field experiment provide evidence for the physiological and psychological benefits of urban green spaces. A brief spring-time walk in an urban park shifted sympathetic/parasympathetic balance and improved mood state.
authors.forename: Chorong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikei
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takagaki
authors.affiliation: Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. ymiyazaki@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D002947:Cities; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012063:Relaxation / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult