title: Diet, weight, cytokines and bone health in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate diet and nutrition-related factors associated with bone loss in a group of postmenopausal (PM) women. Nutritional intake, inflammatory markers and body composition (weight, body mass index, fat/lean mass) were analysed for associations with bone mineral density (BMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional study examining correlations between BMD (Duel-energy X ray absorptiometry; (DXA) and dietary intake (3-day diaries), body composition and plasma bone and inflammatory markers: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type I N propeptide (P1NP), C- reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL-6, IL-10), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community dwelling women from the Auckland, Hawke's Bay and Manawatu regions in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  142 healthy, PM women aged 50-70 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OPG (per kilogram fat mass) was increased in women with osteoporosis (p<0.001) compared to groups classified with normal BMD and osteopenia. Protein, vitamin B12, zinc, potassium and dairy intake were all positively correlated with higher BMD while dairy and potassium intakes also inversely correlated with CTX. Body composition (weight, BMI and fat/lean mass) had strong positive associations with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed body weight, potassium and dairy intake were predictors of increased BMD in PM women and explained 39% (r2=0.39, p< 0.003) of variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMD was negatively correlated with OPG and positively with weight, dairy and potassium intake. This study highlights the importance of maintaining adequate body weight and emphasising dairy and potassium predominantly sourced from fruit/vegetables to reduce bone loss at midlife.
authors.affiliation: C.A. Gunn, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand, c.a.gunn@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruger
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D010455:Peptides / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism; D011347:Procollagen / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024042:Collagen Type I; D016207:Cytokines; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010455:Peptides; D011347:Procollagen; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C047202:procollagen Type I N-terminal peptide; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015032:Zinc; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D011188:Potassium