title: Anti-inflammatory effects of three-dimensional graphene foams cultured with microglial cells.
abstract: One of the key goals in nerve tissue engineering is to develop new materials which cause less or no neuroinflammation. Despite the rapid advances of using graphene as a neural interface material, it still remains unknown whether graphene could provoke neuroinflammation or not, and whether and how the topographical features of graphene influence the neuroinflammation induction. By immunofluorescence, Elisa technique, western blot, scanning electron microscope (SEM) methods, we investigated the pro- and/or anti-inflammatory responses of microglia in the graphene films (2D-graphene) or graphene foams (3D-graphene) culturing systems. Furthermore, the growth situations of the neural stem cells (NSCs) in the conditioned culture medium produced in the graphene substrates were evaluated. The results show that: 1) neither 2D nor 3D graphene induced distinct neuroinflammation when compared to the tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) substrates; 2) the topographical structures of the graphene might affect the material/cell interactions, leading to disparate effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation; 3) 3D graphene exhibited a remarkable capability of rescuing LPS-induced neuroinflammation probably through the restriction of microglia morphological transformation by the unique topographical features on the surface, showing the ability of anti-inflammation against external insults, while 2D graphene failed to. These results provide insights into the diverse biological effects of the material's topographical structures and open new opportunity for the applications of graphene in neuroscience.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Ziyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China. Electronic address: mltang2010@sinano.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Mingliang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, PR China. Electronic address: gscheng2006@sinano.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guosheng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Graphene; Microglia; Neural stem cells; Neuroinflammation