title: Effects of an immunomodulatory therapy and chondroitinase after spinal cord hemisection injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individually, immunomodulatory therapy and chondroitinases have demonstrated neuroprotective and potential neuroregenerative effects following spinal cord injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the therapeutic potential of combined immunomodulatory and chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan degradation therapy in spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combined immunomodulatory treatment using (1) liposome-encapsulated clodronate (selectively depletes peripheral macrophages), and (2) rolipram (a selective type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor), along with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme, chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), was assessed for its potential to promote axonal regrowth and improve locomotor recovery following midthoracic spinal cord hemisection injury in adult rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that combined treatment with liposomal clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC attenuates macrophage accumulation at the site of injury, reduces axonal die-back of injured dorsal column axons, and produces the greatest improvement in locomotor recovery at 6 weeks postinjury compared with controls and noncombined therapy. Anterograde and retrograde tracing revealed that delivery of clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC did not promote substantial axonal regeneration through the site of injury, although the treatment did limit the extent of axonal die-back. Histological assessments revealed that combined treatment with clodronate/rolipram and/or ChABC resulted in a significant reduction in lesion size and cystic cavitation in comparison with injured controls. Combined clodronate, rolipram, and ChABC treatment reduced the accumulation of macrophages within the injured spinal cord 7 weeks after injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest that delivery of an immunomodulatory therapy consisting of clodronate and rolipram, in combination with ChABC, reduces axonal injury and enhances neuroprotection, plasticity, and hindlimb functional recovery after hemisection spinal cord injury in adult rats.
authors.affiliation: ‡Center for Spine Health, Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; §Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; ¶Southeastern Brain and Spine, Lumberton North Carolina; ‖Department of Cell Biology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; #Arizona Neurosurgery and Spine Specialists, Phoenix Arizona; **Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡‡ MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Virgilio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matheus
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Rooijen
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019765:Chondroitin ABC Lyase / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008081:Liposomes; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020889:Rolipram / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D008081:Liposomes; D058988:Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; D004002:Clodronic Acid; D019765:Chondroitin ABC Lyase; D020889:Rolipram