title: Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the past decades, increasing efforts have been invested in studies to unravel the influence of genetic factors on antipsychotic (AP) dosage, treatment response, and occurrence of adverse effects. These studies aimed to improve clinical care by predicting outcome of treatment with APs and thus allowing for individualized treatment strategies. We highlight most important findings obtained through both candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed studies on pharmacogenetics of AP response and adverse effects published on PubMed until early 2012. Owing to the high number of published studies, we focused our review on findings that have been replicated in independent studies or are supported by meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most robust findings were reported for associations between polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 system, the dopamine and the serotonin transmitter systems, and dosage, treatment response, and adverse effects, such as AP-induced weight gain or tardive dyskinesia. These associations were either detected for specific medications or for classes of APs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First promising and robust results show that pharmacogenetics bear promise for a widespread use in future clinical practice. This will likely be achieved by developing algorithms that will include many genetic variants. However, further investigation is warranted to replicate and validate previous findings, as well as to identify new genetic variants involved in AP response and for replication of existing findings.
authors.forename: Eva J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brandl
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005819:Genetic Markers; D012701:Serotonin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D004298:Dopamine