title: Changes of polyamine pattern in digestive glands of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis under exposure to cadmium.
abstract: Polyamines, in particular spermidine and spermine, have been identified as important antioxidants, highly induced by oxidative stress in a variety of organisms. However, little is known about changes in polyamine content of metal-stressed marine organisms. In the present study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were experimentally exposed to 25 μg/L Cd(2+) or 100 μg/L Cd(2+) for up to 15 days. Cd(2+) was progressively accumulated in mussel tissues, leading to a characteristic oxidative-stress status. Free putrescine (PUT) production was noticeably induced in response to Cd(2+) at day 5 and then declined. In contrast, free spermidine (SPD) content was gradually reduced, whereas the concentration of free spermine (SPM) increased. In combination, these changes led to a 69% or 88% reduction in the ratio of (SPD+SPM)/PUT at day 5, dependent on the Cd(2+) concentration used, which subsequently followed an upward trend in values, albeit not reaching those of controls. Conjugated polyamines constantly increased, in particular conjugated spermidine and spermine, tagging along with metallothionein production. Acetylated polyamines showed a diverse profile of changes, but their content was generally kept at low levels throughout the exposure period. Collectively, our results suggest that certain polyamine compounds could play a significant role in the tolerance of mussels against Cd(2+)-mediated stress, and that the ratio (SPD+SPM)/PUT could be a good indicator of the metal-stress status.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece. Electronic address: gkurnutu@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Georgia G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kournoutou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece. Electronic address: sofia.pytharopoulou@icm.uu.se.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pytharopoulou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece. Electronic address: micleon@upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leotsinidis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece. Electronic address: dimkal@med.upatras.gr.
authors.forename: Dimitrios L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kalpaxis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011073:Polyamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011700:Putrescine / Q000378:metabolism; D013095:Spermidine / Q000378:metabolism; D013096:Spermine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011073:Polyamines; D002104:Cadmium; D013096:Spermine; D008668:Metallothionein; D013095:Spermidine; D011700:Putrescine
keywords: Cadmium; Mussels; Oxidative stress; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine