title: Performance of steroid eluting bipolar epicardial leads in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: 15 years of single center experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac pacing is sometimes required for patients with congenital heart disease for various reasons. Because of complex anatomy, repetitive previous heart surgery and patient size, epicardial leads are of special importance in these patients. Using epicardial leads has been discussed controversly regarding pacing performance and lead survival. The aim of this study was to review the long-term data on pacing performance as well as lead survival of epicardial leads implanted in our center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review and review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  82 consecutive pediatric patients or adult patients with congenital heart disease with 158 epicardial leads (Medtronic 4968, bipolar, steroid - eluting) were included. We found 1.2% pacemaker-related early postoperative complications. The incidence of lead dysfunction was 7.5% (12/158) for primary (i.e. directly related to the lead itself) lead dysfunction and 3.2% (5/158) of lead abandonment for reasons not directly related to the lead itself. Primary lead dysfunction occured after a median of 3.83 years. Lead survival at 2, 5 and 10 years was 98.7%, 93% and 92.4%. There were no infections reported. Stable median measurements for impedance (RA/RV/LV of 577/483/610 Ohm), sensing threshold (RA/RV/LV of 2.0/11.0/10.0 mV) and pacing threshold (RA/RV/LV of 0.75 V at 0.4 ms/1.0 V at 0.49 ms/1.0 V at 0.45 ms) indicated a good mid- to longterm performance. The only risk factor for primary lead dysfunction was young age at implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of epicardial leads in pediatric and adult patients with congenital heart disease shows good longterm outcomes in terms of pacing performance and lead survival. The authors encourage using epicardial leads in patients with congenital heart disease based on the patient's individual characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr, 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany. christian.paech@med.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paech
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostelka
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dähnert
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flosdorff
authors.forename: Frank Thomas
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Riede
authors.forename: Roman Antonin
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gebauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010496:Pericardium; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013256:Steroids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D013256:Steroids