title: Susceptibility of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Brazilian populations to ryanodine receptor modulators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phthalic and anthranilic diamides comprise a new insecticide class recently registered in Brazil to control Lepidoptera such as Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Therefore, the baseline of susceptibility was determined for eight representative field populations of this species to establish a resistance monitoring programme. The potential for cross-resistance as well as detoxification metabolism was assessed in order to fine-tune the resistance management programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brazilian populations were very susceptible to chlorantraniliprole (LC50 values varied from 3.17 to 29.64 µg AI L(-1) ), cyantraniliprole (LC50 values varied from 8.61 to 28.95 µg AI L(-1) ) and flubendiamide (LC50 values varied from 94 to 230 µg AI L(-1) ), with respective resistance ratios of 9.33-, 3.36- and 2.45-fold between most susceptible and tolerant populations. Anthranilic diamides showed significant correlations between log LC50 values among themselves, suggesting a high risk of cross-resistance. However, the log LC50 values of T. absoluta to phthalic diamide did not show any correlation with anthranilic diamides. Cytochrome- P450-dependent monooxygenase activity showed a weak correlation with log LC50 values of T. absoluta populations to anthranilic diamides, which suggests a potential route for evolving resistance to anthranilic diamides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diamides were highly effective against T. absoluta, with populations showing a homogeneous response to them. Cross-resistance is very likely between anthranilic diamides in T. absoluta. Populations of this pest may evolve resistance by increasing cytochrome- P450-dependent monooxygenases.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Agronomia (Entomologia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Tadeu B M
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Wellington M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jefferson E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Herbert A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D007300:Insect Control; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: chlorantraniliprole; cyantraniliprole; detoxification metabolism; flubendiamide; natural response; tomato leaf miner