title: Synthesis and anticancer activity of new flavonoid analogs and inconsistencies in assays related to proliferation and viability measurements.
abstract: Flavonoids have been studied intensely for their ability to act as anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-aging agents and are often marketed as supplements related to their anti-inflammatory activity. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of polar natural flavonoids. We examined the activity of novel hydrophobic and lipophilic flavonols against human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. All flavonol analogs were more active than the naturally occurring flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferide and galangin. The most potent analogs were 6.5-fold more active against DU-145 and PC-3 cells than quercetin and fell within the biologically relevant concentration range (low micromolar). We also evaluated the potential toxic effects of flavonol analogs on normal cells, an assessment that has frequently been ignored when studying the anticancer effects of flavonoids. During these analyses, we discovered that various metabolic and DNA staining assays were unreliable methods for assessing cell viability of flavonoids. Flavonoids reduce colorimetric dyes such as MTT and Alamar Blue in the absence of cells. We showed that flavonol-treated prostate cancer cells were stained less intensely with crystal violet than untreated cells at non-toxic concentrations. The trypan blue exclusion assay was selected as a reliable alternative for measuring cell viability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
authors.forename: Alaina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA.
authors.forename: G Patrick
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Meier
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005419:Flavonoids