title: Synergies for improving oil palm production and forest conservation in floodplain landscapes.
abstract: Lowland tropical forests are increasingly threatened with conversion to oil palm as global demand and high profit drives crop expansion throughout the world's tropical regions. Yet, landscapes are not homogeneous and regional constraints dictate land suitability for this crop. We conducted a regional study to investigate spatial and economic components of forest conversion to oil palm within a tropical floodplain in the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The Kinabatangan ecosystem harbours significant biodiversity with globally threatened species but has suffered forest loss and fragmentation. We mapped the oil palm and forested landscapes (using object-based-image analysis, classification and regression tree analysis and on-screen digitising of high-resolution imagery) and undertook economic modelling. Within the study region (520,269 ha), 250,617 ha is cultivated with oil palm with 77% having high Net-Present-Value (NPV) estimates ($413/ha-yr-$637/ha-yr); but 20.5% is under-producing. In fact 6.3% (15,810 ha) of oil palm is commercially redundant (with negative NPV of $-299/ha-yr-$-65/ha-yr) due to palm mortality from flood inundation. These areas would have been important riparian or flooded forest types. Moreover, 30,173 ha of unprotected forest remain and despite its value for connectivity and biodiversity 64% is allocated for future oil palm. However, we estimate that at minimum 54% of these forests are unsuitable for this crop due to inundation events. If conversion to oil palm occurs, we predict a further 16,207 ha will become commercially redundant. This means that over 32,000 ha of forest within the floodplain would have been converted for little or no financial gain yet with significant cost to the ecosystem. Our findings have globally relevant implications for similar floodplain landscapes undergoing forest transformation to agriculture such as oil palm. Understanding landscape level constraints to this crop, and transferring these into policy and practice, may provide conservation and economic opportunities within these seemingly high opportunity cost landscapes.
authors.affiliation: Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom; HUTAN/Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Living Landscape Alliance, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Borneo Futures initiative, People and Nature Consulting International, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nicola K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Abram
authors.affiliation: Technological Education Institute of Kavala, Department of Forestry and Management of Natural Environment, Drama, Greece.
authors.forename: Panteleimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xofis
authors.affiliation: Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tzanopoulos
authors.affiliation: Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: MacMillan
authors.affiliation: HUTAN/Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Borneo Futures initiative, People and Nature Consulting International, Jakarta, Indonesia; North England Zoological Society, Chester, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ancrenaz
authors.affiliation: C H Williams Talhar and Wong (Sabah) Sdn Bhd, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: HUTAN/Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lackman
authors.affiliation: Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom; Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Laurentius
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ambu
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metrropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics; D055868:Floods; D065928:Forests; D005843:Geography; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008296:Malaysia; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000191:economics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil