title: The therapeutic effect of tibia counter rotator with toe-out gait plate in the treatment of tibial internal torsion in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the therapeutic effect of a Tibia Counter Rotator (TCR) with toe-out gait plate (GP) upon tibial internal torsion by a comparative analysis of transmalleolar angle (TMA) and gait analysis with GP alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty participants with tibial internal torsion were recruited for this study. Each 10 participants were included in group A with TCR and GP application and in group B with GP application only. The TMA and the kinematic results were used for the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of orthoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within each group, TMA showed a significant increase after treatment. Group A showed a continuous improvement up to six months, however, group B showed an improvement up to five months only. Group A showed a significantly higher correction effect than group B after treatment. Regarding kinematic data, both groups showed a significantly decreased mean ankle adduction angle after treatment. However, group A showed a significantly lower mean ankle adduction angle than group B after six months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The group with TCR and GP showed a significantly better outcome and continued correction force compared to the group with GP only. Our results suggest that TCR with GP may be useful therapeutic orthoses for children with tibial internal torsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea. ; Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Gil Su
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Korean Pedorthic Institute, Goyang, Korea.
authors.forename: In Sik
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Chan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Do
keywords: Foot orthoses; Gait; Tibia; Torsion