title: The challenge of recruiting patients into a placebo-controlled surgical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomized placebo-controlled trials represent the gold standard in evaluating healthcare interventions but are rarely performed within orthopedics. Ethical concerns or well-known challenges in recruiting patients for surgical trials in general have been expressed and adding a placebo component only adds to this complexity. The purpose of this study was to report the challenges of recruiting patients into an orthopedic placebo-controlled surgical trial, to determine the number of patients needed to be screened and allocated in order to include one participant into the trial, and to identify reasons associated with participation in a placebo-controlled randomized surgical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from an ongoing placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT) on meniscectomy versus placebo surgery. We calculated the number of patients needed to be screened in order to include the required number of participants into the RCT. Participating patients were asked about their rationale for joining the study and which type of information was most useful for deciding upon participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 476 patients entered the screening group, of which 190 patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 102 patients declined to participate in the study due to various reasons and 46 were later excluded (no meniscus lesion on the magnetic resonance imaging scan or withdrawn consent). A total of 40 patients were finally included in the RCT. To include one patient into the RCT, 11.9 individuals needed to be screened. A total of 69% of participating patients considered the oral information to be the most important and the most common reason for participating was the contribution to research (90%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients are willing to participate in an orthopedic placebo-controlled surgical trial. Oral information given by the surgeon to the patient and the contribution to research are important aspects to enhance patient recruitment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01264991, registered 21 December 2010.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. kbhr@regionsjaelland.dk.
authors.forename: Kristoffer B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: L Stefan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lohmander
authors.forename: Ewa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Roos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008592:Menisci, Tibial / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010919:Placebos; D035842:Research Subjects / Q000523:psychology*; D018401:Sample Size; D000070600:Tibial Meniscus Injuries
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos