title: CONSTANS is a photoperiod regulated activator of flowering in sorghum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sorghum genotypes used for grain production in temperate regions are photoperiod insensitive and flower early avoiding adverse environments during the reproductive phase. In contrast, energy sorghum hybrids are highly photoperiod sensitive with extended vegetative phases in long days, resulting in enhanced biomass accumulation. SbPRR37 and SbGHD7 contribute to photoperiod sensitivity in sorghum by repressing expression of SbEHD1 and FT-like genes, thereby delaying flowering in long days with minimal influence in short days (PNAS_108:16469-16474, 2011; Plant Genome_in press, 2014). The GIGANTEA (GI)-CONSTANS (CO)-FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) pathway regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis and the grasses (J Exp Bot_62:2453-2463, 2011). In long day flowering plants, such as Arabidopsis and barley, CONSTANS activates FT expression and flowering in long days. In rice, a short day flowering plant, Hd1, the ortholog of CONSTANS, activates flowering in short days and represses flowering in long days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative trait loci (QTL) that modify flowering time in sorghum were identified by screening Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) derived from BTx642 and Tx7000 in long days, short days, and under field conditions. Analysis of the flowering time QTL on SBI-10 revealed that BTx642 encodes a recessive CONSTANS allele containing a His106Tyr substitution in B-box 2 known to inactivate CONSTANS in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analysis characterized sorghum CONSTANS as a floral activator that promotes flowering by inducing the expression of EARLY HEADING DATE 1 (SbEHD1) and sorghum orthologs of the maize FT genes ZCN8 (SbCN8) and ZCN12 (SbCN12). The floral repressor PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATOR PROTEIN 37 (PRR37) inhibits sorghum CONSTANS activity and flowering in long days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sorghum CONSTANS is an activator of flowering that is repressed post-transcriptionally in long days by the floral inhibitor PRR37, contributing to photoperiod sensitive flowering in Sorghum bicolor, a short day plant.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Brock D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Weers
authors.forename: Daryl T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Morishige
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA. jmullet@neo.tamu.edu.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Mullet
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000235:genetics; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D007178:Inbreeding; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D017440:Photoperiod; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger