title: Estrogenic chemicals often leach from BPA-free plastic products that are replacements for BPA-containing polycarbonate products.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xenobiotic chemicals with estrogenic activity (EA), such as bisphenol A (BPA), have been reported to have potential adverse health effects in mammals, including humans, especially in fetal and infant stages. Concerns about safety have caused many manufacturers to use alternatives to polycarbonate (PC) resins to make hard and clear, reusable, plastic products that do not leach BPA. However, no study has focused on whether such BPA-free PC-replacement products, chosen for their perceived higher safety, especially for babies, also release other chemicals that have EA.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used two, well-established, mammalian cell-based, assays (MCF-7 and BG1Luc) to assess the EA of chemicals that leached into over 1000 saline or ethanol extracts of 50 unstressed or stressed (autoclaving, microwaving, and UV radiation) BPA-free PC-replacement products. An EA antagonist, ICI 182,780, was used to confirm that agonist activity in leachates was due to chemicals that activated the mammalian estrogen receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many unstressed and stressed, PC-replacement-products made from acrylic, polystyrene, polyethersulfone, and Tritan™ resins leached chemicals with EA, including products made for use by babies. Exposure to various forms of UV radiation often increased the leaching of chemicals with EA. In contrast, some BPA-free PC-replacement products made from glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate or cyclic olefin polymer or co-polymer resins did not release chemicals with detectable EA under any conditions tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This hazard assessment survey showed that many BPA-free PC- replacement products still leached chemicals having significant levels of EA, as did BPA-containing PC counterparts they were meant to replace. That is, BPA-free did not mean EA-free. However, this study also showed that some PC-replacement products did not leach chemicals having significant levels of EA. That is, EA-free PC-replacement products could be made in commercial quantities at prices that compete with PC-replacement products that were not BPA-free. Since plastic products often have advantages (price, weight, shatter-resistance, etc.) compared to other materials such as steel or glass, it is not necessary to forgo those advantages to avoid release into foodstuffs or the environment of chemicals having EA that may have potential adverse effects on our health or the health of future generations.
authors.affiliation: CertiChem, Inc,, 11212 Metric Blvd, Suite 500, Austin, TX, USA. gbittner@certichem.com.
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Chun Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stoner
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008872:Microwaves; D010636:Phenols; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004967:Estrogens; D000431:Ethanol; D008156:Luciferases; D010636:Phenols; D010969:Plastics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds