title: A thermostated electrochemical flow cell with a coupled bismuth film electrode for square-wave anodic stripping voltammetric determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) in natural, wastewater and tap water samples.
abstract: In order to reduce the sample consumption and waste generation for electrochemical purposes, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) used for electrodeposition of bismuth film (SPE-BiFE) and a thermostated electrochemical flow cell (EFC) were developed. The SPE-BiFE with the EFC was employed to determine Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions in natural, wastewater and tap water samples by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). For this, the flow-batch analysis (FBA) approach based on solenoid micro-pumps and three-way valves was developed to carry out a fully automated procedure with temperature control. Furthermore, the FBA and the SWASV parameters were optimized, on line simultaneous determination of Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ions was performed and two analytical curves were linearly acquired in the concentration ranges from 6.30 to 75.6µg L(-1) and from 3.20 to 38.4µg L(-1), respectively. Moreover, limits of detection of 0.60µg L(-1) and 0.10µg L(-1) for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively, were obtained. Studies of precision for the same SPE-BiFE and repeatability for five built SPE-BiFE were carried out for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) ion measurements and RSD of 4.1% and 2.9% (n=3) with repeatabilities (n=5) of 6.5% and 8.0% were respectively obtained for both analytes. Besides, a low consumption of 700µL of reagents and a sampling frequency of 13h(-1) were acquired. Simplicity, fast response, accuracy, high portability, robustness and suitability for in loco analyses are the main features of the proposed electroanalytical method.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vagner B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elson L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.affiliation: FAC, Cândido de Arruda Botelho, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Newton S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: de Miranda Curi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: bello@ufscar.br.
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fatibello-Filho
mesh_terms: D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002138:Calibration; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001729:Bismuth; D002104:Cadmium; D060766:Drinking Water; D007854:Lead; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Bismuth film electrode; Electrochemical flow cell; Flow-batch analysis; Screen-printed electrode; Thermostated control