title: Fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptide is upregulated in hippocampus of rats exposed to acute morphine injection and spontaneous alternation testing.
abstract: Fibrinogen is a secreted glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver, although recent in situ hybridization data support its expression in the brain. It is involved in blood clotting and is released in the brain upon injury. Here, we report changes in the extracellular levels of fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptides in the brain after injections of saline and morphine. More specifically, in order to assess hippocampus-related working memory, an approach pairing in vivo microdialysis with mass spectrometry was used to characterize extracellular peptide release from the hippocampus of rats in response to saline or morphine injection coupled with a spontaneous alternation task. Two fibrinopeptide A-related peptides derived from the fibrinogen α-chain-fibrinopeptide A (ADTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) and a fibrinopeptide A-derived peptide (DTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR)-were shown to be consistently elevated in the hippocampal microdialysate. Fibrinopeptide A was significantly upregulated in rats exposed to morphine and spontaneous alternation testing compared with rats exposed to saline and spontaneous alternation testing (P < 0.001), morphine alone (P < 0.01), or saline alone (P < 0.01), respectively. The increase in fibrinopeptide A in rats subjected to morphine and a memory task suggests that a complex interaction between fibrinogen and morphine takes place in the hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Agatha E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Kasia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Catherman
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Nathan G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Hatcher
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.).
authors.forename: Jonathan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Sweedler
keywords: fibrinogen; fibrinogen α-chain peptides; fibrinopeptide A; hippocampus; in vivo microdialysis; mass spectrometry; morphine