title: CAD or MAD? Anger (not disgust) as the predominant response to pathogen-free violations of the divinity code.
abstract: The CAD triad hypothesis (Rozin, Lowery, Imada, & Haidt, 1999) stipulates that, cross-culturally, people feel anger for violations of autonomy, contempt for violations of community, and disgust for violations of divinity. Although the disgust-divinity link has received some measure of empirical support, the results have been difficult to interpret in light of several conceptual and design flaws. Taking a revised methodological approach, including use of newly validated (Study 1), pathogen-free violations of the divinity code, we found (Study 2) little evidence of disgust-related phenomenology (nausea, gagging, loss of appetite) or action tendency (desire to move away), but much evidence of anger-linked desire to retaliate, as a major component of individuals' projected response to "pure" (pathogen-free) violations of the divinity code. Study 3 replicated these results using faces in lieu of words as a dependent measure. Concordant findings emerged from an archival study (Study 4) examining the aftermath of a real-life sacred violation-the burning of Korans by U.S. military personnel. Study 5 further corroborated these results using continuous measures based on everyday emotion terms and new variants of the divinity-pure scenarios featuring sacrilegious acts committed by a theologically irreverent member of one's own group rather than an ideologically opposed member of another group. Finally, a supplemental study found the anger-dominant attribution pattern to remain intact when the impious act being judged was the judge's own. Based on these and related results, we posit anger to be the principal emotional response to moral transgressions irrespective of the normative content involved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Royzman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atanasov
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Justin F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Landy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gepty
mesh_terms: D000786:Anger; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012107:Research Design; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult