title: Second meal effect on appetite and fermentation of wholegrain rye foods.
abstract: Wholegrain rye has been associated with decreased hunger sensations. This may be partly mediated by colonic fermentation. Sustained consumption of fermentable components is known to change the gut microflora and may increase numbers of saccharolytic bacteria.
  
  
  
  To investigate the effect of wholegrain rye consumption on appetite and colonic fermentation after a subsequent meal.
  
  
  
  In a randomized, controlled, three-arm cross-over study, twelve healthy male subjects consumed three iso-caloric evening test meals. The test meals were based on white wheat bread (WBB), wholegrain rye kernel bread (RKB), or boiled rye kernels (RK). Breath hydrogen excretion and subjective appetite sensation were measured before and at 30 min intervals for 3 h after a standardized breakfast in the subsequent morning. After the 3 h, an ad libitum lunch meal was served to assess energy intake. In an in vitro study, RKB and RK were subjected to digestion and 24 h-fermentation in order to study SCFA production and growth of selected saccharolytic bacteria.
  
  
  
  The test meals did not differ in their effect on parameters of subjective appetite sensation the following day. Ad libitum energy intake at lunch was, however, reduced by 11% (P < 0.01) after RKB and 7% (P < 0.05) after RK compared with after WWB evening meal. Breath hydrogen excretion was significantly increased following RKB and RK evening meals compared with WWB (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Overall, RKB and RK were readily fermented in vitro and exhibited similar fermentation profiles, although total SCFA production was higher for RK compared with RKB (P < 0.001). In vitro fermentation of RKB and RK both increased the relative quantities of Bifidobacterium and decreased Bacteroides compared with inoculum (P < 0.001). The C. coccoides group was reduced after RKB (P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Consumption of wholegrain rye products reduced subsequent ad libitum energy intake in young healthy men, possibly mediated by mechanisms related to colonic fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrügger
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Division of Food Microbiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Louise Kristine
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Vigsnæs
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ember
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blooming
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: mekr@nexs.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005285:Fermentation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D012434:Secale; D014908:Triticum; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Breath hydrogen; Saccharolytic bacteria; Short-chain fatty acids; ad libitum energy intake