title: Coefficient of glucose variation is independently associated with mortality in critically ill patients receiving intravenous insulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both patient- and context-specific factors may explain the conflicting evidence regarding glucose control in critically ill patients. Blood glucose variability appears to correlate with mortality, but this variability may be an indicator of disease severity, rather than an independent predictor of mortality. We assessed blood glucose coefficient of variation as an independent predictor of mortality in the critically ill.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used eProtocol-Insulin, an electronic protocol for managing intravenous insulin with explicit rules, high clinician compliance, and reproducibility. We studied critically ill patients from eight hospitals, excluding patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and patients supported with eProtocol-insulin for < 24 hours or with < 10 glucose measurements. Our primary clinical outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. We performed multivariable logistic regression, with covariates of age, gender, glucose coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean), Charlson comorbidity score, acute physiology score, presence of diabetes, and occurrence of hypoglycemia < 60 mg/dL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 6101 critically ill adults. Coefficient of variation was independently associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio 1.23 for every 10% increase, P < 0.001), even after adjustment for hypoglycemia, age, disease severity, and comorbidities. The association was higher in non-diabetics (OR = 1.37, P < 0.001) than in diabetics (OR 1.15, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood glucose variability is associated with mortality and is independent of hypoglycemia, disease severity, and comorbidities. Future studies should evaluate blood glucose variability.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lanspa
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Orme
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.forename: Eliotte L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hirshberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin