title: Agreement between cranial and facial classification through clinical observation and anthropometric measurement among Envigado school children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the agreement between cranial and facial classification obtained by clinical observation and anthropometric measurements among school children from the municipality of Envigado, Colombia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was carried out among 8-15-year-old children. Initially, an indirect clinical observation was made to determine the skull pattern (dolichocephalic, mesocephalic or brachycephalic), based on visual equivalence of right eurion- left eurion and glabella-opisthocranion anthropometric points, as well as the facial type (leptoprosopic, mesoprosopic and euryprosopic), according to the left and right zygomatic, nasion and gnation points. Following, a direct measurement was conducted with an anthropometer using the same landmarks for cranial width and length, as well as for facial width and height. Subsequently, both the facial index [euryprosopic (≤80.9%), mesoprosopic (between 81% - 93%) and leptoprosopic (≥93.1%)] and the cranial index [dolichocephalic (index ≤ 75.9%), mesocephalic (between 76% - 81%), and brachycephalic (≥81.1%)] were determined. Concordance between the indices obtained was calculated by direct and indirect measurement using the Kappa statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 313 students were enrolled; 172 (55%) were female and 141 (45%) male. The agreement between the direct and indirect facial index measurements was 0.189 (95% CI 0.117-0261), and the cranial index was 0.388 (95% CI 0.304-0.473), indicating poor concordance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No agreement was observed between direct measurements conducted with an anthropometer and indirect measurements via visual evaluation. Therefore, the indirect visual classification method is not appropriate to calculate the cranial and facial indices.
authors.forename: Adriana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Torres-Restrepo
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Quintero-Monsalve
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Giraldo-Mira
authors.forename: Zulma Vanessa
authors.initials: ZV
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vélez-Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Carrera 47 # 37 sur 18, Envigado, Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. pboterom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Botero-Mariaca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003105:Colombia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014505:Urban Population; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D015050:Zygoma / Q000033:anatomy & histology