title: Clastogenic effect of atranorin, evernic acid, and usnic acid on human lymphocytes.
abstract: Three lichen secondary metabolites atranorin (1), evernic acid (2), and usnic acid (3), were evaluated for their in vitro clastogenic and antiproliferative effects on human lymphocytes using the cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay at concentrations of 2 microg/mL, 4 microg/mL and 6 microg/mL of final culture solution. The frequency of micronucleus (MN) was scored in binucleated cells, and cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) was calculated. Among the tested compounds, 3 exhibited the most prominent effect decreasing the frequency of MN in the range of 42.5% - 48.9%, that is about double of the positive control amifostin WR-2721 that reduces MN frequency for 22.0%. The effect of evernic acid was approximately equal to action of amifostin (23.2% -32.9%). Atranorin at concentrations of 2 microg/mL and 4 microg/mL decreasing the frequency of MN only for 11.1% and 1.8%, while in concentration of 6 microg/mL increases the frequency of MN for 9.6 %. The comparable CBPI values of the investigated compounds and control suggested that they did not show a statistically significant inhibitory effect on lymphocyte cell proliferation at applied concentrations.
authors.forename: Gordana S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Stojanović
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanković
authors.forename: Igor Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Stojanović
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Palić
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milovanović
authors.forename: Sofija
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rancić
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C073339:usnic acid; C026304:atranorin; C050847:evernic acid