title: Sequencing of transcriptomes from two Miscanthus species reveals functional specificity in rhizomes, and clarifies evolutionary relationships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Miscanthus is a promising biomass crop for temperate regions. Despite the increasing interest in this plant, limited sequence information has constrained research into its biology, physiology, and breeding. The whole genome transcriptomes of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus presented in this study may provide good resources to understand functional compositions of two important Miscanthus genomes and their evolutionary relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For M. sinensis, a total of 457,891 and 512,950 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were produced from leaf and rhizome tissues, respectively, which were assembled into 12,166 contigs and 89,648 singletons for leaf, and 13,170 contigs and 112,138 singletons for rhizome. For M. sacchariflorus, a total of 288,806 and 267,952 ESTs from leaf and rhizome tissues, respectively, were assembled into 8,732 contigs and 66,881 singletons for leaf, and 8,104 contigs and 63,212 singletons for rhizome. Based on the distributions of synonymous nucleotide substitution (Ks), sorghum and Miscanthus diverged about 6.2 million years ago (MYA), Saccharum and Miscanthus diverged 4.6 MYA, and M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus diverged 1.5 MYA. The pairwise alignment of predicted protein sequences from sorghum-Miscanthus and two Miscanthus species found a total of 43,770 and 35,818 nsSNPs, respectively. The impacts of striking mutations found by nsSNPs were much lower between sorghum and Miscanthus than those between the two Miscanthus species, perhaps as a consequence of the much higher level of gene duplication in Miscanthus and resulting ability to buffer essential functions against disturbance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ESTs generated in the present study represent a significant addition to Miscanthus functional genomics resources, permitting us to discover some candidate genes associated with enhanced biomass production. Ks distributions based on orthologous ESTs may serve as a guideline for future research into the evolution of Miscanthus species as well as its close relatives sorghum and Saccharum.
authors.forename: Changsoo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sung Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Do-Soon
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea. gjlee@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Geung-Joo
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D020451:Contig Mapping; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D017343:Genes, Plant; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027343:Rhizome / Q000235:genetics*; D031786:Saccharum / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger