title: Advances in vaccination against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli respiratory disease: potentials and limitations.
abstract: Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is one of the most economically devastating pathogens affecting the poultry industry. This group of extra-intestinal E. coli causes a variety of clinical conditions including airsacculitis and cellulitis. The economic impact of APEC is mainly due to mortality, slower growth rates, and carcass downgrading. In commercial broiler operations, APEC infections are controlled indirectly by vaccination against other respiratory diseases and minimizing stress conditions, and directly by administration of antimicrobial agents to suppress the infection in already infected flocks. The fact that most APEC strains possess some common virulence factors suggests that an effective vaccine against APEC is a viable option. The most important virulence factors that have been investigated over the years include type I and P fimbriae, aerobactin iron-acquisition system, and serum resistance traits. Despite the potential for developing an efficacious vaccine to combat this economically important poultry disease, several obstacles hinder such efforts. Those obstacles include the cost, vaccine delivery method and timing of vaccination as the birds should be immune to APEC by 21 days of age. Herein, we review the various attempts to develop an effective vaccine against the respiratory form of APEC diseases in poultry. We also discuss in-depth the potentials and limitations of such vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: hghunaim@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghunaim
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: abumadi@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Marwan Abdelhamid
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abu-Madi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States. Electronic address: sxk91@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Subhashinie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariyawasam
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D010861:Fimbriae, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000276:immunology; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D037521:Virulence Factors; C034506:aerobactin receptor; C031819:aerobactin; D007501:Iron
keywords: Aerobactin; Airsacculitis; Antimicrobial resistance; Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC); Broiler; Chicken; Fimbriae; IROMPs; Iss; Septicemia; Vaccine