title: Grape seed extract prevents skeletal muscle wasting in interleukin 10 knockout mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle wasting is frequently a result of cancers, AIDS, chronic diseases and aging, which often links to muscle inflammation. Although grape seed extract (GSE) has been widely used as a human dietary supplement for health promotion and disease prevention primarily due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammative effects, it is unknown whether GSE affects muscle wasting. The objective is to test the effects of GSE supplementation on inflammation and muscle wasting in interleukin (IL)-10 knockout mice, a recently developed model for human frailty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male IL-10 knockout (IL10KO) C57BL/6 mice at 6 weeks of age were assigned to either 0% or 0.1% GSE (in drinking water) groups (n=10) for 12 weeks, when skeletal muscle was sampled for analyses. Wild-type C57BL/6 male mice were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tibialis anterior muscle weight and fiber size of IL10KO mice were much lower than wild-type mice. IL10KO enhanced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling and inflammasome formation when compared to wild-type mice. Phosphorylation of anabolic signaling was inhibited, whereas muscle specific ubiquitin ligase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and apoptotic signaling were up-regulated in IL10KO mice. GSE supplementation effectively rectified these adverse changes in IL10KO muscle, which provide an explanation for the enhanced muscle mass, reduced protein degradation and apoptosis in GSE supplemented mice compared to IL10KO mice without supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSE supplementation effectively prevents muscle wasting in IL10KO mice, showing that GSE can be used as an auxiliary treatment for muscle loss associated with chronic inflammation and frailty.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xingwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Meijun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA. min.du@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D008517:Phytotherapy; D011897:Random Allocation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016753:Interleukin-10; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases