title: Higher CSF interleukin-6 and CSF interleukin-8 in current depression in older women. Results from a population-based sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The literature regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines in geriatric depression is sparse. The aim of this study was to examine associations between CSF interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and depression in a population-based sample of older women who were followed for 17 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  86 dementia-free women aged 70-84 years who participated in the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden took part in a lumbar puncture in 1992-3. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 were measured. Psychiatric symptoms were rated with the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale at baseline and at three subsequent face-to-face examinations. Depression (major or minor) was diagnosed in accordance with DSM-IV/DSM-IV research criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, women with ongoing major (n=10) or minor depression (n=9) had higher levels of CSF IL-6 (p=0.008) and CSF IL-8 (p=0.007) compared with those without depression (n=67). Higher CSF IL-8 was related to higher MADRS score (p=0.003). New cases of depression were observed in 9 women during follow-ups. No associations between CSF cytokine levels and future depression could be shown in women without depression at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of CSF IL-6 and IL-8 were associated with current depression in this population-based sample. CSF IL-6 and CSF IL-8 may play a role in depression in late life.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: silke.kern@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: ingmar.skoog@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: anne.borjesson@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Börjesson-Hanson
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: kaj.blennow@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. Electronic address: henrik.zetterberg@clinchem.gu.se.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: svante.ostling@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ostling
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: jurgen.kern@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: pia.gudmundsson@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gudmundsson
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: tom.marlow@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: lars.rosengren@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, 43141 Mölndal, Sweden. Electronic address: margda.waern@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Margda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000523:psychology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers; D003863:Depression / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: CSF; Depression; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Older women; Population-based; Prospective