title: A brief review and clinical application of heart rate variability biofeedback in sports, exercise, and rehabilitation medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important component of the effective management of chronic noncommunicable disease is the assessment and management of psychosocial stress. The measurement and modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) may be valuable in this regard.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the measurement and physiological control of HRV; to describe the impact of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and chronic respiratory disease, and the relationship between these diseases and changes in HRV; and to describe the influence of biofeedback and exercise on HRV and the use of HRV biofeedback in the management of chronic disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases were searched (up to August 2013). Additional articles were obtained from the reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. Articles were individually selected for further review based on the quality and focus of the study, and the population studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart rate variability is reduced in stress and in many chronic diseases, and may even predict the development and prognosis of some diseases. Heart rate variability can be increased with both exercise and biofeedback. Although the research on the effect of exercise is conflicting, there is evidence that aerobic training may increase HRV and cardiac vagal tone both in healthy individuals and in patients with disease. Heart rate variability biofeedback is also an effective method of increasing HRV and cardiac vagal tone, and has been shown to decrease stress and reduce the morbidity and mortality of disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment and management of psychosocial stress is a challenging but important component of effective comprehensive lifestyle interventions for the management of noncommunicable disease. It is, therefore, important for the sports and exercise physician to have an understanding of the therapeutic use of HRV modulation, both in the reduction of stress and in the management of chronic disease.
authors.affiliation: MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. gabriellprinsloo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriell E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Prinsloo
authors.forename: H G Laurie
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.forename: Wayne E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Derman
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012046:Rehabilitation; D013178:Sports Medicine; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation