title: A novel approach to identify driver genes involved in androgen-independent prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insertional mutagenesis screens have been used with great success to identify oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Typically, these screens use gammaretroviruses (γRV) or transposons as insertional mutagens. However, insertional mutations from replication-competent γRVs or transposons that occur later during oncogenesis can produce passenger mutations that do not drive cancer progression. Here, we utilized a replication-incompetent lentiviral vector (LV) to perform an insertional mutagenesis screen to identify genes in the progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate cancer cells were mutagenized with a LV to enrich for clones with a selective advantage in an androgen-deficient environment provided by a dysregulated gene(s) near the vector integration site. We performed our screen using an in vitro AIPC model and also an in vivo xenotransplant model for AIPC. Our approach identified proviral integration sites utilizing a shuttle vector that allows for rapid rescue of plasmids in E. coli that contain LV long terminal repeat (LTR)-chromosome junctions. This shuttle vector approach does not require PCR amplification and has several advantages over PCR-based techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proviral integrations were enriched near prostate cancer susceptibility loci in cells grown in androgen-deficient medium (p < 0.001), and five candidate genes that influence AIPC were identified; ATPAF1, GCOM1, MEX3D, PTRF, and TRPM4. Additionally, we showed that RNAi knockdown of ATPAF1 significantly reduces growth (p < 0.05) in androgen-deficient conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our approach has proven effective for use in PCa, identifying a known prostate cancer gene, PTRF, and also several genes not previously associated with prostate cancer. The replication-incompetent shuttle vector approach has broad potential applications for cancer gene discovery, and for interrogating diverse biological and disease processes.
authors.forename: Ellyn N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Schinke
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bii
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nalla
authors.forename: Dustin T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Rae
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tedrick
authors.forename: Gary G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA. grant.trobridge@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Trobridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002999:Clone Cells; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000379:methods*; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020079:Terminal Repeat Sequences; D014779:Virus Replication; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C497835:CAVIN1 protein, human; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C498318:ATPAF1 protein, human; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases