title: Impact of Québec's healthcare reforms on the organization of primary healthcare (PHC): a 2003-2010 follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare reforms initiated in the early 2000s in Québec involved the implementation of new modes of primary healthcare (PHC) delivery and the creation of Health and Social Services Centers (HSSCs) to support it. The objective of this article is to assess and explain the degree of PHC organizational change achieved following these reforms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted two surveys of PHC organizations, in 2005 and 2010, in two regions of the province of Québec, Canada. From the responses to these surveys, we derived a measure of organizational change based on an index of conformity to an ideal type (ICIT). One set of explanatory variables was contextual, related to coercive, normative and mimetic influences; the other consisted of organizational variables that measured receptivity towards new PHC models. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the relationships between ICIT change in the post-reform period and the explanatory variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive results were attained, as expressed by increase in the ICIT score in the post-reform period, mainly due to implementation of new types of PHC organizations (Family Medicine Groups and Network Clinics). Organizational receptivity was the main explanatory variable mediating the effect of coercive and mimetic influences. Normative influence was not a significant factor in explaining changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes were modest at the system level but important with regard to new forms of PHC organizations. The top-down decreed reform was a determining factor in initiating change whereas local coercive and normative influences did not play a major role. The exemplar role played by certain PHC organizations through mimetic influence was more important. Receptivity of individual organizations was both a necessary condition and a mediating factor in influencing change. This supports the view that a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategy is best suited for achieving substantial changes in PHC local organization.
authors.affiliation: Direction de santé publique de l'Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. rpineaul@santepub-mtl.qc.ca.
authors.forename: Raynald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pineault
authors.forename: Roxane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borgès Da Silva
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prud'homme
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couture
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Provost
authors.forename: Jean-Frédéric
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Levesque
mesh_terms: D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018166:Health Care Reform; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011792:Quebec; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires