title: Detection of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.
abstract: Multiple markers are used to assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). New technology that permits simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers combined with those used at the point of care indicative of glycemic control, including glycemic variability determined from 1,5-anhydroglucitol measurement, could provide better management and further insight into the disease. This platform was based on previous research involving glucose detection and uses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to detect a range of 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentrations at an optimal binding frequency. The enzyme pyranose oxidase was fixed to gold electrodes while a sine wave of sweeping frequencies was induced in purified solutions and in variable presence of whole blood. The optimal binding frequency for the detection of 1,5-anhydroglucitol was found to be 3.71 kHz. The impedance response compared to the concentration of target present was found to have a logarithmic slope of 7.04 with an R-squared value of 0.96. This response includes 2 experimental sets, a single test of a low concentration range and a high concentration range with 5 replicates. The relative standard deviation of the high range varied from 28% to 27% from lowest to highest concentrations. Best detection in complex solutions was found in lower blood concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, but maintained relatively high accuracy in concentrations 5% and 10%. The sensor platform was successfully evaluated at a high dynamic range of 1,5-AG in purified solutions. In the presence of whole blood, lowest percentages yielded the best results indicating that filtering interferents may be necessary in final device architecture.
authors.affiliation: Harrington Biomedical Engineering Program in the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Teagan L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Curtiss B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Harrington Biomedical Engineering Program in the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA jeffrey.labelle@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: LaBelle
keywords: 1,5-anhydrgoclutiol; biosensor; diabetes mellitus; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; point-of-care testing