title: First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metformin is generally considered a non-teratogenic drug; however, only a few studies specifically designed to assess the rate of congenital anomalies after metformin use have been published in the literature. The objects of the present study were to review all of the prospective and retrospective studies reporting on women treated with metformin at least during the first trimester of their pregnancy and to estimate the overall rate of major birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases were searched for English language articles until December 2013. Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were: a case group of women with PCOS or pre-pregnancy type 2 diabetes and first-trimester exposure to metformin; a disease-matched control group which was not exposed to metformin or other oral anti-diabetic agents; and a list of the major anomalies in both the study and the control groups. A random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of data, using odds ratios. Studies not fulfilling the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis but reporting relevant data on major malformations in women diagnosed with PCOS were then used to estimate the overall birth defects rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meta-analysis of nine controlled studies with women affected by PCOS detected that the rate of major birth defects in the metformin-exposed group was not statistically increased compared with the disease-matched control group and that there was no significant heterogeneity among the studies. The metformin-exposed sample was composed of 351 pregnancies and the OR of major birth defects was 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.18-4.08; Pheterogeneity = 0.71). By evaluating all of the non-overlapping PCOS studies reported in the literature, even those without an appropriate control group, the overall rate of major anomalies was 0.6% in the sample of 517 women who discontinued the therapy upon conception or confirmation of pregnancy and 0.5% in the sample of 634 women who were treated with metformin throughout the first trimester of their pregnancy. Regarding type 2 diabetic women, we did not identify a sufficient number of studies with metformin exposure during the first trimester to proceed with the meta-analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is currently no evidence that metformin is associated with an increased risk of major birth defects in women affected by PCOS and treated during the first trimester. However larger ad hoc studies are warranted in order to definitely confirm the safety and efficacy of this drug in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassina
authors.affiliation: Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donà
authors.affiliation: Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Gianantonio
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Litta
authors.affiliation: Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy maurizio.clementi@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clementi
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin
keywords: PCOS; malformations; metformin; pregnancy; type 2 diabetes