title: Two-stage prediction of the effects of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquid mixtures on luciferase.
abstract: The predicted toxicity of mixtures of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) in the ratios of their EC50, EC10, and NOEC (no observed effect concentration) were compared to the observed toxicity of these mixtures on luciferase. The toxicities of EC50 ratio mixture can be effectively predicted by two-stage prediction (TSP) method, but were overestimated by the concentration addition (CA) model and underestimated by the independent action (IA) model. The toxicities of EC10 ratio mixtures can be basically predicted by TSP and CA, but were underestimated by IA. The toxicities of NOEC ratio mixtures can be predicted by TSP and CA in a certain concentration range, but were underestimated by IA. Our results support the use of TSP as a default approach for predicting the combined effect of different types of ILs at the molecular level. In addition, mixtures of ILs mixed at NOEC and EC10 could cause significant effects of 64.1% and 97.7%, respectively. Therefore, we should pay high attention to the combined effects in mixture risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. huilinge@126.com.
authors.forename: Hui-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. ssliuhl@263.net.
authors.forename: Shu-Shen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China. sublin22@163.com.
authors.forename: Bing-Xia
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China. shinevip@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiang-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D049409:Luciferases, Firefly