title: Effect of whole soy and purified isoflavone daidzein on renal function--a 6-month randomized controlled trial in equol-producing postmenopausal women with prehypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to examine the long-term effect of commonly used whole soy foods (soy flour) and purified daidzein (one major isoflavone and the precursor of equol) on renal function among prehypertensive postmenopausal women who are also equol producers, a population most likely to benefit from soy intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 6-month double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Two hundred seventy eligible Chinese women were randomized to either one of the three treatments: 40 g soy flour (whole soy group), 40 g low-fat milk powder + 63 mg daidzein (daidzein group) or 40 g low-fat milk powder (placebo group) daily each for 6 months. Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of trial. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea, angiotensin-converting enzyme, minerals and 24-h urinary creatinine and minerals were analyzed. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the Cockcroft-Gault and the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifty-three subjects completed the study according to the protocol. Urinary isoflavones indicated good compliance of participants. No significant changes were observed in most of renal parameters, however, there was a less decrease in eGFRcockcroft in 6-month change (p=0.044) and %change (p=0.031) with whole soy intake relative to milk placebo. Subgroup analysis among women with lowered renal function suggested whole soy consumption tended to improve markers of renal function relative to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Six-month consumption of whole soy tended to have a modest improvement of renal function in prehypertensive postmenopausal women with lowered renal function. Future trials in subjects with more declined renal function are necessary.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier of NCT01270737. (URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01270737).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Zhao-min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Electronic address: suzanneho@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Yu-ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine &Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR. Electronic address: jeanwoowong@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D060754:Equol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045730:Soy Foods; D013025:Glycine max
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D060754:Equol; C004742:daidzein
keywords: Daidzein; Equol producers; Prehypertension; Renal function; Whole soy