title: Involvement of NFκB in the antirheumatic potential of Chenopodium album L., aerial parts extracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chenopodium album L. (C. album) is commonly known as Bathua in Hindi (Family: Chenopodiaceae). Traditionally, the plant is used as a laxative, diuretic, sedative and the infusion of the plant is used for the treatment of rheumatism. However, no scientific validation is available on the antirheumatic potential of the plant. In the present investigation, role of NF kappa B (NFκB) in the antiarthritic potential of extracts of aerial parts of Chenopodium album was explored and evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The defatted aerial parts of Chenopodium album were successively extracted with ethylacetate, acetone, methanol and 50% methanol to study their antioxidant capacity followed by antiarthritic potential using Complete Freund׳s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. The polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanone contents of different extracts were quantified and correlated with their antioxidant capacity, antiarthritic activity and NFκB inhibition potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental data indicated that the acetone extract of Chenopodium album (ACCA) has shown significant reduction in rat paw edema (80.13%) at dose level of 200 mg/kg per oral in 21 days of this study. On 22nd day, hematological and biochemical parameters were estimated and it was observed that the altered hematological parameters (Hb, RBC, WBC and ESR), biochemical parameters (Serum creatinine, total proteins and acute phase proteins) and loss in body weight in the arthritic rats were significantly brought back to near normal level by the ACCA extract. ACCA extract significantly decreased the NFκB expression in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and this effect is comparable with standard indomethacine in CFA treated rats. The polyphenolic and flavonoid content of different extracts were in the range of 14.56±0.21-42.00±0.2 mg (gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and 2.20±0.003-7.33±0.5 mg (rutin equivalent/g extract) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiarthritic activity possessed by ACCA extract can be correlated directly to its antioxidant potential, high flavonoidal content achieved by successive extraction and its capacity to inhibit the NFκB protein, as proven by immunohistochemistry study.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: sumitkishanarora@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sumit K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: pri.200672@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prakash R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Itankar
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: prashantrkverma@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Prashant R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: ashishbharne2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashish P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bharne
authors.affiliation: University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur 440033, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: kokaredada@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dadasaheb M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kokare
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D027463:Chenopodium album / Q000737:chemistry*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Chenopodium album; Complete Freund׳s adjuvant; DPPH; Immunohistochemistry; NFκB; Nitric oxide