title: Neurobiological changes after intervention in individuals with anti-social behaviour: a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A neurobiological perspective has become accepted as a valuable approach for understanding anti-social behaviour. There is literature to suggest that, in non-offending populations, psychological treatments affect both neurobiological measures and clinical presentation. A theoretical position to this effect has been adopted with respect to offender treatment, but there has been no systematic review of empirical literature on this point.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to ascertain from published literature firstly whether there is evidence of change in neuropsychological or physiological measures after behavioural treatments/programmes for people with anti-social behaviour and secondly whether these neurobiological changes are associated with behavioural change.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search strategy was formulated to include studies considering 'neurobiological factors', 'anti-social population', 'treatment' and 'treatment outcome'. The Maryland Scientific Methods Scale was used to select relevant studies of sufficient methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies were found, only one with adults. Overall, the values of specific neurobiological risk factors, particularly of basal cortisol, become less abnormal following intervention. There was some evidence for a link between change in neurobiological functioning and behavioural improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings, although provisional, may provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of interventions for anti-social behaviour. Future studies that include pre-treatment neurobiological assessment could help reveal physical vulnerabilities that interventions should target to improve treatment efficacy, and provide for objective, independent corroboration of change.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Liza J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cornet
authors.forename: Catharina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: de Kogel
authors.forename: Henk L I
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Nijman
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: van der Laan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012919:Social Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome