title: Control of microorganisms of oral health interest with Arctium lappa L. (burdock) extract non-cytotoxic to cell culture of macrophages (RAW 264.7).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Arctium lappa L. extract on Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. In addition, the cytotoxicity of this extract was analyzed on macrophages (RAW 264.7).
  
  
  METHODS
  By broth microdilution method, different concentrations of the extract (250-0.4 mg/mL) were used in order to determine the minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) in planktonic cultures and the most effective concentration was used on biofilms on discs made of acrylic resin. The cytotoxicity A. lappa L. extract MMC was evaluated on RAW 264.7 by MTT assay and the quantification of IL-1β and TNF-α by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most effective concentration was 250 mg/mL and also promoted significant reduction (log₁₀) in the biofilms of S. aureus (0.438 ± 0.269), S. epidermidis (0.377 ± 0.298), S. mutans (0.244 ± 0.161) and C. albicans (0.746 ± 0.209). Cell viability was similar to 100%. The production of IL-1β was similar to the control group (p>0.05) and there was inhibition of TNF-α (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A. lappa L. extract was microbicidal for all the evaluated strains in planktonic cultures, microbiostatic for biofilms and not cytotoxic to the macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: jroliveira16@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonatas Rafael
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosilene Batista
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: de Aguiar Almeida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Polyana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: das Graças Figueiredo Vilela
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe Eduardo
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosilene Fernandes
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Olavo Cardoso
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane Dias
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031170:Arctium; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D041221:Candida glabrata / Q000187:drug effects; D041022:Candida tropicalis / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D010933:Plankton; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Arctium lappa; Biofilms; Candida; RAW 264.7; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus mutans