title: Macrophage plasticity in skeletal muscle repair.
abstract: Macrophages are one of the first barriers of host defence against pathogens. Beyond their role in innate immunity, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various injured tissues. Perturbations of macrophage function and/or activation may result in impaired regeneration and fibrosis deposition as described in several chronic pathological diseases. Heterogeneity and plasticity have been demonstrated to be hallmarks of macrophages. In response to environmental cues they display a proinflammatory (M1) or an alternative anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. A lot of evidence demonstrated that after acute injury M1 macrophages infiltrate early to promote the clearance of necrotic debris, whereas M2 macrophages appear later to sustain tissue healing. Whether the sequential presence of two different macrophage populations results from a dynamic shift in macrophage polarization or from the recruitment of new circulating monocytes is a subject of ongoing debate. In this paper, we discuss the current available information about the role that different phenotypes of macrophages plays after injury and during the remodelling phase in different tissue types, with particular attention to the skeletal muscle.
authors.affiliation: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rigamonti
authors.affiliation: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6915-5535
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zordan
authors.affiliation: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sciorati
authors.affiliation: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy ; San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rovere-Querini
authors.affiliation: Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy ; Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1753-5346
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brunelli
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000276:immunology* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D009220:Myositis / Q000276:immunology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000276:immunology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000276:immunology*