title: Crown heights in the permanent teeth of 45,X and 45,X/46,XX females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous results regarding human sex chromosome aneuploidies have shown that the X and Y chromosomes affect tooth size and morphology. This study looked for the effect of sex chromosome deficiency on permanent tooth crown heights.
  
  
  METHODS
  The material, from the Finnish KVANTTI Research Project, consisted of 97 45,X females and 15 45,X/46,XX females. The controls were 32 sisters and 28 mothers of the 45,X females, eight sisters and two mothers of the 45,X/46,XX females and 35 female population controls. Crown heights of all the available teeth except third molars on both sides of the jaws were measured from panoramic radiographs with a digital calliper according to the defined procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tooth crown heights were significantly smaller in the 45,X females than in the female population controls, except for the incisors and one canine in the maxilla, whereas the tooth crown heights of the 45,X/46,XX females were close to those of the normal control females. The differences between the 45,X and 45,X/46,XX females were statistically significant, excluding the upper incisor area and a few teeth in the mandible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of the sex chromosome deficiency on permanent tooth crown height is due to the magnitude of lacking sex chromosome material. The present results regarding the 45,X females are parallel to previous findings in Turner patients regarding reduced mesiodistal and labiolingual dimensions and tooth crown heights in the permanent dentition.
authors.affiliation: Oral Development and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu.
authors.forename: Raija Helena
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pentinpuro
authors.forename: Raija Eliisa
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lähdesmäki
authors.forename: Ahti Olavi
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Niinimaa
authors.forename: Paula Ritva Orvokki
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pesonen
authors.forename: Lassi Juhani
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Alvesalo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000782:Aneuploidy; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Turner syndrome; X chromosome; sex chromosomes; tooth crown; tooth size