title: Reference values for the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Whitely Index (WI), and the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20R): The Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Whitely Index (WI), and the Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20R) are three questionnaires often incorporated in routine outcome monitoring (ROM). Respectively, they assess symptom severity in patients with body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, and chronic fatigue syndrome. We aimed to generate reference values for a healthy population and for a population of patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for at least one of BDD, hypochondriasis, and CFS, treated in specialized mental health care.
  
  
  METHODS
  The healthy ROM reference-group (n=648) was recruited through general practitioners. These subjects were matched for age and sex with the ROM patient-group (n=823). To define limits (i.e., cut-off-values) for one-sided reference intervals (5th percentile [P5] for ROM patient-group and 95th percentile [P95] for ROM reference-group) the outermost 5% of observations were used. Discriminative powers were evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cut-off-values (P95 ROM reference-group) were 55 for the BICI, 6 for the WI, and 92 for the CIS-20R. These values differed for men and women, being mostly higher for women. The discriminative power of all three somatoform questionnaires was very high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial non-response and limited generalizability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the BICI, WI, and CIS-20R a comprehensive set of reference values was obtained. The reference values may support clinical decisions regarding adjusting or terminating therapy, and possible referral.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Y.W.M.Schulte-van_Maaren@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Yvonne W M
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Schulte-van Maaren
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giltay
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Hemert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margot W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: de Waal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yanda R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Van Rood
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid V E
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Carlier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D057189:Checklist; D015673:Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006998:Hypochondriasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Body dysmorphic disorder; Chronic fatigue syndrome; Hypochondriasis; Reference values; Routine outcome monitoring; Somatoform disorders