title: Origin of the pinking phenomenon of white wines.
abstract: Pinking is the terminology used for the salmon-red blush color that may appear in white wines produced exclusively from white grape varieties. The isolation of pinking compounds and their analysis by RP-HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS(n) showed that the origin of the pinking phenomenon in white wines from Vitis vinifera L. of Sı́ria grape variety are the anthocyanins, mainly malvidin-3-O-glucoside. The analysis showed that the anthocyanins were located both in the pulp and in the skin. Wine pinking severity was negatively related with the increase of the average temperature of the first 10 days of October, the final period of grape maturation. The minimum amount of anthocyanins needed for the pink color visualization in wine was 0.3 mg/L. The appearance of pinking in white wines after bottling is due to the lowering of free sulfur dioxide, which leads to an increase of the relative amount of the anthocyanins red flavylium form and their polymerization, resulting in the formation of colored compounds resistant to pH changes and sulfur dioxide bleaching.
authors.affiliation: CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Chemistry Department, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrea-Silva
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cosme
authors.forename: Luís Filipe
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Ana S P
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Aureliano C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Malheiro
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.forename: M Rosário M
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003116:Color; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside