title: Inequalities in unintentional injuries between indigenous and non-indigenous children: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indigenous children suffer a disproportionally high burden of unintentional injuries. A more detailed understanding of the underlying causes, risk factors and gaps in research is required to inform prevention efforts and direct future research. The aim of this review was to systematically assess the evidence regarding differences in rates of unintentional injuries between indigenous and non-indigenous children and to identify leading causes and underlying risk factors contributing to these differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We systematically searched the literature including 10 electronic databases, institutional websites and reference lists of relevant studies. Due to the substantial heterogeneity between studies, results were summarised in a narrative synthesis and no meta-analysis was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 studies were included in this review. Most studies were descriptive and only five adjusted for potential confounding in the analysis. Indigenous to non-indigenous rate ratios for morbidity and mortality for unintentional injury ranged from 1.2 to 2.3 and 1.8 to 8.2, respectively. The difference varied greatly by cause of injury and between studies, ranging from a reduced risk of hospitalisation due to fall injuries to a 17-fold increased risk of mortality due to pedestrian injuries. Burns, poisoning and transport injuries were the major contributors to the increased injury burden in indigenous children. The studies offered only limited insight into the underlying causes of these differences, but socioeconomic status and parents' educational attainment were contributing factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indigenous children experience a significantly higher burden of morbidity and mortality from unintentional injuries across different indigenous communities worldwide. Most of these injuries are highly preventable, presenting substantial potential to improve indigenous child health. However, there is limited evidence to illuminate the underlying risk factors for unintentional injuries in indigenous children, and this is a priority for further research.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Sydney, Centre for Health Research, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: University of Western Sydney, Centre for Health Research, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia The Sax Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Falster
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ivers
authors.affiliation: University of Western Sydney, Centre for Health Research, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jorm
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Risk/Determinants