title: Synthetic immunosurveillance systems: nanodevices to monitor physiological events.
abstract: The field of nanotechnology has recently seen vast advancements in its applications for therapeutic strategy. This technological revolution has led way to nanomedicine, which spurred the development of clever drug delivery designs and ingenious nanovehicles for the monitoring of cellular events in vivo. The clinical implementations of this technology are innumerable and have demonstrated utility as diagnostic tools and fortifying machineries for the mammalian immune system. Recently engineered viral vectors and multi-subunit packaging RNAs have verified stable enough for long-term existence in the physiological environment and therefore reveal unique potential as artificial immunosurveillance devices. Physiological and pathological events recorded by nanodevices could help develop "biocatalogs" of patients' infection history, frequency of disease, and much more. In this article, we introduce a novel design concept for a multilayer synthetic immune network parallel to the natural immune system; an artificial network of continuously patrolling nanodevices incorporated in the blood and lymphatic systems, and adapted for molecular event recording, anomaly detection, drug delivery, and gene silencing. We also aim to discuss the approaches and advances recently reported in nanomedicine, especially as it pertains to promising viral and RNA-based nanovehicles and their prospective applications for the development of a synthetic immunosurveillance system (SIS). Alternative suggestions and limitations of these technologies are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological and Health Sciences, 300 Campus Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA 16701, USA.
authors.forename: Yvon L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Woappi
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical and Computational Sciences, 300 Campus Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA 16701, USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jangiti
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological and Health Sciences, 300 Campus Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA 16701, USA. Electronic address: ovs11@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Om V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014780:Viruses / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Drug-delivery; Nanomedicine; Nanovirology; Theranostics; Viral vectors