title: Transcription factors involved in prostate gland adaptation to androgen deprivation.
abstract: Androgens regulate prostate physiology, and exert their effects through the androgen receptor. We hypothesized that androgen deprivation needs additional transcription factors to orchestrate the changes taking place in the gland after castration and for the adaptation of the epithelial cells to the androgen-deprived environment, ultimately contributing to the origin of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This study was undertaken to identify transcription factors that regulate gene expression after androgen deprivation by castration (Cas). For the sake of comparison, we extended the analysis to the effects of administration of a high dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) and a combination of both (Cas+E2). We approached this by (i) identifying gene expression profiles and enrichment terms, and by searching for transcription factors in the derived regulatory pathways; and (ii) by determining the density of putative transcription factor binding sites in the proximal promoter of the 10 most up- or down-regulated genes in each experimental group in comparison to the controls Gapdh and Tbp7. Filtering and validation confirmed the expression and localized EVI1 (Mecom), NFY, ELK1, GATA2, MYBL1, MYBL2, and NFkB family members (NFkB1, NFkB2, REL, RELA and RELB) in the epithelial and/or stromal cells. These transcription factors represent major regulators of epithelial cell survival and immaturity as well as an adaptation of the gland as an immune barrier in the absence of functional stimulation by androgens. Elk1 was expressed in smooth muscle cells and was up-regulated after day 4. Evi1 and Nfy genes are expressed in both epithelium and stroma, but were apparently not affected by androgen deprivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosa-Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nishan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Center for Research on Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ramon Oliveira
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Oliveira
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Oliveira
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantum Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Lenz
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cesar
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hernandes F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000235:genetics; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D014157:Transcription Factors