title: Life cycle and spore resistance of spore-forming Bacillus atrophaeus.
abstract: Bacillus endospores have a wide variety of important medical and industrial applications. This is an overview of the fundamental aspects of the life cycle, spore structure and factors that influence the spore resistance of spore-forming Bacillus. Bacillus atrophaeus was used as reference microorganism for this review because their spores are widely used to study spore resistance and morphology. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the cell cycle and spore survival is important for developing strategies for spore killing; producing highly resistant spores for biodefense, food and pharmaceutical applications; and developing new bioactive molecules and methods for spore surface display.
authors.affiliation: Production and Research Centre of Immunobiological Products, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, PR, Brazil; Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: sella.sandra@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandra R B R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sella
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana P S
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Ricardo
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Soccol
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000502:physiology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Bacillus; Germination; Spores resistance; Sporulation