title: Australia's arid-adapted butcherbirds experienced range expansions during Pleistocene glacial maxima.
abstract: A model of range expansions during glacial maxima (GM) for cold-adapted species is generally accepted for the Northern Hemisphere. Given that GM in Australia largely resulted in the expansion of arid zones, rather than glaciation, it could be expected that arid-adapted species might have had expanded ranges at GM, as cold-adapted species did in the Northern Hemisphere. For Australian biota, however, it remains paradigmatic that arid-adapted species contracted to refugia at GM. Here we use multilocus data and ecological niche models (ENMs) to test alternative GM models for butcherbirds. ENMs, mtDNA and estimates of nuclear introgression and past population sizes support a model of GM expansion in the arid-tolerant Grey Butcherbird that resulted in secondary contact with its close relative--the savanna-inhabiting Silver-backed Butcherbird--whose contemporary distribution is widely separated. Together, these data reject the universal use of a GM contraction model for Australia's dry woodland and arid biota.
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia [2] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA [3] Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo NO-0318, Norway.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.affiliation: Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toon
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyn G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004463:Ecology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000235:genetics*; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial