title: Enantioselective toxicities of chiral ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate to aquatic algae.
abstract: With the wide application of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) as green solvents, their threats to the aquatic environment cannot be ignored. Thus, risk assessment and the prospective design of inherently safe CILs have become more urgent. However, whether enantioselectivity is a feature of the aquatic toxicity of CILs is poorly understood. Herein, we describe the first investigation into the ecotoxicities of CILs toward green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Euglena gracilis. A series of methylimidazolium lactic ionic liquids, which cation parts with different alkyl chains and anion part is enantiomers of lactate, are used as representative CILs. The results of S. obliquus showed that the EC50 value of L-(+)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate (L-(+)-EMIM L) was more than 5000 μM, while the EC50 value of D-(-)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate (D-(-)-EMIM L) was 2255.21 μM. Such a distinct difference indicates the enantioselective toxicity of CILs to algae. This enantioselectivity initially persisted with increasing carbon chain length, but no longer exhibited when with greater carbon chain lengths, due to changes in the toxicity weightings of the cation parts. Further research showed that the enantioselective effects of CILs resulted from the differences in the production of reactive oxygen species, the damage to cell membrane integrity and cell wall after exposure to CILs. Results from this study showed that monitoring for the racemate CILs will give an inadequate or misleading environmental risk assessment. Thus, we should improve our ability to predict their effects in natural environments. In the meantime, non-selective use of CILs will do harm to aquatic organisms. Therefore, to minimize their potential for environmental impact, the enantioselective toxicities of CILs with short alkyl chains should be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yuqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Electronic address: wenyuezhong@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuezhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012997:Solvents; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D019344:Lactic Acid; C518739:1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
keywords: Algae; Chiral; Ecotoxicity; Enantioselective; Ionic liquids; Risk assessment