title: Retinoic acid induced-1 (Rai1) regulates craniofacial and brain development in Xenopus.
abstract: Retinoic acid induced-1 (RAI1) is an important yet understudied histone code reader that when mutated in humans results in Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a neurobehavioral disorder accompanied by signature craniofacial abnormalities. Despite previous studies in mouse and human cell models, very little is known about the function of RAI1 during embryonic development. In the present study, we have turned to the model vertebrates Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis to better understand the developmental roles of Rai1. First we demonstrate that the Rai1 protein sequence is conserved in frogs, especially in known functional domains. By in situ hybridization we revealed expression of rai1 in the developing craniofacial tissues and the nervous system. Knockdown of Rai1 using antisense morpholinos resulted in defects in the developing brain and face. In particular, Rai1 morphants display midface hypoplasia and malformed mouth shape analogous to defects in humans with SMS. These craniofacial defects were accompanied with aberrant neural crest migration and reduction in the size of facial cartilage elements. Rai1 morphants also had defects in axon patterns and decreased forebrain ventricle size. Such brain defects correlated with a decrease in the neurotrophic factor, bdnf, and increased forebrain apoptosis. Our results emphasize a critical role of Rai1 for normal neural and craniofacial development, and further the current understanding of potential mechanisms that cause SMS.
authors.affiliation: Center of the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Raiha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS NAB2015, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Elsea
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA. Electronic address: ajdickinson@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dickinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012886:Skull / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin
keywords: Brain; Craniofacial; Rai1; Xenopus