title: The association among antioxidant enzymes, autoantibodies, and disease severity score in systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison of neuropsychiatric and nonneuropsychiatric groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antioxidative capacity plays an important role in the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is characterized by autoantibodies. This study aimed to determine the relationship among autoantibody titers, antioxidative stress reserve, and severity of SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  The autoantibody titers, clinical markers, antioxidant enzyme levels, and disease activity index (SLEDAI-2k) of 32 SLE patients and 16 healthy controls were compared. We also compared both the neuropsychiatric (NPSLE) and nonneuropsychiatric (non-NPSLE) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Superoxide dismutase in red blood cells was significantly lower in the SLE than in the control group. CRP levels are significant higher in SLE patients than in control group (P = 0.034). Among the autoantibodies, anti-U1RNP (P = 0.008), a-Sm (P = 0.027), and anti-ribosomal p (P = 0.028) significantly negatively correlated with glutathione levels. There has no significant correlation between SLE disease activity indexes (SLEDAI) and levels of C3, C4, and antioxidant enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase is significantly lower in both NPSLE and non-NPSLE groups. SLE patients have both higher CRP and autoantibodies level and decreased superoxide dismutase level than the healthy control group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan ; Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Jih
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7274-3458
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tien-Tsai
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chung-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Neng
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nai-Wen
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Che
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan ; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan ; Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ben-Chung
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan ; Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Hsien
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001323:Autoantibodies; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione