title: Full endoscopic endonasal expanded approach to the petroclival region: optimizing the carotid-clival window.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The petroclival junction (PCJ) is a challenging skull base location from neurosurgical point of view, especially if the retrocarotid space has to be reached.
  
  
  METHODS
  In response to this challenge, this report provides a detailed full description of the endoscopic endonasal expanded approach (EEA) to the petroclival region and retrocarotid space. We present the technique step by step, introducing a critical concept about the optimization of the petroclival drilling, generating the carotid-clival window (CCW). The CCW is delimited by the paraclival segment of the internal carotid artery ICA anterolaterally, the petrous bone posterolaterally, the clival dura medially, the synchondrosis inferiorly, and the cavernous sinus superiorly; therefore, this approach exposes an important nuance to augment the previous approaches for PCJ and retrocarotid space.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This technique provides a good surgical window and carries minimal risk.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department. HUiP La Fe de Valencia, Blv Sur, Valencia, S/N, 46026, Spain, juanantonio.simal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Simal-Julián
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miranda-Lloret
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Botella-Asunción
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kassam
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kassam
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery; D010579:Petrous Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*