title: Biodegradation of toxic chemicals by Pleurotus eryngii in submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The toxic chemicals bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), nonylphenol (NP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have consequently drawn much concern regarding their effect on the environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the degradation of BPA, BPF, NP, and TBBPA by enzymes from Pleurotus eryngii in submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), and also to assess the removal of toxic chemicals in spent mushroom compost (SMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  BPA and BPF were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography; NP and TBBPA were analyzed by gas chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NP degradation was enhanced by adding CuSO4 (1 mM), MnSO4 (0.5 mM), gallic acid (1 mM), tartaric acid (20 mM), citric acid (20 mM), guaiacol (1 mM), or 2,2'-azino-bis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; 1 mM), with the last yielding a higher NP degradation rate than the other additives from SmF. The optimal conditions for enzyme activity from SSF were a sawdust/wheat bran ratio of 1:4 and a moisture content of 5 mL/g. The enzyme activities were higher with sawdust/wheat bran than with sawdust/rice bran. The optimal conditions for the extraction of enzyme from SMC required using sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, solid/solution ratio 1:5), and extraction over 3 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The removal rates of toxic chemicals by P. eryngii, in descending order of magnitude, were SSF > SmF > SMC. The removal rates were BPF > BPA > NP > TBBPA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: bvchang@scu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Bea-Ven
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000378:metabolism*; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D015386:Hazardous Substances
keywords: Biodegradation; Pleurotus eryngii; Solid-state fermentation; Spent mushroom compost; Submerged fermentation; Toxic chemicals