title: in vivo ischemia monitoring array for endoscopic surgery.
abstract: An array with all-solid-state, potentiometric, miniaturized sensors for pH and potassium was developed to be introduced into the stomach or other sectors of the digestive tract by means of flexible endoscopy. These sensors perform continuous and simultaneous measurement of extracellular pH and potassium. This detection seeks to sense ischemia in the gastric mucosa inside the stomach, an event indicative of local microvascular perfusion and tissue oxygenation status. Our array is proposed as a medical tool to identify the occurrence of the ischemia after gastrointestinal or gastroesophageal anastomosis. The stability and feasibility of the miniaturized working and reference electrodes integrated in the array were studied under in vitro conditions, and the behavior of the potassium and pH ion-selective membranes were optimized to work under acidic gastric conditions with high concentrations of HCl. The array was tested in vivo in pigs to measure the ischemia produced by clamping the blood flow into the stomach. Our results indicate that ischemic and reperfusion states can be sensed in vivo and that information on tissue damage can be collected by this sensor array. The device described here provides a miniaturized, inexpensive, and mass producible sensor array for detecting local ischemia caused by unfavorable anastomotic perfusion and will thus contribute to preventing anastomotic leakage and failure caused by tissue necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Department of Electronics, Barcelona University (UB), Martí i Franques, 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Islam Bogachan
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Tahirbegi
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Maria de Luna, 11, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: mmir@ibecbarcelona.eu.
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.affiliation: Steinbeis University, IHCI Institute, Dorfackerstr. 26, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schostek
authors.affiliation: Steinbeis University, IHCI Institute, Dorfackerstr. 26, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schurr
authors.affiliation: Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Maria de Luna, 11, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Electronics, Barcelona University (UB), Martí i Franques, 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samitier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis*; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013270:Stomach / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium
keywords: All-solid-state ion-selective sensors (ISE); Endoscopy; Gastric anastomosis; Ischemia; Low potassium and pH detection