title: A common-garden experiment to quantify evolutionary processes in copepods: the case of emamectin benzoate resistance in the parasitic sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of pesticide resistance represents a global challenge to food production. Specifically for the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry, parasitic sea lice and their developing resistance to delousing chemicals is challenging production. In this study, seventeen full sibling families, established from three strains of Lepeophtheirus salmonis displaying differing backgrounds in emamectin benzoate (EB) tolerance were produced and quantitatively compared under a common-garden experimental design. Lice surviving to the preadult stage were then exposed to EB and finally identified through the application of DNA parentage testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of two families (19 and 29%), survival from the infectious copepod to preadult stage was very similar among families (40-50%). In contrast, very large differences in survival following EB exposure were observed among the families (7.9-74%). Family survival post EB exposure was consistent with the EB tolerance characteristics of the strains from which they were established and no negative effect on infection success were detected in association with increased EB tolerance. Two of the lice families that displayed reduced sensitivity to EB were established from a commercial farm that had previously used this chemical. This demonstrates that resistant alleles were present on this farm even though the farm had not reported treatment failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this represents the first study where families of any multi-cellular parasite have been established and compared in performance under communal rearing conditions in a common-garden experiment. The system performed in a predictable manner and permitted, for the first time, elucidation of quantitative traits among sea lice families. While this experiment concentrated on, and provided a unique insight into EB sensitivity among lice families, the experimental design represents a novel methodology to experimentally address both resistance development and other evolutionary questions in parasitic copepods.
authors.forename: Lina Eva Robin
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ljungfeldt
authors.forename: Per Gunnar
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Espedal
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skern-Mauritzen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Research, P,O, Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Kevin.Glover@imr.no.
authors.forename: Kevin Alan
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008003:Phthiraptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D020317:Salmo salar
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D007559:Ivermectin; C108024:emamectin benzoate