title: Resistance profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci contaminating blood cultures predict pathogen resistance and patient mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood culture isolates are the cornerstone of adequate antibiotic treatment. However, many blood cultures are contaminated with bacteria residing on the skin, the most common contaminants being coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Such contaminated cultures are mostly disregarded. In this retrospective study, we show that contaminated cultures contain diagnostic information. We tested the association between resistance profiles of CoNS contaminants and those of the actual infecting bacteria isolated subsequently from the same patient, as well as their association with short-term mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all patients in Rabin Medical Center, Israel, with positive blood cultures during 2009-12. Data included patient demographics, hospitalization records, comorbidities, blood culture results and date of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cohort consists of 2518 patients with 5290 blood cultures, where 1124 patients had 1664 blood cultures with CoNS contaminants. High overall CoNS resistance predicted high overall resistance of the subsequent bacterial isolates (P<0.004 and P<0.0006, for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, respectively). Moreover, the resistance of CoNS contaminants to a specific antibiotic predicted the resistance of the subsequent bacterial isolates to that antibiotic (OR=5.55, 95% CI=3.54-8.66, P<10(-15) and OR=2.47, 95% CI=1.61-3.78, P<3 ×10(-5), for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, respectively). Finally, highly resistant CoNS isolates were associated with higher short-term mortality (hazard ratio=1.71, 95% CI=1.4-2.11, P<10(-6)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance patterns of CoNS contaminants predict specific and overall resistance of subsequent blood culture isolates and short-term mortality. These results may help predict patient mortality and correct empirical antibiotic therapy if blood cultures yield contaminant bacteria and imply that skin commensals may serve as an additional, non-invasive, diagnostic tool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Obolski
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine 'B', Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alon
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Lilach
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hadany
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine 'B', Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel gidi.stein@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gideon Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D003030:Coagulase / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003030:Coagulase
keywords: CoNS; antibiotic resistance; contaminants