title: Why do mothers encourage their children to control their weight? A cross-sectional study of possible contributing factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mothers encouraging their children to control their weight is problematic as it is associated with children's body dissatisfaction and weight concerns as well as further weight gain. The aim of this study was to identify factors in children and mothers associated with mothers encouraging their children to control their weight and possible gender differences therein.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional questionnaire data was available from 1658 mothers of primary school children (mean age 7.1 ±0.6 years, 50.4% boys) participating in the Baden-Württemberg Study. Children's body weight and height were measured in a standardised manner. Logistic regressions were computed separately for boys and girls, adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the final model are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29% of children were encouraged by their mothers, girls (32.4%) significantly more often than boys (25.6%). Child BMI (girls OR 1.77, CI 1.57 to 1.99; boys OR 1.88, CI 1.66 to 2.13), and child migration background (girls OR 2.14, CI 1.45 to 3.16; boys OR 1.60, CI 1.07 to 2.37) were significantly associated with encouragement by mothers. For girls, maternal body dissatisfaction (OR 1.59, CI 1.10 to 2.30) and maternal perception of a low influence on health (OR 0.51, CI 0.29 to 0.89) were also significantly associated with maternal encouragement. For boys, this was true of mothers self-efficacy to influence their children's physical activity (OR 0.58, CI 0.40 to 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different factors are associated with mothers encouraging boys and girls to control their weight. Identifying correlates and underlying processes of maternal encouragement can inform preventive measures targeting weight and eating related problems in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Frauensteige 6, 89075 Ulm, Germany. anja.schreiber@uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kesztyüs
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wirt
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erkelenz
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobel
authors.forename: Jürgen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steinacker
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009042:Motivation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss