title: A recently introduced Dichelobacter nodosus strain caused an outbreak of footrot in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, an outbreak of ovine footrot occurred in Norway. Dichelobacter nodosus isolates collected between 2008 and 2011 have been characterised. Isolates defined as virulent by the gelatin gel test (GG-test) were only found in sheep in Rogaland County, where the severe cases of footrot were registered. The majority (96%) of the virulent isolates belonged to serogroup A. It is suspected that they represent a newly introduced strain, and the aim of the present study was to investigate whether they are genetically similar. Sixty-one virulent isolates from sheep and 116 benign isolates from sheep, cattle and goats were included. Four GG-test virulent isolates from Danish sheep were also included. All isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by PCR for pgr variant determination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Norwegian virulent isolates were assigned to 8 pulsotypes (PTs), while the benign isolates were assigned to 66 PTs. Thirty-seven (68.5%) of the 54, virulent, serogroup A isolates belonged to the same PT, and included isolates from 2008 through 2011. Isolates belonging to this PT were defined as the outbreak strain. The remaining virulent serogroup A isolates belonged to 4 PTs differing by ≤3 bands from the outbreak strain. Two virulent, Danish, serogroup A isolates differed by 2 bands from the Norwegian outbreak strain. All but 3 (95%) of the virulent isolates had the pgrA variant while 85% of the benign isolates had the pgrB variant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that the footrot outbreak in Norway in 2008 most likely was caused by new introduction and local spread of one virulent D. nodosus strain.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P,O, Box 750, Sentrum N-0106, Oslo, Norway. marianne.gilhuus@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilhuus
authors.forename: Bjørg
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kvitle
authors.forename: Trine M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: L'Abée-Lund
authors.forename: Synnøve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatn
authors.forename: Hannah J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D020376:Dichelobacter nodosus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000662:veterinary; D005535:Foot Rot / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006041:Goats; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins