title: Evaluation of the relationship between the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay and the presence of Bacillus anthracis spores and vegetative cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay was utilized in laboratory evaluations to determine the presence and concentration of vegetative and spore forms of Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen surfaces from the healthcare environment were selected for evaluation. Surfaces were inoculated with 50 µL of organism suspensions at three concentrations of 104, 106, 108 colony forming units per surface (CFU/surface) of B. anthracis. Culture-based methods and ATP based methods were utilized to determine concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all concentrations were evaluated together, a positive correlation between log-adjusted CFU and Relative Light Units (RLU) for endospores and vegetative cells was established. When concentrations were evaluated separately, a significant correlation was not demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a positive correlation for ATP and culture-based methods for the vegetative cells of B. anthracis. When evaluating the endospores and combining both metabolic states, the ATP measurements and CFU recovered did not correspond to the initial concentrations on the evaluated surfaces. The results of our study show that the low ATP signal which does not correlate well to the CFU results would not make the ATP measuring devises effective in confirming contamination residual from a bioterrorist event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. sgibbs@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Shawn G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. hsayles@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Harlan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sayles
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. Erica.colbert@douglascounty-ne.gov.
authors.forename: Erica M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Colbert
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Disease, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. alhewlett@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hewlett
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. chaikaoleg@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chaika
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Disease, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA. pwsmith@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D023482:Bioterrorism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate