title: Oral administration of the milk casein-derived tripeptide Val-Pro-Pro attenuates high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation in mice.
abstract: Inflammation of adipose tissue triggers the metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis and CHD. In the present study, we investigated whether the milk casein-derived tripeptide valine-proline-proline (VPP) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks of age) were fed ad libitum with either a HFD and plain tap water (HFD group) or a HFD and water containing 0·3 mg VPP/ml (HFD+VPP group) for 10 weeks. The results showed that the expression level of CD18 in the peripheral blood monocytes of the HFD+VPP group was significantly decreased compared with the level observed in those of the HFD group. Activated monocytes and pro-inflammatory macrophages were accumulated in the stromal vascular fractions of the adipose tissue from HFD-fed mice, which were significantly decreased in those supplemented with VPP. The formation of crown-like structures rich in pro-inflammatory macrophages was also significantly reduced in the adipose tissue of mice administered with VPP. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and that of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in adipose tissue tend to be lower in the HFD+VPP group than in the HFD group. These observations indicate that oral administration of VPP exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice, which may eventually lead to the primary prevention of chronic inflammation-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Bioethics,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,M&D Tower S954, 1-5-45 Yushima,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8519,Japan.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Bioethics,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,M&D Tower S954, 1-5-45 Yushima,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8519,Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Bioethics,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,M&D Tower S954, 1-5-45 Yushima,Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8519,Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018821:CD18 Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015434:Panniculitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D018821:CD18 Antigens; D002364:Caseins; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000093242:Interleukin-6 Inhibitors; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C489031:valyl-prolyl-proline