title: Reduced dependence of Crested Ibis on winter-flooded rice fields: implications for their conservation.
abstract: The Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon was once thought to be extinct in the wild until seven birds were discovered in a remote mountain village in China in 1981. Studies suggested that winter-flooded rice fields play an essential role in nest site selection by the Crested Ibis and hence in their survival. Considerable efforts were therefore made to conserve the winter-flooded rice fields, but these have caused conflicts between the agricultural and conservation communities. The population and geographical range of the wild Crested Ibis has expanded greatly since 1981, but there is no spatial information on the winter-flooded rice fields, nor on the current association of nest sites and winter-flooded rice fields. We mapped winter-flooded rice fields across the entire current range of Crested Ibis using innovative remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) techniques. The spatial relationships between the nest site clusters and winter-flooded rice fields were quantified using Ward's hierarchical clustering method and Ripley's K-function. We show that both have significantly clumped distribution patterns and that they are positively associated. However, the dependence of Crested Ibis on the winter-flooded rice fields varied significantly among the nest site clusters and has decreased over the years, indicating the absence of winter-flooded rice fields is not constraining their recovery and population expansion. We therefore recommend that efforts should be made to protect the existing winter-flooded rice fields and to restore the functionality of natural and semi-natural wetlands, to encourage both in-situ conservation and the re-introduction of the Crested Ibis. In addition, we recommend that caution should be exercised when interpreting the habitat requirements of species with a narrow distribution, particularly when that interpretation is based only on their current habitat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yiwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Bio-resources Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hein A M J
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.affiliation: College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Hanzhong Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China.
authors.forename: Baoping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.affiliation: College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D012275:Oryza; D012621:Seasons; D062206:Spatial Analysis