title: Haemoptysis due to pulmonary venous stenosis.
abstract: Haemoptysis is a potentially life-threatening condition with the need for prompt diagnosis. In about 10-20% of all cases the bleeding source remains unexplained with the standard diagnostic approach. The aim of this article is to show the necessity of widening the diagnostic approach to haemoptysis with consideration of pulmonary venous stenosis as a possible cause of even severe haemoptysis and haemoptoe. A review of the literature was performed using the Medline/PubMed database with the terms: "pulmonary venous stenosis", "pulmonary venous infarction" and "haemoptysis". Further references from the case reports were considered. 58 case reports and case collections about patients with haemoptysis due to pulmonary venous stenosis were detected. This review gives an overview about the case reports and discusses the underlying pathophysiology and the pros and cons of different imaging techniques for the detection of pulmonary venous stenosis. Several conditions predispose to the obstruction of the mediastinal pulmonary veins. Clinical findings are unspecific and may be misleading. Pulmonary venous stenosis can be detected using several imaging techniques, yet three-dimensional magnetic resonance-angiography and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced computed tomography are the most appropriate. Pulmonary venous stenosis should be considered in patients with haemoptysis.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Silke.Braun@uniklinikum-dresden.de.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Platzek
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zöphel
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weise
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolditz
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halank
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Dept of Pneumology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Dept of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany. Medical Clinic III, ZIM - Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoeffken
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006469:Hemoptysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011668:Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome