title: Institutional capacity for health systems research in East and Central African Schools of Public Health: strengthening human and financial resources.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite its importance in providing evidence for health-related policy and decision-making, an insufficient amount of health systems research (HSR) is conducted in low-income countries (LICs). Schools of public health (SPHs) are key stakeholders in HSR. This paper, one in a series of four, examines human and financial resources capacities, policies and organizational support for HSR in seven Africa Hub SPHs in East and Central Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Capacity assessment done included document analysis to establish staff numbers, qualifications and publications; self-assessment using a tool developed to capture individual perceptions on the capacity for HSR and institutional dialogues. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were held with Deans from each SPH and Ministry of Health and non-governmental officials, focusing on perceptions on capacity of SPHs to engage in HSR, access to funding, and organizational support for HSR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 123 people participated in the self-assessment and 73 KIIs were conducted. Except for the National University of Rwanda and the University of Nairobi SPH, most respondents expressed confidence in the adequacy of staffing levels and HSR-related skills at their SPH. However, most of the researchers operate at individual level with low outputs. The average number of HSR-related publications was only <1 to 3 per staff member over a 6-year period with most of the publications in international journals. There is dependency on external funding for HSR, except for Rwanda, where there was little government funding. We also found that officials from the Ministries of Health often formulate policy based on data generated through ad hoc technical reviews and consultancies, despite their questionable quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There exists adequate skilled staff for HSR in the SPHs. However, HSR conducted by individuals, fuelled by Ministries' of Health tendency to engage individual researchers, undermines institutional capacity. This study underscores the need to form effective multidisciplinary teams to enhance research of immediate and local relevance. Capacity strengthening in the SPH needs to focus on knowledge translation and communication of findings to relevant audiences. Advocacy is needed to influence respective governments to allocate adequate funding for HSR to avoid donor dependency that distorts local research agenda.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, P,O, Box 65015, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. daudisimba@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Daudi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simba
authors.forename: Aggrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukose
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bazeyo
mesh_terms: D000350:Africa, Central; D000351:Africa, Eastern; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D057191:Capacity Building / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D005178:Faculty / Q000592:standards / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011634:Public Health / Q000191:economics; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012581:Schools, Public Health / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D000078329:Workforce