title: Comparison of soft-tissue orbital morphometry in attractive and normal Italian subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify esthetic characteristics of the orbital soft tissues of attractive Italian adult women and men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional computerized digitizers were used to collect the coordinates of facial landmarks in 199 healthy, normal subjects aged 18 to 30 years (71 women, 128 men; mean age, 22 years) and in 126 coetaneous attractive subjects (92 women, 34 men; mean age, 20 years) selected during beauty competitions. From the landmarks, six linear distances, two ratios, six angles, and two areas were calculated. Attractive subjects were compared with normal ones by computing z-scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intercanthal width was reduced while eye fissure lengths were increased in both genders. Orbital heights (os-or) were increased only in attractive women, with a significant gender-related difference. The inclinations of the eye fissure were increased in attractive subjects, while the inclinations of the orbit were reduced. For several of the analyzed measurements, similar patterns of z-scores were observed for attractive men and women (r  =  .883).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attractive women and men had several specific esthetic characteristics in their orbital soft tissues; esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal goals in surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: a  Professor of Human Anatomy, Functional Anatomy Research Center, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiarella
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sforza
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dolci
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grandi
authors.forename: Gianluca M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tartaglia
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laino
authors.forename: Virgilio F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Ferrario
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001504:Beauty; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attractiveness; Face; Soft tissues