title: Effect of force of microneedle insertion on the permeability of insulin in skin.
abstract: Many experiments conducted in the literature have investigated the effect of microneedles (MNs) on insulin permeation across skin. There are also a number of articles that deal with the effect of MN insertion force in skin. However, there is little known on quantifying the relationship between the effect of MN insertion force and the amount of insulin permeated for given MNs. This issue is addressed in this article. MNs of 1100 µm and 1400 µm are used to conduct in vitro permeability experiments on porcine skin, using insulin. Histological images of MN treated skin are obtained from a microtome and the viscoelastic properties of the skin sample are measured using a rheometer. An in-house insertion force device is utilized that can reproducibly apply a specified force on MNs for a set period of time using compressed air. It is deduced that when porcine skin was pretreated with an applied force of 60.5 N and 69.1 N, the resultant amount of insulin permeated was approximately 3 µg and 25 µg over a 4-hour period for the MNs used. The amount of MN force applied to porcine skin was shown to be related to the amount of insulin permeated. An increase in insertion force increase the amount of insulin permeated. It was also demonstrated that using insufficient force may have reduced or prevented the amount of insulin passing through the skin, regardless of the geometry of the MNs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: Karmen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK D.B.Das@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Diganta Bhusan
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004548:Elasticity; D004867:Equipment Design; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D061389:Insulin, Regular, Pork / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008904:Miniaturization; D009339:Needles; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D061389:Insulin, Regular, Pork; C000006:insulin, neutral
keywords: insertion force; microneedles; microtome; permeability; rheometer; viscoelasticity