title: Comparative evaluation of the metabolic effects of hydroxytyrosol and its lipophilic derivatives (hydroxytyrosyl acetate and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether) in hypercholesterolemic rats.
abstract: Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a virgin olive oil phenolic phytochemical with proven health benefits, has been used to generate new lipophilic antioxidants to preserve fats and oils against autoxidation. The aim of this work is to comparatively evaluate the physiological effects of HT and its lipophilic derivatives, hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HT-Ac) and ethyl hydroxytyrosyl ether (HT-Et), in high-cholesterol fed animals. Male Wistar rats (n = 8) were fed a standard diet (C group), a cholesterol-rich diet (Chol group) or a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with phenolic compounds (HT group, HT-Ac group and HT-Et group) for 8 weeks. Body and tissue weights, the lipid profile, redox status, and biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin and leptin, as well as malondialdehyde in serum increased in Chol compared to C (p < 0.05). Rats fed the test diets had improved glucose, insulin, leptin and MDA levels and antioxidant capacity status, with HT-Ac being the most effective compound. The studied phenolic compounds also modulated TNF-α and IL-1β plasma levels compared to Chol. HT-Ac and HT-Et improved adipose tissue distribution and adipokine production, decreasing MCP-1 and IL-1β levels. Our results confirm the metabolic effects of HT, which are maintained and even improved by hydrophobic derivatives, particularly HT-Ac.
authors.affiliation: Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabernero
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarriá
authors.forename: Carlota
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Largo
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrona
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Espartero
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mateos
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002396:Catechols; C491766:Ccl2 protein, rat; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010938:Plant Oils; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C524604:hydroxytyrosyl acetate; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol