title: The association between having a first-degree family history of cancer and smoking status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A diagnosis of cancer within the family provides an opportunity for smokers to adopt a health-promoting behavior. This study examines the associations between having a first-degree family history of cancer and smoking status using population-based data with a large and diverse sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey on 47,331 adults were analyzed. Sample weights were applied to account for the survey design with results generalizable to non-institutionalized adults in California (27.4 million).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2009, 3.7 million (13.6%) adults were current-smokers, 6.3 million (23.0%) were former smokers and 17.4 million (63.4%) were never-smokers. Nine-million-six-hundred-thousand (35%) had a first-degree family history of cancer. Controlling for all covariates, first-degree family history of cancer was significantly associated with being a current smoker (OR=1.16; 95% CI=1.01-1.35) and to being a former smoker (OR=1.17; 95% CI=1.05-1.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In California, although many adults with a first-degree family history of cancer quit smoking, a significant subset still smoke which places them at higher risk for poor health outcomes. This subset represents an important target population for smoking cessation interventions.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA. Electronic address: hermine.poghosyan@umb.edu.
authors.forename: Hermine
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Poghosyan
authors.affiliation: Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Electronic address: janice.bell@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Janice F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Electronic address: Jill.Joseph@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Jill G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Phyllis F. Cantor Center for Research in Nursing and Patient Care Services, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: mary_cooley@dfci.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cooley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Family cancer history; Smoking cessation; Smoking status