title: Emerging trends in management of propionic acidemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the therapeutic agents used during metabolic crises and in long-term management of patients with propionic acidemia (PA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of PA patients were retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group consisted of 30 patients with 141 admissions. During metabolic crises, hyperammonemia was found in 130 (92%) admissions and almost all patients were managed with normal saline, ≥ 10% dextrose, and restriction of protein intake. In 56 (40%) admissions, management was done in intensive care unit, 31 (22%) with mechanical ventilation, 10 (7%) with haemodialysis, 16 (11%) with vasopressor agents, and 12 (9%) with insulin. In the rescue procedure, L-carnitine was used in 135 (96%) patients, sodium bicarbonate in 116 (82%), sodium benzoate in 76 (54%), and metronidazole in 10 (7%), biotin in about one-quarter, L-arginine in one third, and antibiotics in three-quarter of the admissions. Blood/packed RBCs were used in 28 (20%) patients, platelets in 26 (18%), fresh frozen plasma in 8 (6%), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factors in 10 (7%) admissions. All patients were managed completely/partially with medical nutrition formula plus amino acid mixture, vitamins and minerals. For long-term management 24 (80%) patients were on L-carnitine, 22 (73%) on sodium benzoate, 6 (20%) on biotin, one half on alkaline therapy and 4 (13%) on regular metronidazole use. Almost all patients were on medical formula and regular follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aggressive and adequate management of acute metabolic crises with restriction of protein intake, stabilization of patient, reversal of catabolism, and removal of toxic metabolites are essential steps. Concerted efforts to ensure adequate nutrition, to minimize the risk of acute decompensation and additional therapeutic advances are imperative to improve the outcome of PA patients.
authors.affiliation: Central Aseer Hospital Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafique
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001710:Biotin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002331:Carnitine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044623:Nutrition Therapy; D056693:Propionic Acidemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D008795:Metronidazole; D001710:Biotin; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D020160:Sodium Benzoate; D002331:Carnitine