title: Income related inequalities in New Cooperative Medical Scheme: a five-year empirical study of Junan County in China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Chinese New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) was launched in 2003 aiming at protecting the poor in rural areas from high health expenditures and improving access to health services. The income related inequality of the reform is a debating and concerning policy issue in China. The purpose of this study is to analyze the degree and changes of income related inequalities in both inpatient and outpatient services among NCMS enrollees from 2007 to 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was extracted from the NCMS information system of Junan County in Shandong province from 2007 to 2011. The study targeted all NCMS enrollees in the county, 726850 registered in 2011. Detailed information included demographic data, inpatient and outpatient data in each year. Descriptive analysis of quintiles and standardized concentration index (CI*) were employed to examine the income related inequalities in both inpatient and outpatient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For inpatient care, the benefit rate CI* was positive (pro-rich) and increased from 2007 to 2011 while for outpatient care was negative (pro-poor) and a decreasing pattern was observed. For outpatient visits and expenses, the CI* changed from a positive sign in 2007 to a negative sign in 2011 with some fluctuations. The pro-rich inequality exacerbated for admissions while alleviated for length of stay and total inpatient expenses during the study period. The pro-rich inequality for inpatient reimbursement aggravated from 2007 to 2010 and alleviated from 2010 to 2011. For outpatient reimbursement, it altered from a positive sign in 2007 to a small negative sign in 2011. Finally, the richer needed to afford more self-payments for inpatient services and the CI* decreased from 2009 to 2011 while the inequality for outpatient self-payments changed from pro-rich in 2007 to pro-poor in 2011.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the NCMS, the pro-rich inequality dominated for the inpatient care while a pro-poor advantage was shown for outpatient care from 2007 to 2011 in Junan. The extent of pro-rich inequality in length of stay, inpatient expenses and inpatient reimbursement increased from 2007 to 2009, but recently between 2010 and 2011 showed a change favoring the poor.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Clas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rehnberg
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Peking University China Center for Health Development Studies, Beijing 100191, China. qmeng@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qingyue
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D002681:China; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007902:Length of Stay; D009313:National Health Programs; D011203:Poverty; D012424:Rural Population; D012923:Social Class