title: The evolution of morphospace in phytophagous scarab chafers: no competition--no divergence?
abstract: Body shape reflects species' evolution and mediates its role in the environment as it integrates gene expression, life style, and structural morphology. Its comparative analysis may reveal insight on what shapes shape, being a useful approach when other evidence is lacking. Here we investigated evolutionary patterns of body shape in the highly diverse phytophagous chafers (Scarabaeidae: Pleurosticti), a polyphagous group utilizing different parts of angiosperms. Because the reasons of their successful diversification are largely unknown, we used a phylogenetic tree and multivariate analysis on twenty linear measurements of body morphology including all major Pleurosticti lineages to infer patterns of morphospace covariation and divergence. The chafer's different feeding types resulted to be not distinguishable in the described morphospace which was largely attributed to large occupancy of the morphospace of some feeding types and to multiple convergences of feeding behavior (particularly of anthophagy). Low correlation between molecular and morphological rates of evolution, including significant rate shifts for some lineages, indicated directed selection within feeding types. This is supported by morphospace divergence within feeding types and convergent evolution in Australian Melolonthinae. Traits driving morphospace divergence were extremities and traits linked with locomotion behavior, but also body size. Being highly adaptive for burrowing and locomotion these traits showed major changes in the evolution of pleurostict scarabs. These activities also affected another trait, the metacoxal length, which is highly influenced by key innovations of the metacoxa (extended mesal process, secondary closure) particularly in one lineage, the Sericini. Significant shape divergence between major lineages and a lack of strong differentiation among closely related lineages indicated that the question about the presence or absence of competition-derived directed selection needs to be addressed for different time scales. Striking divergence between some sister lineages at their origin revealed strong driven selection towards morphospace divergence, possibly linked with resource partitioning.
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Myburgh
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Bonn, Germany; Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahrens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012641:Selection, Genetic