title: Cytokines, diabetes mellitus and psychopathology: a challenging combination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α with trait and state psychological factors in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were divided in two groups. Group A consisted of 86 controlled diabetic patients (HbA1c<7) and the Group B consisted of 45 uncontrolled diabetic patients (HbA1c ≥ 7).
  
  
  METHODS
  During the initial phase of the study (T0), blood samples were taken for measuring IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α serum levels as well as a battery of psychometric instruments. One year later (T1), the uncontrolled diabetic patients were re-evaluated with the use of the same psychometric instruments and with the identical blood analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average values of tnf-α were significantly different among controlled (7.73 ± 5.51) and uncontrolled patients (9.29 ± 4.52) at a significance level of 5% (p=0.009). Controlled diabetic patients show a statistically significant relationship between IL-6 and neuroticism (rp=0.303, p=0.010), and between IL-12 and psychotism, (rsp=0.382, p=0.001). Controlled diabetic patients show a statistically significant relationship between IL-12 and the act out hostility (rsp=-0.307, p=0.009). The scores of the psychometric tests differ significantly between the first and second evaluation. Acting out hostility and the direction of hostility increased when HbA1c values fell below the threshold of 7, while the total hostility index, as well as all other scales, dropped when patients controlled their metabolic profile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results provide evidence that IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α are closely related to the course and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontoangelos
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalabos C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Raptis
authors.affiliation: Hellenic National Center for Research, Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications (H.N.D.C.), Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Panayoula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsiotra
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boutati
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vaia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lambadiari
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Psychiatry, Athens University Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Papadimitriou
authors.affiliation: University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Andreas D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rabavilas
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dimitriadis
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic-Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Athens University Medical School, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sotirios A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Raptis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human