title: Cordyceps cicadae induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in MHCC97H human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: a proteomic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cordyceps cicadae is a medicinal fungus that is often used for treating cancer. However, the anticancer mechanisms of C. cicadae are largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the anticancer mechanisms of C. cicadae against hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro using a proteomic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human hepatocellular carcinoma MHCC97H cells were treated with a water extract of C. cicadae (0, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) for 48 h and harvested for cell viability assays. The significant differences in protein expression between control and C. cicadae-treated cells were analyzed by two-dimensional gel-based proteomics coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Flow cytometry analysis was employed to investigate the cell cycle and cell death. The anticancer molecular mechanism was analyzed by whole proteome mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The water extract of C. cicadae (0, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) inhibited the growth of MHCC97H cells in a dose-dependent manner via G2/M phase cell cycle arrest with no evidence of apoptosis. Among the identified proteins with upregulated expression were dynactin subunit 2, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1, heat shock protein beta-1, alpha-enolase isoform 1, phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, and WD repeat-containing protein 1. Meanwhile, the proteins with downregulated expression were 14-3-3 gamma, BUB3, microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1, thioredoxin-like protein, chloride intracellular channel protein 1, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5, xaa-Pro dipeptidase, enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 1, protein-disulfide isomerase-related chaperone Erp29, hnRNP 2H9B, peroxiredoxin 1, WD-40 repeat protein, and serine/threonine kinase receptor-associated protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The water extract of C. cicadae reduced the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma MHCC97H cells via G2/M cell cycle arrest.
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China ; School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Hualin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wai-Hung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Sit
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Chung-Yung Jetty
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Food and Nutrition Division, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Jennifer Man-Fan
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wan