title: Cost and Mortality Associated With Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incremental hospital cost and mortality associated with the development of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and with other associated postoperative complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Each year 1.5 million patients develop a major complication after surgery. Postoperative AKI is one of the most common postoperative complications and is associated with an increase in hospital mortality and decreased survival for up to 15 years after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-center cohort of 50,314 adult surgical patients undergoing major inpatient surgery, we applied risk-adjusted regression models for cost and mortality using postoperative AKI and other complications as the main independent predictors. We defined AKI using consensus Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-Stage Renal Disease criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of AKI was 39% among 50,314 patients with available serum creatinine. Patients with AKI were more likely to have postoperative complications and had longer lengths of stay in the intensive care unit and the hospital. The risk-adjusted average cost of care for patients undergoing surgery was $42,600 for patients with any AKI compared with $26,700 for patients without AKI. The risk-adjusted 90-day mortality was 6.5% for patients with any AKI compared with 4.4% for patients without AKI. Serious postoperative complications resulted in increased cost of care and mortality for all patients, but the increase was much larger for those patients with any degree of AKI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hospital costs and mortality are strongly associated with postoperative AKI, are correlated with the severity of AKI, and are much higher for patients with other postoperative complications in addition to AKI.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Surgery †Department of Medicine, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL; and ‡Departments of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy §Anesthesiology ¶Surgery ‖Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: Tezcan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozrazgat-Baslanti
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuxhausen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thottakkara
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Lyle L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Moldawer
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bihorac
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D016019:Survival Analysis