title: Nasal and systemic inflammatory profile after short term smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking cessation promotes health benefits and, despite cigarette smoking be an important pro inflammatory stimulus, there are few studies concerning the nasal and systemic inflammation; as well as the mucociliary clearance behavior in smokers after short period of smoking cessation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the nasal and systemic inflammatory markers and mucociliary clearance behavior after 30 days of cigarette smoking abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five smokers were included and divided into two groups: abstinent smokers (n = 14) and current smokers (n = 11). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were measured on nasal lavage and blood serum samples by ELISA at baseline and after 30 days. The mucociliary clearance, exhaled carbon monoxide (exCO) and carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) were also measured at the same moments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a decrease of TNF-α level only in blood serum at 30 days of abstinence compared to current smokers. The mucociliary clearance improved and there was a reduction in exCO and HbCO (p < 0.05 for all) after 30 days of smoking cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short term smoking abstinence decreased systemic inflammation and improved nasal mucociliary clearance, despite not having changed the nasal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Maria Machado
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dionei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafaella Fagundes
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Tiyaki
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alcirene Policarpo de
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rômulo Araújo
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cecchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Calciolari
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rossi e Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology (LIM-5), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macchione
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine (LIM-20), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandra Choqueta de
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Toledo-Arruda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Alessandra
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Guarnier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil. Electronic address: ercy@fct.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Ercy Mara Cipulo
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin
keywords: Inflammation; Mucociliary clearance; Smoking; Smoking cessation