title: In situ vadose zone bioremediation.
abstract: Contamination of the vadose zone with various pollutants is a world-wide problem, and often technical or economic constraints impose remediation without excavation. In situ bioremediation in the vadose zone by bioventing has become a standard remediation technology for light spilled petroleum products. In this review, focus is given on new in situ bioremediation strategies in the vadose zone targeting a variety of other pollutants such as perchlorate, nitrate, uranium, chromium, halogenated solvents, explosives and pesticides. The techniques for biostimulation of either oxidative or reductive degradation pathways are presented, and biotransformations to immobile pollutants are discussed in cases of non-degradable pollutants. Furthermore, research on natural attenuation in the vadose zone is presented.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Marseille, France. Electronic address: patrick.hohener@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Höhener
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Laboratoire Chimie Environnement FRE 3416, Marseille, France; French Environment and Energy Management Agency, 20 avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, Angers Cedex 01, France.
authors.forename: Violaine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponsin
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002857:Chromium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009566:Nitrates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014501:Uranium / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D053834:Explosive Agents; D005740:Gases; D009566:Nitrates; D010472:Perchlorates; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D002857:Chromium; D014501:Uranium; D010100:Oxygen; C494474:perchlorate