title: Informed consent in Italy-traditional versus the law: a gordian knot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Italian law no. 86 of 5 June 2012, which establishes a set of rules on the matter of breast implants, came into effect in July 2012. The law is at the center of a widespread and animated cultural debate that in recent years has been taking place in Italy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fundamental prohibition imposed by the law concerns the age limit. Breast implants for exclusively aesthetic purposes are allowed only if the legal age (18 years) has been reached. This prohibition does not apply in cases of severe congenital malformations certified by a physician operating within the National Health Service or by a public health care institution. The legal imposition of an age limit raises a number of perplexities: one at a bioethical level and one that is strictly juridical. In fact, it is impossible to deal with this issue unless the wider debate concerning the self-determination and autonomy of underage patients in biomedical matters is considered. It appears, then, that the issue is again exclusively related to the peculiarity of cosmetic surgery, which when aimed at correcting "only" the pathologic experiences of self-image, does not acquire the dignity of therapy. If, however, the improvement of self-image serves to achieve a better psycho-emotional balance and favors the development of social relations undermined by evident physical defects, age restrictions can be disregarded. The authors believe the real risk is that the law imposed by the Italian state is based on assumptions and preformed value judgments. Furthermore, in the understanding of needs, legislation often is biased toward objective biophysical problems without attaching due importance to subjective psychological and social problems. While acknowledging the seriousness of the issue, the authors do not agree with the legislature's rigidity. However, plastic surgeons must form a plan for addressing the concerns about breast implants and evaluating whether they are appropriate for adolescents, taking into account the unique psychological and developmental considerations of adolescent cosmetic surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, University of Foggia, Viale degli Aviatori, 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turillazzi
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riezzo
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frati
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fineschi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D057828:Informed Consent By Minors / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007558:Italy