title: Ginger extract diminishes chronic fructose consumption-induced kidney injury through suppression of renal overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Renal inflammation is well known to play an important role in the initiation and progression of tubulointerstitial injury of the kidneys. Ginger, one of the most commonly used spices and medicinal plants, has been demonstrated to improve diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. However, the efficacy of ginger on the metabolic syndrome-associated kidney injury remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ginger on fructose consumption-induced adverse effects in the kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  The fructose control rats were treated with 10% fructose in drinking water over 5 weeks. The fructose consumption in ginger-treated rats was adjusted to match that of fructose control group. The ethanolic extract of ginger was co-administered (once daily by oral gavage). The indexes of lipid and glucose homeostasis were determined enzymatically, by ELISA and/or histologically. Gene expression was analyzed by Real-Time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to improve hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, supplement with ginger extract (50 mg/kg) attenuated liquid fructose-induced kidney injury as characterized by focal cast formation, slough and dilation of tubular epithelial cells in the cortex of the kidneys in rats. Furthermore, ginger also diminished excessive renal interstitial collagen deposit. By Real-Time PCR, renal gene expression profiles revealed that ginger suppressed fructose-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-2. In accord, overexpression of two important macrophage accumulation markers CD68 and F4/80 was downregulated. Moreover, overexpressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 were downregulated. Ginger treatment also restored the downregulated ratio of urokinase-type plasminogen activator to PAI-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that ginger supplement diminishes fructose-induced kidney injury through suppression of renal overexpression of macrophage-associated proinflammatory cytokines in rats. Our findings provide evidence supporting the protective effect of ginger on the metabolic syndrome-associated kidney injury.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Changjin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Guowei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Johji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamahara
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. wangjianwei1968@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005632:Fructose; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010936:Plant Extracts; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005632:Fructose; D003094:Collagen