title: A comparative evaluation of cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of hand and two NiTi rotary instrumentation systems (K3 and ProTaper): a SEM study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to compare the cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of hand and two NiTi rotary instrumentation systems (K3 and ProTaper).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth decoronated at the cementoenamel junction were used. All the specimens were divided into four groups of 15 teeth each, group I--ProTaper rotary instrumentation done, group II--K3 rotary instrumentation done, group III--Stainless steel K-file instrumentation done, group IV--root canal irrigation without instrumentation. Root canal preparation was done in a crown down manner and 3% sodium hypochlorite was used as irrigant after each file followed by final rinse with 5 ml of 17% EDTA solution, then specimens were scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's HSD test. Group I showed highly statistical significant difference compared to other groups. There was no statistically significant difference considering smear layer at any levels among the groups with no smear layer formation in group IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ProTaper rotary instrumentation showed the maximum cleaning efficacy followed by K3 rotary instrumentation in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ProTaper rotary instruments are more efficient than hand and K3 rotary instruments during root canal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: K Balakoti
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: shreemoy21@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shreemoy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kallepalli
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahbubnagar, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vallikanthan
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, St Joseph Dental College, Eluru Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chakrapani
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics, Penang, International Dental College, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Vamsi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kalepu
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012399:Rotation; D016369:Smear Layer; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D004492:Edetic Acid; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite