title: Shading as a control method for invasive European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.).
abstract: Invasive European frogbit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) has negative environmental and economic impacts in North American water bodies. It is therefore important to develop effective management tools to control this invasive species. This study investigated shading as a control method for European frogbit in both greenhouse and lake mesocosm experiments. A series of shade treatments (0%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 100%) were tested in the greenhouse for three weeks. Results showed that the 100% shade was most effective at controlling European frogbit, and other shade treatments greater than 50% were less effective, reducing frogbit biomass up to 38.2%. There were no differences found in temperature between treatments, but dissolved oxygen decreased as shading increased. A lake mesocosm experiment utilizing 0% shade, 70% shade, and 100% shade treatments was performed in a sheltered inlet of Oneida Lake in New York State for over one month. Resulting European frogbit biomass was significantly (25 times) less in areas treated with the 70% shade and nearly zero with the 100% shade. Shading did not affect temperature but improved DO conditions. Results on the shading effects on submerged macrophytes were not conclusive: no significant differences in changes in species richness and abundance between the three groups at the end of studied period suggested no shading effects; significant differences between the beginning and end communities in the 70% shade and the 100% shade but not in the control group indicated significant impacts of shading. This study is the first one to investigate shading as a control method for European frogbit and it is concluded that a moderately high density shade can effective remove European frogbit likely with minor impacts on the environment. More experiments with larger scales and longer time periods are recommended for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Fancher
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Rudstam
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D031321:Hydrocharitaceae / Q000254:growth & development*; D008027:Light; D009518:New York; D013696:Temperature