title: Use of multiple imputation to correct for bias in lung cancer incidence trends by histologic subtype.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past several decades, advances in lung cancer research and practice have led to refinements of histologic diagnosis of lung cancer. The differential use and subsequent alterations of nonspecific morphology codes, however, may have caused artifactual fluctuations in the incidence rates for histologic subtypes, thus biasing temporal trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a multiple imputation (MI) method to correct lung cancer incidence for nonspecific histology using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program during 1975 to 2010.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For adenocarcinoma in men and squamous in both genders, the change to an increasing trend around 2005, after more than 10 years of decreasing incidence, is apparently an artifact of the changes in histopathology practice and coding system. After imputation, the rates remained decreasing for adenocarcinoma and squamous in men, and became constant for squamous in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As molecular features of distinct histologies are increasingly identified by new technologies, accurate histologic distinctions are becoming increasingly relevant to more effective "targeted" therapies, and therefore, are important to track in patients. However, without incorporating the coding changes, the incidence trends estimated for histologic subtypes could be misleading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MI approach provides a valuable tool for bridging the different histology definitions, thus permitting meaningful inferences about the long-term trends of lung cancer by histologic subtype.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; and yum3@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Mandi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; and.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; and.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Caporaso
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D018426:SEER Program