title: DoMINO: Donor milk for improved neurodevelopmental outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Provision of mother's own milk is the optimal way to feed infants, including very low birth weight infants (VLBW, <1500 g). Importantly for VLBW infants, who are at elevated risk of neurologic sequelae, mother's own milk has been shown to enhance neurocognitive development. Unfortunately, the majority of mothers of VLBW infants are unable to provide an adequate supply of milk and thus supplementation with formula or donor milk is necessary. Given the association between mother's own milk and neurodevelopment, it is important to ascertain whether provision of human donor milk as a supplement may yield superior neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to formula.Our primary hypothesis is that VLBW infants fed pasteurized donor milk compared to preterm formula as a supplement to mother's own milk for 90 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first, will have an improved cognitive outcome as measured at 18 months corrected age on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3(rd) ed. Secondary hypotheses are that the use of pasteurized donor milk will: (1) reduce a composite of death and serious morbidity; (2) support growth; and (3) improve language and motor development. Exploratory research questions include: Will use of pasteurized donor milk: (1) influence feeding tolerance and nutrient intake (2) have an acceptable cost effectiveness from a comprehensive societal perspective?
  
  
  METHODS
  DoMINO is a multi-centre, intent-to-treat, double blinded, randomized control trial. VLBW infants (n = 363) were randomized within four days of birth to either (1) pasteurized donor milk or (2) preterm formula whenever mother's own milk was unavailable. Study recruitment began in October 2010 and was completed in December 2012. The 90 day feeding intervention is complete and long-term follow-up is underway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preterm birth and its complications are a leading cause long-term morbidity among Canadian children. Strategies to mitigate this risk are urgently required. As mother's own milk has been shown to improve neurodevelopment, it is essential to ascertain whether pasteurized donor milk will confer the same advantage over formula without undue risks and at acceptable costs. Knowledge translation from this trial will be pivotal in setting donor milk policy in Canada and beyond.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN35317141; Registered 10 August 2010.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.forename: Sharyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gibbins
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zupancic
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto and The Hospital for Sick Children, 327 Fitzgerald Building, 150 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada. deborah.oconnor@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003071:Cognition; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007804:Language Development; D008895:Milk, Human; D061352:Pasteurization