title: Psychosocial burdens negatively impact HIV antiretroviral adherence in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men aged 50 and older.
abstract: We sought to characterize HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and psychosocial correlates of adherence in a sample of gay, bisexual, and other non-gay or -bisexual identified men who have sex with men aged 50 and over. As part of a cross-sectional study we recruited a community-based sample of 199 men and assessed adherence to current ART medications along four domains: (1) missing doses in the past 4 days, (2) taking doses on the specified schedule in the past 4 days, (3) following instructions about how to take the medications (e.g., to take medications with food), and (4) missing doses in the last weekend. A total adherence score was also computed. Bivariable analyses indicated negative associations between depression, sexual compulsivity, and HIV-related stigma with each of the individual adherence variables and the composite adherence score, while an older age was found to be protective. In multivariable analyses, controlling for age and educational attainment, a higher likelihood of missing doses and failing to follow instructions were related to higher levels of HIV-related stigma, while dosing off-schedule and missing doses on weekends was associated with higher levels of sexual compulsivity. These results indicate that psychosocial burdens undermine the adherence behaviors of older HIV-positive sexual minority men. Programming and services to address this compromising health behavior must embrace a holistic approach to health as informed by syndemics theory, while attending to the developmental and age-specific needs of older men.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Perry N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Halkitis
authors.forename: Rafael Eduardo
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Perez-Figueroa
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carreiro
authors.forename: Molly J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kingdon
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kupprat
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eddy
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents
keywords: HIV; HIV-stigma; adherence; aging; depression; gay and bisexual; sexual compulsivity