title: Rotator cuff tear degeneration and cell apoptosis in smokers versus nonsmokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of smoking on supraspinatus tendon degeneration, including cellular alterations, proliferation, and apoptosis of tendon cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supraspinatus tendon samples of 10 smokers and 15 nonsmokers with full-thickness tears were compared, focusing on the severity of tendon histopathology including apoptosis (programmed cell death), cellularity, and proliferation. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the density of apoptotic cells and proliferation. The extent of tendon degeneration was classified according to a revised version of the Bonar tendon histopathology score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smokers were younger (P = .01). The symptom duration among smokers was longer (P < .05). The supraspinatus tendons from the smokers presented significantly more advanced degenerative changes (Bonar score, 13.5 [interquartile range, 1.4] v 9 [interquartile range, 3]; P < .001). The smokers' tendons showed increased density of apoptotic cells (0.108 [SE, 0.038] v 0.0107 [SE, 0.007]; P = .024) accompanied by reduced tenocyte density (P = .019) and upregulation of proliferative activity (P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with worsened supraspinatus tendon histopathology and increased apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pronounced degenerative changes, reduced tendon cellularity, and increased apoptosis may indicate reduced tendon healing capacity in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: kirsten.lundgreen@lds.no.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lundgreen
authors.affiliation: Kristiansund Hospital HNR, Kristiansund, Norway.
authors.forename: Oystein Bjerkestrand
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nassab
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.affiliation: Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engebretsen
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing