title: Earthworm tolerance to residual agricultural pesticide contamination: field and experimental assessment of detoxification capabilities.
abstract: This study investigates if acclimatization to residual pesticide contamination in agricultural soils is reflected in detoxification, antioxidant enzyme activities and energy budget of earthworms. Five fields within a joint agricultural area exhibited different chemical and farming histories from conventional cultivation to organic pasture. Soil multiresidual pesticide analysis revealed up to 9 molecules including atrazine up to 2.4 ng g(-1) dry soil. Exposure history of endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica modified their responses to pesticides. In the field, activities of soluble glutathione-S-transferases (sGST) and catalase increased with soil pesticide contamination in A. caliginosa. Pesticide stress was reflected in depletion of energy reserves in A. chlorotica. Acute exposure of pre-adapted and naïve A. caliginosa to pesticides (fungicide Opus(®), 0.1 μg active ingredient epoxiconazole g(-1) dry soil, RoundUp Flash(®), 2.5 μg active ingredient glyphosate g(-1) dry soil, and their mixture), revealed that environmental pre-exposure accelerated activation of the detoxification enzyme sGST towards epoxiconazole.
authors.affiliation: University Rennes 1, UMR CNRS ECOBIO 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 265 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. Electronic address: Nicolas.givaudan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Givaudan
authors.affiliation: University Rennes 1, UMR CNRS ECOBIO 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 265 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France. Electronic address: Francoise.binet@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Binet
authors.affiliation: Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France; EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; Inserm, UMR 1085, IRSET, LERES, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: Barbara.Lebot@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bot
authors.affiliation: University Rennes 1, UMR CNRS ECOBIO 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, 265 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne (UEB), 5 Boulevard Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. Electronic address: wiegand@biology.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiegand
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002374:Catalase; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: A. caliginosa; A. chlorotica; Adaptation; Biotransformation; Oxidative stress; Soil pesticide contamination