title: Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at risk of premature mortality. This study examined gender differences in mortality, risk factors, and causes of death among IDUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 13-year cohort study including 172 street-recruited IDUs from Oslo, Norway in 1997, interview data was merged with the National Cause of Death Registry. Crude mortality rate (CMR) and indirect standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A log-logistic multivariate survival analysis model was estimated for the full sample. For a smaller data set (1.1.1998-31.12.2004) the influence of substitution treatment and prison were assessed using cox regression survival analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight females and 37 males died. Acute intoxications were the most common cause of death. Women were more at risk in the short-term, but more protected in the long-term. CMR was 16.0 [95% CI 8.0, 31.9] for women and 26.0 [95% CI 18.0, 35.8]) for men. SMR was 39.4 [95% CI 0.2, 220.8]) for women and 21.3 [95% CI 5.7, 54.1] for men. More women injected heroin (98% vs. 88% [x2 = 3.5, p = 0.063]), used prescription drugs (73% vs. 52% [x2 = 5.6, p = 0.018]) and combined these to inject (45% vs. 26% [x2 = 5.9, p = 0.015]). Mixing prescription drugs in heroin injections, and sex work (only women) were associated with decreased survival time. There were no gender differences in access to substitution treatment, while significantly more men had been in prison (74% vs. 51% [x2 = 7.5, p = 0.006]). The instance of substitution treatment and prison significantly decreased the mortality risk. Prison release increased the risk, but not statistically significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were gender differences in mortality and risk factors; sex work and prison were gender specific risk factors. These factors should be investigated further to better design future preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research (SIRUS), PB 565 Sentrum, Oslo 0105, Norway. lg@sirus.no.
authors.forename: Linn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gjersing
authors.forename: Anne Line
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bretteville-Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011330:Prisons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires