title: Taurine improves the spatial learning and memory ability impaired by sub-chronic manganese exposure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Excessive manganese exposure induced cognitive deficit. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that taurine improves cognitive impairment induced by numerous neurotoxins. However, the role of taurine on manganese-induced damages in learning and memory is still elusive. This goal of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of taurine on learning and memory capacity impairment by manganese exposure in an animal model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The escape latency in the Morris Water Maze test was significantly longer in the rats injected with manganese than that in the rats received both taurine and manganese. Similarly, the probe trial showed that the annulus crossings were significantly greater in the taurine plus manganese treated rats than those in the manganese-treated rats. However, the blood level of manganese was not altered by the taurine treatment. Interestingly, the exposure of manganese led to a significant increase in the acetylcholinesterase activity and an evidently decrease in the choline acetyltransferase activity, which were partially restored by the addition of taurine. Additionally, we identified 9 differentially expressed proteins between the rat hippocampus treated by manganese and the control or the manganese plus taurine in the proteomic analysis using the 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Most of these proteins play a role in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuron synapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, taurine restores the activity of AChE and ChAT, which are critical for the regulation of acetylcholine. We have identified seven differentially expressed proteins specifically induced by manganese and two proteins induced by taurine from the rat hippocampus. Our results support that taurine improves the impaired learning and memory ability caused by excessive exposure of manganese.
authors.forename: Cai-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Zhi-Juan
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Yi-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ling-Yong
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yin-Pin
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, 530021 Nanning, Guangxi, P,R, China. lxy_0726@163.com.
authors.forename: Xi-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Song-Chao
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008345:Manganese / Q000633:toxicity; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013654:Taurine; D008345:Manganese; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000109:Acetylcholine