title: Using mortality follow-up of surveys to estimate social inequalities in healthy life years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The estimation of healthy life years (HLY) by socio-economic status (SES) requires two types of data: the prevalence of activity limitation by SES generally extracted from surveys and mortality rates by SES generally derived from a linkage between the SES information in population databases (census, register) and mortality records. In some situations, no population-wide databases are available to produce mortality rates by SES, and therefore some alternatives must be explored. This paper assesses the validity of calculating HLY by SES using mortality rates derived from a linkage between surveys and mortality records.
  
  
  METHODS
  TWO SURVEYS WERE CHOSEN TO EXPLORE THE VALIDITY OF THE PROPOSED APPROACH: The Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS) and the Belgian Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC). The mortality follow-up of these surveys were used to calculate HLY by educational level at age 25. These HLY were compared with HLY estimates calculated using the mortality follow-up of the 2001 census. The validity of this approach was evaluated against two criteria. First, the HLY calculated using the census and those calculated using the surveys must not be significantly different. Second, survey-based HLY must show significant social inequalities since such inequalities have been consistently reported with census-based HLY.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both criteria were met. First, for each educational category, no statistically significant difference was found when comparing census-based and survey-based HLY estimates. For instance, men in the lowest educational category have shown a HLY of 34 years according to the HIS, and while this figure was 35.5 years according to the census, this difference was not statistically significant. Second, the survey-based HLY have shown a significant social gradient. For instance, men in the highest educational category are expected to live 9.5 more HLY than their counterparts in the lowest educational category based on the HIS estimates, compared with 7.3 HLY based on the census estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article suggests that using the mortality follow-up of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey is a valid approach to monitor social inequalities in HLY in the absence of population-wide data.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, 14, Juliette Wytsmanstreet, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Charafeddine
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, 14, Juliette Wytsmanstreet, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, 14, Juliette Wytsmanstreet, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demarest
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, 14, Juliette Wytsmanstreet, Brussels 1050, Belgium.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Oyen
keywords: Healthy life years; Monitoring; Mortality follow-up; Socioeconomic status; Surveys