title: Design, development, and evaluation of a novel microneedle array-based continuous glucose monitor.
abstract: The development of accurate, minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices has been the subject of much work by several groups, as it is believed that a less invasive and more user-friendly device will result in greater adoption of CGM by persons with insulin-dependent diabetes. This article presents the results of preliminary clinical studies in subjects with diabetes of a novel prototype microneedle-based continuous glucose monitor. In this device, an array of tiny hollow microneedles is applied into the epidermis from where glucose in interstitial fluid (ISF) is transported via passive diffusion to an amperometric glucose sensor external to the body. Comparison of 1396 paired device glucose measurements and fingerstick blood glucose readings for up to 72-hour wear in 10 diabetic subjects shows the device to be accurate and well tolerated by the subjects. Overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD) is 15% with 98.4% of paired points in the A+B region of the Clarke error grid. The prototype device has demonstrated clinically accurate glucose readings over 72 hours, the first time a microneedle-based device has achieved such performance.
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA ajina@arkalmedical.com.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jina
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tamada
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: ArKal Medical, Fremont, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Beelee
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: John Muir Physician Network Clinical Research Center, Concord, CA USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Diablo Clinical Research, Walnut Creek, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D009339:Needles; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: continuous glucose; interstitial fluid; microneedle; minimally invasive