title: Klebsormidium flaccidum genome reveals primary factors for plant terrestrial adaptation.
abstract: The colonization of land by plants was a key event in the evolution of life. Here we report the draft genome sequence of the filamentous terrestrial alga Klebsormidium flaccidum (Division Charophyta, Order Klebsormidiales) to elucidate the early transition step from aquatic algae to land plants. Comparison of the genome sequence with that of other algae and land plants demonstrate that K. flaccidum acquired many genes specific to land plants. We demonstrate that K. flaccidum indeed produces several plant hormones and homologues of some of the signalling intermediates required for hormone actions in higher plants. The K. flaccidum genome also encodes a primitive system to protect against the harmful effects of high-intensity light. The presence of these plant-related systems in K. flaccidum suggests that, during evolution, this alga acquired the fundamental machinery required for adaptation to terrestrial environments.
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: Section of Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumito
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Takatomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Togashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Syusei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tajima
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeuchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki-Sekimoto
authors.affiliation: Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mashiguchi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Oya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Awai
authors.affiliation: Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Mie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimojima
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan [3] Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nobusawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Narise
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima-Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kinuka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohtaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonobe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanamori-Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Daichi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Jumpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Umetsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.affiliation: Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasukazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.affiliation: 1] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan [2] Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ida
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [3] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.affiliation: 1] Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan [3] Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan [4] Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport; D005453:Fluorescence; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008857:Microscopy, Interference; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D015398:Signal Transduction; D057949:Streptophyta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D002734:Chlorophyll