title: Brain penetration assessment in vivo: a reliable and simple method in anesthetized rats at steady state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For CNS drugs, brain disposition is of critical importance during drug discovery. In vitro methods are used early followed by more predictive in vivo methods later on in the drug discovery process. Current in vivo methods are costly, have long turnover times or do not measure brain disposition at steady state.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new method to evaluate drug brain disposition in vivo was developed in anaesthetized rats. Seven reference compounds were administered as an initial IV bolus (loading dose) followed by IV infusion for 4.5 h in order to obtain a steady state plasma concentration before brain sampling. The loading dose was estimated from a preliminary single dose IV pharmacokinetic study and was found to successfully bring plasma concentrations to steady state for compounds exhibiting either mono- or bi-compartmental pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using this method, a steady state lasting at least 2h was obtained, thus making the in vivo method robust with respect to differences in the pharmacokinetics and/or blood-to-brain equilibration rate of the compounds tested. The method produced highly reproducible results, with substantial advantages in terms of cost, turnaround time and animal welfare.
  
  
  METHODS
  The results agreed with those reported in other, more elaborate preclinical models and in humans, enabling brain disposition to be assessed in a simple, efficient and robust in vivo model for new chemical entities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introducing the presented method in drug discovery allows brain disposition to be assessed earlier in the drug discovery pipeline and thus facilitate the selection of potent and penetrant CNS drugs.
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy. Electronic address: candersen@sienabiotech.it.
authors.forename: Claus A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perfetti
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nibbio
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.affiliation: Siena Biotech S.p.A., Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Massenzio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornasier
mesh_terms: D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009288:Naproxen / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009288:Naproxen; D007530:Isoflurane
keywords: 3Rs-benefit; Brain penetration; Brain/plasma-ratio; Drug discovery; In vivo; Loading dose; Rat; Steady state