title: Comparative palatability of five supplements designed for cats suffering from chronic renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal phosphate binders, uremic toxin binders and some other types of supplements are an integral part of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in various species, including cats. This pathology in domestic carnivores requires life-long nutritional and medical management. In this context, the compliance of owners and patients cannot be achieved without an adequate level of palatability for oral medication or supplementation. Knowing that hyporexia and anorexia are among the most commonly seen clinical signs in cats suffering from CKD this is already, in itself, a serious obstacle to acceptable compliance in sick animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the palatability of four commercially available products designed for cats suffering from CKD: Ipakitine® (Vetoquinol, France), Azodyl® (Vetoquinol, USA), Renalzin® (Bayer, France), Rubenal® (Vetoquinol, France) and an additional recently developed product: Pronefra® (Virbac, France). The study was performed with a group of previously-characterised cats, all living in an enriched and well-being securing environment of an independent centre housing panels of pets expert in palatability measurement. In total 172 monadic testings were performed. The palatability of each product was assessed by measuring their rates of prehension and consumption, and the consumption proportions were also analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most palatable presentation (based on useful consumption) was Pronefra®, which was significantly higher than Azodyl® (p = 0.046), Ipakitine® (p < 0.0001), Renalzin® (p < 0.0001) and Rubenal® (p < 0.0001). The product with the highest rate of prehension was also Pronefra®, which was significantly higher than Azodyl® (p = 0.0019), Ipakitine® (p = 0.0023), Renalzin® (p = 0.0008) and Rubenal® (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pronefra® was the most palatable presentation tested, meaning it may be useful for improving ease of supplementation in CKD cats.
authors.affiliation: Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bernachon
authors.affiliation: R&D Virbac, Carros, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fournel
authors.affiliation: UPL Virbac, Carros, France.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gatto
authors.affiliation: UPL Virbac, Carros, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monginoux
authors.affiliation: Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGahie
keywords: Cat; Chronic kidney disease; Compliance; Consumption; Palatability; Phosphate binder; Prehension; Renal; Supplement; Uraemic toxin binder