title: DTX3L and ARTD9 inhibit IRF1 expression and mediate in cooperation with ARTD8 survival and proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in the aging male population and represents the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men around the world. The Deltex (DTX)-3-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (DTX3L), also known as B-lymphoma and BAL-associated protein (BBAP), was originally identified as a binding partner of the diphtheria-toxin-like macrodomain containing ADP-ribosyltransferase-9 (ARTD9), also known as BAL1 and PARP9. We have previously demonstrated that ARTD9 acts as a novel oncogenic survival factor in high-risk, chemo-resistant, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTD8, also known as PARP14 functions as a STAT6-specific co-regulator of IL4-mediated proliferation and survival in B cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Co-expression of DTX3L, ARTD8, ARTD9 and STAT1 was analyzed in the metastatic PCa (mPCa) cell lines PC3, DU145, LNCaP and in the normal prostate luminal epithelial cell lines HPE and RWPE1. Effects on cell proliferation, survival and cell migration were determined in PC3, DU145 and/or LNCaP cells depleted of DTX3L, ARTD8, ARTD9, STAT1 and/or IRF1 compared to their proficient control cells, respectively. In further experiments, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitations were conducted to evaluate the physical and functional interactions between DTX3L, ARTD8 and ARTD9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we could identify DTX3L, ARTD9 and ARTD8 as novel oncogenic survival factors in mPCa cells. Our studies revealed that DTX3L forms a complex with ARTD8 and mediates together with ARTD8 and ARTD9 proliferation, chemo-resistance and survival of mPCa cells. In addition, DTX3L, ARTD8 and ARTD9 form complexes with each other. Our study provides first evidence that the enzymatic activity of ARTD8 is required for survival of mPCa cells. DTX3L and ARTD9 act together as repressors of the tumor suppressor IRF1 in mPCa cells. Furthermore, the present study shows that DTX3L together with STAT1 and STAT3 is implicated in cell migration of mPCa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data strongly indicate that a crosstalk between STAT1, DTX3L and ARTD-like mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases mediates proliferation and survival of mPCa cells. The present study further suggests that the combined targeted inhibition of STAT1, ARTD8, ARTD9 and/or DTX3L could increase the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation treatment in prostate and other high-risk tumor types with an increased STAT1 signaling.
authors.forename: Samia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Frommel
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Camicia
authors.forename: Hans C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. hassa@vetbio.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Paul O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Hassa
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C494257:IRF1 protein, human; D050856:Interferon Regulatory Factor-1; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C418133:PARP9 protein, human; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; C475669:DTX3L protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C584083:PARP14 protein, human; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases