title: Anti-neutrophil antibody enhances the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF by decreasing number of neutrophils in hypoxic ischemic neonatal rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is an injury that can lead to neurological impairments such as behavioral and learning disabilities. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke however it has also been shown to induce neutrophilia, ultimately exacerbating neuronal injury. Our hypothesis is that coadministration of anti-neutrophil antibody (Ab) with G-CSF will decrease blood neutrophil counts thereby reducing infarct volume and improving neurological function post HI brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat pups were subjected to unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5h of hypoxia. Animals were randomly assigned to five groups: Sham (n=15), vehicle (HI, n=15), HI with G-CSF treatment (n=15), HI with G-CSF+Ab treatment (n=15), and HI with Ab treatment (n=15). Ab (325μg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally while G-CSF (50μg/kg) was administered subcutaneously 1h post HI followed by daily injections for 3 consecutive days. Animals were euthanized at 96h post HI for blood neutrophil counts and brain infarct volume measurements as well as at 5weeks for neurological function testing and brain weight measurements. Lung and spleen weights at both time points were further analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The G-CSF treatment group showed tendencies to reduce infarct volume and improve neurological function while significantly increasing neutrophil counts. On the other hand, the G-CSF+Ab group significantly reduced infarct volume, improved neurological function and decreased neutrophil counts. The Ab alone group showed reversal of the neuroprotective effects of the G-CSF+Ab group. No significant differences were found in peripheral organ weights between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that coadministration of G-CSF with Ab not only prevented brain atrophy but also significantly improved neurological function by decreasing blood neutrophil counts. Hence the neuroprotective effects of G-CSF may be further enhanced if neutrophilia is avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Desislava M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Doycheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA. Electronic address: jtang@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000906:Antibodies / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Anti-neutrophil antibody (Ab); Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF); Hypoxia–ischemia (HI); Neonatal; Neurological function; Neutrophil