title: Multipoint-emitting optical fibers for spatially addressable in vivo optogenetics.
abstract: Optical stimulation and silencing of neural activity is a powerful technique for elucidating the structure and function of neural circuitry. In most in vivo optogenetic experiments, light is delivered into the brain through a single optical fiber. However, this approach limits illumination to a fixed volume of the brain. Here a focused ion beam is used to pattern multiple light windows on a tapered optical fiber. We show that such fibers allow selective and dynamic illumination of different brain regions along the taper. Site selection is achieved by a simple coupling strategy at the fiber input, and the use of a single tapered waveguide minimizes the implant invasiveness. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for multipoint optical stimulation in the mammalian brain in vivo by coupling the fiber to a microelectrode array and performing simultaneous extracellular recording and stimulation at multiple sites in the mouse striatum and cerebral cortex.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy. Electronic address: ferruccio.pisanello@iit.it.
authors.forename: Ferruccio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pisanello
authors.affiliation: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, NNL-National Nanotechnology Laboratory, via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sileo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
authors.affiliation: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, NNL-National Nanotechnology Laboratory, via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pisanello
authors.affiliation: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martiradonna
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Assad
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Bernardo L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sabatini
authors.affiliation: Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti sn, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, Università del Salento, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, NNL-National Nanotechnology Laboratory, via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Vittorio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D055100:Optical Fibers; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*