title: A panel of tumor markers, calreticulin, annexin A2, and annexin A3 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma identified by proteomic and immunological analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a tumor with sizable metastases and local recurrence. It has a worse prognosis than bladder cancer. This study was designed to investigate the urinary potential tumor markers of UTUC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2008 and January 2009, urine was sampled from 13 patients with UTUC and 20 healthy adults. The current study identified biomarkers for UTUC using non-fixed volume stepwise weak anion exchange chromatography for fractionation of urine protein prior to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty five differential proteins have been determined by comparing with the 2-DE maps of the urine of UTUC patients and those of healthy people. Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry of tumor tissues and normal tissues from patients with UTUC were carried out to further verify five possible UTUC biomarkers, including zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, calreticulin, annexin A2, annexin A3 and haptoglobin. The data of western blot and immunohistochemical analysis are consistent with the 2-DE data. Combined the experimental data in the urine and in tumor tissues collected from patients with UTUC, the crucial over-expressed proteins are calreticulin, annexin A2, and annexin A3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calreticulin, annexin A2, and annexin A3 are very likely a panel of biomarkers with potential value for UTUC diagnosis.
authors.forename: Chih-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jen-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Han-Hsiang
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ying-Chin
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Jue-Liang
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Jiing-Chuan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhong-Hao
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Din
authors.affiliation: Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan. wyr924@ms24.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Yu-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000837:Anion Exchange Resins; D017306:Annexin A2 / Q000652:urine*; D017318:Annexin A3 / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C472822:ANXA2 protein, human; D000837:Anion Exchange Resins; D017306:Annexin A2; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C576483:CALR protein, human; D037282:Calreticulin; D017318:Annexin A3