title: Evaluation of anti-Candida activity of Vitis vinifera L. seed extracts obtained from wine and table cultivars.
abstract: For the first time, grape seed extracts (GSEs), obtained from wine and table cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., cultured in experimental fields of Lazio and Puglia regions of Italy and grown in different agronomic conditions, have been tested on 43 Candida species strains. We demonstrated a significant correlation between the content of the flavan-3-ols in GSEs extracts, with a polymerization degree ≥ 4, and anti-Candida activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that GSEs, obtained from plants cultured with reduced irrigation, showed a content of polymeric flavan-3-ols >250 mg/g with geometric mean MIC values between 5.7 and 20.2 mg/L against Candida albicans reference strains. GSE, showing 573 mg/g of polymeric flavan-3-ols, has been tested in an experimental murine model of vaginal candidiasis by using noninvasive in vivo imaging technique. The results pointed out a significant inhibition of Candida albicans load 5 days after challenge. These findings indicate that GSEs with high content of polymeric flavan-3-ols can be used in mucosal infection as vaginal candidiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4321-4626
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Rita
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Felicia Diodata
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: D'Auria
authors.affiliation: Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences and Multidisciplinary Centre of Research on Food Sciences, Florence University, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7873-5259
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mulinacci
authors.affiliation: Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences and Multidisciplinary Centre of Research on Food Sciences, Florence University, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innocenti
authors.affiliation: CRA Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Enology in Central Italy, Via Cantina 12, Sperimentale 1, Velletri, 00049 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5692-1835
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cecchini
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5299-8197
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pericolini
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panella
authors.affiliation: CRA Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Table Grapes and Wine Growing in Mediterranean Environment, Via Casamassima 148, Turi, 70010 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antonacci
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Teresa
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Palamara
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, Via Gambuli, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vecchiarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3823-7284
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasqua
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002181:Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts