title: Comparison of cardiac output determined by an ultrasound velocity dilution cardiac output method and by the lithium dilution cardiac output method in juvenile horses with experimentally induced hypovolemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of an ultrasound velocity dilution cardiac output (UDCO) method, compared with that of the lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) method, for determination of cardiac output (CO) in juvenile horses with experimentally induced hypovolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 anesthetized 2- to 6-month-old horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each anesthetized horse, CO was determined by the LiDCO and UDCO methods prior to any intervention (baseline state), after withdrawal of approximately 40% of the horse's blood volume (low CO state), after maintenance of hypovolemia and infusion of norepinephrine until mean arterial blood pressure was equal to baseline value (high CO state), and after further infusion of norepinephrine and back-transfusion of withdrawn blood (posttransfusion state). For each of the 4 hemodynamic situations, CO and calculated cardiac index (CI) values were obtained by each method in duplicate (8 pairs of measurements/horse); mean values for each horse and overall mean values across all horses were calculated. Agreement between CI determined by each method (96 paired values) was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the UDCO method-derived CI measurements among the 12 horses, mean ± SD bias was -4 ± 11.3 mL/kg/min (95% limits of agreement, -26.1 to 18.2 mL/kg/min) and mean relative bias was -10.4 ± 21.5% (95% limits of agreement, -52.6% to 31.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that, compared with the LiDCO method, the UDCO method has acceptable clinical usefulness for determination of CO in foals.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32606.
authors.forename: Andre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Queiroz
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vigani
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Da Cunha
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pariaut
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricco
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bornkamp
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia-Pereira
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bandt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology / Q000662:veterinary; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques / Q000662:veterinary; D008094:Lithium / Q000097:blood; D009638:Norepinephrine; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium; D009638:Norepinephrine