title: Two distinct layer-specific dynamics of cortical ensembles during learning of a motor task.
abstract: The primary motor cortex (M1) possesses two intermediate layers upstream of the motor-output layer: layer 2/3 (L2/3) and layer 5a (L5a). Although repetitive training often improves motor performance and movement coding by M1 neuronal ensembles, it is unclear how neuronal activities in L2/3 and L5a are reorganized during motor task learning. We conducted two-photon calcium imaging in mouse M1 during 14 training sessions of a self-initiated lever-pull task. In L2/3, the accuracy of neuronal ensemble prediction of lever trajectory remained unchanged globally, with a subset of individual neurons retaining high prediction accuracy throughout the training period. However, in L5a, the ensemble prediction accuracy steadily improved, and one-third of neurons, including subcortical projection neurons, evolved to contribute substantially to ensemble prediction in the late stage of learning. The L2/3 network may represent coordination of signals from other areas throughout learning, whereas L5a may participate in the evolving network representing well-learned movements.
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [3].
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masamizu
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [3].
authors.forename: Yasuhiro R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyo H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Riichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hira
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [3] The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [2] Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [3] PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.identifier: 0000000289564122
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: 1] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [2] Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isomura
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: 1] Division of Brain Circuits, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan. [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. [3] The Graduate University of Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuzaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 / Q000235:genetics; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5