title: Proanthocyanidin from grape seed extracts protects indomethacin-induced small intestinal mucosal injury.
abstract: Proanthocyanidin (grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts, GSPEs) is an antioxidant and scavenges free radicals. Excessive oxidative stress and free radical production are major components in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury. We investigated the effect of GSPEs on indomethacin-induced intestinal mucosal injury in the rat. Rats were allocated into four groups: the null control group, the indomethacin control group, the low-dose GSPEs group, and the high-dose GSPEs group. GSPEs were administered for 4 days. Then indomethacin and GSPEs were coadministered for the following 2 days by oral route. The dose of indomethacin was 200 mg/Kg. The doses of GSPEs were 100 mg/Kg for low-dose group and 300 mg/Kg for high-dose group. Luminal bleeding was solely observed in one of 5 rats from indomethacin control group. The number of ulcer count was reduced to 0.1 ± 0.3 per rat in GSPEs treated group compared to 1.4 ± 0.5 per rat in indomethacin control group. Submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration was also reduced to 50% in GSPEs treated group. The tissue level of prostaglandin E2 was not affected by GSPEs treatment. GSPEs attenuated the indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury irrespective of the tissue PGE2 depletion and glutathione consumption.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Yeongdeungpo-gu 63-ro 10, Seoul 150-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: The Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Yeongdeungpo-gu 63-ro 10, Seoul 150-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Yeongdeungpo-gu 63-ro 10, Seoul 150-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Heon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Yeongdeungpo-gu 63-ro 10, Seoul 150-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Kwang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim