title: Recombination locations and rates in beef cattle assessed from parent-offspring pairs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recombination events tend to occur in hotspots and vary in number among individuals. The presence of recombination influences the accuracy of haplotype phasing and the imputation of missing genotypes. Genes that influence genome-wide recombination rate have been discovered in mammals, yeast, and plants. Our aim was to investigate the influence of recombination on haplotype phasing, locate recombination hotspots, scan the genome for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and identify candidate genes that influence recombination, and quantify the impact of recombination on the accuracy of genotype imputation in beef cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  2775 Angus and 1485 Limousin parent-verified sire/offspring pairs were genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 chip. Haplotype phasing was performed with DAGPHASE and BEAGLE using UMD3.1 assembly SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) coordinates. Recombination events were detected by comparing the two reconstructed chromosomal haplotypes inherited by each offspring with those of their sires. Expected crossover probabilities were estimated assuming no interference and a binomial distribution for the frequency of crossovers. The BayesB approach for genome-wide association analysis implemented in the GenSel software was used to identify genomic regions harboring QTL with large effects on recombination. BEAGLE was used to impute Angus genotypes from a 7K subset to the 50K chip.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DAGPHASE was superior to BEAGLE in haplotype phasing, which indicates that linkage information from relatives can improve its accuracy. The estimated genetic length of the 29 bovine autosomes was 3097 cM, with a genome-wide recombination distance averaging 1.23 cM/Mb. 427 and 348 windows containing recombination hotspots were detected in Angus and Limousin, respectively, of which 166 were in common. Several significant SNPs and candidate genes, which influence genome-wide recombination were localized in QTL regions detected in the two breeds. High-recombination rates hinder the accuracy of haplotype phasing and genotype imputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small population sizes, inadequate half-sib family sizes, recombination, gene conversion, genotyping errors, and map errors reduce the accuracy of haplotype phasing and genotype imputation. Candidate regions associated with recombination were identified in both breeds. Recombination analysis may improve the accuracy of haplotype phasing and genotype imputation from low- to high-density SNP panels.
authors.forename: Zi-Qing
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saatchi
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: Jeremy F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA. dorian@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Dorian J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Garrick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000662:veterinary*; D006239:Haplotypes; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software