title: Effects of prolonged lung inflation or deflation on pulmonary stretch receptor discharge in the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
abstract: The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a semi-aquatic diving reptile that has a periodic breathing pattern. Previous work identified pulmonary stretch receptors, that are rapidly and slowly adapting, as well as intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC), sensitive to CO2, that modulate breathing patterns in alligators. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the effects of prolonged lung inflation and deflation (simulated dives) on pulmonary stretch receptors (PSR) and/or IPC discharge characteristics. The effects of airway pressure (0-20 cm H2O), hypercapnia (7% CO2), and hypoxia (5% O2) on dynamic and static responses of PSR were studied in juvenile alligators (mean mass=246 g) at 24°C. Alligators were initially anesthetized with isoflurane, cranially pithed, tracheotomized and artificially ventilated. Vagal afferent tonic and phasic activity was recorded with platinum hook electrodes. Receptor activity was a mixture of slowly adapting PSR (SAR) and rapidly adapting PSR (RAR) with varying thresholds and degrees of adaptation, without CO2 sensitivity. Receptor activity before, during and after 1 min periods of lung inflation and deflation was quantified to examine the effect of simulated breath-hold dives. Some PSR showed a change in dynamic response, exhibiting inhibition for several breaths after prolonged lung inflation. Following 1 min deflation, RAR, but not SAR, exhibited a significant potentiation of burst frequency relative to control. For SAR, the post-inflation receptor inhibition was blocked by CO2 and hypoxia; for RAR, the post-inflation inhibition was potentiated by CO2 and blocked by hypoxia. These results suggest that changes in PSR firing following prolonged inflation and deflation may promote post-dive ventilation in alligators. We hypothesize that PSR in alligators may be involved in recovery of breathing patterns and lung volume during pre- and post-diving behavior and apneic periods in diving reptiles.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Marschand
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Jenna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Burleson
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
authors.forename: Dane A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Developmental Integrative Biology Research Cluster, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States. Electronic address: Michael.hedrick@unt.edu.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hedrick
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D062485:Breath Holding; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D011661:Pulmonary Stretch Receptors / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Chemoreceptors; Mechanoreceptors; Pulmonary stretch receptors; Reptiles; Vagus nerve