title: Detection and genetic analysis of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST1) gene in clinical isolates of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) encoded by astA gene has been found in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains. However, it is not sufficient to simply probe strains with an astA gene probe due to the existence of astA mutants (type 1 and type 2 SHEAST) and EAST1 variants (EAST1 v1-4). In this study, 222 EPEC (70 typical and 152 atypical) isolates were tested for the presence of the astA gene sequence by PCR and sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The astA gene was amplified from 54 strains, 11 typical and 43 atypical. Sequence analysis of the PCR products showed that 25 strains, 7 typical and 18 atypical, had an intact astA gene. A subgroup of 7 atypical strains had a variant type of the astA gene sequence, with four non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions. The remaining 22 strains had mutated astA gene with nucleotide deletions or substitutions in the first 8 codons. The RT-PCR results showed that the astA gene was transcribed only by the strains carrying either the intact or the variant type of the astA gene sequence. Southern blot analysis indicated that astA is located in EAF plasmid in typical strains, and in plasmids of similar size in atypical strains. Strains carrying intact astA genes were more frequently found in diarrheic children than in non-diarrheic children (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our data suggest that the presence of an intact astA gene may represent an additional virulence determinant in both EPEC groups.
authors.forename: Lucas E P
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Neusa P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3 andar, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil. scaletskyunifesp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isabel C A
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Scaletsky
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D054308:Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010957:Plasmids / Q000032:analysis; D017354:Point Mutation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C034151:heat stable toxin (E coli)