title: Regenerative peripheral nerve interface viability and signal transduction with an implanted electrode.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The regenerative peripheral nerve interface is an internal interface for signal transduction with external electronics of prosthetic limbs; it consists of an electrode and a unit of free muscle that is neurotized by a transected residual peripheral nerve. Adding a conductive polymer coating on electrodes improves electrode conductivity. This study examines regenerative peripheral nerve interface tissue viability and signal fidelity in the presence of an implanted electrode coated or uncoated with a conductive polymer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a rat model, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was moved as a nonvascularized free tissue transfer and neurotized by the divided peroneal nerve. Either a stainless steel pad electrode (n = 8) or a pad electrode coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conductive polymer (PEDOT) (n = 8) was implanted on the muscle transfer and secured with an encircling acellular extracellular matrix. The contralateral muscle served as the control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The free muscle transfers were successfully revascularized and over time reinnervated as evidenced by serial insertional needle electromyography. Compound muscle action potentials were successfully transduced through the regenerative peripheral nerve interface. The conductive polymer coating on the implanted electrode resulted in increased recorded signal amplitude that was observed throughout the course of the study. Histologic examination confirmed axonal sprouting, elongation, and synaptogenesis within regenerative peripheral nerve interface regardless of electrode type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The regenerative peripheral nerve interface remains viable over seven months in the presence of an implanted electrode. Electrodes with and without conductive polymer reliably transduced signals from the regenerative peripheral nerve interface. Electrodes with a conductive polymer coating resulted in recording more of the regenerative peripheral nerve interface signal.
authors.affiliation: Ann Arbor, Mich.; Newark, Del.; and St. Louis, Mo. From the Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Michigan Health System; the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan; the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware; and the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Langhals
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cederna
authors.forename: Melanie G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Urbanchek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004576:Electromyography; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D016067:Nerve Transfer; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; C554433:poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)