title: DGT-labile As, Cd, Cu and Ni monitoring in freshwater: toward a framework for interpretation of in situ deployment.
abstract: The use of the Diffusive Gradient in Thin Film sampler (DGT) as a monitoring tool for regulatory programs is currently evaluated. In this context, the impact of commonly followed procedures on the accuracy of DGT-labile As, Cd, Cu, and Ni quantification was studied. Initial sampler contamination yields to define quantification limits instead of using blank subtraction, thus avoiding artifact concentrations. Not considering the alteration of element diffusion by the filter membrane leads to significant underestimation. However, diffusion coefficients determined on a non-fouled membrane were found to be suitable for the studied site, making it possible to use data from the literature. When diffusive boundary layer formation is neglected, no loss of accuracy is recorded provided the layer is thinner than 0.5 mm. Finally, exploration of potential biases allowed initiating a framework that might help limit inaccuracies in DGT-labile concentration estimation and interpretation, especially in a low contamination context.
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France. Electronic address: remy.buzier@unilim.fr.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buzier
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charriau
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lenain
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fondanèche
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joussein
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France; IRSTEA, Unité de recherche REBX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poulier
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lissalde
authors.affiliation: IRSTEA, Unité de recherche REBX, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazzella
authors.affiliation: Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), 123 avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guibaud
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D004058:Diffusion; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Diffusion coefficient; Diffusive Gradient in Thin film (DGT); Metalloids; Metals; Passive sampling