title: Distribution and pollutant load of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in sewage treatment plants and water from Japanese Rivers.
abstract: Hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-HBCD) were investigated in river water, sewage influent, and sewage effluent from the Yodo River basin, Japan. The mean annual values of HBCDs ranged from 0.19 to 14ngL(-1) in river water. We observed that the concentrations of HBCDs in the brackish water area were low compared with that in the fresh water area. It was implied that, when the flow of the river stagnated in the estuarine area, HBCDs settled with suspended matter because of their hydrophobic character. In the sewage treatment plants, HBCDs ranged from 16 to 400ngL(-1) in sewage influent, whereas they ranged from 0.39 to 12ngL(-1) in sewage effluent. Over 90% of HBCDs were removed from the wastewater in the sewage treatment plants. By using these results, we estimated the pollutant load of HBCDs that flows into Osaka Bay from the study area. It was estimated that approximately 15kg of HBCDs flow into Osaka Bay from the study area in a year. This value is five orders of magnitude lower than the 2010 market demand for HBCDs (3019 metrictons) in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan. Electronic address: mak-ichihara@city.osaka.lg.jp.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.affiliation: Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
authors.forename: Koh-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takakura
authors.affiliation: Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kakutani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Resources Management, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudo
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane
keywords: Brominated flame retardant; HBCD; Pollutant load; River water; Sewage effluent; Sewage influent