title: ChIP-less analysis of chromatin states.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key epigenetic regulators in chromatin-based processes. Increasing evidence suggests that vast combinations of PTMs exist within chromatin histones. These complex patterns, rather than individual PTMs, are thought to define functional chromatin states. However, the ability to interrogate combinatorial histone PTM patterns at the nucleosome level has been limited by the lack of direct molecular tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate an efficient, quantitative, antibody-free, chromatin immunoprecipitation-less (ChIP-less) method for interrogating diverse epigenetic states. At the heart of the workflow are recombinant chromatin reader domains, which target distinct chromatin states with combinatorial PTM patterns. Utilizing a newly designed combinatorial histone peptide microarray, we showed that three reader domains (ATRX-ADD, ING2-PHD and AIRE-PHD) displayed greater specificity towards combinatorial PTM patterns than corresponding commercial histone antibodies. Such specific recognitions were employed to develop a chromatin reader-based affinity enrichment platform (matrix-assisted reader chromatin capture, or MARCC). We successfully applied the reader-based platform to capture unique chromatin states, which were quantitatively profiled by mass spectrometry to reveal interconnections between nucleosomal histone PTMs. Specifically, a highly enriched signature that harbored H3K4me0, H3K9me2/3, H3K79me0 and H4K20me2/3 within the same nucleosome was identified from chromatin enriched by ATRX-ADD. This newly reported PTM combination was enriched in heterochromatin, as revealed by the associated DNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the broad utility of recombinant reader domains as an enrichment tool specific to combinatorial PTM patterns, which are difficult to probe directly by antibody-based approaches. The reader affinity platform is compatible with several downstream analyses to investigate the physical coexistence of nucleosomal PTM states associated with specific genomic loci. Collectively, the reader-based workflow will greatly facilitate our understanding of how distinct chromatin states and reader domains function in gene regulatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
authors.forename: Zhangli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA ; Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
authors.forename: Jin-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Shichong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA ; Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Denu
keywords: Affinity enrichment; Antibody-free; Chromatin; Histone; PTM; Peptide microarray; Reader domain