title: Characteristics of volatile organic compounds emission profiles from hot road bitumens.
abstract: A procedure for the investigation and comparison of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission profiles to the atmosphere from road bitumens with various degrees of oxidation is proposed. The procedure makes use of headspace analysis and gas chromatography with universal as well as selective detection, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The studies revealed that so-called vacuum residue, which is the main component of the charge, contains variable VOC concentrations, from trace to relatively high ones, depending on the extent of thermal cracking in the boiler of the vacuum distillation column. The VOC content in the oxidation product, so-called oxidized paving bitumen, is similarly varied. There are major differences in VOC emission profiles between vacuum residue and oxidized bitumens undergoing thermal cracking. The VOC content in oxidized bitumens, which did not undergo thermal cracking, increases with the degree of oxidation of bitumens. The studies revealed that the total VOC content increases from about 120 ppm for the raw vacuum residue to about 1900 ppm for so-called bitumen 35/50. The amount of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the volatile fraction of fumes of oxidized bitumens increases with the degree of oxidation of bitumen and constitutes from 0.34% to 3.66% (w/w). The contribution of volatile nitrogen compounds (VNCs) to total VOC content remains constant for the investigated types of bitumens (from 0.16 to 0.28% (w/w) of total VOCs). The results of these studies can also find use during the selection of appropriate bitumen additives to minimize their malodorousness. The obtained data append the existing knowledge on VOC emission from oxidized bitumens. They should be included in reports on the environmental impact of facilities in which hot bitumen binders are used.
authors.affiliation: Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland. Electronic address: grzegorz.boczkaj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boczkaj
authors.affiliation: Kettering University, 1700 University Avenue, Flint, MI 48504, USA. Electronic address: aprzyjaz@kettering.edu.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Przyjazny
authors.affiliation: Gdansk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamiński
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D013455:Sulfur; C006647:asphalt
keywords: Asphalt; Bitumen fumes; GC–MS; NPD; Pollutants; Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)