title: Chimaeric load among sympatric social bacteria increases with genotype richness.
abstract: The total productivity of social groups can be determined by interactions among their constituents. Chimaeric load--the reduction of group productivity caused by antagonistic within-group heterogeneity--may be common in heterogeneous microbial groups due to dysfunctional behavioural interactions between distinct individuals. However, some instances of chimaerism in social microbes can increase group productivity, thus making a general relationship between chimaerism and group-level performance non-obvious. Using genetically similar strains of the soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus that were isolated from a single centimetre-scale patch of soil, we tested for a relationship between degree of chimaerism (genotype richness) and total group performance at social behaviours displayed by this species. Within-group genotype richness was found to correlate negatively with total group performance at most traits examined, including swarming in both predatory and prey-free environments and spore production during development. These results suggest that interactions between such neighbouring strains in the wild will tend to be mutually antagonistic. Negative correlations between group performance and average genetic distance among group constituents at three known social genes were not found, suggesting that divergence at other loci that govern social interaction phenotypes is responsible for the observed chimaeric load. The potential for chimaeric load to result from co-aggregation among even closely related neighbours may promote the maintenance and strengthening of kin discrimination mechanisms, such as colony-merger incompatibilities observed in M. xanthus. The findings reported here may thus have implications for understanding the evolution and maintenance of diversity in structured populations of soil microbes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA mmendessoares@uidaho.edu.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mendes-Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: I-Chen Kimberly
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Velicer
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D005838:Genotype; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D016941:Myxococcus xanthus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D061350:Sympatry
keywords: chimaerism; group performance; multicellular development; predation; soil bacteria