title: Bioactive glasses with improved processing. Part 1. Thermal properties, ion release and apatite formation.
abstract: Bioactive glasses, particularly Bioglass® 45S5, have been used to clinically regenerate human bone since the mid-1980s; however, they show a strong tendency to undergo crystallization upon heat treatment, which limits their range of applications. Attempts at improving their processing (by reducing their tendency to crystallize) have included increasing their silica content (and thus their network connectivity), incorporating intermediate oxides or reducing their phosphate content, all of which reduce glass bioactivity. Therefore, bioactive glasses known for their good processing (e.g. 13-93) are considerably less bioactive. Here, we investigated if the processing of 45S5 bioactive glass can be improved while maintaining its network connectivity and phosphate content. The results show that, by increasing the calcium:alkali cation ratio, partially substituting potassium for sodium (thereby making use of the mixed alkali effect) and adding small amounts of fluoride, bioactive glasses can be obtained which have a larger processing window (suggesting that they can be processed more easily, allowing for sintering of scaffolds or drawing into fibres) while degrading readily and forming apatite in aqueous solution within a few hours.
authors.affiliation: Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Groh
authors.affiliation: Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Döhler
authors.affiliation: Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: delia.brauer@uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Delia S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Brauer
mesh_terms: D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D007477:Ions; C425330:bioactive glass 45S5
keywords: Apatite; Bioactive glass; Bioactivity; Dissolution; Glass structure