title: Surgical outcome of Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery: Need a pacemaker?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial tachyarrhythmias are frequent complications in the late period after the Fontan procedure, and important risk factors for a poor prognosis. The impact of Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery in failed Fontan patients has been described in many reports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated our experience with Fontan conversion procedures, concomitant arrhythmia surgery, and pacemaker implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the hospital records of 25 consecutive patients who underwent a Fontan conversion procedure from January 2004 to March 2012. Twenty-four patients had arrhythmia surgery using cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation at the time of conversion. A bilateral atrial maze procedure was performed in 6 patients, right-side maze in 15, and isthmus block in 3. Three patients with a diagnosis of corrected transposition of the great arteries underwent simultaneous pacemaker implantation electively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no early death and one late death during a mean follow-up period of 21.2 months. Three tachyarrhythmia recurrences developed, and there were 4 occurrences of sinus bradycardia. Five of these patients required postoperative pacemaker implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mid-term results of Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery in our institute were satisfactory. The occurrence of unexpected postoperative pacemaker requirement was high in the patients who underwent a right atrial or bilateral atrial maze procedure. Pacemaker or lead implantation is recommended for patients planned to undergo a right-side or full maze procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan takafumi_terada@chukyo-hosp.jp.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Junya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taneichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chukyo Hospital, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; artificial; catheter ablation; congenital; fontan procedure; heart defects; pacemaker; supraventricular; tachycardia