title: Catalytic upgrading of duckweed biocrude in subcritical water.
abstract: Herein, a duckweed biocrude produced from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Lemna minor was treated in subcritical water with added H₂. Effects of several different commercially available materials such as Ru/C, Pd/C, Pt/C, Pt/γ-Al₂O₃, Pt/C-sulfide, Rh/γ-Al₂O₃, activated carbon, MoS₂, Mo₂C, Co-Mo/γ-Al₂O₃, and zeolite on the yields of product fractions and the deoxygenation, denitrogenation, and desulfurization of biocrude at 350°C were examined, respectively. All the materials showed catalytic activity for deoxygenation and desulfurization of the biocrude and only Ru/C showed activity for denitrogenation. Of those catalysts examined, Pt/C showed the best performance for deoxygenation. Among all the upgraded oils, the oil produced with Ru/C shows the lowest sulfur, the highest hydrocarbon content (25.6%), the highest energy recovery (85.5%), and the highest higher heating value (42.6 MJ/kg). The gaseous products were mainly unreacted H₂, CH₄, CO₂, and C₂H6.
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China.
authors.forename: Caicai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China. Electronic address: pgduan@hpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peigao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Physics and Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China; Opening Laboratory of Alternative Energy Technologies, Henan Polytechnic University, No. 2001, Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D029064:Araceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D056804:Biofuels; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D002244:Carbon; D002384:Catalysis; D002681:China; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006859:Hydrogen; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010984:Platinum; D012428:Ruthenium; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D014867:Water; D010984:Platinum; D002244:Carbon; D012428:Ruthenium; D006859:Hydrogen
keywords: Duckweed biocrude; Ru/C; Subcritical water; Upgraded oil; Upgrading