title: The evolution of the discipline of pharmacology amid an era of global turbulence: the unique contributions of Otto Krayer (1899-1982).
abstract: This article revisits the life and times of Otto Krayer, a gifted scientist, teacher and administrator. His unique contributions to the discipline of pharmacology and to the biomedical sciences are chronicled in the wake of the political upheaval that crippled German science during the 1930s. The anti-scientific attitude that pervaded Germany at the time led to the exile of Krayer and many other eminent scientists. Their fate is recounted, as well as the negative impact on science caused by a National Socialist regime that blatantly disregarded basic scientific principles. The threat of intolerance and unethical behaviour still remains a key obstacle to scientific creativity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Buffalo at the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA rprubin@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000266:history; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D007585:Jews / Q000266:history; D028683:National Socialism / Q000266:history; D010600:Pharmacology / Q000266:history*; D012586:Science / Q000941:ethics / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States
keywords: Expatriats; German Science; Nobelists; Otto Krayer; Pharmacology