title: Changes in support networks in late middle age: the extension of gender and educational differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper tests whether differences by gender and by educational attainment in contact with friends and family and in support expected from friends and family narrow or widen in late middle age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data are drawn from about 4,800 members of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey who answered questions about their frequency of contact with social ties and expectations of 3 kinds of help in both 1993, when they were in their early 50s, and again in 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using lagged dependent variable models, we find that between their 50s and 60s women's network advantages over men and college graduates' network advantages over high school graduates in frequency of social contact widened. The same was roughly true as well for expectations of social support, although here the divergences depended partly on the type of the support: Women gained relative to men in "talk" support and in help from nonkin if ill, but lost ground in financial support. The college-educated gained ground in all sorts of support from nonkin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reinforce concern that late middle age is a period when men and the less educated become yet more disadvantaged in social support, making attention to connectedness yet more critical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley. fischer1@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Claude S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beresford
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D004522:Educational Status; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Education; Gender; Inequality; Middle age; Networks; Social support.