title: Silver deposition on titanium surface by electrochemical anodizing process reduces bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus salivarius.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial properties of silver-doped titanium surfaces prepared with a novel electrochemical anodizing process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium samples were anodized with a pulsed process in a solution of silver nitrate and sodium thiosulphate at room temperature with stirring. Samples were processed with different electrolyte concentrations and treatment cycles to improve silver deposition. Physicochemical properties were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, white-light interferometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Cellular cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts was studied with lactate dehydrogenase assays. The in vitro effect of treated surfaces on two oral bacteria strains (Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus salivarius) was studied with viable bacterial adhesion measurements and growth curve assays. Nonparametric statistical Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for multiple and paired comparisons, respectively. Post hoc Spearman's correlation tests were calculated to check the dependence between bacteria adhesion and surface properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of silver on treated samples and showed that treatments with higher silver nitrate concentration and more cycles increased the silver deposition on titanium surface. No negative effects in fibroblast cell viability were detected and a significant reduction on bacterial adhesion in vitro was achieved in silver-treated samples compared with control titanium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Silver deposition on titanium with a novel electrochemical anodizing process produced surfaces with significant antibacterial properties in vitro without negative effects on cell viability.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTECH), Barcelona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godoy-Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Biology of the Parasite Cytoskeleton, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical School, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTECH), Barcelona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTECH), Barcelona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Manero
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTECH), Barcelona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Javier Gil
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTECH), Barcelona, Spain.|Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007368:Interferometry; D000069996:Ligilactobacillus salivarius / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium
keywords: anodization; antibacterial; bacterial adhesion; silver deposition; titanium