title: 'Venous lakes' - a corrosion cast scanning electron microscopy study of regular and myomatous human uterine blood vessels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the venous structure of regularand myomatous human uteri, using corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Special attention was paid to the endometrium and the socalled 'venous lakes'.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uteri collected at autopsy (n = 67) were injected with Mercox CL-2R resin, which penetrated the capillary bed and filled both arteriesand veins. After the polymerisation of the resin, the corrosion was performed. The obtained vascular casts, visualising all vessels including capillaries, were examinedusing scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amongst the 67 uteri prepared for the corrosion casting, only 22 (15 containing leiomyomata) yielded casts of acceptable quality for SEM assessment. Veins of the endometrium and the myometrium were present in the form of a chaotic network, which did not run parallel to the arterialsystem, but was rather independent. Microscopic venous dilations ('venouslakes') were observed both within the functional layer of the endometrium and the myometrium. They were digit-like in shape and could be compared to venous sinuses. They drained the subendothelial capillary plexus and were supplied by numerous capillaries and venules. Their size ranged from 270 to 420 μm. Those dilatations were absent in the outer myometrium and the perimetrium, as well as the uterine cervix. We have not observed any arteriovenous anastomoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The myomatous uteri tend to have larger venous lakes than the normal uteri. The number and size of venous lakes increases with menstrual cycle progression. Further data on morphology and changes in venous lakesusing scanning electronic microscopy should be acquired.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bereza
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow. krtomaszewski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lis
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasternak
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mituś