title: Intakes of dairy products and calcium and obesity in Korean adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2007-2009.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The possible effects of dairy product intake against obesity have been suggested in animal studies; however, the association is still not well established in epidemiological studies. Few studies in Asian countries with relatively low intake of dairy products exist.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association between dairy products and calcium intake and obesity in Korean population with relatively low intake of dairy products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study population consisted of adults (n = 7173) aged 19-64 among participants of the 2007, 2008 and 2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who had not made any attempt of intentional weight loss. Dietary intake data from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24-hour recall were used. Dairy products included milk and yogurt in the FFQ. Obesity was defined as BMI≥25 kg/m².
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher frequency of dairy product intake was associated with a reduced prevalence of obesity (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.45-0.89 for ≥2 times/day vs. ≤1 time/month; p for trend = 0.003) using the intake data from FFQ. Similarly, high frequency of milk or yogurt intake had an inverse association with obesity. The association between milk and yogurt intake and obesity was similar when the intake from 24-hour recall was examined. Higher calcium intake from dairy products as well as total dietary calcium intake was associated with a decreased prevalence of obesity (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.71-0.98 for highest vs. lowest quintile of dairy calcium intake; p for trend = 0.02, OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64-0.94 for highest vs. lowest quintile of total calcium intake; p for trend = 0.04). The associations appeared to be stronger in women than in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that high consumption of dairy products is associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and that calcium in dairy products may be one of the components contributing to the association. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to replicate our findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food & Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Jeung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jang-ik
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hye-Seung H
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Industry & Policy, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Cho-il
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003611:Dairy Products; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium