title: Nitric oxide is necessary for labilization of a consolidated context memory during reconsolidation in terrestrial snails.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is known to be involved in associative memory formation. We investigated the influence of blocking NO function on the reconsolidation of context memory in terrestrial snails (Helix lucorum L.). After a 10 day session of electric shocks in one context only, context memory in snails was observed in test sessions as the significant difference of amplitudes of withdrawal responses to tactile stimuli in two different contexts. After a 1 day rest, a session of 'reminding' was performed, preceded by injection in different groups of the snails with either vehicle or combination of the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin (ANI) with one of the following drugs: the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO, the NO-synthase inhibitors N-omega-nitro-L-arginin, nitroindazole and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, or the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine. Testing the context memory at different time intervals after the reminder under ANI injection showed that the context memory was impaired at 24 h and later, whereas the reminder under combined injection of ANI and each of the NO-synthase inhibitors used or the NO scavenger showed no impairment of long-term context memory. Injection of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine with or without reminder had no effect on context memory. The results obtained demonstrated that NO is necessary for labilization of a consolidated context memory.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5a, Moscow, 117485, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Pavel M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Balaban
authors.forename: Matvey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roshchin
authors.forename: Alia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Timoshenko
authors.forename: Khalil L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gainutdinov
authors.forename: Tatiana K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Bogodvid
authors.forename: Lyudmila N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Muranova
authors.forename: Alena B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zuzina
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Korshunova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004597:Electroshock; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006372:Helix, Snails / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019335:Nitroarginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D007093:Imidazoles; D007191:Indazoles; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D019335:Nitroarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000841:Anisomycin; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Helix lucorum; animal model; behavior; invertebrates; learning