title: The effects of the arm swing on biomechanical and physiological aspects of roller ski skating.
abstract: This study analyzed the biomechanical and physiological effects of the arm swing in roller ski skating, and compared leg-skating (i.e. ski skating without poles) using a pronounced arm swing (SWING) with leg-skating using locked arms (LOCKED). Sixteen elite male cross-country skiers performed submaximal stages at 10, 15 and 20kmh(-1) on a 2% inclined treadmill in the two techniques. SWING demonstrated higher peak push-off forces and a higher force impulse at all speeds, but a longer cycle length only at the highest speed (all P<.05), indicating a lower force effectiveness with SWING at the two lowest speeds. Additionally, the flexion-extension movement in the lower limbs was more pronounced for SWING. Oxygen uptake was higher for SWING at the two lowest speeds (both P<.05) without any differences in blood lactate. At the highest speed, oxygen uptake did not differ between SWING and LOCKED, but the RER, blood lactate and ventilation were lower with SWING (all P<.05). Taken together, these results demonstrate that utilizing the arm swing in roller ski skating increases the ski forces and aerobic energy cost at low and moderate speeds, whereas the greater forces at high speed lead to a longer cycle length and smaller anaerobic contribution.
authors.affiliation: Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: ann.hegge@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Ann Magdalen
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hegge
authors.affiliation: Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Gertjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ettema
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.affiliation: Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Asgeir Bakken
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rognstad
authors.affiliation: Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoset
authors.affiliation: Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Sandbakk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood lactate; Cross-country skiing; Cycle length; Lower limb kinematics; Ski forces