title: Clinical importance of toxin concentration in Amanita verna mushroom.
abstract: Poisoning from Amanita group of mushrooms comprises approximately 3% of all poisonings in our country and their being responsible for nearly the entire fatal mushroom poisonings makes them important. These mushrooms contain primarily two types of toxins, amatoxins and phallotoxins. Phallotoxins have a more limited toxicity potential and they primarily consist of phalloidin (PHN) and phallacidin (PCN). Amatoxins, on the other hand, are very toxic and they primarily consist of alpha-amanitin (AA), beta-amanitin (BA) and gamma-amanitin (GA). Toxin levels can vary among various species, even among varieties of the same species, of Amanita mushroom family. Revealing the differences between the toxin compositions of the Amanita species that grow in our region may contribute to the clinics of poisonings. Our study aims at showing in detail the toxin levels in various parts of Amanita verna mushroom. A. verna mushrooms needed for toxin analysis were collected from Kozak Plateau near Ayvalik county of Balıkesir, Turkey in April 2013. The mushrooms were divided into their parts as pileus, gills, stripe and volva. Following the procedures required before the analysis, the AA, BA, GA, PHN and PCN levels were measured using the RP-HPLC method. While the lowest level of amatoxin was in the volva of the mushroom, the highest was measured in the gills. This was followed by pileus and stripe where the levels were close to each other. Similarly, the highest level of phallotoxin was measured in the gills. Gamma toxin and phalloidin were at lower amounts than the other toxins. A. verna is frequently confused with edible mushrooms with white caps due to its macroscopic similarity. If just one of them is eaten by mistake by an adult person with no mushroom experience, it can easily poison them. The amount of amatoxin is more as compared to Amanita phalloides and A. phalloides var. alba. Particularly, the AA and BA levels are approximately three times higher, whereas GA levels are lower. Similarly, the level of PCN is approximately four times higher as compared to A. phalloides and A. phalloides var. alba; by contrast, the level of PNH is about a half of theirs. In summary, it can be said that A. verna is a more toxic mushroom than A. phalloides and has a higher rate of mortality. With our study, the amatoxin and phallotoxin concentrations and distribution in A. verna mushrooms were shown in detail for the first time and it would be useful to carry out more similar studies with other members of Amanita family growing in various parts of the world.
authors.affiliation: Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: driyilmaz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Duzce University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Duzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Fatih University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep Aydin
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Sinirlioglu
authors.affiliation: Abant Izzet Baysal School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Bolu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Recep
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Duzce University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Duzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa Gani
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Surmen
authors.affiliation: Duzce University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Duzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colakoglu
mesh_terms: D000545:Amanita / Q000737:chemistry*; D000546:Amanitins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D009145:Mushroom Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D013045:Species Specificity; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000546:Amanitins; C018358:phallotoxin
keywords: Amanita phalloides; Amanita verna; Amanitin; HPLC; Phallotoxin