title: Neonatal and maternal outcomes with prolonged second stage of labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess neonatal and maternal outcomes when the second stage of labor was prolonged according to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic medical record data from a retrospective cohort (2002-2008) from 12 U.S. clinical centers (19 hospitals), including 43,810 nulliparous and 59,605 multiparous singleton deliveries at 36 weeks of gestation or greater, vertex presentation, who reached 10-cm cervical dilation were analyzed. Prolonged second stage was defined as: nulliparous women with epidural greater than 3 hours and without greater than 2 hours and multiparous women with epidural greater than 2 hours and without greater than 1 hour. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared and adjusted odds ratios calculated controlling for maternal race, body mass index, insurance, and region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged second stage occurred in 9.9% and 13.9% of nulliparous and 3.1% and 5.9% of multiparous women with and without an epidural, respectively. Vaginal delivery rates with prolonged second stage compared with within guidelines were 79.9% compared with 97.9% and 87.0% compared with 99.4% for nulliparous women with and without epidural, respectively, and 88.7% compared with 99.7% and 96.2% compared with 99.9% for multiparous women with and without epidural, respectively (P<.001 for all comparisons). Prolonged second stage was associated with increased chorioamnionitis and third-degree or fourth-degree perineal lacerations. Neonatal morbidity with prolonged second stage included sepsis in nulliparous women (with epidural: 2.6% compared with 1.2% [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60-2.70]; without epidural: 1.8% compared with 1.1% [adjusted OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.28-4.27]); asphyxia in nulliparous women with epidural (0.3% compared with 0.1% [adjusted OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.22-4.66]) and perinatal mortality without epidural (0.18% compared with 0.04% for nulliparous women [adjusted OR 5.92, 95% CI 1.43-24.51]); and 0.21% compared with 0.03% for multiparous women (adjusted OR 6.34, 95% CI 1.32-30.34). However, among the offspring of women with epidurals whose second stage was prolonged (3,533 nulliparous and 1,348 multiparous women), there were no cases of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or perinatal death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefits of increased vaginal delivery should be weighed against potential small increases in maternal and neonatal risks with prolonged second stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  : II.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, the Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, and Glotech, Inc, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, and the Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and the Division of Education & Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware.
authors.forename: S Katherine
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Laughon
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berghella
authors.forename: Uma M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007748:Labor Stage, Second / Q000502:physiology*; D009017:Morbidity; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult