title: Assessment of soybean injury from glyphosate using airborne multispectral remote sensing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glyphosate drift onto off-target sensitive crops can reduce growth and yield and is of great concern to growers and pesticide applicators. Detection of herbicide injury using biological responses is tedious, so more convenient and rapid detection methods are needed. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of glyphosate on biological responses of non-glyphosate-resistant (non-GR) soybean and to correlate vegetation indices (VIs) derived from aerial multispectral imagery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plant height, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll (CHL) content decreased gradually with increasing glyphosate rate, regardless of weeks after application (WAA). Accordingly, soybean yield decreased by 25% with increased rate from 0 to 0.866 kg AI ha(-1) . Similarly to biological responses, the VIs derived from aerial imagery - normalized difference vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index, ratio vegetation index and green NDVI - also decreased gradually with increasing glyphosate rate, regardless of WAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VIs were highly correlated with plant height and yield but poorly correlated with CHL, regardless of WAA. This indicated that indices could be used to determine soybean injury from glyphosate, as indicated by the difference in plant height, and to predict the yield reduction due to crop injury from glyphosate.
authors.affiliation: USDA Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Yanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Krishna N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D053209:Herbicide Resistance; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008922:Mississippi; D058998:Remote Sensing Technology; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D058728:Weed Control; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: biological response; crop injury; glyphosate; remote sensing; soybean; vegetation index