title: Individual mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy for treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a common comorbidity of diabetes, undesirably affecting patients' physical and mental functioning. Psychological interventions are effective treatments for depression in the general population as well as in patients with a chronic disease. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of individual mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and individual cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in comparison with a waiting-list control condition for treating depressive symptoms in adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized controlled trial, 94 outpatients with diabetes and comorbid depressive symptoms (i.e., Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II] ≥14) were randomized to MBCT (n = 31), CBT (n = 32), or waiting list (n = 31). All participants completed written questionnaires and interviews at pre- and postmeasurement (3 months later). Primary outcome measure was severity of depressive symptoms (BDI-II and Toronto Hamilton Depression Rating Scale). Anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7), well-being (Well-Being Index), diabetes-related distress (Problem Areas In Diabetes), and HbA1c levels were assessed as secondary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that participants receiving MBCT and CBT reported significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms compared with patients in the waiting-list control condition (respectively, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001; d = 0.80 and 1.00; clinically relevant improvement 26% and 29% vs. 4%). Both interventions also had significant positive effects on anxiety, well-being, and diabetes-related distress. No significant effect was found on HbA1c values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both individual MBCT and CBT are effective in improving a range of psychological symptoms in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K Annika
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tovote
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleer
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Snippe
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Rivierenland Tiel, Tiel, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita C T M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands The Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Paul M G
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Emmelkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanderman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thera P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Links
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands m.j.schroevers@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Maya J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schroevers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064866:Mindfulness; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014850:Waiting Lists; D055815:Young Adult