title: Immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma: current progress and future directions.
abstract: Immune checkpoint blockade has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for various malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential benefit of modulating the immunogenicity of HCC. In addition, recent advances in tumor immunology have broadened our understanding of the complex mechanism of immune evasion. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on HCC immunology and discuss the potential of immune checkpoint blockade as a novel HCC therapy from the basic, translational, and clinical perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Tai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hato
authors.forename: Lipika
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.forename: Tim F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Greten
authors.forename: Dan G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.forename: Andrew X
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor