title: A biomimetic honeycomb-like scaffold prepared by flow-focusing technology for cartilage regeneration.
abstract: A tissue engineering chondrocytes/scaffold construct provides a promise to cartilage regeneration. The architecture of a scaffold such as interconnections, porosities, and pore sizes influences the fates of seeding cells including gene expression, survival, migration, proliferation, and differentiation thus may determine the success of this approach. Scaffolds of highly ordered and uniform structures are desirable to control cellular behaviors. In this study, a newly designed microfluidic device based on flow-focusing geometry was developed to fabricate gelatin scaffolds of ordered pores. In comparison with random foam scaffolds made by the conventional freeze-dried method, honeycomb-like scaffolds exhibit higher swelling ratio, porosity, and comparable compressive strength. In addition, chondrocytes grown in the honeycomb-like scaffolds had good cell viability, survival rate, glycosaminoglycans production, and a better proliferation than ones in freeze-dried scaffolds. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of aggrecan and collagen type II were up-regulated when chondrocytes cultured in honeycomb-like scaffolds rather than cells cultured as monolayer fashion. Oppositely, chondrocytes expressed collagen type II as monolayer culture when seeded in freeze-dried scaffolds. Histologic examinations revealed that cells produced proteoglycan and distributed uniformly in honeycomb-like scaffolds. Immunostaining showed protein expression of S-100 and collagen type II but negative for collagen type I and X, which represents the chondrocytes maintained normal phenotype. In conclusion, a highly ordered and honeycomb-like scaffold shows superior performance in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2338-2348. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Chie
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kai-Chiang
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Keng-Hui
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chang-Chin
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yen-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Feng-Huei
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ing-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics; D002356:Cartilage / Q000254:growth & development*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration / Q000379:methods*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans
keywords: cartilage tissue engineering; flow-focusing; gelatin; microfluidic; scaffold