title: Changes in intestinal microflora in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implement high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing to study microbial diversity in the fecal matter of rats with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide was used to induce ALI, and the pathological changes in the lungs and intestines were observed. D-lactate levels and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities were determined by enzymatic spectrophotometry. The fragments encompassing V4 16S rDNA hypervariable regions were PCR amplified from fecal samples, and the PCR products of V4 were sequenced by Illumina MiSeq.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased D-lactate levels and DAO activities were observed in the model group (P < 0.01). Sequencing results revealed the presence of 3780 and 4142 species in the control and model groups, respectively. The percentage of shared species was 18.8419%. Compared with the control group, the model group had a higher diversity index and a lower number of species of Fusobacteria (at the phylum level), Helicobacter and Roseburia (at the genus level) (P < 0.01). Differences in species diversity, structure, distribution and composition were found between the control group and early ARDS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of specific bacteria allows early detection and diagnosis of ALI/ARDS.
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yong
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Ming
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qiang
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Yan Li, Ming-Ming Ma, Zhi-Jiang Qi, Zhi Li, Guo-Hong Cao, Jun Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Zhi Wang, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000382:microbiology; D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005243:Feces; D045182:Fusobacteria; D016998:Helicobacter; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology*; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019344:Lactic Acid; D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)
keywords: Acute lung injury; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; High-throughput sequencing; Intestinal microflora; Lipopolysaccharide