title: Mental health problems are associated with low-frequency fluctuations in reaction time in a large general population sample. The TRAILS study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased intra-subject reaction time variability (RT-ISV) as coarsely measured by the standard deviation (RT-SD) has been associated with many forms of psychopathology. Low-frequency RT fluctuations, which have been associated with intrinsic brain rhythms occurring approximately every 15-40s, have been shown to add unique information for ADHD. In this study, we investigated whether these fluctuations also relate to attentional problems in the general population, and contribute to the two major domains of psychopathology: externalizing and internalizing problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  RT was monitored throughout a self-paced sustained attention task (duration: 9.1 ± 1.2 min) in a Dutch population cohort of young adults (n=1455, mean age: 19.0 ± 0.6 years, 55.1% girls). To characterize temporal fluctuations in RT, we performed direct Fourier Transform on externally validated frequency bands based on frequency ranges of neuronal oscillations: Slow-5 (0.010-0.027 Hz), Slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz), and three additional higher frequency bands. Relative magnitude of Slow-4 fluctuations was the primary predictor in regression models for attentional, internalizing and externalizing problems (measured by the Adult Self-Report questionnaire). Additionally, stepwise regression models were created to investigate (a) whether Slow-4 significantly improved the prediction of problem behaviors beyond the RT-SD and (b) whether the other frequency bands provided important additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of Slow-4 fluctuations significantly predicted attentional and externalizing problems and even improved model fit after modeling RT-SD first (R(2) change=0.6%, P<.01). Subsequently, adding Slow-5 explained additional variance for externalizing problems (R(2) change=0.4%, P<.05). For internalizing problems, only RT-SD made a significant contribution to the regression model (R(2)=0.5%, P<.01), that is, none of the frequency bands provided additional information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-frequency RT fluctuations have added predictive value for attentional and externalizing, but not internalizing problems beyond global differences in variability. This study extends previous findings in clinical samples of children with ADHD to adolescents from the general population and demonstrates that deconstructing RT-ISV into temporal components can provide more distinctive information for different domains of psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, CC72, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.bastiaansen@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bastiaansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Roon
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, CC72, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oldehinkel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012494:Sampling Studies; D057566:Self Report; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention; Default mode; Fourier transform; Intra-individual variability; Psychopathology