title: Effect of prolonging interval time between coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention on X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in blood lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is desirable to minimize the risk of adverse radiation effects associated with percutaneous coronary intervention. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of prolonging the interval between coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention on X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in blood lymphocytes using γ-H2AX immunofluorescence microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples of eight patients were taken before the first exposure to ionizing radiation, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after the last exposure to determine the γ-H2AX foci repair kinetics. Fifty-eight patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were randomized to an intermittent radiation exposure group and a continuous radiation exposure group. Blood samples were taken before coronary angiography and 15 minutes after the last exposure. By enumerating γ-H2AX foci, the impact of prolonging the interval on DNA double-strand breaks was investigated. Student t-test was used to compare the difference in DNA double-strand breaks between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in foci was found in all patients received percutaneous coronary intervention. The maximum number of γ-H2AX foci was found 10-20 minutes after the end of the last exposure. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in γ-H2AX foci at baseline. On average there were (0.79 ± 0.15) γ-H2AX foci induced by interventional X-rays per lymphocyte in the continuous radiation exposure group and (0.66 ± 0.21) in the intermittent radiation exposure group after exposure (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant number of γ-H2AX foci develop following the percutaneous coronary intervention procedures. The number of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks may be decreased by prolonging the interval time between coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention to 30 minutes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050005, China.
authors.forename: Guoru
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050005, China. Emai: zhgr107@sohu.com.
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050005, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050005, China.
authors.forename: Bingyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology Disease, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015, China.
authors.forename: Xinhu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology Disease, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology Disease, the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050015, China.
authors.forename: Dongchao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050005, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects*