title: Wastewater microalgal production, nutrient removal and physiological adaptation in response to changes in mixing frequency.
abstract: Laminar flows are a common problem in high rate algal ponds (HRAP) due to their long channels and gentle mixing by a single paddlewheel. Sustained laminar flows may modify the amount of light microalgal cells are exposed to, increase the boundary layer between the cell and the environment and increase settling out of cells onto the pond bottom. To date, there has been little focus on the effects of the time between mixing events (frequency of mixing) on the performance of microalgae in wastewater treatment HRAPs. This paper investigates the performance of three morphologically distinct microalgae in wastewater treatment high rate algal mesocosms operated at four different mixing frequencies (continuous, mixed every 45 min, mixed every 90 min and no mixing). Microalgal performance was measured in terms of biomass concentration, nutrient removal efficiency, light utilisation and photosynthetic performance. Microalgal biomass increased significantly with increasing mixing frequency for the two colonial species but did not differ for the single celled species. All three species were more efficient at NH4-N uptake as the frequency of mixing increased. Increased frequency of mixing supported larger colonies with improved harvest-ability by gravity but at the expense of efficient light absorption and maximum rate of photosynthesis. However, maximum quantum yield was highest in the continuously mixed cultures due to higher efficiency of photosynthesis under light limited conditions. Based on these results, higher microalgal productivity, improved wastewater treatment and better gravity based harvest-ability can be achieved with the inclusion of more mixing points and reduced laminar flows in full-scale HRAP.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. (NIWA), PO Box 8602, Christchurch, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: Donna.Sutherland@niwa.co.nz.
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: Matthew.Turnbull@canterbury.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: paul.broady@canterbury.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Broady
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. (NIWA), PO Box 11-115, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand. Electronic address: Rupert.Craggs@niwa.co.nz.
authors.forename: Rupert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Craggs
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000378:metabolism*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis; D061005:Ponds / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: High rate algal ponds; Microalgae; Mixing; Nutrient removal efficiency; Photosynthesis; Wastewater