title: A qualitative study of pharmacists' perceptions of, and recommendations for improvement of antibiotic use in Qatar.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of antibiotics has been correlated with increasing rates of resistance. Pharmacists are ideally positioned as front line health care providers to limit indiscriminate antibiotic use and promote the safe and effective administration of these medications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this project was to assess pharmacists' opinions relating to antibiotic utilization in the community setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doha, Qatar.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community and primary care pharmacists were invited to participate in one of three focus groups or a semi-structured interview at Qatar University or at their site of employment. A total of 22 community and primary care pharmacists participated in this study. Interviews were facilitated using a focus group guide, were recorded, and later transcribed. Transcripts were reviewed for recurring themes and coded using Nvivo software for qualitative research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacists' perceptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five major themes emerged from a series of focus groups and interviews. Themes which recurred across interview groups included: misconceptions and inappropriate practices by patients and healthcare providers, currently implemented strategies, perceived barriers, ways to overcome perceived barriers, and targets for improvement of antibiotic use in Qatar. The greatest need, as identified by pharmacists in this study was increased knowledge of the general population about appropriate antibiotic use through various educational interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists report a number of misconceptions and inappropriate practices relating to antibiotic use in Qatar by patients and healthcare providers. Education to improve knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use is needed. Despite recognition of these issues, barriers are preventing pharmacists from implementing strategies to improve antibiotic use in Qatar.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar, ekblack@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cartwright
authors.forename: Sumaia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakharaiba
authors.forename: Eman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Mekaty
authors.forename: Dima
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alsahan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D017144:Focus Groups; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006292:Health Priorities; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D063046:Patient Medication Knowledge; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011780:Qatar; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents