title: Brazilian pregnant and lactating women do not change their food intake to meet nutritional goals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutritional requirements are increased during pregnancy and lactation. The aim of this study was to compare the food intake and prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake among pregnant, lactating and reproductive-age women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-day dietary records of 322 pregnant and 751 lactating women were compared to those of 6837 non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 19 to 40 years from a nationwide representative sample. The usual nutrient intake was estimated using the National Cancer Institute method, and compared to nutritional goals to estimate prevalence of inadequate intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant, lactating and reproductive-age women did not differ in their average consumption of 18 food groups, except for rice, with greatest intake among lactating women. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in pregnant women was higher than in reproductive-age women for folate (78% versus 40%) and vitamin B6 (59% versus 33%). In lactating women, prevalence was higher than in reproductive-age women for vitamin A (95% versus 72%), vitamin C (56% versus 37%), vitamin B6 (75% vs. 33%), folate (72% versus 40%) and zinc (64% versus 20%). The percentage of sodium intake above the upper limit was greater than 70% in the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inadequate intake is frequent in women and increases during pregnancy and lactation, because women do not change their food intake. Guidelines should stimulate healthy food intake for women across the lifespan.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil. quenia1104@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Quenia
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Rosely
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sichieri
authors.forename: Dirce M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marchioni
authors.forename: Eliseu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verly Junior
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D001938:Brazil; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D014801:Vitamin A; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D014815:Vitamins; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D015032:Zinc; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D001205:Ascorbic Acid