title: Bisphenol a and reproductive health: update of experimental and human evidence, 2007-2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2007, an expert panel reviewed associations between bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and reproductive health outcomes. Since then, new studies have been conducted on the impact of BPA on reproduction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we summarize data obtained since 2007, focusing on a) findings from human and animal studies, b) the effects of BPA on a variety of reproductive end points, and c) mechanisms of BPA action.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature published from 2007 to 2013 using a PubMed search based on keywords related to BPA and male and female reproduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because BPA has been reported to affect the onset of meiosis in both animal and in vitro models, interfere with germ cell nest breakdown in animal models, accelerate follicle transition in several animal species, alter steroidogenesis in multiple animal models and women, and reduce oocyte quality in animal models and women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), we consider it an ovarian toxicant. In addition, strong evidence suggests that BPA is a uterine toxicant because it impaired uterine endometrial proliferation, decreased uterine receptivity, and increased implantation failure in animal models. BPA exposure may be associated with adverse birth outcomes, hyperandrogenism, sexual dysfunction, and impaired implantation in humans, but additional studies are required to confirm these associations. Studies also suggest that BPA may be a testicular toxicant in animal models, but the data in humans are equivocal. Finally, insufficient evidence exists regarding effects of BPA on the oviduct, the placenta, and pubertal development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on reports that BPA impacts female reproduction and has the potential to affect male reproductive systems in humans and animals, we conclude that BPA is a reproductive toxicant.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Jackye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peretz
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vrooman
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Russ
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hauser
authors.forename: Vasantha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: Hugh S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Shanna H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: VandeVoort
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Flaws
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds