title: Validity and reproducibility of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire in Austrian adults at risk of or with overt diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) provide an inexpensive tool for dietary assessment. Given the scarcity of data on their validity for nutritional analysis in persons with overt diabetes mellitus or with increased risk of diabetes (relatives of patients with diabetes), this study tests the hypothesis that an FFQ, adapted to local dietary habits, yields a reliable estimate of nutrient intake when compared with 7-day food record (7DR) in healthy, prediabetes, and diabetes cohorts. One hundred three volunteers (50 persons with overt diabetes mellitus, 24 relatives of patients with diabetes, and 29 nondiabetic individuals without a family history of diabetes) completed both FFQ and 7DR. A second FFQ was completed by 100 of these volunteers after 3 months to evaluate its reproducibility. Data were compared by correlation and Bland-Altman analyses. Across the entire group, estimates for gram intakes of nutrients and total energy were associated with wide limits of agreement between FFQ and 7DR (correlation coefficients, 0.23-0.72; P < .02). Compared with 7DR, the FFQ overestimated intakes of saturated fat in the entire group (+6.6 ± 14 g; P < .001) and in persons with overt diabetes mellitus (+7.6 ± 15 g; P < .001) but underestimated protein intake in relatives of patients with diabetes (-16.36 ± 31 g; P = .01). The repeated FFQ revealed variable agreement (correlation coefficients, 0.34-0.72; P < .001) and underestimated (P < .01) macronutrient and total energy intakes, with slightly better performance in persons with overt diabetes mellitus and relatives of patients with diabetes than in nondiabetic individuals without a family history of diabetes. Hence, the FFQ allows measuring intakes of total energy and macronutrients in prediabetes and diabetes cohorts but reveals limitations when assessing dietary composition.
authors.affiliation: Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism at 1(st) Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, A-1140, Austria.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farukuoye
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburger
authors.affiliation: Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism at 1(st) Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, A-1140, Austria.
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kacerovsky-Bielesz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.affiliation: Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism at 1(st) Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, A-1140, Austria; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany; Department of Endocrinology & Diabetology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany. Electronic address: michael.roden@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000592:standards*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); Food record; Nutrition assessment; Validation