title: Isoniazid/acetylisoniazid urine concentrations: markers of adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in children.
abstract: The Arkansas colorimetric method monitors adherence to isoniazid (INH) by the detection of INH metabolites in urine. Urine samples 4 h after INH administration in 31 human immunodeficiency virus infected children receiving daily or thrice weekly INH preventive therapy were Arkansas test-positive for 29/31 (94%), while acetylisoniazid (AcINH) was detected in 30/31 (97%) using mass spectrometry. At 24, 48 and 72 h, only 78%, 23% and 0 samples, respectively, were Arkansas-positive, while INH or AcINH was detected in respectively 94%, 69% and 33%. The Arkansas test reliably predicted INH ingestion at a clinic visit 4 h after morning doses, but did not perform well at 24 h.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amlabu
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jele
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zar
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McIlleron
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001711:Biotransformation; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D060085:Coinfection; D003124:Colorimetry; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D055118:Medication Adherence; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013019:South Africa; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C510884:acetylisoniazid; D007538:Isoniazid