title: Pneumatic tube-transported blood samples in lithium heparinate gel separator tubes may be more susceptible to haemolysis than blood samples in serum tubes.
abstract: Pneumatic tube systems are widely used in hospitals. Advantages are high speed and rapid availability of the samples. However, the transportation by pneumatic tube promotes haemolysis. Haemolysis interferes with many spectrophotometric assays and is a common problem in clinical laboratories. The haemolysis index (HI) as a semi-quantitative representation of the level of haemolysis was compared in unpaired tube-transported and hand-delivered routine lithium heparinate plasma samples (n = 1368 and n = 837, respectively). Additionally, the HI distribution was measured in lithium heparinate plasma samples with a HI above the threshold value of 20 and in paired serum samples after transportation by pneumatic tube system. HI values above 20 can interfere with the selected assays: Creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. These parameters were determined to demonstrate how haemolysis affects the results. 17.5% of the tube-transported plasma samples and 2.6% of the hand-delivered plasma samples had a HI above 20. The median HI in pneumatic tube-transported lithium heparinate plasma was 85 and 33 in the paired serum samples. The median HI difference between paired plasma and serum was 46. Blood samples in lithium heparinate tubes may be substantially more susceptible to haemolysis by pneumatic tube transportation than serum tube samples. Although our results cannot be universally applied to laboratories with different pneumatic tube systems, it is recommended that each laboratory evaluate carefully the degree of haemolysis after the transportation by the own pneumatic tube system and in terms of the sample type.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Saarland, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory , Homburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Böckel-Frohnhöfer
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geisel
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood; D006461:Hemolysis; D006493:Heparin; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D018020:Lithium Compounds; D006493:Heparin; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form
keywords: ALT; Haemolysis index; creatine kinase; creatine kinase-MB; laboratory analysis; plasma; pneumatic tube systems; serum; transportation