title: Investigating active ingredients in a complex intervention: a nested study within the Patient and Decision Aids (PANDAs) randomised controlled trial for people with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomised trials provide evidence that patient decision aids improve outcomes with respect to patient knowledge, involvement and satisfaction in decision making. It is less clear how these complex interventions are implemented within patient-clinician interactions and which components are active for improving decision processes. To investigate the experiences of using a diabetes treatment decision aid and to explore how components within a complex intervention influenced the decision making process.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pragmatic mixed methods study nested within the PANDAs cluster randomised trial of a patient decision aid. Themes inductively derived from interviews and observation of consultations with further triangulation with results of decision quality and involvement measurements and case analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The decision aid intervention was employed flexibly within the consultation with both the patient and clinician active in marshalling elements. The decision aid improved processing and organization of information needed for decision making within the consultation interaction. It also improved decision quality by preparing the patient for active involvement within the clinical consultation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention was acceptable, flexible and readily implemented in primary care consultations. The decision aid was effective in facilitating cognitive processing. The intervention also facilitated rehearsal in preparation for active roles in a shared decision process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trials Register Number: ISRCTN14842077. Date registered: 24.06.2010.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK. ian.brown@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Chirk Jenn
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mathers
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male