title: Osteoradionecrosis of the temporal bone: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the temporal bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were included who had previously undergone radiation to the head and neck and then developed exposed necrotic bone within the ear canal that persisted at least 3 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with a variety of modalities, including conservative therapy with antibiotic ear drops and in-office debridements, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  To describe the presentation and management of patients with temporal bone osteoradionecrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three patients with temporal bone osteoradionecrosis were included. The most common site of primary tumor was the parotid gland (n = 11), followed by the nasopharynx (n = 7). The time to development of ORN varied between 1 and 22 years, with mean of 7.9 years. The mean radiation dose was 62.6 Gy to the primary tumor, 53.1 Gy to the affected temporal bone, and 65.2 Gy to the affected tympanic bone. The most common symptoms of ORN were otorrhea (n = 15), hearing loss (n = 13), and otalgia (n = 12). Fifteen patients had bacterial superinfection, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9). Conservative therapy was successful at managing symptoms but not in eradicating exposed bone in most patients. Surgery was used for recalcitrant pain, infection, cholesteatoma, cranial neuropathies, and intracranial complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osteoradionecrosis is a rare complication of radiation to the temporal bone. Management should be aimed at relief of symptoms, eradication of superinfection, and treatment of other commonly present radiation effects like cholesteatoma and hearing loss.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otolaryngology, and †Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sharon
authors.forename: Shariq S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Khwaja
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drescher
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Chole
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003646:Debridement; D004424:Ear Canal / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010025:Osteoradionecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000473:pathology; D010307:Parotid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome