title: Viral hemorrhagic fever cases in the country of Georgia: Acute Febrile Illness Surveillance Study results.
abstract: Minimal information is available on the incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus and hantavirus infections in Georgia. From 2008 to 2011, 537 patients with fever ≥ 38°C for ≥ 48 hours without a diagnosis were enrolled into a sentinel surveillance study to investigate the incidence of nine pathogens, including CCHF virus and hantavirus. Of 14 patients with a hemorrhagic fever syndrome, 3 patients tested positive for CCHF virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Two of the patients enrolled in the study had acute renal failure. These 2 of 537 enrolled patients were the only patients in the study positive for hantavirus IgM antibodies. These results suggest that CCHF virus and hantavirus are contributing causes of acute febrile syndromes of infectious origin in Georgia. These findings support introduction of critical diagnostic approaches and confirm the need for additional surveillance in Georgia.
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland drkuchuloria@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tinatin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuchuloria
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Paata
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Imnadze
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chokheli
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Tengiz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsertsvadze
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endeladze
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Ketevan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mshvidobadze
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Danielle V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Christian T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Moustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel Fadeel
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: House
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.affiliation: I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia; Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Global Disease Detection and Response Program, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; US Army Medical Command; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rivard
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006476:Orthohantavirus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D018778:Hantavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000502:physiology; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007075:Immunoglobulin M