title: First experience on laparoscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging of hepatic uveal melanoma metastases using indocyanine green.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults, and up to 50% of patients will develop liver metastases. Complete surgical resection of these metastases can improve 5-year survival, but only a few patients are eligible for radical surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to introduce a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence laparoscope during minimally invasive surgery for intraoperative identification of uveal melanoma hepatic metastases and to use it to provide guidance during resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three patients diagnosed with one solitary liver metastasis from uveal melanoma are presented. Patients received 10 mg indocyanine green (ICG) intravenously 24 hours before surgery. A NIR fluorescence laparoscope was used to detect malignant liver lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 3 patients, laparoscopic NIR fluorescence imaging using ICG successfully identified uveal melanoma metastases. In 2 patients, multiple additional lesions were identified by inspection and NIR fluorescence imaging, which were not identified by preoperative conventional imaging. In one patient, one additional lesion, not identified by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, laparoscopic ultrasonography, and inspection, was observed with NIR fluorescence imaging only. Importantly, NIR fluorescence imaging provided guidance during resection of these metastases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe the successful use of laparoscopic identification and resection of uveal melanoma liver metastases using NIR fluorescence imaging and ICG. This procedure is minimally invasive and should be used as complementary to conventional techniques for the detection and resection of liver metastases.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Quirijn R J G
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Tummers
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris P R
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrica A J M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Prevoo
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andries E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Braat
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen I M
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands a.l.vahrmeijer@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000098943:Uveal Melanoma
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: hepatic surgery; image guided surgery; indocyanine green; liver metastases; surgical oncology; uveal melanoma