title: An improved model of heat-induced hyperalgesia--repetitive phasic heat pain causing primary hyperalgesia to heat and secondary hyperalgesia to pinprick and light touch.
abstract: This study tested a modified experimental model of heat-induced hyperalgesia, which improves the efficacy to induce primary and secondary hyperalgesia and the efficacy-to-safety ratio reducing the risk of tissue damage seen in other heat pain models. Quantitative sensory testing was done in eighteen healthy volunteers before and after repetitive heat pain stimuli (60 stimuli of 48°C for 6 s) to assess the impact of repetitive heat on somatosensory function in conditioned skin (primary hyperalgesia area) and in adjacent skin (secondary hyperalgesia area) as compared to an unconditioned mirror image control site. Additionally, areas of flare and secondary hyperalgesia were mapped, and time course of hyperalgesia determined. After repetitive heat pain conditioning we found significant primary hyperalgesia to heat, and primary and secondary hyperalgesia to pinprick and to light touch (dynamic mechanical allodynia). Acetaminophen (800 mg) reduced pain to heat or pinpricks only marginally by 11% and 8%, respectively (n.s.), and had no effect on heat hyperalgesia. In contrast, the areas of flare (-31%) and in particular of secondary hyperalgesia (-59%) as well as the magnitude of hyperalgesia (-59%) were significantly reduced (all p<0.001). Thus, repetitive heat pain induces significant peripheral sensitization (primary hyperalgesia to heat) and central sensitization (punctate hyperalgesia and dynamic mechanical allodynia). These findings are relevant to further studies using this model of experimental heat pain as it combines pronounced peripheral and central sensitization, which makes a convenient model for combined pharmacological testing of analgesia and anti-hyperalgesia mechanisms related to thermal and mechanical input.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Jürgens
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawatzki
authors.affiliation: Chair of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Henrich
authors.affiliation: Chair of Neurophysiology, Center of Biomedicine and Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Magerl
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055698:Touch Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen