title: The basics and advances of immunomodulators and antigen presentation: a key to development of potent memory response against pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunomodulators are agents, which can modulate the immune response to specific antigens, while causing least toxicity to the host system. Being part of the modern vaccine formulations, these compounds have contributed remarkably to the field of therapeutics. Despite the successful record maintained by these agents, the requirement of novel immunomodulators keeps increasing due to the increasing severity of diseases. Hence, research regarding the same holds great importance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, we discuss the role of immunomodulators in improving performance of various vaccines used for counteracting most threatening infectious diseases, mechanisms behind their action and criteria for development of novel immunomodulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune response is a prerequisite for development of effective therapeutics as these are often exploited by pathogens for their own propagation. Keeping this in mind, the present research in the field of immunotherapy focuses on developing immunomodulators that would not only enhance the protection against pathogen, but also generate a long-term memory response. With the introduction of advanced formulations including combination of different kinds of immunomodulators, one can expect tremendous success in near future.
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Bangalore, 560012 , India +91 80 2293 2842 ; +91 80 2360 2697 ; dipa@mcbl.iisc.ernet.in.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garai
authors.forename: Mayuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gogoi
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.forename: Yashwanth
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: Krishnadas Subhadramma
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
authors.forename: Dipshikha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravortty
mesh_terms: D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors
keywords: immune evasion; immunity; immunomodulator; type 1 T helper; type 2 T helper; vaccine