title: Exposure of hairdressers to ortho- and meta-toluidine in hair dyes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinogenic aromatic amines derived from hair dyes have recently received new attention. One of these is ortho (o)-toluidine, which is classified as carcinogenic to humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify exposure of hairdressers to potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines, including o-toluidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured eight potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines in the blood of 295 hairdressers, 32 users of hair dyes and 60 controls. The study was restricted to female non-smokers. Lifestyle data were collected for all participants using self-administered questionnaires. Blood samples were taken for analysis of ortho-, meta (m)- and para (p)-toluidine; 2-, 3- and 4-ethylaniline, 2,3- and 3,4-dimethylaniline as haemoglobin adducts. The samples were analysed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generally, adduct concentrations were in the range of 0-200 pg/g haemoglobin. A comparison of the adduct concentrations found in hairdressers, consumers and controls showed no statistically significant differences. However, for hairdressers, o- and m-toluidine concentrations increased significantly with the weekly number of hair waving (p=0.020) and permanent hair dyeing treatments (p=0.026), respectively. o-Toluidine and m-Toluidine concentrations also tended (p=0.076 and 0.080, respectively) to increase with the frequency of light-colour permanent hair dye treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hairdressers who use light-colour permanent hair dyes, other permanent hair dyes and hair waving treatments seem to be exposed to o- and m-toluidine as indicated by associations with the number of treatments performed. Analyses of hair waving and hair dye products should be performed to identify the possible sources of exposure to o- and m-toluidine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gabriella M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Axmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meding
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000097:blood; D001461:Barbering; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D014052:Toluidines / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002273:Carcinogens; D006202:Hair Dyes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D014052:Toluidines; C029369:3-toluidine; C023622:2-toluidine; C000595672:2-ethylaniline; C029370:4-toluidine; C056014:4-ethylaniline; C018691:3,4-xylidine; C514327:3-ethylaniline; C000595673:2,3-dimethylaniline