title: Lactation stage-related expression of sialylated and fucosylated glycotopes of human milk α-1-acid glycoprotein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because terminal sugars of α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) are reported to be involved in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory processes, their expressions might have an influence on the proper function of immune system of newborns. Here, relative amounts of sialylated and fucosylated glycotopes on human milk AGP over normal lactation were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  AGP concentration and relative amounts of its sialylated and fucosylated glycovariants were analyzed in early colostrum, colostrum, and transitional and mature milk samples of 127 healthy mothers by lectin-AGP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acid and α1,2-, α1,3-, and α1,6-fucose specific biotinylated Maackia amurensis, Sambucus nigra, Ulex europaeus, Tetragonolobus purpureus, and Lens culinaris lectins, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AGP concentration in human milk was about 30 times lower than in plasma of lactating mothers and decreased gradually over lactation. Milk AGP showed significantly higher expression of sialylated and fucosylated glycotopes in comparison with those of plasma AGP. Milk AGP glycovariants containing α2,6-sialylated and α1,6- and α1,2-fucosylated glycotopes showed the highest relative amounts in early colostrums. With progression of lactation, the expressions of glycotopes α1,2-fucosylated decreased starting from Day 4 and those of α2,6-sialylated and α1,6-fucosylated from Day 8 of lactation, whereas the level of α2,3-sialyl-glycotope was almost constant over 45 days of lactation. In contrast, the expression of α1,3-linked fucose on AGP was low in colostrums and significantly higher in transitional and mature milk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative amounts of sialylated and fucosylated glycovariants of human hindmilk AGP significantly varied between Days 2 and 45 of normal lactation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wrocław Medical University , Wrocław, Poland .
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orczyk-Pawiłowicz
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hirnle
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berghausen-Mazur
authors.forename: Iwona M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kątnik-Prastowska
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005643:Fucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D009961:Orosomucoid; D005643:Fucose; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid