title: Ceftriaxone-associated nephrolithiasis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin which is widely used for treatment of infection in children accompanied by complications like urinary tract lithiasis and gallbladder psudolithiasis or sludge. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and predisposing factors that contribute to these complications in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This quasi-experimental and before- and after-study was conducted in 96 children who were hospitalized for treatment of different bacterial infections and received 50-100 mg/kg/day ceftriaxone divided into two equal doses intravenously under conditions of adequate hydration. Sonographic examinations of urinary tract and gallbladder were carried out before and after treatment for that purpose. Patients with positive sonographic findings after treatment were followed with serial sonographic examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-treatment sonography demonstrated nephrolithiasis in 6 (6.3%) and gallbladder stone in one (1%), all were asymptomatic. Comparison of the groups with and without nephrolithiasis demonstrated no significant differences with respect to age, body weight, diagnosis, season of hospitalization, dosage of drug and the duration of treatment. Nephrolithiasis had a significant relation with male gender (P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that pediatric patients may develop small sized, asymptomatic renal stones during a 2-6 day course of normal or moderate dose of ceftriaxone therapy. Close monitoring of ceftriaxone treated patients especially on high dose long term therapy for nephrolithiasis and gallbladder psudolithiasis or sludge is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fesharakinia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Birjand University Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali-Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ehsanbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Birjand University Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghorashadizadeh
keywords: Ceftriaxon; Children; Gallstone; Nephrolithiasis; Sonography