title: Biomechanical analysis of iliac screw fixation in spinal deformity instrumentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High rates of iliac screw fixation failures have been reported in spinopelvic instrumentations. The objective was to assess the iliac screw loads as functions of instrumentation variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spinopelvic instrumentations of six neuromuscular scoliosis were simulated using patient-specific modeling techniques to evaluate the intra- and postoperative iliac screw loads as functions of instrumentation variables: the combined use of sacral screws, the uses of lateral offset connectors and cross-rod connectors, and the iliac screw insertion point and trajectory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sacral screws, lateral connectors and the iliac screw insertion point had significant effects on iliac screw axial forces (69-297N) and toggle moments (0.8-2.9Nm) (p<0.05). The addition of sacral screws made the iliac screw forces lower for some functional loads but higher for other functional loads, and resulted in an increase of intraoperative screw forces when attaching the rods onto these additional screws. When lateral offset connectors were used, the toggle moments were 16% and 25% higher, respectively for the left and right sides. Inserting iliac through the sacrum resulted in 17% lower toggle moment compared to insertion through the iliac crest. Cross-rod connectors had no significant effect on the intraoperative iliac screw forces. Postoperative functional loading had an important effect (additional 34% screw axial force and 18% toggle moment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible to reduce the iliac screw loads by adapting instrumentation variables and strategies. Reducing the loads could decrease the risk of failure associated with iliac screw fixations.
authors.affiliation: Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-ville", Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Frederique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Desrochers-Perrault
authors.affiliation: Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-ville", Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada. Electronic address: carl-eric.aubin@polymtl.ca.
authors.forename: Carl-Eric
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.affiliation: Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Station "Centre-ville", Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175, Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401, Gillham Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schwend
mesh_terms: D000077:Acetabulum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D001863:Bone Screws; D002648:Child; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D011859:Radiography; D012447:Sacrum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
keywords: Biomechanical modeling; Iliac screw; Neuromuscular scoliosis; Scoliosis; Spine instrumentation; Spinopelvic instrumentation