title: Comparison of novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease between hemodialysis patients with and without protein-energy wasting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to compare novel risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) between hemodialysis (HD) patients with or without protein-energy wasting (PEW) for determining novel risk factors for CVD in HD patients with PEW.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 291 HD patients were randomly selected from among 2,302 adult HD patients in Tehran hemodialysis centers. The presence of PEW in HD patients was determined by subjective global assessment. In addition, 4 mL blood was obtained before dialysis and analyzed for serum concentrations of novel risk factors for CVD, including C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 (sVCAM-1), sE-selectin, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 and lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum CRP and sICAM-1 were significantly higher in HD patients with PEW as compared to those without PEW (P < 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences in serum sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, MDA, NO, endothelin-1 and Lp (a) between the two groups. Serum CRP and sICAM-1 were significantly higher in HD patients with PEW type IIa and IIb than in those with PEW type I (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that serum CRP and sICAM-1, as two CVD risk factors, increase in HD patients with PEW as compared to those without PEW and these increases occur in HD patients with PEW type IIa and IIb who have inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods, P.O. Box: 19395-4741, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, hadtabibi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabibi
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: As'habi
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi-Mazdeh
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: Behnaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nozary-Heshmati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007492:Iran; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D019332:Endothelin-1; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002097:C-Reactive Protein