title: Passage order through different pathways in groups of schooling fish, and the diversified leadership hypothesis.
abstract: The diversified leadership hypothesis proposes that different individuals within a school of fish act as leaders in different circumstances. This 'circumstantial leadership' results from inter-individual behavioral variability and a 'cohesion-dispersion' tendency modulated by 'failure-success' contingencies. The hypothesis predicts that when offered different pathways to escape the restriction of their swimming space, individuals within a group of fish will show Using an avoidance paddle and three different groups of fish (Aphyocharax erithrurus) the results confirmed prediction.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47106, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Levin