title: Seasonal distribution and historic trends in abundance of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
abstract: Despite recent advances in field research on white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in several regions around the world, opportunistic capture and sighting records remain the primary source of information on this species in the northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA). Previous studies using limited datasets have suggested a precipitous decline in the abundance of white sharks from this region, but considerable uncertainty in these studies warrants additional investigation. This study builds upon previously published data combined with recent unpublished records and presents a synthesis of 649 confirmed white shark records from the NWA compiled over a 210-year period (1800-2010), resulting in the largest white shark dataset yet compiled from this region. These comprehensive records were used to update our understanding of their seasonal distribution, relative abundance trends, habitat use, and fisheries interactions. All life stages were present in continental shelf waters year-round, but median latitude of white shark occurrence varied seasonally. White sharks primarily occurred between Massachusetts and New Jersey during summer and off Florida during winter, with broad distribution along the coast during spring and fall. The majority of fishing gear interactions occurred with rod and reel, longline, and gillnet gears. Historic abundance trends from multiple sources support a significant decline in white shark abundance in the 1970s and 1980s, but there have been apparent increases in abundance since the 1990s when a variety of conservation measures were implemented. Though the white shark's inherent vulnerability to exploitation warrants continued protections, our results suggest a more optimistic outlook for the recovery of this iconic predator in the Atlantic.
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tobey H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Camilla T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: McCandless
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Skomal
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Natanson
authors.affiliation: Florida Program for Shark Research, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.affiliation: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America; Mote Marine Laboratory, Summerland Key, Florida, United States of America.
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Pratt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D003710:Demography; D012621:Seasons; D012754:Sharks