title: Empirical fitness landscapes and the predictability of evolution.
abstract: The genotype-fitness map (that is, the fitness landscape) is a key determinant of evolution, yet it has mostly been used as a superficial metaphor because we know little about its structure. This is now changing, as real fitness landscapes are being analysed by constructing genotypes with all possible combinations of small sets of mutations observed in phylogenies or in evolution experiments. In turn, these first glimpses of empirical fitness landscapes inspire theoretical analyses of the predictability of evolution. Here, we review these recent empirical and theoretical developments, identify methodological issues and organizing principles, and discuss possibilities to develop more realistic fitness landscape models.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Arjan G M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Visser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krug
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D005838:Genotype; D020601:Methylobacterium extorquens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents