title: RIG-I-like receptors and negative-strand RNA viruses: RLRly bird catches some worms.
abstract: Negative strand RNA viruses with a nonsegmented genome (ns-NSVs) or a segmented genome (s-NSVs) are an important source of human and animal diseases. Survival of the host from those infections is critically dependent on rapidly reacting innate immune responses. Two cytoplasmic RNA helicases, RIG-I and MDA5 (collectively termed RIG-I-like receptors, RLRs), are essential for recognizing virus-specific RNA structures to initiate a signalling cascade, resulting in the production of the antiviral type I interferons. Here, we will review the current knowledge and views on RLR agonists, RLR signalling, and the wide variety of countermeasures ns-NSVs and s-NSVs have evolved. Specific aspects include the consequences of genome segmentation for RLR activation and a discussion on the physiological ligands of RLRs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: friedemann.weber@staff.uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Friedemann
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C452820:RIGI protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases
keywords: Genome segmentation; Negative-strand RNA virus; Panhandle; RIG-I-like receptors; Viral countermeasures