title: Prevalence of enterotoxins and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from a bakery involved in a second staphylococcal food poisoning occurrence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study objective was to characterize and analyse the distribution of enterotoxins and genes encoding enterotoxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from the 601 environment and ingredient samples obtained during multiple inspections of a bakery implicated in two separate staphylococcal food poisoning incidents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus isolates were evaluated using serological assays for identification of classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) SEA-SEE and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of newly described SE and SE-like enterotoxin genes seg-seu. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis identified thirteen pattern types. During these investigations, a total of 585 environmental swabs and 16 raw ingredient samples were collected by investigators, 85 of which were confirmed to contain Staph. aureus; of those isolates, 95·3% (81/85) harboured enterotoxin genes and 4·7% (4/85) carried newly described SE and SE-like enterotoxin genes in the absence of classical enterotoxins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our research demonstrates the prevalence and diversity of classical SEs and the probable underestimated impact of nonclassical SE and SE-like enterotoxins role in domestic staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the abundance of SEs and SE-like toxins, these findings illustrate the utilization of PCR for enterotoxin gene identification and its significance in outbreak investigations.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hait
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tallent
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melka
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keys
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013202:Staphylococcal Food Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004768:Enterotoxins
keywords: PFGE; Staphylococcus aureus; food safety; multiplex PCR; staphylococcal enterotoxins