title: Lack of association of acute phase response proteins with hormone levels and antidepressant medication in perimenopausal depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depression is associated with higher plasma levels of positive acute-phase proteins, as well as with lower plasma levels of negative acute-phase proteins. The aim of this study is to examine the levels of acute-phase response proteins and whether these levels are influenced by reproductive hormones and antidepressant medication in the perimenopausal depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five women (age range: 40-58 years old) participated in this study. All women were in the perimenopausal phase. The diagnosis of depression was made through a psychiatric interview and with the aid of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 (HAM-D 17). The acute-phase response proteins, such as haptoglobin (HP), transferrine (TRf), α1-antitrypsin, complement protein 3 (C3), complement protein 4 (C4) and C-reactive protein (CRP) and the reproductive hormones, for example follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2), were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Pearson's correlations were applied to evaluate the relationship between acute-phase proteins and hormones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perimenopausal women were divided into three groups. The first group consisted of normal controls, the second one involved depressed perimenopausal women, who were taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and the third one included depressed women that were not treated with SSRIs. Depressed women in perimenopause, when being compared to non-depressed women, did not differ as to serum levels of acute-phase proteins. There was a positive correlation between HP and E2 in depressed perimenopausal women, who were not taking SSRIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of association between acute-phase proteins and depressive mood mentioned in this study does not support previous findings in patients with major depression. This negative finding in perimenopausal depression indicates either the absence or a more complex nature of the interactions between acute-phase proteins, low-grade inflammation and depression. The hormonal profile of women is a part of this complexity, because it seems that in perimenopause the hormonal changes are accompanied by changes of acute-phase response proteins. Particularly, in perimenopausal depression, there is an interaction between HP and E2. Therefore, it seems that perimenopause is a period of a woman's life during which hormonal, immune and metabolic changes occur and interact with each other making women vulnerable to depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessalia, Mezourlo, Larissa, P,O, Box 41110, Greece. skar@med.uth.gr.
authors.forename: Sokratis E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Karaoulanis
authors.forename: Katerina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rizouli
authors.forename: Andreas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rizoulis
authors.forename: Nikiforos V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D004958:Estradiol; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D006242:Haptoglobins; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors