title: Diclofenac-Choline Antioxidant Activity Investigated by means of Luminol Amplified Chemiluminescence of Human Neutrophil Bursts and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
abstract: A new diclofenac salt called diclofenac-choline (DC) has recently been proposed for the symptomatic treatment of oropharyngeal inflammatory processes and pain because its greater water solubility allows the use of high concentrations, which are useful when the contact time between the drug and the oropharyngeal mucosa is brief, as in the case of mouthwashes or spray formulations. The antioxidant activity of DC has not yet been investigated, and so the aim was to use luminol-amplified-chemiluminescence (LACL) to verify whether various concentrations of DC (1.48, 0.74 and 0.37 mg/mL for incubation times of 2, 4 and 8 min) interfere with oxygen and nitrogen radicals during the course of human neutrophils respiratory bursts; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to investigate its direct antiradical (scavenger) activity. The EPR findings showed that DC has concentration-dependent scavenging activity against the ABTS, the DPPH, and the hydroxyl radicals, but no activity on superoxide anion, as has been previously reported in the case of other NSAIDs. LACL revealed an inhibitory effect that was statistically significant after only 2 min of incubation, and similar after 4 and 8 min. The effects on the peroxynitrite radical paralleled those observed in the previous test. High concentrations and short incubation times showed that there is no interference on PMN viability, and so the inhibitory findings must be attributed to the effect of the drug. The anti-inflammatory effects of DC cannot be attributed solely to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, but its effects on free radicals and neutrophil bursts suggest that they may contribute to its final therapeutic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lattuada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sibilia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falchi
authors.affiliation: AVIS Comunale di Milano, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal Sasso
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D002794:Choline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004008:Diclofenac; D002794:Choline