title: Invasion of the central nervous system by Cryptococcus neoformans requires a secreted fungal metalloprotease.
abstract: Cryptococcus spp. cause life-threatening fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly in patients with a compromised immune system. Why Cryptococcus neoformans has this remarkable tropism for the CNS is not clear. Recent research on cerebral pathogenesis of C. neoformans revealed a predominantly transcellular migration of cryptococci across the brain endothelium; however, the identities of key fungal virulence factors that function specifically to invade the CNS remain unresolved. Here we found that a novel, secreted metalloprotease (Mpr1) that we identified in the extracellular proteome of C. neoformans (CnMpr1) is required for establishing fungal disease in the CNS. Mpr1 belongs to a poorly characterized M36 class of fungalysins that are expressed in only some fungal species. A strain of C. neoformans lacking the gene encoding Mpr1 (mpr1Δ) failed to breach the endothelium in an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB). A mammalian host infected with the mpr1Δ null strain demonstrated significant improvement in survival due to a reduced brain fungal burden and lacked the brain pathology commonly associated with cryptococcal disease. The in vivo studies further indicate that Mpr1 is not required for fungal dissemination and Mpr1 likely targets the brain endothelium specifically. Remarkably, the sole expression of CnMPR1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a robust migration of yeast cells across the brain endothelium, demonstrating Mpr1's specific activity in breaching the BBB and suggesting that Mpr1 may function independently of the hyaluronic acid-CD44 pathway. This distinct role for Mpr1 may develop into innovative treatment options and facilitate a brain-specific drug delivery platform.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Cryptococcus neoformans is a medically relevant fungal pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. An intriguing feature is its strong neurotropism, and consequently the hallmark of cryptococcal disease is a brain infection, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. For C. neoformans to penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), it first breaches the blood-brain barrier via a transcellular pathway; however, the identities of fungal factors required for this transmigration remain largely unknown. In an effort to identify extracellular fungal proteins that could mediate interactions with the brain endothelium, we undertook a proteomic analysis of the extracellular proteome and identified a secreted metalloprotease (Mpr1) belonging to the M36 class of fungalysins. Here we found that Mpr1 promotes migration of C. neoformans across the brain endothelium and into the CNS by facilitating attachment of cryptococci to the endothelium surface, thus underscoring the critical role of M36 proteases in fungal pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kiem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Uhrig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sarisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Na Pombejra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mantana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamklang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bautos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Davis, California, USA acgelli@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Angie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3351-0683
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000382:microbiology; D001921:Brain / Q000382:microbiology; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004727:Endothelium / Q000382:microbiology; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D045726:Metalloproteases