title: Heavy metals in produce from urban farms in the San Francisco Bay Area.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were analysed in 96 samples of produce from seven urban farms, three suburban farms and three grocery stores in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2011-2012. Cd concentrations were highest in urban chard (0.043 mg kg(-1)) and lowest in urban, suburban and grocery squash (0.003 mg kg(-1)). Pb concentrations were highest in urban kale (0.080 mg kg(-1)) and lowest in grocery squash (0.008 mg kg(-1)). The mean heavy metal concentrations for Cd and Pb in all produce types were well below the maximum limits as set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Individual concentrations of Cd and Pb were below the limits of detection in 26 of 192 analyses. Cd and Pb concentrations in produce from urban farms were not significantly different from produce grown in suburban farms or grocery stores. It was concluded that produce from urban community farms in San Francisco, at least for the farms studied, is safe for human consumption.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Earth Systems Science , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kohrman
authors.forename: C Page
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D012495:San Francisco; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014505:Urban Population; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: cadmium; city farm; food safety; heavy metals; inductively coupled plasma; lead; pollution; urban agriculture; vegetables