title: PACAP38 suppresses cortical damage in mice with traumatic brain injury by enhancing antioxidant activity.
abstract: The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress in mice in response to a controlled cortical impact (CCI) are typical exacerbating factors associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38) is a multifunctional peptide that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in response to a diverse range of injuries to neuronal cells. We recently reported that PACAP38 might regulate oxidative stress in mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether PACAP38 exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress in mice with TBI. Reactive oxidative metabolites (ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured in male C57Bl/6 mice before and 3, 4, and 24 h after CCI. PACAP38 was administered intravenously immediately following CCI, and immunostaining for the oxidative stress indicator nitrotyrosine (NT), and for neuronal death as an indicator of the area affected by TBI, was measured 24 h later. Western blot experiments to determine antioxidant activity [as indicated by superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1)] in the neocortical region were also performed 3 h post-CCI. Results showed that plasma BAP and ROM levels were dramatically increased 3 h after CCI. PACAP38 suppressed the extent of TBI and NT-positive regions 24 h after CCI, and increased SOD-2 and GPx-1 levels in both hemispheres. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing antioxidant might be involving in the neuroprotective effect of PACAP38 in mice subjected to a CCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsumuraya
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtaki
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dohi
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Zhifang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Norimitsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aruga
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shioda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019579:Neocortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2
chemical_list: D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; D000099156:Superoxide Dismutase 2; C000722068:Gpx1 protein, mouse