title: The ambiguity of the concept of participation in measurement instruments: operationalization of participation influences research outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explores, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, the consequences of different operationalizations of participation in regression models predicting participation in one sample of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, comparative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Neurology of a University Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 677 patients with a Neuromuscular Disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participation was measured using the Neuromuscular Disease Impact Profile questionnaire, the RAND-36 Item Health Survey (social functioning, role limitations-physical, role limitations-emotional) and the Impact on Participation and Autonomy questionnaire (autonomy outdoors, social relations). Potential predictors of participation included type of neuromuscular disease, body functions (measured with Neuromuscular Disease Impact Profile), activities (measured with Neuromuscular Disease Impact Profile), environmental factors (measured with Neuromuscular Disease Impact Profile), and personal factors (measured with the 13-item Sense of Coherence questionnaire). The results were controlled for patient characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participation was statistically predicted by different determinants depending on the operationalization used for participation. Additionally, the regression coefficients differed significantly. Body functions and activities were predictors in five out of six operationalizations of participation. Sense of coherence predicted participation in all of the operationalizations. The explained variance of the different models ranged from 25% (RAND-36 role limitations-emotional) to 65% (Neuromuscular Disease Impact Profile).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different operationalizations of participation result in different prediction models. Lack of conceptual consensus makes participation an ambiguous concept in research, and this ambiguity makes evidence-based decisions directed at enhancing participation difficult. Participation needs to be operationalized in an unambiguous and standard way in order to improve the comparability of outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Wenckebach Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands h.a.stallinga@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Hillegonda A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stallinga
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: Dutch Institute of Allied Health Professions, Amersfoort, The Netherlands Department of Occupation and Health, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Heerkens
authors.affiliation: Wenckebach Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petrie F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Roodbol
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Disability and Health (ICF); International Classification of Functioning; measurement instruments; neuromuscular disease; participation; regression models