title: [Invasive pneumococcal disease in Germany in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumococci remain a major cause of bacterial pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis globally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The German National Reference Center for Streptococci at the Institute for Medical Microbiology of the University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany, has carried out surveillance studies on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) since 1992. This report is based on IPD-cases from adults and children, received between July 1992 and June 2013 and July 1997 and June 2013 respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1997-2006 the proportion of infections among children ≤ 23 months of age with serotypes included in the 7-valent vaccine was about 65%. Since the start of childhood vaccination in 2006 the percentage has continuously decreased, reaching < 5% in 2012 /2013. Also among adults, for whom conjugate vaccination was not indicated, this percentage decreased from 40-45% in 1992-2006 to about 8% in 2012 /2013. This phenomenon is denoted as herd protection. The resistance rate against Penicillin G remained under 4% among children and under 2.5% among adults over the whole study period. Since 2005 /2006 macrolide resistance levels have decreased to about 5% among children and 8% among adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The continuous decrease of vaccine serotypes as well as the decreasing IPD incidence since the beginning of childhood vaccination document the success of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Nationales Referenzzentrum für Streptokokken am Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie der Uniklinik RWTH Aachen.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imöhl
authors.affiliation: Nationales Referenzzentrum für Streptokokken am Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie der Uniklinik RWTH Aachen.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate