title: Is low docosahexaenoic acid associated with disturbed rhythms and neurodevelopment in offsprings of diabetic mothers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relation between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status and neurodevelopment in the offsprings of gestational diabetic mothers (ODMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was performed. The offspring of 63 pregnant women (23 controls, 21 diet-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 19 insulin-treated GDM) were recruited. Maternal and venous cord plasma DHA percentages were analyzed. Skin temperature and activity in children were recorded for 72 h at 3 and 6 months of life. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development II (BSID II) at 6 and 12 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cord plasma DHA percentage was significantly lower in the ODMs compared with that in the controls (Control 6.43 [5.04-7.82](a); GDM+diet 5.65 [4.44-6.86](ab); GDM+insulin 5.53 [4.45-6.61](b)). Both mental (Control 102.71 [97.61-107.81](a); GDM+diet 100.39 [91.43-109.35](a); GDM+insulin 93.94 [88.31-99.57](b)) and psychomotor (Control 91.52 [81.82-101.22](a); GDM+diet 81.67 [73.95-89.39](b); GDM+insulin 81.89 [71.96-91.85](b)) scores evaluated by the BSID II were significantly lower at 6 months in ODMs, even after adjusting for confounding factors such as breastfeeding, maternal educational level and gender. Cord plasma DHA percentage correlated with the psychomotor score from BSID II (r=0.27; P=0.049) and with the intra-daily variability in activity (r=-0.24; P=0.043) at 6 months. Maternal DHA was correlated with several sleep rhythm maturation parameters at 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower DHA levels in cord plasma of ODMs could affect their neurodevelopment. Maternal DHA status was also associated with higher values in the sleep rhythm maturation parameters of children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zornoza-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carrión
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Alcántara-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Soler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinic University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Solís
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larqué
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012890:Sleep; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids