title: Crying and suicidal, but not depressed. Pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis successfully treated with valproic acid: Case report and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pseudobulbar affect/emotional incontinence is a potentially disabling condition characterized by expressions of affect or emotions out of context from the normal emotional basis for those expressions. This condition can result in diagnostic confusion and unrelieved suffering when clinicians interpret the emotional expressions at face value. In addition, the nomenclature, etiology, and treatment for this condition remain unclear in the medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the case of a 60-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis who was referred to an inpatient psychiatry unit with complaints of worsening depression along with hopelessness, characterized by unrelenting crying. Our investigation showed that her symptoms were caused by pseudobulbar affect/emotional incontinence stemming from multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient's history of multiple sclerosis and the fact that she identified herself as depressed only because of her incessant crying suggested that her symptoms might be due to the multiple sclerosis rather than to a depressive disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a new plaque consistent with multiple sclerosis lateral to her corpus callosum. Her symptoms resolved completely within three days on valproic acid but returned after she was cross-tapered to dextromethorphan plus quinidine, which is the FDA-approved treatment for this condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case provides important additional information to the current literature on pseudobulbar affect/emotional incontinence. The existing literature suggests a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta) as first-line treatments; however, our patient was taking an SSRI at the time of presentation without appreciable benefit, and her symptoms responded to valproic acid but not to the dextromethorphan/quinidine. In addition, the case and the literature review suggest that the current nomenclature for this constellation of symptoms can be misleading.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Major,University of California-Davis,Davis, California.
authors.forename: Bridgette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Health,Enloe Medical Center,Chico, California.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D003448:Crying / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020828:Pseudobulbar Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014635:Valproic Acid
keywords: Emotional dysregulation; Emotional incontinence; Pathological laughing and crying; Pseudobulbar affect; Valproic acid