title: High-dose (111)in induces g1 cell cycle arrest and cell death in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to evaluate the effect of (111)In-labeling on the cell growth, cycle and viability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat BMSCs were labeled with various doses of (111)In (0.4-11.1 Bq/cell). The growth curve of (111)In-BMSCs was obtained up to 14th day of labeling. The cell cycle was evaluated by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling or propidium iodide (PI) staining. Senescent cells were counted under a light microscope after staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-D-galactopyranoside. Flow cytometry was performed to measure apoptotic and necrotic fractions after staining with annexin V-FITC and PI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The growth of BMSCs labeled with higher doses of (111)In (4.4 or 11.1 Bq/cell) was significantly inhibited from the 3rd day of labeling. Flow cytometry revealed less BrdU-positive BMSCs at 11.1 Bq (111)In/cell during all measurement days and G1 arrest at 4.4 and 11.1 Bq (111)In/cell. Significant increases in apoptosis and necrosis were also observed at 4.4 (3.04%/1.35%) and 11.1 Bq (111)In/cell (9.07%/3.18%) on the 14th day (control = 1.60%/0.39%). However, no cellular senescence was visualized up to the 14th day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high dose of (111)In-labeling induced cell cycle arrest and death in BMSCs; therefore, it should be used with a careful dosimetry in case of applying it to humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-749 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bok-Nam
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Research, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wooyoung
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Institute for Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Research, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea ; Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-749 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 442-749 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon-Kee
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: 111In-tropolone; Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Mesenchymal stem cells; Necrosis