title: Feasibility and Safety of Laparoscopic Colon Surgery Performed Under Intravenous Sedation and Local Anesthesia Using Microinvasive (<3 mm) Instruments: An Acute and Survival Study on Porcine Model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic intestinal surgery using local anesthesia and intravenous sedation with instruments <3 mm in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine model with acute (n = 2) and the survival studies (n = 8): all female pigs, weight (median 36.4 kg, range 33.2-38.4 kg). Surgeries were performed using only intravenous sedation with ketamine-midazolam and local anesthetic infiltration at the sites of trocar insertion, with airway protection. CO2 pneumoperitoneum was maintained using pressure of 3 to 5 mm Hg. Commercially available instruments, sizes <3 mm in diameter were used. Surgical steps were as follows: (a) exploration of all quadrants of the abdomen and pelvis, (b) "running" the entire length of small bowel, (c) dissection of bowel attachments to the peritoneal sidewall, and (d) creating a 2.5 cm enterotomy in the colon and suture repair of this defect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 surgeries were completed successfully. Animals tolerated the procedure well, with no requirement of intubation. There were no decrements in vital signs during pneumoperitoneum or surgery. Despite spontaneous respiration movements, all planned surgical maneuvers were feasible. The median length of operations was 74 minutes (range 56-165 minutes). All survival animals had an uneventful recovery; there were no infectious complications, oral intake and bowel function returned within 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It appears feasible and safe to perform simple laparoscopic intestinal procedures using instruments <3 mm in diameter and low CO2 insufflation pressure under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. This methodology holds promise in the development of new approaches to intestinal surgery and disease diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA mim2035@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Milsom
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Koiana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trencheva
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ezell
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Beaujon, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Léon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maggiori
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Raghava
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pavoor
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vitellaro
authors.affiliation: Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Changhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sang W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Parul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: intestinal surgery; intravenous sedation; laparoscopic surgery; local anesthesia; microinvasive instruments