title: Repeated morphine treatment alters cannabinoid modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission within the rat periaqueductal grey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cannabinoids and opioids produce antinociception by modulating GABAergic synaptic transmission in a descending analgesic pathway from the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG). While chronic opioid treatment produces opioid tolerance, it has recently been shown to enhance cannabinoid-induced antinociception within the PAG. This study examined the effect of repeated opioid treatment on opioid and cannabinoid presynaptic modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in PAG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Midbrain PAG slices were prepared from untreated rats, and rats that had undergone repeated morphine or saline pretreatment. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from neurons within the ventrolateral PAG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In slices from untreated animals, the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212 and the μ receptor agonist DAMGO inhibited electrically evoked GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) IPSCs in PAG neurons, with IC50 s of 30 and 100 nM respectively. The inhibition of evoked IPSCs produced by WIN55212 (30 nM) and DAMGO (100 nM) was similar in PAG neurons from morphine- and saline-treated animals. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 increased the frequency of spontaneous miniature IPSCs in PAG neurons from repeated morphine-, but not saline-treated animals. DAMGO inhibition of evoked IPSCs was enhanced in the presence of AM251 in morphine-, but not saline-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the efficiency of agonist-induced inhibition of GABAergic synaptic transmission is enhanced by morphine treatment, although this is dampened by endocannabinoid-mediated tonic inhibition. Thus, endocannabinoid modulation of synaptic transmission could provide an alternative analgesic approach in a morphine-tolerant state.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wilson-Poe
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Vaughan
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D059330:GABAergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D048588:Benzoxazines; D063386:Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; D009025:Morpholines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; C070417:(3R)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone; D009020:Morphine