title: Lipopolysaccharide induces immune activation and SIV replication in rhesus macaques of Chinese origin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of progressive HIV infection and a key determinant of immunodeficiency in HIV-infected individuals. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the circulation has been implicated as a key factor in HIV infection-related systemic immune activation. We thus investigate the impact of LPS on systemic immune activation in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques of Chinese origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239. The levels of plasma viral load and host inflammatory cytokines in PBMC were measured by real-time RT-PCR. CD4/CD8 ratio and systemic immune activation markers were examined by flow cytometric analysis of PBMCs. White blood cell and neutrophil counts and C Reactive Protein levels were determined using biochemistry analyzer. The plasma levels of LPS were determined by Tachypleus Amebocyte Lysate (TAL) test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The animals inoculated with SIVmac239 became infected as evidenced by the increased plasma levels of SIV RNA and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. LPS administration of SIV-infected animals induced a transient increase of plasma SIV RNA and immune activation, which was indicated by the elevated expression of the inflammatory cytokines and CD4+HLA-DR+ T cells in PBMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the concept that LPS is a driving factor in systemic immune activation of HIV disease.
authors.affiliation: Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jinbiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jieliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wen-Zhe
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides