title: Technical note: a noninvasive method for measuring mammary apoptosis and epithelial cell activation in dairy animals using microparticles extracted from milk.
abstract: Milk production from dairy animals has been described in terms of 3 processes: the increase in secretory cell numbers in late pregnancy and early lactation, secretion rate of milk per cell, and the decline in cell numbers as lactation progresses. This latter process is thought to be determined by the level of programmed cell death (apoptosis) found in the animal. Until now, apoptosis has been measured by taking udder biopsies, using magnetic resonance imaging scans, or using animals postmortem. This paper describes an alternative, noninvasive method for estimating apoptosis by measuring microparticles in milk samples. Microparticles are the product of several processes in dairy animals, including apoptosis. Milk samples from 12 Holstein cows, at or past peak lactation, were collected at 5 monthly samplings. The samples (n=57) were used to measure the number of microparticles and calculate microparticle density for 4 metrics: annexin V positive and merocyanine 540 dye positive, for both and total particles, in both whole milk (WM) and spun milk. Various measures of milk production were also recorded for the 12 cows, including daily milk yield, fat and protein percentage in the milk, somatic cell count, and the days in milk when the samples were taken. A high correlation was found between the 4 WM microparticle densities and days in milk (0.46 to 0.64), and a moderate correlation between WM microparticle densities and daily milk yield (-0.33 to -0.44). No significant relationships were found involving spun milk samples, somatic cell count, or fat and protein percentage. General linear model analyses revealed differences between cows for both level of microparticle density and its rate of change in late lactation. Persistency of lactation was also found to be correlated with the WM microparticle traits (-0.65 to -0.32). As apoptosis is likely to be the major contributor to microparticle numbers in late lactation, this work found a noninvasive method for estimating apoptosis that gave promising results. Further investigation is required to find out the factors affecting microparticle production and how it changes throughout lactation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production and Public Health, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK. Electronic address: gpollott@rvc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Pollott
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jerram
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fowkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biosciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001706:Biopsy; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: apoptosis; lactation; microparticle; persistency