title: Evaluation of the efficacy of peritoneal lavage with distilled water in colorectal cancer surgery: in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peritoneal lavage with distilled water has been performed during colorectal cancer surgery. This study investigated the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock in vitro and in vivo in colorectal cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three human colorectal cancer cell lines, DLD1, HT29, and CACO2, were exposed to distilled water, and morphological changes were observed under a differential interference contrast microscope connected to a high-speed digital video camera. Cell volume changes were assessed using a high-resolution flow cytometer. Re-incubation experiments were performed to investigate the cytocidal effects of distilled water. In the in vivo experiment, cancer cells after hypotonic shock were injected intraperitoneally into mice and the degree of established peritoneal metastasis was subsequently evaluated. The effects of the blockade of Cl(-) channels on these cells during hypotonic shock were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological observations revealed a rapid cell swelling followed by cell rupture. Measurements of cell volume changes showed that mild hypotonic shock induced regulatory volume decrease (RVD) while severe hypotonic shock broke cells into fragments. Re-incubation experiments demonstrated the cytocidal effects of hypotonicity. In vivo experiments revealed the absence of peritoneal dissemination in mice in the distilled water group, and its presence in all mice in the control group. The blockade of Cl(-) channels increased cell volume by inhibiting RVD and enhanced cytocidal effects during mild hypotonic shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results clearly support the efficacy of peritoneal lavage with distilled water during colorectal cancer surgery and suggest that regulating of Cl(-) transport may enhance the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takemoto
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiozaki
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nako
authors.forename: Yasutoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murayama
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuriu
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Kazuma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Chouhei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sakakura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakahari
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Marunaka
authors.forename: Eigo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otuji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048429:Cell Size; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D057168:Distillation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007038:Hypotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010533:Peritoneal Lavage / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D007038:Hypotonic Solutions; D014867:Water