title: High-intensity physical activity, stable relationship, and high education level associate with decreasing risk of erectile dysfunction in 1,000 apparently healthy cardiovascular risk subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erectile dysfunction (ED) is especially common in men with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the data are scarce concerning populations without manifested CVD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe factors associated with ED, especially those associated with decreasing risk of ED, in men with cardiovascular risk factors but without CVD, diabetes, or chronic renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2004 to 2007, a cross-sectional population-based sample of men 45 to 70 years old in two rural towns in Finland was collected. Men with previously diagnosed CVD, diabetes, or kidney disease were not invited to the study. In total 1,000 eligible men with cardiovascular risk factors, i.e., central obesity, high scores in the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, high blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, or family history of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, or stroke, were included in the analysis. Questionnaires, clinical measurements, and laboratory tests were obtained. The prevalence of ED was studied comparing the means, and risk factors were studied using multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rate of ED was defined by the International Index of Erectile Function short form (IIEF-5) and by two questions (2Q) about the ability to achieve and to maintain an erection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ED was 57% or 68% using IIEF-5 or 2Q, respectively. Age (odds ratio [OR]: up to 9.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.00-16.79; P < 0.001), smoking (OR: 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.91; P = 0.028), depressive symptoms (OR: 4.04 for moderate and severe; 95% CI,1.22-13.45; P = 0.001), high-intensity physical activity (OR: 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29-0.86; P = 0.045), high education (OR: 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33-0.83; P = 0.013), and stable relationship (OR: 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.88; P = 0.046) were associated with ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In apparently healthy men with cardiovascular risk factors, decreasing risk of ED is associated with high-intensity physical activity, stable relationship, and high education level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Department of Surgery, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland.
authors.forename: Otto O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ettala
authors.forename: Kari T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Syvänen
authors.forename: Päivi E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Antti J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kaipia
authors.forename: Tero J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Vahlberg
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.forename: Pertti T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Aarnio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004522:Educational Status; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012747:Sexual Partners; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Erectile Dysfunction; IIEF-5; Physical Exercise