title: The reasons for betel-quid chewing scale: assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that betel-quid is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances worldwide and a major risk-factor for head-and-neck cancer incidence and mortality globally, currently no standardized instrument is available to assess the reasons why individuals chew betel-quid. A measure to assess reasons for chewing betel-quid could help researchers and clinicians develop prevention and treatment strategies. In the current study, we sought to develop and evaluate a self-report instrument for assessing the reasons for chewing betel quid which contributes toward the goal of developing effective interventions to reduce betel quid chewing in vulnerable populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The current study assessed the factor structure, reliability and convergent validity of the Reasons for Betel-quid Chewing Scale (RBCS), a newly developed 10 item measure adapted from several existing "reasons for smoking" scales. The measure was administered to 351 adult betel-quid chewers in Guam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis of this measure revealed a three factor structure: reinforcement, social/cultural, and stimulation. Further tests revealed strong support for the internal consistency and convergent validity of this three factor measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of designing an intervention to reduce betel-quid chewing necessitates an understanding of why chewers chew; the current study makes considerable contributions towards that objective.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St,, B4, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. mlittle@cc.hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Pallav
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pokhrel
authors.forename: Kelle L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Crissy T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Gil S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Suguitan
authors.forename: Thaddeus A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Herzog
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003469:Culture; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006141:Guam / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012653:Self Stimulation; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult