title: White rice consumption is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in Tehrani adults: a prospective approach in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of white rice has been proposed as a dietary risk factor for development of metabolic disorders and type 2 diabetes, especially in populations who consume white rice as a staple food. In this study, we investigated the association between consumption of white rice and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in Tehrani adults after 3 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 1476 adults, aged 19-70 years. Dietary intakes were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were assessed and documented at baseline (2006-2008) and again 3 years later (2009-2011). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the occurrence of the MetS in each quartile of white rice consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of participants was 37.8 ± 12.3 years, and mean BMI was 26.0 ± 4.5 Kg/m2 at baseline. Participants in the highest quartile of white rice consumption were significantly younger, had lower HDL-C levels, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures at baseline (P < 0.01). Higher consumption of white rice was also accompanied by higher increase in serum triglyceride levels after the 3-year follow-up (9.9 ± 2.3 vs. 8.2 ± 2.3%, P < 0.01). After adjustment for all potential confounders, the risk of metabolic syndrome in the highest quartile of white rice consumption compared with the lowest, was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.04-2.66). Moreover, participants with central obesity, low physical activity or low-fiber diet had greater risk of metabolic syndrome if white rice constituted ≥25.6% of total energy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that higher consumption of white rice may be a risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults.
authors.affiliation: 1)Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2)Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delshad
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors