title: Complete determination of molecular orbitals by measurement of phase symmetry and electron density.
abstract: Several experimental methods allow measuring the spatial probability density of electrons in atoms, molecules and solids, that is, the absolute square of the respective single-particle wave function. But it is an intrinsic problem of the measurement process that the information about the phase is generally lost during the experiment. The symmetry of this phase, however, is a crucial parameter for the knowledge of the full orbital information in real space. Here, we report on a key experiment that demonstrates that the phase symmetry can be derived from a strictly experimental approach from the circular dichroism in the angular distribution of photoelectrons. In combination with the electron density derived from the same experiment, the full quantum mechanical wave function can thus be determined experimentally.
authors.affiliation: Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems RCCM, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wießner
authors.affiliation: Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems RCCM, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hauschild
authors.affiliation: Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems RCCM, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.affiliation: 1] Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6) and JARA-FIT, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany [2] Sincrotrone Trieste, NanoESCA beamline, in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Feyer
authors.affiliation: 1] Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems RCCM, 97074 Würzburg, Germany [2] Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT, Gemeinschaftslabor für Nanoanalytik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schöll
authors.affiliation: 1] Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII and Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems RCCM, 97074 Würzburg, Germany [2] Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KIT, Gemeinschaftslabor für Nanoanalytik, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reinert