title: Urinary metabolites of isorhynchophylline in rats and their neuroprotective activities in the HT22 cell assay.
abstract: Isorhynchophylline is one of the major alkaloids from the Uncaria hook possessing the effects of lowered blood pressure, vasodilatation and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. However, the metabolic pathway of isorhynchophylline has not been fully reported yet. In this paper, the metabolism of isorhynchophylline was investigated in rats. Five metabolites were isolated by using solvent extraction and repeated chromatographic methods, and identified by spectroscopic methods including UV, MS, NMR and CD experiments. Three new compounds were identified as 5-oxoisorhynchophyllic acid-22-O-β-D-glucuronide (M1), 17-O-demethyl-16,17-dihydro isorhynchophylline (M2) and 5-oxoisorhynchophyllic acid (M4) together with two known compounds isorhynchophylline (M0) and rhynchophylline (M3). Possible metabolic pathways of isorhynchophylline are proposed. Furthermore, the activity assay for all the metabolites showed that isorhynchophylline (M0) exhibited potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death. However, little or weak neuroprotective activities were observed for M1-M4. Our present study is important to further understand its metabolic fate and disposition in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Jiahong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Simpkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China. Electronic address: yuandan_kampo@163.com.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D026121:Indole Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine*; D000078183:Oxindoles; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D000078183:Oxindoles; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C052714:rhyncophylline
keywords: HT22 cell; Isorhynchophylline; Metabolites from rat urine; Neuroprotection; Uncaria hook