title: Artificial warming facilitates growth but not survival of plateau frog (Rana kukunoris) tadpoles in presence of gape-limited predatory beetles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Global warming has been frequently demonstrated to increase growth rate in larval amphibians that have considerable phenotypic plasticity; this may lead to an increase in larval survival because large larvae are less likely to be captured by gape-limited predators. This study is to test whether warming could improve tadpole growth and thereby enhance the tadpole survival in plateau frog Rana kukunoris.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an experiment involving growing tadpoles under two contrasting temperatures, i.e. ambient temperature vs. warming by 3.8°C, with and without their major predators--the gape-limited predaceous diving beetles Agabus sp. in eastern Tibetan Plateau, in a factorial arrangement. We recorded the survival and measured body fresh weight and morphological characteristics of the tadpoles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Warming significantly increased body fresh weight in the presence of predators after three weeks of treatments. However, the predators imposed significant and similar effects on the survival of tadpoles under both ambient and elevated temperatures, with the effects mostly occurring in the first three weeks of the experiment. Changes in the body form, i.e. the greater whole length at a given fresh weight and the longer tail at a given body length, could have acted as mechanisms of defense and escape for the tadpoles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warming did not increase tadpole survival with or without presence of predators. Moreover, an increased growth rate (due to warming in the presence of predators) was not a major factor contributing to the tadpole survival. We postulate that even if warming increases the tadpole growth rate in the plateau frog, it does not necessarily improve their survival in the presence of gape-limited predators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jiyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yangheshan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: ECORES Lab, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xinqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Changbing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; ECORES Lab, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Shucun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011898:Ranidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology