title: Six-month incidence and persistence of oral HPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected men who have sex with men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to assess incidence and persistence of oral HPV infection in HIV-negative and HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM).
  
  
  METHODS
  MSM aged ≥18 years were included in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) in 2010-2011, and followed up 6 months later. Participants completed risk factor questionnaires. HPV DNA was analyzed in oral-rinse and gargle specimens using the SPF10-PCR DEIA/LiPA25 system (version 1). A subset of oral samples was subjected to SPF10 sequencing to identify additional HPV types. Multivariable logistic regression analyses using generalized estimating equations (GEE) were performed to assess determinants for oral high-risk HPV incidence and persistence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  689/795 participant MSM provided both baseline and 6-month data. Baseline prevalence of high-risk HPV was 9.4% in HIV-negative and 23.9% in HIV-infected MSM (P<0.001). 56/689 MSM acquired ≥1 high-risk HPV infection (6-month incidence 8.1%; 95%CI 6.2-10.4%); incidence was 4.1% in HIV-negative and 14.1% in HIV-infected MSM (P<0.001). HIV infection and recent use of cannabis were both independently associated with high-risk HPV incidence. Persistent high-risk HPV was observed in 48/130 (36.9%) infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidence of oral high-risk HPV infection in MSM is substantial, and is associated with HIV infection. Over a third of HPV infections persisted over a 6-month period.
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sofie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mooij
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hein J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arjen G C L
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Speksnijder
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit-University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chris J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Audrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dominique W M
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim G V
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anco
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molijn
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurits N C
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: de Koning
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Sande
authors.affiliation: Cluster of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten F Schim
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: van der Loeff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral