title: Trichophyton rubrum DNA strain switching increases in patients with onychomycosis failing antifungal treatments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for approximately 80% of onychomycosis cases. Genetic strain typing was developed to help elucidate its epidemiology and pathogenicity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine T. rubrum DNA strain types in North American patients with onychomycosis and to track the patients before and after their course of treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  T. rubrum DNA strain types were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA and Southern blotting from toenails that were cultured from 50 North American patients with onychomycosis prior to treatment. Some of the patients were subsequently typed from oral terbinafine (n = 6), laser (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) treatment groups. Three European DNA strains were obtained for comparison. DNA strains from the terbinafine group were tested for in vitro susceptibility to terbinafine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six DNA strain types (A-F) accounted for 94% of T. rubrum DNA strains and corresponded to European isolates. Three DNA strains (6%) novel to North America were detected. DNA strain type switching occurred in all treatment groups: terbinafine (83%), laser (56%) and placebo (25%). Most of the switches (50%) observed in the terbinafine group coincided with mycological cures followed by relapse. Patients treated with laser therapy or placebo exhibited no intermittent cures. DNA strains from the terbinafine group were all susceptible to terbinafine in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nine T. rubrum DNA strains were identified in a North American population: three novel and six predominant to a European population. Although DNA strain type switching in onychomycosis is a natural phenomenon, with presence in the placebo group, increases following the course of failed onychomycosis treatment suggest an antifungal-induced response.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mycology Section, Mediprobe Research Inc., 645 Windermere Road, London, ON, N5X 2P1, Canada.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: K-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Nakrieko
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length / Q000235:genetics; D000077291:Terbinafine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009281:Naphthalenes; D000077291:Terbinafine