title: Innate immunity and inflammation of the bovine female reproductive tract in health and disease.
abstract: Mammalian reproductive physiology and the development of viviparity co-evolved with inflammation and immunity over millennia. Many inflammatory mediators contribute to paracrine and endocrine signalling, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the female reproductive tract. However, inflammation is also a feature of microbial infections of the reproductive tract. Bacteria and viruses commonly cause endometritis, perturb ovarian follicle development and suppress the endocrine activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary in cattle. Innate immunity is an evolutionary ancient system that orchestrates host cell inflammatory responses aimed at eliminating pathogens and repairing damaged tissue. Pattern recognition receptors on host cells bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, leading to the activation of intracellular MAPK and NFκB signalling pathways and the release of inflammatory mediators. Inflammatory mediators typically include the interleukin cytokines IL1β and IL6, chemokines such as IL8, interferons and prostaglandins. This review outlines the mechanisms of inflammation and innate immunity in the bovine female reproductive tract during health and disease condition.
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK i.m.sheldon@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: I Martin
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Sheldon
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabler
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heuwieser
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Streyl
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bromfield
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Chrys
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fergani
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineInstitute of Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UKInstitute of Veterinary BiochemistryClinic of Animal ReproductionFreie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, GermanyClinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health ServicesCentre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleißheim, GermanyDepartment of Animal SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USAGraduate School for Animal and Food HygieneObihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, JapanSchool of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000276:immunology*; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*