title: Leptin levels at birth and infant growth: the EPOCH study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of cord blood leptin with body mass index (BMI) growth velocity from birth to 12 months of age among infants exposed and not exposed to over-nutrition in utero (defined as maternal overweight/obesity or presence of gestational diabetes).
  
  
  METHODS
  185 infants enrolled in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children study (76 exposed and 109 not exposed) had leptin and insulin measured in cord blood. Longitudinal weight and length measures in the first 12 months of life (average 4 per participant) obtained from medical records were used to compute BMI growth rates. Mixed models were used to examine associations of cord blood leptin with growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with unexposed infants, those exposed had significantly higher cord blood insulin (8.64 v. 6.97 uU/ml, P<0.01) and leptin levels (8.89 v. 5.92 ng/ml, P=0.05) as well as increased birth weights (3438.04 v. 3306.89 g, P=0.04). There was an inverse relationship between cord leptin levels and BMI growth from birth to 12 months of age (P=0.005); however, exposure to over-nutrition in utero did not significantly modify this association (P=0.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide support of a possible operational feedback mechanism by which lower cord blood leptin levels are associated with faster infant growth in the first year of life. Our data do not tend to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is altered in infants exposed to over-nutrition in utero; however our sample is too small to provide sufficient evidence. Larger epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for increased propensity for obesity in exposed offspring.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kaar
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brinton
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crume
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hamman
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Glueck
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D044343:Overnutrition / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin