title: Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9 ± 2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internal-consistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test-retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations  = 0.74-0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56-0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Polyclinic, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Ren
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yang-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department and Graduate School of Electrical Engineering, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, De-Lin Institution of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsien-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Terry B J
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sue-Huei
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D040421:Cell Phone; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult