title: Vancomycin-eluting niosomes: a new approach to the inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm on abiotic surfaces.
abstract: A new vancomycin (VCM)-eluting mixed bilayer niosome formulation was evaluated for the control of staphylococcal colonization and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, a niosome application not explored to date. Cosurfactant niosomes were prepared using a Span 60/Tween 40/cholesterol blend (1: 1: 2). Tween 40, a polyethoxylated amphiphile, was included to enhance VCM entrapment and confer niosomal surface properties precluding bacterial adhesion. VCM-eluting niosomes showed good quality attributes including relatively high entrapment efficiency (∼50%), association of Tween 40 with vesicles in a constant proportion (∼87%), biphasic release profile suitable for inhibiting early bacterial colonization, and long-term stability at 4°C for a 12-month study period. Niosomes significantly enhanced VCM activity against planktonic bacteria of nine staphylococcal strains. Using microtiter plates as abiotic surface, VCM-eluting niosomes proved superior to VCM in inhibiting biofilm formation, eradicating surface-borne biofilms, inhibiting biofilm growth, and interfering with biofilm induction by VCM subminimal inhibitory concentrations. Data suggest dual functionality of cosurfactant VCM-eluting niosomes as passive colonization inhibiting barrier and active antimicrobial-controlled delivery system, two functions recognized in infection control of abiotic surfaces and medical devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt, h_barakat76@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Heba S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: Mervat A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.forename: Labiba K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: El-Khordagui
authors.forename: Nawal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Khalafallah
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005079:Excipients; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010316:Particle Size; D011136:Polysorbates; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005079:Excipients; D008081:Liposomes; D011136:Polysorbates; D014640:Vancomycin; C068430:polysorbate 40