title: Insights into the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using spoligotyping and RDRio in a southeastern Brazilian prison unit.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a serious public health problem, continuing to be an important threat for confined populations. We used spoligotyping to estimate the genotypic clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from inmates in two blocks in a southeastern Brazilian prison unit, with TB incidence rate of 8185/100.000. The Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) clade is well represented in the country, and the LAM specific molecular markers, RD(Rio) large sequence polymorphism and the SNP on the Rv3062 [ligB(1212)], were used to characterize spoligotype signatures from prison isolates. Typing of RD(Rio) and ligB increase LAM clade from 66.7% (n=72/108) to 69.4% (n=75). The LAM2 SIT17 (n=23) and SIT179 (n=12) signatures comprised one third of all isolates, followed by Haarlem (11.5%, n=12), T (8.7%, n=9) and X (5.7%, n=6) clades. Strains with unknown signatures represented 5.5% (n=6), and four (3.7%) did not match any lineage. We observed RD(Rio) among 64 (59.2%) isolates, and 54 (50%) were of the LAM clade. In particular, the LAM2/RD(Rio) sub-lineage was significantly associated with clustering (p=0.02) and its frequency was higher (32%) when compared to that of the previous general TB cases in RJ (4.29%). Overall cluster frequency defined by spoligotyping/IS6110-RFLP was 62%. The two evolutionary markers helped to evaluate some LAM signature misconceptions and demonstrate that LAM2/RD(Rio) was found with high frequency, hitherto being unnoticed. All these data, allied to high clustering, imply that public health measures to minimize the escalation of TB in prison is essential, and both spoligotyping as well as RD(Rio) would be useful tools to monitor the effects of the measures with respect to M. tuberculosis lineage variation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fé Dagmar
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Control Program and Coordination Management in Prison Health, State Department of Corrections, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, IOC, Fiocruz, Brazil.
authors.forename: Harrison Magdinier
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, IOC, Fiocruz, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasconcellos
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.affiliation: CRPHF/ENSP, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis Control Program and Coordination Management in Prison Health, State Department of Corrections, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanderci
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cesconi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Almeida Machado
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, UMR8621, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, Orsay F-91405, France; Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Michel K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gomgnimbou
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, UMR8621, Orsay F-91405, France; CNRS, Orsay F-91405, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Social Epidemiology, France; Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, ENSP/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larouzé
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, IOC, Fiocruz, Brazil.
authors.forename: Philip Noel
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Suffys
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: saad@ioc.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Maria Helena Féres
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Large-sequence polymorphisms; M. tuberculosis; Prison; Rv3062 (LigB); Spoligotyping; Tuberculosis