title: A vision-based system for fast and accurate laser scanning in robot-assisted phonomicrosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical quality in phonomicrosurgery can be improved by open-loop laser control (e.g., high-speed scanning capabilities) with a robust and accurate closed-loop visual servoing systems. A new vision-based system for laser scanning control during robot-assisted phonomicrosurgery was developed and tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser scanning was accomplished with a dual control strategy, which adds a vision-based trajectory correction phase to a fast open-loop laser controller. The system is designed to eliminate open-loop aiming errors caused by system calibration limitations and by the unpredictable topology of real targets. Evaluation of the new system was performed using CO(2) laser cutting trials on artificial targets and ex-vivo tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This system produced accuracy values corresponding to pixel resolution even when smoke created by the laser-target interaction clutters the camera view. In realistic test scenarios, trajectory following RMS errors were reduced by almost 80 % with respect to open-loop system performances, reaching mean error values around 30 μ m and maximum observed errors in the order of 60 μ m.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new vision-based laser microsurgical control system was shown to be effective and promising with significant positive potential impact on the safety and quality of laser microsurgeries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dagnino
authors.forename: Leonardo S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: Darwin G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Caldwell
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055096:Optical Devices; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*