title: Effect of group size on tonic immobility in laying hens.
abstract: It has been shown that duration of tonic immobility (TI) reflects predation risk and levels of fearfulness. Since the chances of escaping predation are higher in larger groups, birds from these groups should have shorter TI duration. On the other hand, increased competition between birds in larger groups might lead to greater fearfulness and longer TI in larger groups. The aim of this study was to test these two hypotheses. Laying hens raised in floor pens in group sizes of 15, 30, 60 and 120, each with four replicates, were used. Tonic immobility tests were performed on adult birds, either directly 'in' their home pen or 'out' in a separate room. In the test 'in', duration of TI increased with group size, with a significant difference between group sizes 15 and 120 (P=0.012). In the test performed 'out', there was a trend for TI to be longer in larger groups. The duration of TI in groups tested 'in', was significantly shorter than in groups tested 'out' (P<0.00l). The results of this study suggest that although the ultimate function of TI is to reduce predation, the social environment is a proximate factor affecting TI duration in domestic hens.
authors.affiliation: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilcik
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, P.O. Box 234, 532 23 Skara, Sweden.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.affiliation: Washington State University, Center for the Study of Animal Well-being, P.O. Box 646520, Pullman WA 99164-6520, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Newberry