title: Presence of disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from retail meats in the USA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the distribution of all genes known to be responsible for resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and their association with resistance to QACs and other antimicrobials, in Escherichia coli recovered from retail meats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 570 strains of E. coli isolated from US retail meats in 2006 were screened for the presence of 10 QAC resistance genes [qacE, qacEΔ1, qacF, qacG, emrE, sugE(c), sugE(p), mdfA and ydgE/ydgF]. The MICs of six common disinfectants were determined using an agar dilution method. Possible associations between the presence of the gene and bacterial resistance to QACs and antimicrobials were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  emrE, sugE(c), mdfA and ydgE/ydgF were commonly present (77.2%-100%) in the E. coli isolates, but qac and sugE(p) were less prevalent (0.4%-22.3%). emrE-mdfA-sugE(c)-ydgE/F was the most common QAC resistance gene profile. A significant association was found between antimicrobial resistance and the presence of sugE(p) and qacEΔ1 (P < 0.05). Antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates tended to contain more diverse combinations of disinfectant resistance genes than susceptible ones. All isolates showed reduced susceptibility to five of six disinfectants compared with the control strains. Higher MICs were generally associated with the presence of qac and sugE(p) genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The QAC resistance genes were commonly present among E. coli isolated from retail meats, and the qac and sugE(p) genes were highly associated with multidrug resistance phenotypes. Using QACs in the food industry may not be as effective as expected and could provide selection pressure for strains with acquired resistance to other antimicrobials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA The Laboratory of Microbiology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan, Sichuan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Likou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Food Science Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Qianru
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Guojie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA shaohua.zhao@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants
keywords: MICs; antimicrobial resistance; qac genes; quaternary ammonium compounds