title: System and measurement method for binocular pupillometry to study pupil size variability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An objective and noninvasive examination of pupil size variability can be used to assess the activity of the autonomous nervous system. We designed a system that enables binocular, fast, and accurate recordings of different types of pupil variabilities, which are synchronous with other biosignals. This type of measurement system is needed to extend the scope of pupillometry applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the proposed system, the left and right eyes are independently and interchangeably illuminated to generate alternating images, which are successively acquired by a single camera. The system is composed of four functional modules: the image acquisition module, the image processing unit, the light stimulator, and the controller. The proposed image processing algorithm approximates the shape of the pupil using the best-fit ellipse. The user control panel (controller) precisely sets the stimuli parameters and controls the entire measurement procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computer-based binocular system records the pupil size during the pupil light reflexes (direct and indirect) and spontaneous pupil size fluctuations, at a sampling rate up to 75 Hz, with a resolution better than 0.02 mm. Our initial laboratory tests confirmed that the new system is fast and precise (system accuracy better than 0.5% and repeatability better than 4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed system's unique geometry and construction, and the method it uses to detect images from each eye, allows us to monitor the right and left eyes using a single camera with no overlap between the images. The system does not require a very experienced operator, because it is relatively simple and easy to use. Importantly, it is comfortable for the subjects. Additionally, the presented system can operate with other bio-measurement systems using a synchronous signal. These system capabilities can expand the scope of pupillometry research applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland. wioletta.nowak@pwr.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Żarowska
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szul-Pietrzak
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misiuk-Hojło
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011680:Pupil