title: Mixed T helper cell signatures in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps.
abstract: In chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) different phenotypes have been reported based on cytokine profile and inflammatory cell patterns. The aim of this study was to characterize the intracytoplasmatic cytokines of T cells infiltrating the inflamed sinonasal mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infiltrated T cells and tissue homogenates from sinonasal mucosal samples of 7 healthy subjects, 9 patients with CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), 15 with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and 5 cystic fibrosis patients (CF-NP) were analyzed for cytokine expression using flow cytometry and multiplex analysis respectively. Intracytoplasmic cytokinesin T cells were analyzed after stimulation of nasal polyps with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of T cells per total living cells was significantly higher in patients with CRSwNP vs. CRSsNP and controls. 85% of the CD4(+) T cells showed to be memory T cells. The effector T cells present in all tissues have a predominant Th1 phenotype. Only in CRSwNP, a significant fraction of T cells produced the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, while nasal polyps from CF patients were characterized by a higher CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and an increased number of Th17 cells. 24 h stimulation with SEB resulted in a significant induction of CD4(+) T cells producing IL-10 (Tr1 cells).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T cell cytokine patterns in healthy and inflamed sinonasal mucosa revealed that Th2 cells (IL-4 and IL-5 producing cells) are significantly increased in CRSwNP mucosal inflammation. Exposure to SEB stimulates Tr1 cells that may contribute to the Th2 bias in CRSwNP.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Derycke
authors.affiliation: ZAUM - Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eyerich
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Crombruggen
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Claudina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-Novo
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtappels
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deruyck
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gevaert
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Division of ENT Diseases, KarolinskaInstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000150:complications*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004768:Enterotoxins; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal