title: Systematic review of endovascular therapy for nutcracker syndrome and case presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The left renal vein (LRV) entrapment syndrome is a rare condition. Here, we present a 22-year-old female presenting with recurrent nausea, vomiting, weight loss and evidence of the LRV compression by the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta. Hemodynamic assessment confirmed a pressure gradient of >3 mmHg between the LRV and the inferior vena cava. A self-expandable stent was then deployed in the LRV. Subsequent clinical follow-ups ensure full resolution of the patient's symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilingual search was performed in PubMed, Google scholar, Scielo, Korea Med and EMBASE with the medical subheadings "nutcracker syndrome", "nutcracker phenomenon" and "compression vein syndrome" from January 1983 to September 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Review of the literature exhibited a plethora of individual case reports (291 citations). Importantly, few retrospective case series [5] comprising a total of 157 patients included successful endovascular interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular therapy for nutcracker syndrome represents a safe and suitable treatment option, but prospective studies are needed to confirm these data.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112. Electronic address: hqueved@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112.
authors.forename: Salman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, LA 70112.
authors.forename: Nidal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abi Rafeh
mesh_terms: D001012:Aorta, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D059228:Renal Nutcracker Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Endovascular therapy; Nutcracker renal syndrome; Renal vein entrapment