title: Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lactulose mannitol ratio tests are clinically useful for assessing disorders characterised by changes in gut permeability and for assessing mixing in the intestinal lumen. Variations between currently used test protocols preclude meaningful comparisons between studies. We determined the optimal sampling period and related this to intestinal residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Half-hourly lactulose and mannitol urinary excretions were determined over 6 hours in 40 healthy female volunteers after administration of either 600 mg aspirin or placebo, in randomised order at weekly intervals. Gastric and small intestinal transit times were assessed by the SmartPill in 6 subjects from the same population. Half-hourly percentage recoveries of lactulose and mannitol were grouped on a basis of compartment transit time. The rate of increase or decrease of each sugar within each group was explored by simple linear regression to assess the optimal period of sampling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The between subject standard errors for each half-hourly lactulose and mannitol excretion were lowest, the correlation of the quantity of each sugar excreted with time was optimal and the difference between the two sugars in this temporal relationship maximal during the period from 2½-4 h after ingestion. Half-hourly lactulose excretions were generally increased after dosage with aspirin whilst those of mannitol were unchanged as was the temporal pattern and period of lowest between subject standard error for both sugars.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that between subject variation in the percentage excretion of the two sugars would be minimised and the differences in the temporal patterns of excretion would be maximised if the period of collection of urine used in clinical tests of small intestinal permeability were restricted to 2½-4 h post dosage. This period corresponds to a period when the column of digesta column containing the probes is passing from the small to the large intestine.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ivana R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Sequeira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Roger G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lentle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Marlena C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hurst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007792:Lactulose / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine*; D008353:Mannitol / Q000592:standards / Q000652:urine*; D010539:Permeability; D015990:Placebo Effect
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008353:Mannitol; D007792:Lactulose; D001241:Aspirin