title: Herbal therapy is equivalent to rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) have chronic intestinal and extraintestinal symptomatology which adversely affects their quality of life. Present treatment of SIBO is limited to oral antibiotics with variable success. A growing number of patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies for their gastrointestinal health. The objective was to determine the remission rate of SIBO using either the antibiotic rifaximin or herbals in a tertiary care referral gastroenterology practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and four patients who tested positive for newly diagnosed SIBO by lactulose breath testing (LBT) were offered either rifaximin 1200 mg daily vs herbal therapy for 4 weeks with repeat LBT post-treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred ninety-six patients underwent LBT for suspected SIBO, of which 251 (63.4%) were positive 165 underwent treatment and 104 had a follow-up LBT. Of the 37 patients who received herbal therapy, 17 (46%) had a negative follow-up LBT compared to 23/67 (34%) of rifaximin users (P=.24). The odds ratio of having a negative LBT after taking herbal therapy as compared to rifaximin was 1.85 (CI=0.77-4.41, P=.17) once adjusted for age, gender, SIBO risk factors and IBS status. Fourteen of the 44 (31.8%) rifaximin non-responders were offered herbal rescue therapy, with 8 of the 14 (57.1%) having a negative LBT after completing the rescue herbal therapy, while 10 non-responders were offered triple antibiotics with 6 responding (60%, P=.89). Adverse effects were reported among the rifaximin treated arm including 1 case of anaphylaxis, 2 cases of hives, 2 cases of diarrhea and 1 case of Clostridium difficile. Only one case of diarrhea was reported in the herbal therapy arm, which did not reach statistical significance (P=.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIBO is widely prevalent in a tertiary referral gastroenterology practice. Herbal therapies are at least as effective as rifaximin for resolution of SIBO by LBT. Herbals also appear to be as effective as triple antibiotic therapy for SIBO rescue therapy for rifaximin non-responders. Further, prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and explore additional alternative therapies in patients with refractory SIBO.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Chedid), United States.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chedid
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Dhalla), United States.
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhalla
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Clarke), United States.
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Roland), United States.
authors.forename: Bani Chander
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Dallas, Texas (Dr Dunbar), United States.
authors.forename: Kerry B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Koh), United States.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Trinity Health Center-Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology, Minot, North Dakota (Dr Justino)., United States.
authors.forename: Edmundo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Justino
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Mr Tomakin), United States.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tomakin
authors.affiliation: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Mullin), United States.
authors.forename: Gerard E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Mullin
keywords: Antibiotics; Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM); Dysbiosis; Herbal Therapies; Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO); rifaximin