title: Molecular determinants for the high constitutive activity of the human histamine H4 receptor: functional studies on orthologues and mutants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some histamine H4 receptor ligands act as inverse agonists at the human H4 receptor (hH4 R), a receptor with exceptionally high constitutive activity, but as neutral antagonists or partial agonists at the constitutively inactive mouse H4 receptor (mH4 R) and rat H4 receptor (rH4 R). To study molecular determinants of constitutive activity, H4 receptor reciprocal mutants were constructed: single mutants: hH4 R-F169V, mH4 R-V171F, hH4 R-S179A, hH4 R-S179M; double mutants: hH4 R-F169V+S179A, hH4 R-F169V+S179M and mH4 R-V171F+M181S.
  
  
  METHODS
  Site-directed mutagenesis with pVL1392 plasmids containing hH4 or mH4 receptors were performed. Wild-type or mutant receptors were co-expressed with Gαi2 and Gβ1 γ2 in Sf9 cells. Membranes were studied in saturation and competition binding assays ([(3) H]-histamine), and in functional [(35) S]-GTPγS assays with inverse, partial and full agonists of the hH4 receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Constitutive activity decreased from the hH4 receptor via the hH4 R-F169V mutant to the hH4 R-F169V+S179A and hH4 R-F169V+S179M double mutants. F169 alone or in concert with S179 plays a major role in stabilizing a ligand-free active state of the hH4 receptor. Partial inverse hH4 receptor agonists like JNJ7777120 behaved as neutral antagonists or partial agonists at species orthologues with lower or no constitutive activity. Some partial and full hH4 receptor agonists showed decreased maximal effects and potencies at hH4 R-F169V and double mutants. However, the mutation of S179 in the hH4 receptor to M as in mH4 receptor or A as in rH4 receptor did not significantly reduce constitutive activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  F169 and S179 are key amino acids for the high constitutive activity of hH4 receptors and may also be of relevance for other constitutively active GPCRs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update published in volume 170 issue 1. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-1/issuetoc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wifling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Löffel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nordemann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strasser
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernhardt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dove
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buschauer
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008024:Ligands; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011968:Receptors, Histamine / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074040:Receptors, Histamine H4; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: C418607:HRH4 protein, human; D007211:Indoles; D008024:Ligands; D010879:Piperazines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D011968:Receptors, Histamine; D000074040:Receptors, Histamine H4; C484309:1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine