title: Range of motion assessment of the shoulder and elbow joints using a motion sensing input device: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motion sensing input devices could provide a practical and low-cost alternative method for repeated range of motion measurements. This study aimed to assess the reliability, accuracy and time requirements of a motion sensing input device (Microsoft Kinect) for ROM measurements comparing it with goniometer based measurements and subjective estimation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full ROM was measured in 14 shoulder and elbow joints using the different methods. The order was randomly selected and each movement was measured twice. The results were recorded in degrees and the time measured in seconds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, there was a poor to moderate agreement between the Kinect system compared to the goniometer. There was a good agreement between the goniometer-based and the subjective technique. The Kinect-based technique showed excellent test-retest reliability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Kinect system showed good test-retest reliability, but lower accuracy compared to goniometer-based measurements. Improvements in patient positioning and measurement protocol standardization must be made before its implementation in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hawi
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liodakis
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Computer Science, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Daut
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musolli
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Suero
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stuebig
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claassen
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Computer Science, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krettek
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Department of Computer Science, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ahlers
authors.affiliation: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Citak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D012984:Software
keywords: Kinect™; Motion detection; goniometer; range of motion (ROM)