title: Association between sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is not clear whether the restrictive or obstructive pattern of spirometry is associated with metabolic syndrome. We investigated the associations between restrictive and obstructive spirometric patterns and metabolic risk factors using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Additionally, we investigated whether sarcopenia is associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from KNHANES between 2008 and 2011, we enrolled 8,145 subjects (normal lung function: 6,077, obstructive spirometric pattern: 1,039, restrictive pattern: 1,029) aged ≥40 years who underwent anthropometric measurement, laboratory tests, spirometry and estimation of appendicular muscle mass. Sarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight squared <2 SD below the sex-specific mean for the young reference group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sarcopenia was found in 32.8% of male and 12.2% of female patients with COPD. The odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome for the restrictive spirometric pattern in male was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.65), and that for obstructive pattern in males was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.79-1.26) after adjustments for covariables (female restrictive pattern (ORs, 1,45; 95% CI, 1.09-1.91) and female obstructive pattern (ORs 0.73; 95% CI, 0.49-1.09). After adjustment for other confounding factors, the risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in sarcopenic male (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.27-2.77) with COPD than in those without sarcopenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The restrictive spirometric pattern is associated with metabolic syndrome, and sarcopenia may contribute to the risk of metabolic syndrome in male patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong Univerisity College of Medicine , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Chang Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Bong Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Do Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Moo Suk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000209:etiology*; D013147:Spirometry; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: COPD; metabolic syndrome; sarcopenia