title: Breath ketone testing: a new biomarker for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diabetic ketosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetone, β -hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are three types of ketone body that may be found in the breath, blood, and urine. Detecting altered concentrations of ketones in the breath, blood, and urine is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the advantages of different detection methods for ketones, and to establish whether detection of the concentration of ketones in the breath is an effective and practical technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured the concentrations of acetone in the breath using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and β -hydroxybutyrate in fingertip blood collected from 99 patients with diabetes assigned to groups 1 (-), 2 (±), 3 (+), 4 (++), or 5 (+++) according to urinary ketone concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were strong relationships between fasting blood glucose, age, and diabetic ketosis. Exhaled acetone concentration significantly correlated with concentrations of fasting blood glucose, ketones in the blood and urine, LDL-C, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breath testing for ketones has a high sensitivity and specificity and appears to be a noninvasive, convenient, and repeatable method for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diabetic ketosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Mengxiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2333-4586
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Road, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0946-7961
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003404:Creatinine / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000737:chemistry; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D007659:Ketones; D003404:Creatinine; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid