title: S-100β does not predict outcome after mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the usefulness of S-100β, a marker for central nervous system damage, in the prediction of long-term outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) Hypothesis: Mid- and long-term outcomes of MTBI (i.e. 3, 6 and 12 months post-injury and return-to-work or school (RTWS)) may be predicted based on pre-injury and injury factors as well as S-100β.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTBI subjects without abnormal brain computed tomography requiring intervention, focal neurological deficits, seizures, amnesia > 24 hours and severe or multiple injuries were recruited at a level I trauma centre. Admission S-100β measurements and baseline Concussion Symptom Checklist were obtained. Symptoms and RTWS were re-assessed at follow-up visits (3-10 days and 3, 6 and 12 months). Outcomes included number of symptoms and RTWS at follow-up. Chi-square tests, linear and logistic regression models were used and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and fifty of 180 study subjects had S-100β results. Eleven per cent were unable to RTWS at 12 months. S-100β levels were not associated with post-concussive symptomatology at follow-up. In addition, no association was found between S-100β levels and RTWS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amongst MTBI patients, S-100β levels are not associated with prolonged post-concussive syndrome or the inability to RTWS.
authors.affiliation: National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems .
authors.forename: Gabriel E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ryb
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dischinger
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Auman
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kufera
authors.forename: Carnell C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Colin F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D062707:Return to Work; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
keywords: Biomarker; S-100β; mild TBI; post-concussive syndrome; traumatic brain injury