title: When fathers are instant losers: homogenization of rDNA loci in recently formed Cardamine × schulzii trigenomic allopolyploid.
abstract: Recently formed allopolyploids represent an excellent system to study the impacts of hybridization and genomic duplication on genome structure and evolution. Here we explored the 35SrRNA genes (rDNA) in the Cardamine × schulzii allohexaploid that was formed by two subsequent hybridization events within the past c. 150 yr. The rDNA loci were analyzed by cloning, next generation sequencing (NGS), RT-PCR and FISH methods. The primary C. × insueta triploid hybrid derived from C. rivularis (♀) and C. amara (♂) had gene ratios highly skewed towards maternal sequences. Similarly, C. × schulzii, originating from the secondary hybridization event involving C. × insueta (♀) and C. pratensis (♂), showed a reduction in paternal rDNA homeologs despite an excess of chromosomes inherited from C. pratensis. We also identified novel rDNA loci in C. × schulzii, suggesting that lost loci might be slowly reinstalled by translocation (but not recombination) of genes from partner genomes. Prevalent clonal propagation of allopolyploids, C. × insueta and C. × schulzii, indicates that concerted evolution of rDNA may occur in the absence of extensive meiotic cycles. Adoption of NGS in rDNA variant analysis is highly informative for deciphering the evolutionary histories of allopolyploid species with ongoing homogenization processes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Judita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zozomová-Lihová
authors.affiliation: RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Terezie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mandáková
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovaříková
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mühlhausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mummenhoff
authors.affiliation: RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lysak
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovařík
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D031217:Cardamine / Q000235:genetics*; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics*; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010802:Phylogeny; D011123:Polyploidy; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
keywords: Brassicaceae; concerted evolution; hybridization; hybrids; polyploidy; rDNA