title: Failure to address potential bias in non-randomised controlled clinical trials may cause lack of evidence on patient-reported outcomes: a method study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a workup of a previously published systematic review and aimed to analyse why most of the identified non-randomised controlled clinical trials with patient-reported outcomes did not match a set of basic quality criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were no limits on the level of care and the geographical location.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review evaluated permanent interstitial low-dose rate brachytherapy in patients with localised prostate cancer and compared that intervention with alternative procedures such as external beam radiotherapy, radical prostatectomy and no primary therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fulfilment of basic inclusion criteria according to a Participants, Interventions, Comparisons, Outcomes (PICO) framework and accomplishment of requirements to contain superimposed risk of bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 21 of 50 excluded non-randomised controlled trials did not meet the PICO inclusion criteria. The remaining 29 studies showed a lack in the quality of reporting. The resulting flaws included attrition bias due to loss of follow-up, lack of reporting baseline data, potential confounding due to unadjusted data and lack of statistical comparison between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to the reporting of patient-reported outcomes, active efforts are required to improve the quality of reporting in non-randomised controlled trials concerning permanent interstitial low-dose rate brachytherapy in patients with localised prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peinemann
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research Center, University of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Labeit
authors.affiliation: FOM University of Applied Science for Economics & Management, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thielscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinkawa
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057566:Self Report