title: Push-out bond strength of bioceramic materials in a synthetic tissue fluid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the push-out bond strength of EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM) and Bioaggregate (BA), new bioceramic materials, to that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) after incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a synthetic tissue fluid, for either 1 week or 2 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  One-hundred and twenty root sections were filled with ProRoot MTA, BA, or ERRM. Each tested material was then randomly divided into two subgroups (n = 20): root sections were immersed in PBS for 1 week or 2 months. The bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. After that, the failure modes were examined with stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The push-out data and failure mode categories were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and chi-square tests, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bond strength of ERRM was significantly higher than that of BA and MTA at both incubation periods. No significant difference was found between the bond strength of MTA and BA at either 1 week or 2 months. Increasing the incubation time to 2 months resulted in a significant increase in bond strength of all the materials. The failure mode was mainly mixed for MTA and BA, but cohesive for ERRM at both incubation periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERRM had significantly higher bond strength to root canal walls compared to MTA and BA. Increasing the incubation time significantly improved the bond strength and bioactive reaction products of all materials.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Dental Research Center Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Noushin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shokouhinejad
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Dental Research Center Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Razmi
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Endodontology Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nekoofar
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajadi
authors.affiliation: Endodontology Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Paul Mh
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dummer
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrfam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoshkhounejad
keywords: BioAggregate; Bond Strength; EndoSequence Root Repair Material; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate