title: Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)--current knowledge and future directions.
abstract: The male reproductive system and spermatozoa of spiders are known for their high structural diversity. Spider spermatozoa are flagellate and males transfer them to females in a coiled and encapsulated state using their modified pedipalps. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the present state of knowledge of the primary male reproductive system, sperm morphology and the structural diversity of seminal fluids with a focus on functional and evolutionary implications. Secondly, we conceptualized characters for the male genital system, spermiogenesis and spermatozoa for the first time based on published and new data. In total, we scored 40 characters for 129 species from 56 families representing all main spider clades. We obtained synapomorphies for several taxa including Opisthothelae, Araneomorphae, Dysderoidea, Scytodoidea, Telemidae, Linyphioidea, Mimetidae, Synotaxidae and the Divided Cribellum Clade. Furthermore, we recovered synspermia as a synapomorphy for ecribellate Haplogynae and thus propose Synspermiata as new name for this clade. We hope that these data will not only contribute to future phylogenetic studies but will also stimulate much needed evolutionary studies of reproductive systems in spiders.
authors.affiliation: Allgemeine und Systematische Zoologie, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, J.-S.-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: michalik@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michalik
authors.affiliation: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Martín J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ramírez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology; D013112:Spiders / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Phylogeny; Postcopulatory sexual selection; Sexual selection; Sperm competition; Sperm conjugation; Synspermiata