title: Breaking continuous flash suppression: competing for consciousness on the pre-semantic battlefield.
abstract: Traditionally, interocular suppression is believed to disrupt high-level (i.e., semantic or conceptual) processing of the suppressed visual input. The development of a new experimental paradigm, breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS), has caused a resurgence of studies demonstrating high-level processing of visual information in the absence of visual awareness. In this method the time it takes for interocularly suppressed stimuli to breach the threshold of visibility, is regarded as a measure of access to awareness. The aim of the current review is twofold. First, we provide an overview of the literature using this b-CFS method, while making a distinction between two types of studies: those in which suppression durations are compared between different stimulus classes (such as upright faces versus inverted faces), and those in which suppression durations are compared for stimuli that either match or mismatch concurrently available information (such as a colored target that either matches or mismatches a color retained in working memory). Second, we aim at dissociating high-level processing from low-level (i.e., crude visual) processing of the suppressed stimuli. For this purpose, we include a thorough review of the control conditions that are used in these experiments. Additionally, we provide recommendations for proper control conditions that we deem crucial for disentangling high-level from low-level effects. Based on this review, we argue that crude visual processing suffices for explaining differences in breakthrough times reported using b-CFS. As such, we conclude that there is as yet no reason to assume that interocularly suppressed stimuli receive full semantic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Surya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gayet
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van der Stigchel
authors.affiliation: Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chris L E
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Paffen
keywords: binocular rivalry; consciousness; continuous flash suppression; interocular competition; interocular suppression; visual awareness