title: Next-generation sequencing analysis for detecting human papillomavirus in oral verrucous carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology of oral verrucous carcinoma is unknown, and human papillomavirus 'involvement' remains contentious. The uncertainty can be attributed to varied detection procedures and difficulties in defining 'gold-standard' histologic criteria for diagnosing 'verrucous' lesions. Their paucity also hampers investigation. We aimed to analyze oral verrucous lesions for human papillomavirus (HPV) subtype genomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used next-generation sequencing for the detection of papillomavirus sequences, identifying subtypes and computing viral loads. We identified a total of 78 oral verrucous cases (62 carcinomas and 16 hyperplasias). DNA was extracted from all and sequenced at a coverage between 2.5% and 13%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An HPV-16 sequence was detected in 1 carcinoma and 1 hyperplasia, and an HPV-2 sequence was detected in 1 carcinoma out of the 78 cases, with viral loads of 2.24, 8.16, and 0.33 viral genomes per cell, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate no conclusive human papillomavirus involvement in oral verrucous carcinoma or hyperplasia.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Manar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samman
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berri
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pentenero
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandolfo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cassoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Guard Hospitals, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Ajlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A William
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, St James's University Hospital and Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Preetha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chengot
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacLennan
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, St James's University Hospital and Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.s.high@leeds.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alec S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: High
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rabbitts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018289:Carcinoma, Verrucous / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D019562:Viral Load