title: Forearm diaphyseal fractures in the adolescent population: treatment and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures are commonly treated in a variety of clinical settings. Most often, closed reduction followed by immobilization leads to satisfactory results. However, in the adolescent population (10-16 years of age), forearm fractures are more challenging due to less remodeling potential. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the anatomy, biomechanics, and treatment options relevant to adolescent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of peer-reviewed publications and abstracts related to the treatment for pediatric both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures in adolescents was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forearm fractures in the pediatric population are most common following indirect blows to the forearm. When treating these fractures using closed reduction, it is important to recognize the muscular attachments of the forearm. In roughly 70-90% of cases, closed reduction leads to adequate alignment. In all cases, return to function is the primary goal; however, exact alignment parameters remain controversial. In the adolescent population, surgical treatment has risen substantially in the last few decades. Intramedullary nailing and open reduction using plate fixation are the two most common operative techniques. Unfortunately, recent results have shown that nonunion, malunion, and overall complication rates are higher in older pediatric patients. Moreover, no consensus exists regarding one technique over another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both-bone diaphyseal fractures in the adolescent population present unique challenges regarding optimal treatment, especially when considering surgical intervention. Further research is necessary to better understand indications for specific surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA, Jeremy_Truntzer@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Truntzer
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vopat
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christino
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katarincic
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Vopat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000293:injuries; D005542:Forearm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000628:therapy*; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000628:therapy*