title: Transcatheter occlusion of azygos/hemiazygos vein in patients with systemic venous collateral development after the bidirectional Glenn procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the feasibility and treatment effects of transcatheter occlusion of the azygos/hemiazygos vein in patients with progressive cyanosis after performing the bidirectional Glenn procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2007 to May 2011, transcatheter closure was performed on 9 patients (7 males and 2 females) aged 5-15 years (median 9 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 7 azygos veins and 3 hemiazygos veins were occluded successfully. Coils were employed in 4 of the procedures, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occluders in 3, atrial septal defect occluders in 2 and a PDA occluder together with coils in 1 procedure. Immediate complete occlusions were achieved in 9 (81.8%) procedures and trivial residual shunt in 2 (18.2%). The femoral artery oxygen saturation (SaO2) rose from 81 [interquartile range (IQR) 75-86%] to 88% (IQR 84-91%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with superior vena cava azygos vein collateral channels can be treated successfully by transcatheter occlusion with multiple devices. The device for embolization depends on the extent of the severity of the shunt, the size of the lumen of the azygos vein/hemiazygos vein and the candidate location for occlusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Minjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Wenhui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Gejun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zhongying
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiangli
authors.forename: Liangxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shiliang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Shihua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001401:Azygos Vein / Q000601:surgery*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000601:surgery; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000601:surgery