title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of pigment echinochrome A from sea urchin Scaphechinus mirabilis.
abstract: Echinochrome A (EchA) is a dark-red pigment of the polyhydroxynaphthoquinone class isolated from sea urchin Scaphechinus mirabilis. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are used in the treatment of various neuromuscular disorders, and are considered as strong therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although EchA is clinically used to treat ophthalmic diseases and limit infarct formation during ischemia/ reperfusion injury, anti-AChE effect of EchA is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-AChE effect of EchA in vitro. EchA and its exhausted form which lost anti-oxidant capacity did not show any significant cytotoxicy on the H9c2 and A7r5 cells. EchA inhibited AChE with an irreversible and uncompetitive mode. In addition, EchA showed reactive oxygen species scavenging activity, particularly with nitric oxide. These findings indicate new therapeutic potential for EchA in treating reduced acetylcholine-related diseases including AD and provide an insight into developing new AChE inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. lsr1113@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sung Ryul
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. juliusryanpronto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julius Ryan D
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pronto
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. s_boloroo_22@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bolor-Erdene
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Sarankhuu
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. kskomd@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. bdrhee@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Byoung Doo
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. narikim43@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nari
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. mischenkonp@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Natalia P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Mishchenko
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. fedoreev-s@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fedoreyev
authors.affiliation: Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. stonik@piboc.dvo.ru.
authors.forename: Valentin A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stonik
authors.affiliation: National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea. phyhanj@inje.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007573:echinochrome A