title: Identifying the component responsible for antagonism within ionic liquid mixtures using the up-to-down procedure integrated with a uniform design ray method.
abstract: Various chemicals in the environment always exist as mixtures. Toxicity interaction within mixtures may pose potential hazards and risks to the environmental safety and human health. Recent studies showed that toxicity interaction by ionic liquid (IL) mixtures can be related to a certain component. To identify the component, we developed a novel procedure integrating an up-to-down process with the uniform design-based ray method (UDUD) and applied it into an IL mixture system of four 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs (simply [bmim]X) where X=Cl(-), Br(-), CH3OSO3(-) and CH3(CH2)7OSO3(-). It was shown that two mixture rays in the quaternary system exhibited significant antagonistic interaction. In this paper, the UDUD was first employed to design four ternary mixture systems. The microplate toxicity analysis was used to determine the toxicities of various mixtures to a freshwater photobacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. The concentration addition was taken as an additive reference to assess the toxicity interactions taking place in mixtures. The results revealed that some ternary mixture rays including [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 display antagonism while the ternary rays without [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 exhibit additivity. On these grounds, we again designed all binary mixtures containing [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3, determined their toxicities and assessed toxicity interaction. The results showed that three binary mixture systems produce antagonism. Thus, it may be concluded that [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 is indeed a key component inducing mixture antagonism.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China. Electronic address: ssliuhl@263.net.
authors.forename: Shu-Shen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors.forename: Qian-Fen
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
authors.forename: Xian-Huai
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014733:Vibrio
chemical_list: C525963:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids
keywords: Antagonism; Concentration addition; Ionic liquid; Uniform design ray method; Up-to-down procedure