title: High-energy redox-flow batteries with hybrid metal foam electrodes.
abstract: A nonaqueous redox-flow battery employing [Co(bpy)3](+/2+) and [Fe(bpy)3](2+/3+) redox couples is proposed for use in large-scale energy-storage applications. We successfully demonstrate a redox-flow battery with a practical operating voltage of over 2.1 V and an energy efficiency of 85% through a rational cell design. By utilizing carbon-coated Ni-FeCrAl and Cu metal foam electrodes, the electrochemical reactivity and stability of the nonaqueous redox-flow battery can be considerably enhanced. Our approach intoduces a more efficient conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy and enhances long-term cell durability. The cell exhibits an outstanding cyclic performance of more than 300 cycles without any significant loss of energy efficiency. Considering the increasing demands for efficient energy storage, our achievement provides insight into a possible development pathway for nonaqueous redox-flow batteries with high energy densities.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute , 68 Yatap-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Nam-Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ki Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Duk-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Young-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim