title: Neurite outgrowth on electrospun PLLA fibers is enhanced by exogenous electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both electrical stimuli (endogenous and exogenous) and topographical cues are instructive to axonal extension. This report, for the first time, investigated the relative dominance of directional topographical guidance cues and directional electrical cues to enhance and/or direct primary neurite extension. We hypothesized the combination of electrical stimulation with electrospun fiber topography would induce longer neurite extension from dorsal root ganglia neurons than the presence of electrical stimulation or aligned topography alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis, neurite outgrowth was examined on laminin-coated poly-L-lactide films or electrospun fibers (2 µm in diameter) in the presence or absence of electrical stimulation. Immunostained neurons were semi-automatically traced using Neurolucida software and morphology was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurite extension increased 74% on the aligned fibers compared to film controls. Stimulation alone increased outgrowth by 32% on films or fibers relative to unstimulated film controls. The co-presentation of topographical (fibers) with biophysical (electrical stimulation) cues resulted in a synergistic 126% increase in outgrowth relative to unstimulated film controls. Field polarity had no influence on the directionality of neurites, indicating topographical cues are responsible for guiding neurite extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both cues (electrical stimulation and fiber geometry) are modular in nature and can be synergistically applied in conjunction with other common methods in regenerative medicine such as controlled release of growth factors to further influence axonal growth in vivo. The combined application of electrical and aligned fiber topographical guidance cues described herein, if translated in vivo, could provide a more supportive environment for directed and robust axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Koppes
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Zaccor
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rivet
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Piselli
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D003463:Cues; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide)