title: Impact of ovariectomy, high fat diet, and lifestyle modifications on oxidative/antioxidative status in the rat liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the impact of high fat diet and estrogen deficiency on the oxidative and antioxidative status in the liver of the ovariectomized rats, as well as the ameliorating effect of physical activity or consumption of functional food containing bioactive compounds with antioxidative properties on oxidative damage in the rat liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted from November 2012 to April 2013. Liver oxidative damage was determined by lipid peroxidation levels expressed in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while liver antioxidative status was determined by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) activities, and glutathione (GSH) content. Sixty-four female Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: sham operated and ovariectomized rats that received either standard diet, high fat diet, or high fat diet supplemented with cereal selenized onion biscuits or high fat diet together with introduction of physical exercise of animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High fat diet significantly increased TBARS content in the liver compared to standard diet (P=0.032, P=0.030). Furthermore, high fat diet decreased the activities of CAT, GR, and GST, as well as the content of GSH (P<0.050). GPx activity remained unchanged in all groups. Physical activity and consumption of cereal selenized onion biscuits showed protective effect through increased GR activity in sham operated rats (P=0.026, P=0.009), while in ovariectomized group CAT activity was increased (P=0.018) in rats that received cereal selenized onion biscuits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeding rats with high fat diet was accompanied by decreased antioxidative enzyme activities and increased lipid peroxidation. Bioactive compounds of cereal selenized onion biscuits showed potential to attenuate the adverse impact of high fat diet on antioxidative status.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vuković
authors.forename: Senka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blažetić
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oršolić
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heffer
authors.forename: Sandor G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Vari
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajdoš
authors.forename: Zora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krivošíková
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kramárová
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kebis
authors.affiliation: Elizabeta Has-Schön, Department of Biology, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, hasschon@biologija.unios.hr.
authors.forename: Elizabeta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Has-Schön
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D005978:Glutathione