title: Frameless image-guided stereotactic brain biopsies: emphasis on diagnostic yield.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies regarding frameless stereotactic brain biopsy mainly report high diagnostic yield (DY) as opposed to relatively low diagnostic accuracy. This discrepancy raises the question of the certainty and precision of obtained diagnoses. This article proposes a DY definition encompassing diagnostic certainty and precision according to the World Health Organization (WHO) central nervous system (CNS) tumour classification system. Furthermore, our eight-year experience with this procedure is reviewed and evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 235 frameless biopsy procedures was reviewed. Criteria were set up for categorising obtained diagnoses. All cases were included in a predictive factor analysis of inconclusive biopsy and postoperative complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to our predefined DY criteria, the DY was 72.8 %. The inconclusive biopsy outcome measured 21.7 %; the non-diagnostic biopsy outcome was 5.5 %. The only predictive factor found for inconclusive biopsy procedures was age under 30. Predictive factors for postoperative complications, which were found statistically significant after multivariable analysis, were glucose level and intra-operative haemorrhage. The total morbidity rate was 8.5 %, including a mortality rate of 0.9 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although frameless stereotactic brain biopsy procedures are considered to be relatively safe, the true DY is significantly less than previously reported, most probably due to the lack of standardised DY criteria. Based on our DY definition and subsequent DY findings, standardisation of DY criteria and definition is paramount for biopsy diagnosis interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sodaba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khatab
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spliet
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Woerdeman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D055815:Young Adult