title: Hydraulic Pressure during Fluid Flow Regulates Purinergic Signaling and Cytoskeleton Organization of Osteoblasts.
abstract: During physiological activities, osteoblasts experience a variety of mechanical forces that stimulate anabolic responses at the cellular level necessary for the formation of new bone. Previous studies have primarily investigated the osteoblastic response to individual forms of mechanical stimuli. However in this study, we evaluated the response of osteoblasts to two simultaneous, but independently controlled stimuli; fluid flow-induced shear stress (FSS) and static or cyclic hydrostatic pressure (SHP or CHP, respectively). MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts-like cells were subjected to 12dyn/cm2FSS along with SHP or CHP of varying magnitudes to determine if pressure enhances the anabolic response of osteoblasts during FSS. For both SHP and CHP, the magnitude of hydraulic pressure that induced the greatest release of ATP during FSS was 15 mmHg. Increasing the hydraulic pressure to 50 mmHg or 100 mmHg during FSS attenuated the ATP release compared to 15 mmHg during FSS. Decreasing the magnitude of pressure during FSS to atmospheric pressure reduced ATP release to that of basal ATP release from static cells and inhibited actin reorganization into stress fibers that normally occurred during FSS with 15 mmHg of pressure. In contrast, translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) to the nucleus was independent of the magnitude of hydraulic pressure and was found to be mediated through the activation of phospholipase-C (PLC), but not src kinase. In conclusion, hydraulic pressure during FSS was found to regulate purinergic signaling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization in the osteoblasts in a biphasic manner, while FSS alone appeared to stimulate NFκB translocation. Understanding the effects of hydraulic pressure on the anabolic responses of osteoblasts during FSS may provide much needed insights into the physiologic effects of coupled mechanical stimuli on osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Biological and Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gardinier
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716.
authors.forename: Vimal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gangadharan
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716.
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716.
authors.forename: Randall L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Duncan
keywords: ATP release; Actin cytoskeleton; Fluid flow; Hydraulic pressure; Mechanotransduction; Nuclear factor-kappa B; Osteoblasts