title: Associations of dietary macronutrients with glomerular filtration rate and kidney dysfunction: Tehran lipid and glucose study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although dietary components may play a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), data on this topic are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between macronutrient intakes and CKD in a large non-diabetic adult population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study recruited 5,316 participants aged ≥27 years without diabetes within the framework of the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Dietary intake was collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Macronutrients intake including total-, animal-, and plant-protein, carbohydrate, simple sugar, fructose, total fat, saturated fatty acids, poly- and monounsaturated-fatty acids (PUFA and MUFA), and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids was categorized into quartiles. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, serum creatinine, and fasting plasma glucose and lipids were measured. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of participants was 45.0 ± 12.2 years. Mean eGFR was 71.9 ± 11.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and 13% had CKD. After adjustment for serum triglycerides and cholesterol, body mass index, and hypertension, the risk of CKD decreased in the highest quartile compared to lowest quartile of plant protein (OR, 95% CI) (0.70, 0.51-0.97), PUFA (0.73, 0.55-0.99), and n-6 fatty acids (0.75, 0.57-0.97). However, the risk of CKD increased in the highest quartile of animal protein (1.37, 1.05-1.79) compared to the lowest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plant protein, PUFA, and n-6 fatty acids are associated with a lower risk of CKD, independently of hypertension and diabetic mellitus, while animal protein may be a risk factor for CKD in adults.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuzbashian
authors.forename: Golaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.forename: Fahimeh-Sadat
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005638:Fruit; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine