title: Effect of phenol on the nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure and composition of an anammox reactor.
abstract: The effects of phenol on the nitrogen removal performance of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with anammox activity and on the microbial community within the reactor were evaluated. A phenol concentration of 300 mg L(-1) reduced the ammonium-nitrogen removal efficiency of the SBR from 96.5% to 47%. The addition of phenol changed the microbial community structure and composition considerably, as shown by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Some phyla, such as Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes, increased in abundance, whereas others, such as Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, GN04, WS3, and NKB19, decreased. The diversity of the anammox bacteria was also affected by phenol: sequences related to Candidatus Brocadia fulgida were no longer detected, whereas sequences related to Ca. Brocadia sp. 40 and Ca. Jettenia asiatica persisted. These results indicate that phenol adversely affects anammox metabolism and changes the bacterial community within the anammox reactor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alyne Duarte
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cíntia Dutra
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela França
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Etchebehere
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Augusto L
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chernicharo
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: juliana@desa.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Juliana Calabria
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Araújo
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism*; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D019149:Bioreactors; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D000641:Ammonia; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox); Microbial community structure; Phenol; Pyrosequencing; Sequencing batch reactor