title: Buccal and sublingual vaccine delivery.
abstract: Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of mucosal vaccination is its ability to elicit local immune responses, which act against infection at the site of pathogen entry. However, mucosal surfaces are endowed with potent and sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to prevent the immune system from overreacting to the many environmental antigens. Hence, mucosal vaccination may suppress the immune system instead of induce a protective immune response. Therefore, mucosal adjuvants and/or special antigen delivery systems as well as appropriate dosage forms are required in order to develop potent mucosal vaccines. Whereas oral, nasal and pulmonary vaccine delivery strategies have been described extensively, the sublingual and buccal routes have received considerably less attention. In this review, the characteristics of and approaches for sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery are described and compared with other mucosal vaccine delivery sites. We discuss recent progress and highlight promising developments in the search for vaccine formulations, including adjuvants and suitable dosage forms, which are likely critical for designing a successful sublingual or buccal vaccine. Finally, we outline the challenges, hurdles to overcome and formulation issues relevant for sublingual or buccal vaccine delivery.
authors.affiliation: Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: heleen.kraan@intravacc.nl.
authors.forename: Heleen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kraan
authors.affiliation: Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vrieling
authors.affiliation: Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS-INSERM-UNSA, Valbonne, France.
authors.forename: Cecil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czerkinsky
authors.affiliation: Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiskoot
authors.affiliation: Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.affiliation: Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Jean-pierre.amorij@intravacc.nl.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Amorij
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004304:Dosage Forms; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Adjuvant; Administration route; Buccal; Dosage form; Sublingual; Vaccine delivery