title: Hesperidin inhibits inflammatory response induced by Aeromonas hydrophila infection and alters CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is associated with a number of human diseases. Hesperidin (HES) has been reported to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of HES treatment on inflammatory response induced by A. hydrophila infection in murine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A. hydrophila-infected mice were treated with HES at 250 mg/kg b.wt./week for 4 consecutive weeks. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell ratio, and CD14 expression on intestinal infiltrating monocytes were evaluated. The expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on stimulated HUVECs and RAW macrophage was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of CD4(+) T cells in the intestinal tissues of infected treated mice was highly significantly increased; however, phagocytic index, ROS production, CD8(+) T cells percentage, and CD14 expression on monocytes were significantly reduced. On the other hand, HES significantly inhibited A-LPS- and A-ECP-induced E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression on HUVECs and ICAM-1 expression on RAW macrophage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present data indicated that HES has a potential role in the suppression of inflammatory response induced by A. hydrophila toxins through downmodulation of ROS production and CD14 and adhesion molecules expression, as well as increase of CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology (Immunology Section), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdelaziz S A
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Abuelsaad
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology (Immunology Section), College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Gamal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Adnan A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Solumani
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D002469:Cell Separation; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009929:Organ Size; D010587:Phagocytosis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006569:Hesperidin