title: Reduction of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Canton Ticino (Switzerland) after smoking bans in enclosed public places--No Smoke Pub Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Second-hand smoke increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Canton Ticino (CT) first introduced a smoking ban in public places in 2007. This offered the opportunity to assess the long-term impact of a smoking ban on the incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) compared with a population where the law was not yet implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the incidence of STEMI hospitalizations per 100 000 inhabitants both during 3 years before and after the ban application in CT and in Canton Basel City (CBC), where this law was not yet applied. Data were obtained from the codified hospital registry (ICD-10 codes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CT, the mean incidence of STEMI admissions during the 3 pre-ban years (123.7) was significantly higher than the incidence of admissions in each of the 3 post-ban years (92.9, 101.6 and 89.6 respectively; P <.024). Analysing population subsets, a post-ban reduction was observed among ≥65-year-old people of both sexes in each of the 3 post-ban years and in the <65-year age group during the first post-ban year (P = 0.02). Conversely, the mean incidence of STEMI hospitalizations in CBC (92.4) didn't change significantly in each of the 3 post-ban years (83.9, 83.3 and 79.5, P = NS) during the same period. However, a significant long-term reduction in STEMI admissions was observed in CBC among the male group with ≥65 years (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work suggests a significant impact of the smoke-free policy on the number of annual STEMI. Specific population subsets (i.e. ≥65-year-old females) were particularly affected by the smoking ban, showing a significant reduction in STEMI hospitalizations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland marcello.divalentino@eoc.ch.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Valentino
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Cardiology, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino (CCT), Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muzzarelli
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Costanzo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limoni
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alessandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Porretta
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rigoli
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barazzoni
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Cardiology, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino (CCT), Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pedrazzini
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osswald
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Cardiology, Fondazione Cardiocentro Ticino (CCT), Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moccetti
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Cardiology, Ospedale San Giovanni (EOC), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution