title: Glucose and fat metabolism in narcolepsy and the effect of sodium oxybate: a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Narcolepsy is associated with obesity though it is uncertain whether this is caused by changes in glucose and fat metabolism. Therefore, we performed a detailed analysis of systemic energy homeostasis in narcolepsy patients, and additionally, investigated whether it was affected by three months of sodium oxybate (SXB) treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine hypocretin deficient patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy, and nine healthy sex, age, and BMI matched controls were enrolled. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with stable isotopes ([6,6-(2)H2]-glucose and [(2)H5]- glycerol) was performed at baseline. In seven patients a second study was performed after three months of SXB treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose disposal rate (GDR) per unit serum insulin was significantly higher in narcolepsy patients compared to matched controls (1.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L; P = 0.024), whereas β-cell function was similar (P = 0.50). Basal steady state glycerol appearance rate tended to be lower in narcolepsy patients (5.2 ± 0.4 vs. 7.5 ± 1.3 μmol/kgFM/min; P = 0.058), suggesting a lower rate of lipolysis. SXB treatment induced a trend in reduction of the GDR (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L; P = 0.063) and a reduction in endogenous glucose production (0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 0.16 ± 0.03 μmol/kgFFM/min/mU×L: P = 0.028) per unit serum insulin. After SXB treatment lipolysis increased (4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 6.5 ± 0.6 μmol/kgFM/min; P = 0.018), and body weight decreased in narcolepsy patients (99.2 ± 6.0 vs. 94.0 ± 5.4 kg; P = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that narcolepsy patients are more insulin sensitive and may have a lower rate of lipolysis than matched controls. SXB stimulated lipolysis in narcolepsy patients, possibly accounting for the weight loss after treatment. While sodium oxybate tended to decrease systemic insulin sensitivity, it increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, suggesting tissue-specific effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claire E H M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Donjacour
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N Ahmad
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ; Sleep Medicine Centre "Kempenhaeghe," Heeze, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Overeem
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andries
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalsbeek
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pijl
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands ; Sleep Wake Center SEIN, Heemstede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lammers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000172:deficiency; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000172:deficiency; D000068797:Orexins; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Hypocretin; diabetes; insulin; orexin; weight loss