title: The extracts of Japanese willow tree species are effective forapoptotic desperation or differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antileukemic activity of hot water extract of plant parts of some Japanese willow tree species grown at different levels of nitrogen were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Water extracts of willow leaves were prepared for this studies in different level of nitrogen nutrition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extracts obtained from the leaves and stem exhibited anti-leukemic activities prominently. The crude hot water extracts of the young growing parts including apex, matured leaves and stem, killed the blasts of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, (HL60 and NB4) after 48h incubation, however, such desperation was far less in the root extract. Similar to the plant parts, response of extracts obtained from different willow species was not identical; the proportion of dead cells relative to whole cells of the culture medium ranged from 21% to 93% among the species. Leaf extracts obtained from the responsive willow species decreased the live cell percentage and increased the dead cell percentage at higher level of nitrogen nutrition. The mode of desperation of leaf extract treated AML cells in such species appeared to be cell apoptosis as shown by binding with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -labeled Annexin V.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiation of alive AML cells continued unabated and apoptosis was poor when extract of an unresponsive species added to the culture medium.
authors.affiliation: Fazenda Fuiita LLC, Nanaehama, HOkuto, 049-0111, Japan.
authors.forename: Kounosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima - 734-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima - 734-0037, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sawajiri
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, India.
authors.forename: Pravat K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mohapatra
authors.affiliation: Cairo Universty Research Park, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University,12613 Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hany A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: El-Shemy
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
authors.forename: Nguyen T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheriers Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Fisheriers Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saneoka
authors.affiliation: Fazenda Fuiita LLC, Nanaehama, HOkuto, 049-0111, Japan.
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Fazenda Fuiita LLC, Nanaehama, HOkuto, 049-0111, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujita
keywords: Annexin V; Japanese willow tree species; apoptosis; differentiation; leukemia cell