title: Striking subgroup differences in substance-related mortality after release from prison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence, timing and risk factors for substance-related death between Indigenous and non-Indigenous ex-prisoners in Queensland, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All adult prisons in the state of Queensland, Australia, linked to deaths registered in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained records for all adults released from prison in Queensland, Australia from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2007. Among this cohort of 42 015 individuals we observed 82 315 releases from prison and 2158 deaths in the community by the end of 2007, of which 661 were substance-related deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incarceration data were obtained from Queensland Corrective Services and linked probabilistically with deaths recorded in the Australian National Death Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first year after release, Indigenous ex-prisoners were more likely to die from alcohol-related causes [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-3.1)] but less likely to die of drug-related causes (HR = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.21-0.53) than were non-Indigenous ex-prisoners. Among non-Indigenous prisoners only, the risk of substance-related death was significantly higher in the first 4 weeks [relative risk (RR) = 5.1, 95% CI = 3.7-6.9] when compared with the risk after 1 year post-release. Most evaluated risk factors for substance-related death were similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous ex-prisoners; however, the hazard of death increased with age more for Indigenous ex-prisoners (HR = 1.7 per decade of age, 95% CI = 1.4-2.1) than for non-Indigenous ex-prisoners (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2-1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Australia, patterns of substance-related death in ex-prisoners differ markedly according to Indigenous status. Efforts to prevent substance-related deaths in ex-prisoners should consider heterogeneity in the target population and tailor responses accordingly.
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alati
authors.forename: Coralie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kinner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057237:Criminals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011793:Queensland / Q000208:ethnology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Australia; Indigenous; drug; mortality; prison; race