title: No effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on inflammation in a porcine kidney transplantation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed graft function after kidney transplantation is associated with decreased graft survival and increased patient mortality but the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Remote ischaemic conditioning (rIC) may prevent delayed graft function by an anti-inflammatory effect. In a porcine model of transplantation from adults to children, we investigated the inflammatory response in the transplanted kidney and the effect of rIC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kidneys were recovered from brain dead donor pigs(63kg) and transplanted into two groups of recipient pigs(15kg) after 22h of cold ischaemia. Recipients were randomised to either: rIC (n=8) performed before the 10-h reperfusion period or no-rIC (n=8). Non-transplanted kidneys from eight brain dead pigs served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, transplantation increased the number of apoptotic cells, macrophages and neutrophils in the kidney. After transplantation, IL-10 levels increased and IL-6 levels decreased in the kidney, whereas levels of TNF-α and IL-8 were not affected. A significant rise in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 was observed in the recipients after transplantation. Plasma IL-10 was not affected by transplantation and TNF-α and IL-8 were below detection limit. No effect of rIC was found with regards to cell infiltration or cytokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal transplantation elicits an inflammatory response in the kidney manifested as apoptotic cell death, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, and an anti-inflammatory cytokine response 10h after transplantation. This response was not modified by rIC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark. Electronic address: niels.secher@me.com.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soendergaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soelling
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Asger
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granfeldt
authors.affiliation: The Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wogensen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Moeldrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ernst O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ostraat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Troels M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Joergensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toennesen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D050377:Cold Ischemia; D051799:Delayed Graft Function / Q000473:pathology*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D023421:Models, Animal; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Apoptosis; Cytokine; Inflammation; Kidney transplantation; Remote ischaemic conditioning