title: Treatment options for chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: This Review covers the latest developments in the treatment options for chronic pancreatitis. Pain is the most frequent and dominant symptom in patients with chronic pancreatitis, which ranges from severe disabling continuous pain to mild pain attacks and pain-free periods. Conventional treatment strategies and recent changes in the treatment of pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis are outlined. The different treatment options for pain consist of medical therapy, endoscopy or surgery. Their related merits and drawbacks are discussed. Finally, novel insights in the field of genetics and microbiota are summarized, and future perspectives are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yama
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Issa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology &Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Surgery, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olaf J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Besselink
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology &Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicolien J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Surgery, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hjalmar C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Santvoort
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Operation Rooms/Evidence Based Surgery, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hein G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Gooszen
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
mesh_terms: D002447:Celiac Plexus; D004322:Drainage; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy; D009407:Nerve Block; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D013153:Splanchnic Nerves / Q000601:surgery; D015607:Stents