title: The merits of measuring challenge and hindrance appraisals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The challenge-hindrance framework has shown that challenge stressors (work characteristics associated with potential personal gain) tend to have positive outcomes, whereas hindrance stressors (those which obstruct goals) have negative outcomes. However, typical research methods assume that stressors allocated to these categories are appraised consistently by different people and across different situations. We validate new measures of challenge and hindrance appraisals and demonstrate their utility in stress research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional survey of American employees (Study 1, n = 333), a diary survey of Australian employees (Study 2, n = 241), and a survey of Australian college students whose performance was evaluated independently (Study 3, n = 350).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even after accounting for the effects of stressors, challenge and hindrance appraisals consistently explained unique variance in affective states, with indications that stressors have indirect effects via appraisals. Such effects were seen within- as well as between-participants (Study 2). Appraisals also had expected associations with specific coping behaviors (Study 1), while challenge appraisal was associated with task performance (Study 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The scales of challenge and hindrance appraisals were psychometrically sound across multiple contexts. RESULTS highlight the merit of considering appraisal in stress research.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW 2109 , Australia.
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Searle
authors.forename: Jaime C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Auton
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: challenge–hindrance; scale development; stress appraisal; stressor–strain; time pressure; work design