title: Congenital heart disease in men - birth characteristics and reproduction: a national cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with congenital heart disease (CHD) are more often born preterm or small-for-gestational age and with a caesarean section. This pattern together with an increased risk of congenital anomalies seems to be repeated in the next generation. Information on the effect of paternal CHD on their offspring is sparse. In this study we investigated if men with CHD differ from those who do not have CHD with respect to characteristics related to their own births, their reproductive patterns and the neonatal outcomes of their children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this national cohort study data were derived from Swedish population-based registries. The population consists of all men born in 1973-1983 who were alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age (n = 522 216). The index group is men with CHD (n = 2689). Men diagnosed with CHD were compared with men without CHD. The CHD were also divided into two groups, complex and simple CHD and comparisons between the groups were made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men with CHD are more likely to have been born preterm (p < 0.001), small-for gestational-age (p < 0.001) or large-for-gestational-age (p < 0.001) than men without CHD. They are also more likely to have been the result of a twin pregnancy (p < 0.001) and to have been delivered by caesarean section (p < 0.001). Men with CHD have a decreased likelihood to become fathers compared to non-CHD men and in this study their offspring do not have a higher incidence of CHD than offspring to non-CHD fathers. The neonatal outcomes of children of men with CHD do not differ from the outcomes of children of non-CHD men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men with CHD were more often born with non-optimal characteristics compared to men without the condition. However, the increased risk does not repeat itself in the next generation. This knowledge can lead to improved preconception counselling for couples in which the father has a CHD.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kernell
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sydsjö
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bladh
authors.forename: Niels Erik
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Ann.josefsson@lio.se.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Josefsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D012042:Registries; D017584:Reproductive History; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult