title: Effects of varying the inter-meal interval on relationships between antral area, gut hormones and energy intake following a nutrient drink in healthy lean humans.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine: (i) the effects of varying the inter-meal interval on subsequent energy intake, and (ii) temporal relationships between postprandial changes in antral area and gastrointestinal hormone concentrations with energy intake. 16 healthy lean participants (10 M, 6 F) were studied on 4 occasions in randomized fashion. Participants consumed 500ml of water 180min ("control"), or 500ml of a mixed-nutrient drink (750kcal) 30 ("EI-30"), 90 ("EI-90") or 180 ("EI-180") min, prior to a cold, buffet-style meal, from which energy intake was quantified. Antral area was measured using 2D-ultrasound, perceptions of hunger and fullness were scored using visual analogue scales, and blood samples collected at regular intervals for analysis of plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin concentrations. All nutrient drinks increased antral area, stimulated CCK and PYY, and suppressed ghrelin and energy intake (EI-30: -367±69, EI-90: -291±69, EI-180: -219±72kcal, P<0.05, for all), compared with control. Energy intake was related directly to the length of the inter-meal interval (R=0.33, P<0.01), such that as the inter-meal interval increased, energy intake increased. There was a strong relationship between antral area (R=-0.76, P<0.001), and weaker relationships between CCK (R=-0.36, P<0.01) and PYY (R=-0.34, P<0.01), with the inter-meal interval. In conclusion, energy intake increased as the inter-meal interval increased. This was associated with temporal changes in gastric content (antral area) and plasma gut hormone concentrations.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia. Electronic address: tanya.little@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Tanya J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Luscombe-Marsh
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of South Australia, School of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gentilcore
authors.affiliation: University of South Australia, School of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feinle-Bisset
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D009929:Organ Size; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood*; D011706:Pyloric Antrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D019894:Peptide YY; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: Antral volume; Appetite; Cholecystokinin; Ghrelin; Gut peptides; Meal-timing; Peptide YY