title: Evidence for a glassy state in strongly driven carbon.
abstract: Here, we report results of an experiment creating a transient, highly correlated carbon state using a combination of optical and x-ray lasers. Scattered x-rays reveal a highly ordered state with an electrostatic energy significantly exceeding the thermal energy of the ions. Strong Coulomb forces are predicted to induce nucleation into a crystalline ion structure within a few picoseconds. However, we observe no evidence of such phase transition after several tens of picoseconds but strong indications for an over-correlated fluid state. The experiment suggests a much slower nucleation and points to an intermediate glassy state where the ions are frozen close to their original positions in the fluid.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK [2] Plasma Physics Department, AWE plc., Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, UK [3] Plasma Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: C R D
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Gericke
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cammarata
authors.affiliation: 1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea [3] Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju, 500-712, Korea.
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Döppner
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA.
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authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelhorn
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Förster
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortmann
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fritz
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, UMR 7605, LULI, case 128, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Galtier
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Glenzer
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harmand
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Kugland
authors.affiliation: Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, UMR 7605, LULI, case 128, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moinard
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nagler
authors.affiliation: GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: K-U
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Plagemann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Redmer
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, UMR 7605, LULI, case 128, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Rosmej
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.affiliation: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toleikis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vinko
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK [2] Max-Planck-Institut für Physik Komplexer Systeme, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vorberger
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wünsch
authors.affiliation: 1] SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zastrau
authors.affiliation: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tschentscher
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK [2] Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregori