title: Sensing strategies for influenza surveillance.
abstract: Influenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, cause respiratory diseases in birds and mammals. With seasonal epidemics, influenza spreads all over the world, resulting in pandemics that cause millions of deaths. Emergence of various types and subtypes of influenza, such as H1N1 and H7N9, requires effective surveillance to prevent their spread and to develop appropriate anti-influenza vaccines. Diagnostic probes such as glycans, aptamers, and antibodies now allow discrimination among the influenza strains, including new subtypes. Several sensors have been developed based on these probes, efforts made to augment influenza detection. Herein, we review the currently available sensing strategies to detect influenza viruses.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia; Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8562, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences and OCRCC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: gopis11@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Subash C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: tangth@amdi.usm.edi.my.
authors.forename: Thean-Hock
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences and OCRCC, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Marimuthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Citartan
authors.affiliation: Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8562, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Thangavel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lakshmipriya
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Antibody; Aptamer; Glycan; Influenza; Sensor; Surveillance