title: Use of a human skin in vitro model to investigate the influence of 'every-day' clothing and skin surface decontamination on the percutaneous penetration of organophosphates.
abstract: Organophosphates (OPs) are widely used in agriculture. Many studies have investigated the capability of personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce chemical exposure; however, investigations into the protective effect of 'every-day' clothing are rare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of 'every-day' clothing against dermal exposure and to measure early decontamination of skin following exposure to chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos. Using human skin in vitro, absorption of (14)C-labelled chlorpyrifos (500 ng/cm(2)), was shown to be significantly reduced when applied to clothed skin (cotton shirt), regardless of application vehicle (isopropanol (IPA) or propylene glycol (PG)). The majority of applied dose was retained within the clothing after 4 h exposure. Significant reduction in absorption of chlorpyrifos (in PG) was seen through clothed skin when supplemented with skin decontamination at 4 h, compared with clothed skin decontaminated after 24 h, however, this was not observed with IPA. Absorption of dichlorvos (5 μg/cm(2)) was greater through unclothed skin than chlorpyrifos for all vehicles (IPA, isopropyl myristate (IPM) and PG). Significant reduction in absorption was observed when decontaminating clothed skin at 30 min, compared with decontamination at 24 h (post-exposure) for all vehicles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  indicate that 'every-day' clothing is effective at reducing exposure to chemicals in contact with skin. Washing the skin surface immediately following removal of exposed clothing can further reduce exposure, depending on the properties of the chemical and vehicle applied.
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK. Electronic address: craig.moore@unilever.com.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Aust
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Centre, Wolfson Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England NE2 4AA, UK.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003020:Clothing; D003666:Decontamination; D004006:Dichlorvos / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D012997:Solvents; D019946:Propylene Glycol; D004006:Dichlorvos; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D019840:2-Propanol
keywords: 'Every-day' clothing; Dermal absorption; Dermal decontamination; Organophosphates