title: The gut flora is required for the control of intestinal infection by poly(I:C) administration in neonates.
abstract: We found that immunostimulation of the intestinal immune system of neonatal mice by poly(I:C) injection decreased intestinal infection by the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. We showed that the presence of dendritic cells and the cooperation of mutually dependent cytokines, such as IL-12p40, and type I and type II IFNs, were involved in the mechanism of protection induced by poly(I:C). This protection is dependent not only on TLR3-TRIF signaling, but also on the activation of the TLR5-MyD88 pathway by gut microbiota. These results raise the possibility that flagellated intestinal commensal bacteria may, in the presence of natural or synthetic agonists of TLR3, provide synergy between the TRIF and MyD88 signaling pathways, thereby favoring the development of mucosal defenses. In this addendum, we summarize these recent findings and discuss their implications for neonatal infections and immunomodulatory strategies.
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacroix-Lamandé
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guesdon
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drouet
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Potiron
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lantier
authors.affiliation: INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurent
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016785:Cryptosporidium parvum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000276:immunology; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007370:Interferon Type I; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; C519703:TLR3 protein, mouse; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: Cryptosporidium parvum; MyD88; TLR3; TRIF; immunostimulation; intestine; microbiota; neonates