title: Public, official, and industry submissions on a Bill to increase the alcohol minimum purchasing age: A critical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005 a Bill was introduced to the New Zealand parliament to increase the alcohol minimum purchasing age (MPA) from 18 to 20 years and submissions were invited from interested parties. We sought to characterise and critique the arguments tendered for and against the proposal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used template analysis to study written submissions on the Bill from 178 people and organisations in New Zealand. Independent raters coded submissions according to the source, whether for or opposed, and the arguments employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common sources of submissions were members of the public (28%), the alcohol industry (20%), and NGOs (20%). Overall, 40% opposed increasing the MPA, 40% were in favour, 4% supported a split MPA (18 years for on-premise, 20 years for off-premise), 7% were equivocal, and 8% offered no comment. The most common proponents of increasing the MPA were NGOs (36%) and members of the public (30%) and their arguments concerned the expected positive effects on public health (36%) and public disorder/property damage (16%), while 24% argued that other strategies should be used as well. The most common sources of opposition to increasing the MPA were the alcohol industry (50%) and the public (20%). It was commonly claimed that the proposed law change would be ineffective in reducing harm (22%), that other strategies should be used instead (16%), that it would infringe adult rights (15%), and that licensed premises are safe environments for young people (14%). There were noteworthy examples of NGOs and government agencies opposing the law change. The alcohol industry maximised its impact via multiple submissions appealing to individual rights while neglecting to report or accurately characterise the scientific evidence. Several health and welfare agencies presented confused logic and/or were selective in their use of scientific evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to the fragmented and inconsistent response from government and NGOs, the alcohol industry was organised and united, with multiple submissions from the sector with most at stake, namely the hospitality industry, and supporting submissions from the manufacturing, import, and wholesale sectors. Systematic reviews of research evidence should be routinely undertaken to guide the legislature and submissions should be categorised on the basis of pecuniary interest.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia; Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Electronic address: kypros.kypri@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kypros
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kypri
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolfenden
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hutchesson
authors.affiliation: Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.affiliation: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019649:Food Industry; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D009520:New Zealand
keywords: Alcohol; Drinking age; Industry; Minimum purchasing age; Official; Public; Submissions