title: Augmenting the post-transplantation growth and survivorship of juvenile scleractinian corals via nutritional enhancement.
abstract: Size-dependent mortality influences the recolonization success of juvenile corals transplanted for reef restoration and assisting juvenile corals attain a refuge size would thus improve post-transplantation survivorship. To explore colony size augmentation strategies, recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis were fed with live Artemia salina nauplii twice a week for 24 weeks in an ex situ coral nursery. Fed recruits grew significantly faster than unfed ones, with corals in the 3600, 1800, 600 and 0 (control) nauplii/L groups exhibiting volumetric growth rates of 10.65 ± 1.46, 4.69 ± 0.9, 3.64 ± 0.55 and 1.18 ± 0.37 mm3/week, respectively. Corals supplied with the highest density of nauplii increased their ecological volume by more than 74 times their initial size, achieving a mean final volume of 248.38 ± 33.44 mm3. The benefits of feeding were apparent even after transplantation to the reef. The corals in the 3600, 1800, 600 and 0 nauplii/L groups grew to final sizes of 4875 ± 260 mm3, 2036 ± 627 mm3, 1066 ± 70 mm3 and 512 ± 116 mm3, respectively. The fed corals had significantly higher survival rates than the unfed ones after transplantation (63%, 59%, 56% and 38% for the 3600, 1800, 600 and 0 nauplii/L treatments respectively). Additionally, cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that the costs per unit volumetric growth were drastically reduced with increasing feed densities. Corals fed with the highest density of nauplii were the most cost-effective (US$0.02/mm3), and were more than 12 times cheaper than the controls. This study demonstrated that nutrition enhancement can augment coral growth and post-transplantation survival, and is a biologically and economically viable option that can be used to supplement existing coral mariculture procedures and enhance reef restoration outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Reef Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tai Chong
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.affiliation: Reef Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chin Soon Lionel
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Reef Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jia Wei Kassler
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Peh
authors.affiliation: Reef Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kok Ben
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.affiliation: Reef Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Loke Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000254:growth & development*; D057894:Coral Reefs; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D010829:Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*