title: Genome-wide sequencing and an open reading frame analysis of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) susceptible (91-C) and resistant (91-R) Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations.
abstract: The Drosophila melanogaster 91-R and 91-C strains are of common origin, however, 91-R has been intensely selected for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance over six decades while 91-C has been maintained as the non-selected control strain. These fly strains represent a unique genetic resource to understand the accumulation and fixation of mutations under laboratory conditions over decades of pesticide selection. Considerable research has been done to investigate the differential expression of genes associated with the highly DDT resistant strain 91-R, however, with the advent of whole genome sequencing we can now begin to develop an in depth understanding of the genomic changes associated with this intense decades-long xenobiotic selection pressure. Here we present the first whole genome sequencing analysis of the 91-R and 91-C fly strains to identify genome-wide structural changes within the open reading frames. Between-strain changes in allele frequencies revealed a higher percent of new alleles going to fixation for the 91-R strain, as compared to 91-C (P<0.0001). These results suggest that resistance to DDT in the 91-R laboratory strain could potentially be due primarily to new mutations, as well as being polygenic rather than the result of a few major mutations, two hypotheses that remain to be tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Keon Mook
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: M Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valero
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Madhumitha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rangesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Weilin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pittendrigh
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D049750:Genome, Insect; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D003634:DDT