title: Characteristics and Outcomes of Ethics Consultations in an Oncologic Intensive Care Unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the frequency, characteristics, and outcomes of ethics consultations in critically ill patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of all adult patients with cancer who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a comprehensive cancer center and had an ethics consultation between September 2007 and December 2011. Demographic and clinical variables were abstracted along with the details and contexts of the ethics consultations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethics consultations were obtained on 53 patients (representing 1% of all ICU admissions). The majority (90%) of patients had advanced-stage malignancies, had received oncologic therapies within the past 12 months, and required mechanical ventilation and/or vasopressor therapy for respiratory failure and/or severe sepsis. Two-thirds of the patients lacked decision-making capacity and nearly all had surrogates. The most common reasons for ethics consultations were disagreements between the patients/surrogates and the ICU team regarding end-of-life care. After ethics consultations, the surrogates agreed with the recommendations made by the ICU team on the goals of care in 85% of patients. Moreover, ethics consultations facilitated the provision of palliative medicine and chaplaincy services to several patients who did not have these services offered to them prior to the ethics consultations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that ethics consultations were helpful in resolving seemingly irreconcilable differences between the ICU team and the patients' surrogates in the majority of cases. Additionally, these consultations identified the need for an increased provision of palliative care and chaplaincy visits for patients and their surrogates at the end of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Ethics Consultation Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA voigtl@mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Louis P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Prabalini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajendram
authors.affiliation: Ethics Consultation Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shuman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.affiliation: Ethics Consultation Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mary S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kostelecky
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pastores
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Halpern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics; D033061:Ethics Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000941:ethics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D019727:Proxy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*; D028761:Withholding Treatment
keywords: cancer; end of life; ethics consultations; intensive care unit; palliative care