title: Parenting Interventions for ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence base relating to the effectiveness of parent-administered behavioral interventions for ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials or non-randomized but adequately controlled trials for children with ADHD or high levels of ADHD symptoms was carried out across multiple databases. For meta-analyses, the most proximal ratings of child symptoms were used as the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies met inclusion criteria (603 children, age range = 33-144 months). Parenting interventions were associated with reduction in ADHD symptoms (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.32, 1.04]). There was no evidence of attenuation of effectiveness after excluding studies where medication was also used. Parenting interventions were also effective for comorbid conduct problems (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI [0.29, 0.90]) and parenting self-esteem (SMD = 0.93; 95% CI [0.48, 1.39]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support clinical practice guidelines and suggest that parenting interventions are effective. There is a need to ensure the availability of parenting interventions in community settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coates
authors.affiliation: NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK kapil.sayal@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sayal
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept
keywords: ADHD; behavioral interventions; parenting interventions