title: CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP interacts with emotional eating behavior for weight-loss in a Mediterranean population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals of this research was (1) to analyze the role of emotional eating behavior on weight-loss progression during a 30-week weight-loss program in 1,272 individuals from a large Mediterranean population and (2) to test for interaction between CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP and emotional eating behavior on the effectiveness of the weight-loss program.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,272 overweight and obese participants (BMI: 31±5 kg/m2), aged 20 to 65 years, attending outpatient weight-loss clinics were recruited for this analysis. Emotional eating behavior was assessed by the Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ), a questionnaire validated for overweight and obese Spanish subjects. Anthropometric measures, dietary intake and weight-loss progression were assessed and analyzed throughout the 30-week program. Multivariate analysis and linear regression models were performed to test for gene-environment interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight-loss progression during the 30-week program differed significantly according to the degree of emotional eating behavior. Participants classified as 'very emotional eaters' experienced more irregular (P = 0.007) weight-loss, with a lower rate of weight decline (-0.002 vs. -0.003, P<0.05) in comparison with less emotional eaters. The percentage of weight-loss was also significantly higher in 'non-emotional eaters' (P = 0.009). Additionally, we identified a significant gene-environment interaction associated with weight-loss at the CLOCK 3111 T/C locus (P = 0.017). By dichotomizing the emotional eating behavior score, linear regression analysis indicated that minor C allele carriers with a high emotional score (> = 11), lost significantly less weight than those C carriers with a low emotional score (<11) (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional eating behavior associates with weight-loss pattern, progression and total weight-loss. Additionally, CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP interacts with emotional eating behavior to modulate total weight loss. These results suggest that the assessment of this locus and emotional eating behavior could improve the development of effective, long-tern weight-management interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López-Guimerà
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hassan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Dashti
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Caren E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Carracedo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ordovas
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garaulet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D056926:CLOCK Proteins; C538943:CLOCK protein, human