title: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose attenuates sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sevoflurane, one of the most commonly used anesthetics in clinic, induced neuroinflammation and caused cognitive impairment. 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a synthetic analogue of glucose and is clinically used in medical imaging safely.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of 2-DG on sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in the mouse primary microglia cells. Mouse microglia cells were treated with 4.1% sevoflurane for 6h to examine the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or 2-DG was used 1h before sevoflurane treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, we found that sevoflurane increased level of IL-6 and TNF-α through activating NF-κB signaling, and that 2-DG reduced sevoflurane-induced increase in IL-6 and TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB in microglia cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that NF-κB signaling pathway could be a target for sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and 2-DG might be a potential therapy to prevent or treat sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
authors.forename: Qingxiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
authors.forename: Yupeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical College of Qingdao University, 16, Jiangsu Road, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First People 's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Baolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150#, Jimo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China. Electronic address: weiymzhl@126.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First People 's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, PR China. Electronic address: yanglongqiu2@126.com.
authors.forename: Longqiu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D003847:Deoxyglucose
keywords: Anesthetic; NF-κB; Neuroinflammation