title: Characterization of an alkali- and halide-resistant laccase expressed in E. coli: CotA from Bacillus clausii.
abstract: The limitations of fungal laccases at higher pH and salt concentrations have intensified the search for new extremophilic bacterial laccases. We report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the bacterial cotA from Bacillus clausii, a supposed alkalophilic ortholog of cotA from B. subtilis. Both laccases were expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) and characterized fully in parallel for strict benchmarking. We report activity on ABTS, SGZ, DMP, caffeic acid, promazine, phenyl hydrazine, tannic acid, and bilirubin at variable pH. Whereas ABTS, promazine, and phenyl hydrazine activities vs. pH were similar, the activity of B. clausii cotA was shifted upwards by ~0.5-2 pH units for the simple phenolic substrates DMP, SGZ, and caffeic acid. This shift is not due to substrate affinity (K(M)) but to pH dependence of catalytic turnover: The k(cat) of B. clausii cotA was 1 s⁻¹ at pH 6 and 5 s⁻¹ at pH 8 in contrast to 6 s⁻¹ at pH 6 and 2 s⁻¹ at pH 8 for of B. subtilis cotA. Overall, k(cat)/K(M) was 10-fold higher for B. subtilis cotA at pH(opt). While both proteins were heat activated, activation increased with pH and was larger in cotA from B. clausii. NaCl inhibited activity at acidic pH, but not up to 500-700 mM NaCl in alkaline pH, a further advantage of the alkali regime in laccase applications. The B. clausii cotA had ~20 minutes half-life at 80°C, less than the ~50 minutes at 80°C for cotA from B. subtilis. While cotA from B. subtilis had optimal stability at pH~8, the cotA from B. clausii displayed higher combined salt- and alkali-resistance. This resistance is possibly caused by two substitutions (S427Q and V110E) that could repel anions to reduce anion-copper interactions at the expense of catalytic proficiency, a trade-off of potential relevance to laccase optimization.
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemical Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brander
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemical Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørn D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kasper P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kepp
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001407:Bacillus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004795:Enzyme Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006219:Halogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D042845:Laccase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011748:Pyrogallol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006219:Halogens; D011748:Pyrogallol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C010120:pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether; D042845:Laccase