title: Extranuclear estrogen receptor's roles in physiology: lessons from mouse models.
abstract: Steroid receptors exist and function in multiple compartments of cells in most organs. Although the functions and nature of some of these receptors is being defined, important aspects of receptor localization and signaling to physiology and pathophysiology have been identified. In particular, extranuclear sex steroid receptors have been found in many normal cells and in epithelial tumors, where they enact signal transduction that impacts both nongenomic and genomic functions. Here, I focus on the progress made in understanding the roles of extranuclear estrogen receptors (ER) in physiology and pathophysiology. Extranuclear ER serve as a model to selectively intervene with novel receptor reagents to prevent or limit disease progression. Recent novel mouse models and membrane ER-selective agonists also provide a better understanding of receptor pool cross-talk that results in the overall integrative actions of sex steroids.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine and Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California ellis.levin@va.gov.
authors.forename: Ellis R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D038081:Organogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen
keywords: membrane estrogen receptor; signal transduction; steroid receptors