title: Cone size is related to branching architecture in conifers.
abstract: The relationship between branch diameter and leaf size has been widely used to understand how vegetative resources are allocated in plants. Branching architecture influences reproductive allocation as well, but fewer studies have explored this relationship at broad phylogenetic or ecological scales. In this study, we tested whether pollen-producing and seed-producing cone size scales with branch diameter in conifers, a diverse and globally distributed lineage of nonflowering seed plants. Branch diameter and cone size were analyzed using multiple regression models and evolutionary models of trait evolution for a data set of 293 extant conifer species within an explicit phylogenetic framework. Branch diameter is a strong predictor of cone size across conifer species, particularly for pollen cones and dry seed cones. However, these relationships are complex in detail because leaf morphology and seed dispersal biology influence the specific ways in which they are expressed. The ubiquity and strength of these scaling relationships across conifers suggest that reproductive and vegetative morphologies are coupled in the group, and it is therefore difficult to disentangle the evolution of cone size from the evolution of branching architecture.
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, 1122 Volunteer Blvd, Ste. 106, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.affiliation: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donoghue
mesh_terms: D008954:Models, Biological; D009929:Organ Size; D010802:Phylogeny; D011058:Pollen / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Corner's rules; allometry; conifer; pollen cone; seed cone