title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostatic diseases.
abstract: Prostatic diseases are characterized by increased activity of cytokines, growth factors, and cyclooxygenases- (COX-) 1 and 2. Activation of COX-1 and COX-2 results in increased levels of prostaglandins and the induction of angiogenic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory processes. Inhibition of COX enzymes by members of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs decreases prostaglandin production, and exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects. While numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown that NSAIDs inhibit the risk and progression of prostatic diseases, the relationship between NSAIDs and such diseases remains controversial. Here we review the literature in this area, critically analyzing the benefits and caveats associated with the use of NSAIDs in the treatment of prostatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan ; Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Kanagawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Kanagawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawahara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011453:Prostaglandins; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases