title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bluetongue virus serotype 2 strains isolated in the Americas including a novel strain from the western United States.
abstract: Bluetongue is a potentially fatal arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is characterized by widespread edema and tissue necrosis. Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 occur throughout much of the United States, whereas serotype 2 (BTV-2) was previously only detected in the southeastern United States. Since 1998, 10 other BTV serotypes have also been isolated from ruminants in the southeastern United States. In 2010, BTV-2 was identified in California for the first time, and preliminary sequence analysis indicated that the virus isolate was closely related to BTV strains circulating in the southeastern United States. In the current study, the whole genome sequence of the California strain of BTV-2 was compared with those of other BTV-2 strains in the Americas. The results of the analysis suggest co-circulation of genetically distinct viruses in the southeastern United States, and further suggest that the 2010 western isolate is closely related to southeastern strains of BTV. Although it remains uncertain as to how this novel virus was translocated to California, the findings of the current study underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of this economically important livestock disease.
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Natasha N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Gaudreault
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Christie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Dane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Jasperson
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Beate M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Breitmeyer
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: Eileen N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ostlund
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: N James
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: MacLachlan
authors.affiliation: Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).|Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.|Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund).
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000821:virology*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002140:California; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D000073336:Whole Genome Sequencing / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Bluetongue virus; phylogeny; sequence; serotype 2; whole genome