title: Disparities in modern contraception use among women in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional spatial analysis of provincial variations based on household survey data.
abstract: This study investigates inequalities at the province level of the use of modern contraception and the proportion of short birth intervals among women in the DRC using data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression and Bayesian geo-additive models were used. The posterior odds ratio and the associated 95% credible interval (95% CI) were estimated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. Posterior spatial effects were mapped at the province level with the associated posterior probability maps showing statistical significance at 5%. The overall rates of modern contraception use among the entire sample of women (15-49 years old; N = 7172) and youth (15-24 years old; N = 1389) were 5.7% and 6.0% respectively. However, there was striking variation in contraceptive use between the two groups across provinces with a clear east-to-west gradient. The highest use in the total sample was in Nord-Kivu (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.12, 1.55) and Bas Congo provinces (1.47; 1.22, 1.78). For the youth, the highest use was observed in Nord-Kivu (1.19; 0.92, 1.65). In multivariate Bayesian geo-additive regression analyses among the entire sample of women, factors consistently associated with lower use of modern contraception were living in rural areas (0.71; 0.62, 0.82), living in low-income households (0.67; 0.54, 0.80) and having no education (0.83; 0.67, 0.97). For the youth sample, living in low-income households (0.57; 0.41, 0.84) and no breast-feeding (0.64; 0.47, 0.86) were consistently associated with a lower use of modern contraception. The study shows a distinct geographic pattern in the use of modern contraception in youth and the entire sample of women in the DRC, suggesting a potential role for socioeconomic factors, such as accessibility, affordability and availability, as well as environmental factors at the province level beyond individual-level risk factors.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School,University of Warwick,UK.
authors.forename: Ngianga-Bakwin
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Kandala
authors.affiliation: §Department of Population and Development Studies,University of Kinshasa,DRC.
authors.forename: Felly Kinziunga
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Lukumu
authors.affiliation: §Department of Population and Development Studies,University of Kinshasa,DRC.
authors.forename: Jocelyn Nzinunu
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Mantempa
authors.affiliation: ¶Direction d'inventaires et Aménagement Forestières (DIAF), Ministère de l'Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme,DRC.
authors.forename: Joseph Desire
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kandala
authors.affiliation: ‡Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health,University of Witwatersrand,Johannesburg,South Africa.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chirwa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001721:Birth Intervals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo; D003710:Demography; D004777:Environment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D055815:Young Adult