title: Aflatoxins, ochratoxins and zearalenone in sorghum and sorghum products in Sudan.
abstract: This survey examined 60 samples of sorghum and 30 samples of sorghum products from three states (Khartoum, Kordofan and Gadarif) of Sudan for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A and B (OTA, OTB) and zearalenone (ZEN), using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range 0.01-0.6 µg kg(-1) and 0.03-2.0 µg kg(-1), respectively. The frequency of contaminated samples with AFB1 from Khartoum, Gadarif and Kordofan state was 38.1%, 22.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Only two samples of sorghum from Khartoum state were contaminated with OTA (3.3%). Concentrations of OTA and OTB were low and may not cause problems. No sample of sorghum or sorghum products was contaminated with ZEN. Some sorghum samples contained AFB1 concentrations above the European Union regulatory limits. The highest contaminated samples were found in Khartoum state.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan.
authors.forename: Abdalla A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elbashir
authors.forename: Salah Eldeen A
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis; D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D012639:Seeds; D045868:Sorghum / Q000382:microbiology; D013397:Sudan; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D015025:Zearalenone; D016604:Aflatoxin B1; C045354:ochratoxin B
keywords: aflatoxins; mycotoxins; ochratoxins; sorghum; sorghum product; zearalenone