title: Response of rocky reef top predators (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) in and around marine protected areas in the Western Mediterranean Sea.
abstract: Groupers species are extremely vulnerable to overfishing and many species are threatened worldwide. In recent decades, Mediterranean groupers experienced dramatic population declines. Marine protected areas (MPAs) can protect populations inside their boundaries and provide individuals to adjacent fishing areas through the process of spillover and larval export. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of six marine reserves in the Western Mediterranean Sea to protect the populations of three species of grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, Epinephelus costae and Mycteroperca rubra, and to understand in which circumstances MPAs are able to export biomass to neighbouring areas. All the studied MPAs, except one where no grouper was observed, were able to maintain high abundance, biomass and mean weight of groupers. Size classes were more evenly distributed inside than outside MPAs. In two reserves, biomass gradients could be detected through the boundaries of the reserve as an indication of spillover. In some cases, habitat structure appeared to exert a great influence on grouper abundance, biomass and mean individual weight, influencing the gradient shape. Because groupers are generally sedentary animals with a small home range, we suggest that biomass gradients could only occur where groupers attain sufficient abundance inside MPA limits, indicating a strongly density-dependent process.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos Werner
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hackradt
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: García-Charton
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, CNRS/INSU/IRD, Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie (MIO), Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harmelin-Vivien
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ruzafa
authors.affiliation: GIS Posidonie, Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie (MIO), Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Diréach
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Just
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bayle-Sempere
authors.affiliation: Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue, Observatoire, Carry-le-Rouet, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charbonnel
authors.affiliation: WWF-France, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ody
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reñones
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Jerez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valle
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001492:Bass / Q000502:physiology*; D018533:Biomass; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D011235:Predatory Behavior