title: Influence of PbS nanoparticle polymer coating on their aggregation behavior and toxicity to the green algae Dunaliella salina.
abstract: The potential hazards of nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment and to living organisms need to be considered for a safe development of nanotechnology. In the present study, the potential toxic effects of uncoated and gum Arabic-coated lead sulfide nanoparticles (GA-coated PbS NPs) on the growth, lipid peroxidation, reducing capacity and total carotenoid content of the hypersaline unicellular green algae Dunaliella salina were investigated. Coatings of PbS NPs with GA, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, reduced the toxicity of PbS NPs. Uncoated PbS NP toxicity to D. salina was attributed to higher algal cell-NP agglomerate formation, higher lipid peroxidation, lower content of total reducing substances and lower total carotenoid content. Low levels of Pb(2+) in the growth culture media indicate that PbS NP dissolution does not occur in the culture. Also, the addition of 100 μM Pb(2+) to the culture media had no significant (P>0.05) effect on algal growth. The shading of light (shading effect) by PbS NPs, when simulated using activated charcoal, did not contribute to the overall toxic effect of PbS NPs which was evident by insignificant (P>0.05) reduction in the growth and antioxidant capacity of the algae. When PbS NP aggregation in culture media (without algal cells) was followed for 60 min, uncoated form aggregated rapidly reaching aggregate sizes with hydrodynamic diameter of over 2500 nm within 60 min. Effective particle-particle interaction was reduced in the GA-coated NPs. Aggregates of about 440 nm hydrodynamic diameter were formed within 35 min. Afterwards the aggregate size remained constant. It is concluded that PbS NPs have a negative effect on aquatic algae and their transformation by GA capping affects NPs aggregation properties and toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
authors.forename: Hajar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran. Electronic address: moradshahi@susc.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moradshahi
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Institute, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed Dehdashti
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Jahromi
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Institute, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hosein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sheikhi
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D016823:Volvocida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead; D002338:Carotenoids; D006170:Gum Arabic; C032722:lead sulfate
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Dissolution; Growth inhibition; Gum Arabic; Shading effect