title: A tool for classifying individuals with chronic back pain: using multivariate pattern analysis with functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
abstract: Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world today, yet neurological markers, critical to diagnosis of chronic pain, are still largely unknown. The ability to objectively identify individuals with chronic pain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is important for the advancement of diagnosis, treatment, and theoretical knowledge of brain processes associated with chronic pain. The purpose of our research is to investigate specific neurological markers that could be used to diagnose individuals experiencing chronic pain by using multivariate pattern analysis with fMRI data. We hypothesize that individuals with chronic pain have different patterns of brain activity in response to induced pain. This pattern can be used to classify the presence or absence of chronic pain. The fMRI experiment consisted of alternating 14 seconds of painful electric stimulation (applied to the lower back) with 14 seconds of rest. We analyzed contrast fMRI images in stimulation versus rest in pain-related brain regions to distinguish between the groups of participants: 1) chronic pain and 2) normal controls. We employed supervised machine learning techniques, specifically sparse logistic regression, to train a classifier based on these contrast images using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. We correctly classified 92.3% of the chronic pain group (N = 13) and 92.3% of the normal control group (N = 13) by recognizing multivariate patterns of activity in the somatosensory and inferior parietal cortex. This technique demonstrates that differences in the pattern of brain activity to induced pain can be used as a neurological marker to distinguish between individuals with and without chronic pain. Medical, legal and business professionals have recognized the importance of this research topic and of developing objective measures of chronic pain. This method of data analysis was very successful in correctly classifying each of the two groups.
authors.affiliation: Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Chronic Pain Diagnostics, Roseville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callan
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain Diagnostics, Roseville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain Diagnostics, Roseville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nott
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain Diagnostics, Roseville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: England
authors.affiliation: Chronic Pain Diagnostics, Roseville, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: England
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged