title: Extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs) enhance the osteogenic medium-induced differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into osteoblast-like cells.
abstract: Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are a promising cell type for bone tissue engineering, given their potential to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells. Interactions among biochemical and mechanical signals result in bone formation and repair. In this process stem cells have a crucial role. Extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs) are acoustic waves capable of enhancing bone regeneration, suggesting that ESWs may induce some signals for mesenchymal progenitor maturation. The aim of the present work is to investigate the effects of ESW treatment on the differentiation of hASCs into osteoblast-like cells and to better clarify the mechanisms involved. The hASCs were treated with ESWs and osteogenic medium, and the effects in terms of gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition were then evaluated. Moreover, to investigate the mechanisms of ESW action, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and small 'mothers against' decapentaplegic (Smad) phosphorylation, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression were assessed. The ESW treatment increased Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), ALP and BMP2 expression, as well as ALP activity and calcium deposits with respect to untreated cells. Moreover ESWs induced ROS formation, and both ERK and Smad phosphorylation. The present study shows the effects of ESWs on osteogenic differentiation in an in vitro model using hASCs and defines the mechanisms involved in this process. The observations suggest that the combination of autologous hASCs and ESW treatment may improve bone tissue repair in tissue engineering procedures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Graziella
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rinella
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Biotechnologies Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.affiliation: Oncological Endocrinology, AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fortunati
authors.affiliation: Med&Sport 2000 Srl, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berta
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frairia
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D003470:Culture Media; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs); bone; extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs); osteogenic differentiation