title: Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can lead to complications, recurrence, and death. Numerous studies have assessed risk factors for these unfavourable outcomes, but systematic reviews or meta-analyses published so far were limited in scope or in quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search in five databases was performed. Studies published until October 2013 were included if risk factors for at least one CDI outcome were assessed with multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  68 studies were included: 24 assessed risk factors for recurrence, 18 for complicated CDI, 8 for treatment failure, and 30 for mortality. Most studies accounted for mortality in the definition of complicated CDI. Important variables were inconsistently reported, such as previous episodes and use of antibiotics. Substantial heterogeneity and methodological limitations were noted, mainly in the sample size, the definition of the outcomes and periods of follow-up, precluding a meta-analysis. Older age, use of antibiotics after diagnosis, use of proton pump inhibitors, and strain type were the most frequent risk factors for recurrence. Older age, leucocytosis, renal failure and co-morbidities were frequent risk factors for complicated CDI. When considered alone, mortality was associated with age, co-morbidities, hypo-albuminemia, leucocytosis, acute renal failure, and infection with ribotype 027.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laboratory parameters currently used in European and American guidelines to define patients at risk of a complicated CDI are adequate. Strategies for the management of CDI should be tailored according to the age of the patient, biological markers of severity, and underlying co-morbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Claire Nour
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Abou Chakra
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pepin
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sirard
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valiquette
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure