title: Toward male individualization with rapidly mutating y-chromosomal short tandem repeats.
abstract: Relevant for various areas of human genetics, Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are commonly used for testing close paternal relationships among individuals and populations, and for male lineage identification. However, even the widely used 17-loci Yfiler set cannot resolve individuals and populations completely. Here, 52 centers generated quality-controlled data of 13 rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs in 14,644 related and unrelated males from 111 worldwide populations. Strikingly, >99% of the 12,272 unrelated males were completely individualized. Haplotype diversity was extremely high (global: 0.9999985, regional: 0.99836-0.9999988). Haplotype sharing between populations was almost absent except for six (0.05%) of the 12,156 haplotypes. Haplotype sharing within populations was generally rare (0.8% nonunique haplotypes), significantly lower in urban (0.9%) than rural (2.1%) and highest in endogamous groups (14.3%). Analysis of molecular variance revealed 99.98% of variation within populations, 0.018% among populations within groups, and 0.002% among groups. Of the 2,372 newly and 156 previously typed male relative pairs, 29% were differentiated including 27% of the 2,378 father-son pairs. Relative to Yfiler, haplotype diversity was increased in 86% of the populations tested and overall male relative differentiation was raised by 23.5%. Our study demonstrates the value of RM Y-STRs in identifying and separating unrelated and related males and provides a reference database.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department, Macleod, Victoria, Australia.
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mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000483:Alleles; D000569:Americas; D001208:Asia; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000737:chemistry*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005060:Europe; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010334:Paternity; D010375:Pedigree; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: RM Y-STRs; Y-STRs; Y-chromosome; forensic; haplotypes; paternal lineage