title: The protective effects of berry-derived anthocyanins against visible light-induced damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have shown that anthocyanins (ACNs) in berries contribute to eye health. However, information on the relationship between the chemical structures and visual functions of ACNs is scarce. This study investigated the protection effects of ACNs with different structures against visible light-induced damage in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four ACNs with different aglycones, namely, pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg-3-glu), cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glu), delphinidin-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv-3-glu), were isolated from three berries (blueberry, blackberry and strawberry). Of these ACNs, Cy-3-glu exhibited the highest reactive oxygen species inhibitory capacity in RPE cells, with 40 µg mL(-1) Cy-3-glu showing a ROS clearance of 57.5% ± 4.2%. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated by Cy-3-glu and Mv-3-glu in a visible light-induced damage RPE cell model. Cy-3-glu and Pg-3-glu treatments significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the increase in β-galactosidase during the RPE cell ageing caused by visible light exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the biological properties of different ACNs significantly vary. Cy-3-glu, which contains an ortho hydroxyl group in its B ring, possibly exerts multiple protective effects (antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and anti-ageing) in RPE cells. Therefore, Cy-3-glu may prove useful as a prophylactic health food for the prevention of retinal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: YiXiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: BaoPing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D031985:Fragaria / Q000737:chemistry; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005960:Glucosides; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C494120:delphinidin 3-O-glucopyranoside; C458419:malvidin-3-glucoside; C078485:pelargonidin-3-glucoside
keywords: cyanidin-3-glucoside; oxidative stress; vascular endothelial growth factor; β-galactosidase