title: Active avoidance from a crude oil soluble fraction by an Andean paramo copepod.
abstract: Several oil spills due to ruptures in the pipeline oil systems have occurred at the Andean paramo. A sample of this crude oil was mixed with water from a nearby Andean lagoon and the toxicity of the soluble fraction was assessed through lethal and avoidance assays with a locally occurring copepod (Boeckella occidentalis intermedia). The integration of mortality and avoidance aimed at predicting the immediate decline of copepod populations facing an oil leakage. The 24-h median lethal PAH concentration was 42.7 (26.4-91.6) µg L(-1). In the 12-h avoidance assay, 30% avoidance was recorded at the highest PAH concentration (19.4 µg L(-1)). The mortality at this PAH concentration would be of 25% and, thus, the population immediate decline would be of 55%. The inclusion of non-forced exposure testing with the quantification of the avoidance response in environmental risk assessments is, therefore, supported due to underestimation of the lethal assays.
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal, cristiano.araujo@icman.csic.es.
authors.forename: Cristiano V M
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreira-Santos
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Herrera
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Encalada
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical