title: Conditioned pain modulation in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain patients.
abstract: The aims were to investigate (1) if temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain had different conditioned pain modulation (CPM) compared with healthy subjects and, (2) if clinical pain characteristics influenced CPM. Sixteen TMD pain patients and 16 age-matched healthy subjects were participated. A mechanical conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to pericranial muscles provoking a pain intensity of 5/10 on a visual analogue scale. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and pressure pain tolerance thresholds (PPTol) were assessed at masseter, forearm and painful TMJ (only PPT) before, during, and 20 min after CS. Data were analyzed with ANOVAs. The correlations between CPM effect and ratings of TMD pain intensity on a numerical rating scale (NRS) or the pain duration were calculated (correlation coefficient; R). The relative PPT and PPTol increases (mean for the three assessment sites) during CS were significantly higher than baseline in healthy subjects (43.0 ± 3.6, 33.0 ± 4.0 %; P < 0.001, P < 0.001) but not in the TMD pain patients (4.9 ± 2.7, -1.4 ± 4.1 %; P = 0.492, P = 1.000) with significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). In the patients, the relative PPT changes during CS were not significantly higher than baseline at TMJ (5.3 ± 3.8 %, P = 0.981) and masseter (-2.8 ± 4.8 %, P = 1.000) but significantly higher at forearm (12.3 ± 4.7 %, P = 0.039). No correlation was detected between TMD pain intensity and CPM effect (R = -0.261; P = 0.337) or between pain duration and CPM effect (R = -0.423; P = 0.103) at painful TMJ. These findings indicate that CPM is impaired in TMD pain patients especially at sites with chronic pain but not at pain-free sites and that the clinical pain characteristics do not influence CPM.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, Bld. D3, 9220, Aalborg E, Denmark, oonoyuka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oono
authors.forename: Kelun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baad-Hansen
authors.forename: Simple
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Futarmal
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kohase
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult