title: Mode of delivery changes oxidative and antioxidative properties of human milk: a prospective controlled clinical investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of delivery mode on oxidative stress in human breast milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three women who delivered by vaginal birth and 55 women who underwent cesarean section (CS) were included in this study. Colostral samples were collected on the second day after delivery. Total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were determined and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colostrum TAS was significantly higher in women of vaginal birth, than in women with CS (p < 0.001). Milk TOS and OSI were found to be significantly increased in women with CS under general anesthesia. A marked increase in colostral GSH-Px levels after vaginal delivery was also noticed (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that vaginal birth is associated with decreased oxidative stress in colostrum than CS, which suggest that mode of delivery plays an important role in the antioxidative production of breast milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine , Kırıkkale , Turkey .
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Şimşek
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karabiyik
authors.forename: Kubra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Duran
authors.forename: Alaaddin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000379:methods; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014621:Vagina; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase
keywords: Breast milk; cesarean section; oxidative stress; parturition