title: Single-shot three-dimensional structure determination of nanocrystals with femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser pulses.
abstract: Conventional three-dimensional (3D) structure determination methods require either multiple measurements at different sample orientations or a collection of serial sections through a sample. Here we report the experimental demonstration of single-shot 3D structure determination of an object; in this case, individual gold nanocrystals at ~5.5 nm resolution using ~10 fs X-ray free-electron laser pulses. Coherent diffraction patterns are collected from high-index-faceted nanocrystals, each struck by an X-ray free-electron laser pulse. Taking advantage of the symmetry of the nanocrystal and the curvature of the Ewald sphere, we reconstruct the 3D structure of each nanocrystal from a single-shot diffraction pattern. By averaging a sufficient number of identical nanocrystals, this method may be used to determine the 3D structure of nanocrystals at atomic resolution. As symmetry exists in many virus particles, this method may also be applied to 3D structure studies of such particles at nanometer resolution on femtosecond time scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Huaidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Changyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Chien-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan [2] Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
authors.forename: Daewoong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Jaehyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan [2] Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallagher-Jones
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Sangsoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Sunam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: 1] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan [2] Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: 1] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan [2] Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oroguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
authors.forename: Jiadong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Yunfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatsui
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inubushi
authors.affiliation: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameshima
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonekura
authors.affiliation: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tono
authors.affiliation: Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Togashi
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: 1] RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan [2] Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakasako
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Makina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yabashi
authors.affiliation: RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miao