title: Young children's understanding of denial.
abstract: Although a fair amount is known about young children's production of negation, little is known about their comprehension. Here, we focus on arguably the most complex basic form, denial, and how young children understand denial, when it is expressed in response to a question with gesture, single word, or sentence. One hundred twenty-six children in 3 age groups (Ms = 1 year 9 months, 2 years 0 months, and 2 years 4 months) witnessed an adult look into 1 of 2 buckets and then, in response to a question about whether the toy was in there, communicate either something positive (positive head nod, "yes," "it is in this bucket") or negative (negative head shake, "No," "It's not in this bucket"). The youngest children did not search differently in response to any of the communicative cues (nor in response to an additional cue using both gesture and single word). Children at 2 years 0 months searched at above-chance levels only in response to the negative word and negative sentence. Children at 2 years 4 months were successful with all 3 types of cues in both positive and negative modalities, with the exception of the positive sentence. Young children thus seem to understand the denial of a statement before they understand its affirmation, and they understand linguistic means of expressing denial before they understand gestural means.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theakston
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lieven
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative and Developmental Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomasello
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013067:Speech Perception