title: The coagulopathy in acute promyelocytic leukaemia--what have we learned in the past twenty years.
abstract: Coagulopathy is a unique component of the pathology of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Though many causative factors have been elucidated, therapies to rectify the coagulopathy are far from being realised. Thrombotic and bleeding complications remain the major causes of early deaths. In this chapter, the known causes of abnormalities in haemostatic function, namely the coagulopathy and changes in the fibrinolytic system, will be reviewed. Major risk factors for these complications are identified. Current available measures for correction of the coagulopathy and their effectiveness are critically examined. Unless the coagulopathy can be effectively controlled, bleeding complications will remain an obstacle to achieving a cure for this disease. The issues that need to be addressed in next phase of investigations are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Olson Pavilion, 710 N.Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: h-kwaan@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Hau C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kwaan
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Olson Pavilion, 710 N.Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Cull
mesh_terms: D017306:Annexin A2 / Q000097:blood; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001778:Blood Coagulation Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2 / Q000172:deficiency; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000209:etiology; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D005544:Forecasting; D042381:Granulocyte Precursor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D006474:Hemorrhagic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D000099248:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A10
chemical_list: D017306:Annexin A2; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D025901:Carboxypeptidase B2; D010087:Oxides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins; D018180:Thrombomodulin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D014212:Tretinoin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D000099248:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A10; C472822:ANXA2 protein, human; C546931:THBD protein, human
keywords: acute promyelocytic leukaemia; bleeding; fibrinolysis; thrombosis; tissue factor