title: Reliability of dynamic balance simultaneously with cognitive performance in patients with ACL deficiency and after ACL reconstructions and in healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the intra- and inter-session reliability of balance and cognitive performance in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient (ACLD) and ACL-reconstructed (ACLR) and matched athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using SMART EquiTest, recovery reactions of the groups were assessed during single-leg standing, following medium and large forward perturbations with and without performing a cognitive (Stroop) task. The outcomes included reaction time (RT), latency and amplitude for balance and error ratio (ER) and RT for cognitive performance. The participants of each group repeated the tests 2-7 days after the first session. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement were computed in order to assess relative and absolute reliability, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single- and dual-task balance measures had moderate to very high reliability in ACLD (ICC = 0.63-0.88), ACLR (ICC = 0.62-0.93) and control (ICC = 0.69-0.98) athletes. The ICCs for RT of Stroop were between 0.87 and 0.90 in ACLD, between 0.70 and 0.74 in ACLR and between 0.66 and 0.70 in controls and for ER of Stroop were between 0.36 and 0.90 in ACLD, between 0.42 and 0.49 in ACLR and between 0.41 and 0.51 in controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balance measures and RT of the cognitive task in single- and dual-task conditions have acceptable reliability and may be incorporated into the evaluation of physical and mental function of athletes following ACL injury and reconstruction. ER of the cognitive task is less reliable which needs to be considered in future research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, case-control, Level III.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akhbari
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahyar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salavati
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Tehran, Iran. ahadi_jalal@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahadi
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Forough
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferdowsi
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sohrab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keyhani
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101 Bus 1501, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium. farshid_mohammadi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Farshid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament injury; Intraclass correlation coefficient; Perturbation; Postural control