title: Sensitivity and specificity of single-tube osmotic fragility test and its different methods as screening test for thalassemia trait: an alternative to expensive laboratory tests for resource-limited countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sensitivity and specificity of single-tube osmotic fragility (SOFT) and its different methods as screening test for thalassemia trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted at Omair Sana Foundation. A total of 400 participants were included in the study. Three hundred were known thalassemia carriers (parents with at least one child with thalassemia major), while 100 were healthy blood donors. SOFT was performed on all 400 participants. Serum iron, ferritin, and DNA tests were performed on 100 participants (donors). ARMS technique was used for detecting thalassemia mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivity and specificity of SOFT (venous method) were found to be 99.6% and 86%, respectively, while with EDTA method, sensitivity was 95% and specificity was 96%. For venous and EDTA methods, positive predictive values were 95.5% and 98.6%, respectively, while negative predictive values were 98.8% and 86.6%, respectively. Use of EDTA and storage had an effect on the results. Sensitivity of SOFT was 95% at 5 min, while it decreased to 87% with EDTA method at 240 min. Sensitivity of SOFT for iron deficiency anemia was found to be 14%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOFT can be used as screening test for thalassemia trait in a cost-effective way. Moreover, we also found that SOFT should be performed on venous blood without adding preservatives (EDTA) that can interfere with the results.
authors.affiliation: Omair Sana Foundation, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saqib H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Anny
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanifa
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Salima M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zohaib
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Syed R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009996:Osmotic Fragility; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: screening; sensitivity; single-tube osmotic fragility; thalassemia; validity