title: The influence of condition parameters and internalizing symptoms on social outcomes in youth with spina bifida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test a model of social competence in youth with spina bifida (SB). Involvement in social activities was expected to mediate associations between SB-related condition parameters (pain, body mass index, and motor function) and social competence. Internalizing symptoms were predicted to amplify the negative impact of condition parameters on social activity involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  108 youth with SB, their caregivers, peers, and teachers participated in a multimethod study that included cognitive testing, questionnaires, and observational interaction tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social activity involvement partially mediated the relation between pain and lower social competence. Internalizing symptoms had a significant indirect effect on social competence via decreased involvement in social activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain and internalizing symptoms interfere with social activity involvement, which is, in turn, important for social competence development in youth with SB. Assessing and treating these condition parameters and activity factors may be important areas of focus in clinical practice and research with these youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Bonnie S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Essner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago.
authors.forename: Caitlin B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago gholmbe@luc.edu.
authors.forename: Grayson N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Holmbeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D066107:Social Skills; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety; depression; obesity; pain; social skills; spina bifida