title: Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum subsp. nov., isolated from humans and reptiles.
abstract: A polyphasic study was undertaken to determine the taxonomic position of 13 Campylobacter fetus-like strains from humans (n = 8) and reptiles (n = 5). The results of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS and genomic data from sap analysis, 16S rRNA gene and hsp60 sequence comparison, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization and whole genome sequencing demonstrated that these strains are closely related to C. fetus but clearly differentiated from recognized subspecies of C. fetus. Therefore, this unique cluster of 13 strains represents a novel subspecies within the species C. fetus, for which the name Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum subsp. nov. is proposed, with strain 03-427(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2539(T) = LMG 27499(T)) as the type strain. Although this novel taxon could not be differentiated from C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. venerealis using conventional phenotypic tests, MALDI-TOF MS revealed the presence of multiple phenotypic biomarkers which distinguish Campylobacter fetus subsp. testudinum subsp. nov. from recognized subspecies of C. fetus.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Collette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Zheng Chao
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santovenia
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.|WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Bergen
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pruckler
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stroika
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duim
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, WRRC, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Loparev
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sinnige
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Tauxe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Blaser
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.|WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wagenaar
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002168:Campylobacter fetus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012104:Reptiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S