title: Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and associated cognitive impairment in rats.
abstract: Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE). The generation of free radicals and the ensuing apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy; therefore, in the present study, we examined the effects of GSPE on cognitive impairment and neuronal damage induced by chronic seizures in rats. Seizures were induced by a daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 35 mg/kg/day, 36 days). Two other groups were treated with GSPE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, orally) for 24 days and then for 36 days prior to each PTZ injection. After the final PTZ injection, hippocampus-dependent spatial learning was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). The rats were then sacrificed for the measurement of hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA, a measure of lipid peroxidation) and glutathione (GSH, a measure of endogenous antioxidant capacity) levels, and for the expression of pro-apoptotic factors [cytochrome c (Cyt c), caspase‑9 and caspase‑3]. The mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degree of mitochondrial swelling, neuronal damage and mitochondrial ultrastructure were also examined. Performance in the MWM was markedly impaired by PTZ-induced seizures, as evidenced by longer escape latencies during training and fewer platform crossings during the probe trial. This cognitive decline was accompanied by oxidative stress (MDA accumulation, ROS generation, reduced GSH activity), an increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, as well as damage to CA1 pyramidal neurons and the mitochondria. Pre-treatment with GSPE dose‑dependently reversed PTZ-induced impaired performance in the MWM, oxidative stress, mitochondrial ROS generation, the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and neuronal and mitochondrial damage. Thus, GSPE may reverse the hippocampal dysfunction induced by chronic seizures, by reducing oxidative stress and preserving mitochondrial function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yupeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongchao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hongmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018782:Maze Learning; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000633:toxicity; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole