title: Identification of interspecific differences in phase II reactions: determination of metabolites in the urine of 16 mammalian species exposed to environmental pyrene.
abstract: Interspecific differences in xenobiotic metabolism are a key to determining relative sensitivities of animals to xenobiotics. However, information on domesticated livestock, companion animals, and captive and free-ranging wildlife is incomplete. The present study evaluated interspecific differences in phase II conjugation using pyrene as a nondestructive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites have carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects in humans and wildlife and can have serious consequences. The authors collected urine from 16 mammalian species and analyzed pyrene metabolites. Interspecific differences in urinary pyrene metabolites, especially in the concentration and composition of phase II conjugated metabolites, were apparent. Glucuronide conjugates are dominant metabolites in the urine of many species, including deer, cattle, pigs, horses, and humans. However, they could not be detected in ferret urine even though the gene for ferret Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) 1A6 is not a pseudogene. Sulfate conjugates were detected mainly in the urine of cats, ferrets, and rabbits. Interestingly, sulfate conjugates were detected in pig urine. Although pigs are known to have limited aryl sulfotransferase activity, the present study demonstrated that pig liver was active in 1-hydroxypyrene sulfation. The findings have some application for biomonitoring environmental pollution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Graduate, School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Aksorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saengtienchai
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikenaka
authors.forename: Shouta M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hazuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizukawa
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakehi
authors.forename: Nesta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bortey-Sam
authors.forename: Wageh Sobhy
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubota
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terasaki
authors.forename: Amnart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poapolathep
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C030984:pyrene; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: Interspecific difference; Mammal; Pyrene; Urine metabolite