title: Allopurinol in renal ischemia.
abstract: Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and antioxidant free radical scavenger which facilitates the protection of ischemic organs in part via this mechanism of action. The accumulation of free radicals during ischemia and reperfusion is in great manner overcome by inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and by the development of endogenous antioxidants. The ischemic lesion generates a well-established inflammatory response with the subsequent production of inflammatory molecules characteristically present at the first stages of the injury. Inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and other cellular and molecular compounds are consequently produced as the lesion sets in. Under these conditions, allopurinol diminishes the effect of inflammatory mediators during the ischemic inflammatory response. This study reviews the literature associated with allopurinol and renal ischemia making special emphasis on the best dose and time of administration of allopurinol regarding its protective effect. It also defines the most accepted mechanism of protection on ischemichally damaged kidneys.
authors.affiliation: 1Experimental Surgery, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Prieto-Moure
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carabén-Redaño
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aliena-Valero
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cejalvo
authors.forename: Alexander H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flores-Bellver
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gil
authors.forename: Luis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Toledo-Pereyra
authors.forename: José Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lloris Carsí
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000493:Allopurinol; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: NF-kB; TNF-α; allopurinol; free radicals; ischemia; renal; reperfusion; xanthine oxidase