title: Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment.
abstract: Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore homeostasis to the affected tissue. However, chronic inflammation triggers cellular events that can promote malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-10, have been shown to participate in both the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we explore the role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the participation of these cytokines in two types of cancer attributable to chronic inflammatory disease: colitis-associated colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Glauben
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landskron
authors.affiliation: Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De la Fuente
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Peti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thuwajit
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chanitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thuwajit
authors.affiliation: Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcela A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hermoso
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003092:Colitis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10