title: The genome of Eucalyptus grandis.
abstract: Eucalypts are the world's most widely planted hardwood trees. Their outstanding diversity, adaptability and growth have made them a global renewable resource of fibre and energy. We sequenced and assembled >94% of the 640-megabase genome of Eucalyptus grandis. Of 36,376 predicted protein-coding genes, 34% occur in tandem duplications, the largest proportion thus far in plant genomes. Eucalyptus also shows the highest diversity of genes for specialized metabolites such as terpenes that act as chemical defence and provide unique pharmaceutical oils. Genome sequencing of the E. grandis sister species E. globulus and a set of inbred E. grandis tree genomes reveals dynamic genome evolution and hotspots of inbreeding depression. The E. grandis genome is the first reference for the eudicot order Myrtales and is placed here sister to the eurosids. This resource expands our understanding of the unique biology of large woody perennials and provides a powerful tool to accelerate comparative biology, breeding and biotechnology.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Myburg
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil [2] Programa de Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia - Universidade Católica de Brasília SGAN 916, 70790-160 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grattapaglia
authors.affiliation: 1] US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA [2] Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tuskan
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Uffe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hellsten
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35801, USA.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grimwood
authors.affiliation: HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35801, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindquist
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tice
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Goodstein
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dubchak
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poliakov
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eshchar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizrachi
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Anand R K
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kullan
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Desre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinard
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: van der Merwe
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Jaarsveld
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioinformática, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Orzenil B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Silva-Junior
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioinformática, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Togawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sansaloni
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, EPQB Final W5 Norte, 70770-917 Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Petroli
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaohan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranjan
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Tschaplinski
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Chu-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sterck
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vanneste
authors.affiliation: INRA/UBP UMR 1095, 5 Avenue de Beaulieu, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murat
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Marçal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Hélène San
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Naijib
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saidi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cassan-Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunand
authors.affiliation: 1] Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hefer
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Huefferstrasse 1, D-48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bornberg-Bauer
authors.affiliation: 1] Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Huefferstrasse 1, D-48149, Muenster, Germany [2] Department of Bioinformatics, Institute for Computer Science, University of Duesseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vining
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Vindhya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amarasinghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranik
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naithani
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elser
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liston
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Spatafora
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Palitha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dharmwardhana
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Rajani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva Teórica e Aplicada, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 21949900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [2] Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena-Universidade de São Paulo (EEL-USP), CP116, 12602-810, Lorena-SP, Brazil [3] Laboratório de Genética Molecular Vegetal (LGMV), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 21949900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romanel
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Molecular Vegetal (LGMV), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 21949900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alves-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Külheim
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France [2] IICT/MNE; Palácio Burnay - Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007 Lisboa, Portugal [3] IBET/ITQB, Av. República, Quinta do Marquês, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carocha
authors.affiliation: 1] IICT/MNE; Palácio Burnay - Rua da Junqueira, 30, 1349-007 Lisboa, Portugal [2] IBET/ITQB, Av. República, Quinta do Marquês, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Arizona Genomics Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kudrna
authors.affiliation: Dep. de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Brommonschenkel
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.affiliation: Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Western Australia 6983, Australia.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: GYDLE, 1363 av. Maguire, suite 301, Québec, Quebec G1T 1Z2, Canada.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigault
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victorian Government, Melbourne, Victoria 3085, Australia.
authors.forename: Josquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tibbits
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Antanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spokevicius
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: 1] School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia [2] Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4558, Australia.
authors.forename: Dorothy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Steane
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: René E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and National Centre for Future Forest Industries, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: Brad M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.affiliation: 1] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Fourie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Joubert
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Kerrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Georgios J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA [2] Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Toulouse III, UPS, CNRS, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grima-Pettenati
authors.affiliation: INRA/UBP UMR 1095, 5 Avenue de Beaulieu, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salse
authors.affiliation: 1] Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa [2] Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (VIB), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Van de Peer
authors.affiliation: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rokhsar
authors.affiliation: 1] US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA [2] HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35801, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmutz
mesh_terms: D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant; D007178:Inbreeding; D010802:Phylogeny