title: Serious injuries: an additional indicator to fatalities for road safety benchmarking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Almost all of the current road safety benchmarking studies focus entirely on fatalities, which, however, represent only one measure of the magnitude of the road safety problem. The main objective of this article was to investigate the possibility of including the number of serious injuries in addition to the number of fatalities for road safety benchmarking and to further illuminate its impact on the countries' rankings.
  
  
  METHODS
  We introduced the technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to the road safety domain and developed a DEA-based road safety model (DEA-RS) in this study. Moreover, we outlined different types of possible weight restrictions and adopted 2 of them to indicate the relationship between road fatalities and serious injuries for the sake of rational benchmarking. One was a relative weight restriction based on the information of their shadow price, and the other was a virtual weight restriction using a priori knowledge about the importance level of these 2 aspects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By computing the most optimal road safety risk scores of 10 European countries based on the different models, we found that United Kingdom was the only best-performing country no matter which model was utilized. However, countries such as The Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland were no longer best-performing when the serious injuries were integrated. On the contrary, Spain, which ranked almost at the bottom among all of the countries when only the number of road fatalities was considered, became a relatively well-performing country when integrating its number of serious injuries in the evaluation. In general, no matter whether the country's road safety ranking was improved or deteriorated, most of the countries achieved a higher risk score when the number of serious injuries was included, which implied that compared to the road fatalities, more policy attention has to be paid to improve the situation of serious injuries in most countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the importance of considering the serious injuries in addition to the fatalities for international benchmarking of road safety, the proposed model (i.e., the DEA-RS model with weight restrictions) turned out to be effective in deriving reasonable results. We are thereby also inspired to apply this kind of model to a more complete road safety benchmarking practice in the future when the data on, for example, the number of slight injuries, the degree of property damage, and the number of crashes are ready (i.e., comparable) to use.
authors.affiliation: a Transportation Research Institute (IMOB)-Hasselt University , Diepenbeek , Belgium.
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brijs
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wets
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: country ranking; data envelopment analysis; fatalities; road safety benchmarking; serious injuries; weight restrictions