title: Analysis on the go: quantitation of drugs of abuse in dried urine with digital microfluidics and miniature mass spectrometry.
abstract: We report the development of a method coupling microfluidics and a miniature mass spectrometer, applied to quantitation of drugs of abuse in urine. A custom digital microfluidic system was designed to deliver droplets of solvent to dried urine samples and then transport extracted analytes to an array of nanoelectrospray emitters for analysis. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection was performed using a fully autonomous 25 kg instrument. Using the new method, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and codeine can be quantified from four samples in less than 15 min from (dried) sample to analysis. The figures of merit for the new method suggest that it is suitable for on-site screening; for example, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for cocaine is 40 ng/mL, which is compatible with the performance criteria for laboratory analyses established by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. More importantly, the LOQ of the new method is superior to the 300 ng/mL cutoff values used by the only other portable analysis systems we are aware of (relying on immunoassays). This work serves as a proof-of-concept for integration of microfluidics with miniature mass spectrometry. The system is attractive for the quantitation of drugs of abuse from urine and, more generally, may be useful for a wide range of applications that would benefit from portable, quantitative, on-site analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Nelson M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Lafrenière
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seale
authors.forename: Paul I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: R Graham
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cooks
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000652:urine*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs