title: The artefacts of radiochromic film dosimetry with flatbed scanners and their causation by light scattering from radiation-induced polymers.
abstract: Optical experiments and theoretical considerations have been undertaken in order to understand the causes of the 'orientation effect' and the 'parabola effect', the artefacts impairing the desired light absorption measurement on radiochromic EBT3 films with flatbed scanners. EBT3 films exposed to doses up to 20.9 Gy were scanned with an Epson Expression 10000XL flatbed scanner in landscape and portrait orientation. The horizontally and vertically polarized light components of the scanner were determined, and another Epson Expression 10000XL flatbed scanner was disassembled to examine its optical components. The optical properties of exposed and unexposed EBT3 films were studied with incident polarized and unpolarized white light, and the transmitted red light was investigated for its polarization and scattering properties including the distribution of the scattering angles. Neutral density filters were studied for comparison. Guidance was sought from the theory of light scattering from rod-like macromolecular structures. The drastic dose-dependent variation of the transmitted total light current as function of the orientation of front and rear polarizers, interpreted by light scattering theory, shows that the radiation-induced polymerization of the monomers of EBT3 films produces light scattering oscillators preferably polarized at right angles with the coating direction of the film. The directional distribution of the scattered light is partly anisotropic, with a preferred scattering plane at right angles with the coating direction, indicating light scattering from stacks of coherently vibrating oscillators piled up along the monomer crystals. The polyester carrier film also participates in these effects. The 'orientation' and 'parabola' artefacts due to flatbed scanning of radiochromic films can be explained by the interaction of the polarization-dependent and anisotropic light scattering from exposed and unexposed EBT3 films with the quantitative difference between the scanner's horizontally and vertically polarized light supply and with the limited directional acceptance of the scanner's light recording system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany. Department of Radiation Therapy, Pius Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poppinga
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harder
authors.forename: Karl-Joachim
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Doerner
authors.forename: Bjoern
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poppe
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D016477:Artifacts; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008027:Light; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers