title: Epigenetics: an emerging player in gastric cancer.
abstract: Cancers, like other diseases, arise from gene mutations and/or altered gene expression, which eventually cause dysregulation of numerous proteins and noncoding RNAs. Changes in gene expression, i.e., upregulation of oncogenes and/or downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, can be generated not only by genetic and environmental factors but also by epigenetic factors, which are inheritable but nongenetic modifications of cellular chromosome components. Identification of the factors that contribute to individual cancers is a prerequisite to a full understanding of cancer mechanisms and the development of customized cancer therapies. The search for genetic and environmental factors has a long history in cancer research, but epigenetic factors only recently began to be associated with cancer formation, progression, and metastasis. Epigenetic alterations of chromatin include DNA methylation and histone modifications, which can affect gene-expression profiles. Recent studies have revealed diverse mechanisms by which chromatin modifiers, including writers, erasers and readers of the aforementioned modifications, contribute to the formation and progression of cancer. Furthermore, functional RNAs, such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, have also been identified as key players in these processes. This review highlights recent findings concerning the epigenetic alterations associated with cancers, especially gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Changwon Kang, Ji-Joon Song, Jaeok Lee, Mi Young Kim, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Changwon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Changwon Kang, Ji-Joon Song, Jaeok Lee, Mi Young Kim, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Joon
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Changwon Kang, Ji-Joon Song, Jaeok Lee, Mi Young Kim, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jaeok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Changwon Kang, Ji-Joon Song, Jaeok Lee, Mi Young Kim, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000378:metabolism; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009707:Nucleosomes; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D008239:Lysine
keywords: DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Gastric cancer; Gene expression; Histone modification