title: Individual placement and support in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a psychosocial intervention with a considerable body of evidence for its effectiveness in helping people with severe psychiatric disorders to obtain and maintain competitive jobs. In the last decades several European studies have replicated earlier American outcomes, generating widespread interest about its implementation in Europe.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article describes and compares details about achievements and challenges of IPS in 4 European countries: the United Kingdom, Italy, The Netherlands, and Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This description draws from published and nonpublished material about policy, development of services, and services evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the United Kingdom and in The Netherlands, empirical studies exploring the consistency of results over time and the effectiveness of IPS adaptations to local needs and special population are in course. In the United Kingdom, IPS has become national policy, as well as in some regions of Italy and Spain. Training is quite extensive in the United Kingdom and in The Netherlands, developing well in Italy and Spain. Implementation seems to be less straightforward, mostly because of deeply rooted cultural values regarding both work and mental health care. Strong local leadership is still required. In all countries contingencies related to the current economic crisis seems to have increased interest in IPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the converging forces of strong local leadership, rapid economic changes, and slow cultural shifts, IPS may soon become a priority intervention in Europe for ensuring that people living with serious mental illnesses are able to obtain competitive employment.
authors.affiliation: Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fioritti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario Avedis Donabedian-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hilarion
authors.affiliation: Phrenos.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Weeghel
authors.affiliation: Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario Avedis Donabedian-Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suñol
authors.affiliation: Phrenos.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otto
mesh_terms: D016832:Employment, Supported / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009426:Netherlands; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012050:Rehabilitation, Vocational / Q000379:methods; D013030:Spain; D006113:United Kingdom