title: Characterisation of risk factors for stones in hyperuricosuric men attending a stone clinic.
abstract: Hyperuricosuria is common among stone formers, but its significance is uncertain. To progress our understanding and target treatment, we need to identify and characterise patients with uniform underlying pathology. We aimed to identify hyperuricosuric patients with a primary defect in renal urate reabsorption (renal hyperuricosuria) and to look for associated risk factors for stones. We undertook a retrospective cross-sectional database study of 666 male stone formers attending the Southampton stone clinic. We estimated filtered urate from plasma urate and 24-h creatinine clearance, and the net percentage reabsorbed. 153 men had hyperuricosuria (urine urate >4.80 mmol/24 h); 513 had normouricosuria. Hyperuricosuric men filtered more urate (median 68.1 and 52.5 mmol/24 h) but the ranges overlapped. Thirty hyperuricosuric men with filtered urate below the median for normouricosuria were selected as the renal hyperuricosuria group. Their normal plasma urate and high urate clearance substantiated this classification. In comparison with 60 normouricosuric stone formers matched for filtration, they had a higher incidence of hypercalciuria (67 versus 40%), but similar, high, frequencies of hyperoxaluria (25 and 11%) and phosphaturia (40 and 27%).There were no differences in age at first stone, incidence of stone recurrence or positive family history (20 and 25%). The findings demonstrate multiple risk factors for stones in this subgroup. In comparison, the 30 hyperuricosuric men with the highest filtration had a higher incidence of hyperoxaluria (58%) but fewer (7%) had a positive family history. Creatinine clearance was raised in 73%. An excessive protein intake might be a major correctable factor underlying these abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK, valerie.walker@uhs.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Damian G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine