title: Trace elements, magnesium, and the efficacy of antioxidant systems in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in their siblings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Magnesium (Mg), selinium (Se), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are involved in the mechanisms of antioxidant defense. Mn and Cu, which participate in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), also have pro-oxidative properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the levels of Mg, Se, Zn, Mn, and Cu, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidant defense mechanisms in children with Type 1Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and in their siblings. The preliminary findings were originally reported in 2009 at the 35th annual conference of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 87 children with T1DM, 2-19 years old, treated for T1DM for an average of 3.5 years. The sibling and control groups comprised 27 and 41 children, aged 4.5-16.5 years and 10.5-18 years respectively. The parameters named above were assessed in relation to metabolic compensation levels (HbA1C) and disease duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, T1DM children had lower plasma levels of Mg and Zn and higher levels of Cu; the siblings had lower levels of Zn; T1DM children had lower copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity; and both T1DM children and their siblings had higher catalase (CAT) activity and lower total antioxidant status (TAS) levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There may be a correlation between impaired antioxidant status and Mg and Zn deficiency and increased Cu levels in T1DM children. Oxidative stress in T1DM is accompanied by alterations in enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic mechanisms of antioxidant defense. The decreased TAS levels noted in T1DM patients may impair the effectiveness of non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. The increased CAT activity and unimpaired selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHPx) activity point indirectly to enhanced ROS generation in T1DM children. The impaired antioxidant defense found in the siblings of T1DM patients may indicate that genetic factors play a role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children and Adolescents, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salmonowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzystek-Korpacka
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children and Adolescents, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noczyńska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D035781:Siblings; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014131:Trace Elements; D003300:Copper; D002374:Catalase; D012643:Selenium; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc