title: Survival of Ascaris suum and Ascaridia galli eggs in liquid manure at different ammonia concentrations and temperatures.
abstract: Eggs of Ascaris suum from pigs are highly resistant and commonly used as a conservative indicator of pathogen inactivation during slurry storage. Eggs of Ascaridia galli, the poultry ascarid, are also known to be highly resistant but the suitability as an indicator of pathogen inactivation has never been tested. Pig slurry has to be stored for several months to inactivate pathogens but chemical treatment of slurry may reduce this time. The suitability of A. galli as an indicator of slurry sanitation was tested by comparing the survival of eggs of A. suum and A. galli in pig slurry. In addition, the effect of urea treatment on inactivation of ascarid eggs in relation to storage time was also tested. Nylon bags with 10,000 eggs of either species were placed in 200 ml plastic bottles containing either urea-treated (2%) or untreated pig slurry for up to 120 days at 20°C, 6 days at 30°C, 36h at 40°C or 2h at 50°C. At all the temperatures in both slurry types, A. galli eggs were inactivated at a significantly faster rate (P<0.05) compared to A. suum eggs. For each 10°C raise in temperature from 20°C, T50 (time needed to inactivate 50% of eggs) for both types of eggs was reduced markedly. At all temperatures, viability of eggs of both species was significantly higher (P<0.05) in untreated slurry compared to urea-treated slurry except A. galli eggs at 20°C where no significant difference was detected. In untreated slurry, the levels of pH (6.33-9.08) and ammonia (0.01-1.74 mM) were lower (P<0.0001) compared to that of urea-treated slurry (pH: 8.33-9.28 and ammonia 1-13 mM). The study demonstrated that A. galli eggs are more sensitive to unfavourable conditions compared to A. suum eggs. The use of A. galli eggs as hygiene indicator may thus be suitable to assess inactivation of pathogens that are more sensitive than A. galli eggs. Addition of urea may markedly reduce the storage time of slurry needed to inactivate A. suum and A. galli eggs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kiran Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Katakam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: hem@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mejer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: Section for Veterinary Medicine, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels Christian
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Kyvsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stig Milan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thamsborg
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001197:Ascaridia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017165:Ascaris suum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008372:Manure / Q000469:parasitology; D010063:Ovum; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea
keywords: Ammonia; Ascaridia galli eggs; Ascaris suum eggs; Slurry; Temperature; Viability