title: Protein phosphatase 4 is an essential positive regulator for Treg development, function, and protective gut immunity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein phosphates 4 (PP4), encoded by the ppp4c gene, is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that has been implicated in the regulation of cytokine signaling and lymphocyte survival; recent reports suggest that PP4 may be involved in pre-TCR signaling and B cell development. However, whether PP4 also modulates the functions of peripheral T cells has not been investigated due to the lack of a suitable in vivo model. Treg cells are a specialized subset of CD4 helper T cells that can suppress the proliferation of activated effector T cells. In the absence of this negative regulation, autoimmune syndromes and inflammatory diseases, such as human Crohn's disease, will arise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we generated mice with T cell-specific ablation of the ppp4c gene (CD4cre:PP4(f/f)) and a Foxp3-GFP reporter gene to examine the roles of PP4 in Treg development and function. Characterizations of the CD4cre:PP4(f/f) mice showed that PP4 deficiency induced partial αβ T lymphopenia and T cell hypo-proliferation. Further analyses revealed significant reductions in the numbers of thymic and peripheral Treg cells, as well as in the efficiency of in vitro Treg polarization. In addition, PP4-deficient Treg cells exhibited reduced suppressor functions that were associated with decreased IL-10, CTLA4, GITR and CD103 expression. More interestingly, the CD4cre:PP4(f/f) mice developed spontaneous rectal prolapse and colitis with symptoms similar to human Crohn's disease. The pathogenesis of colitis required the presence of commensal bacteria, and was correlated with reduced Treg cells in the gut. Nevertheless, PP4-deficient Treg cells were still capable of suppressing experimental colitis, suggesting that multiple factors contributed to the onset of the spontaneous colitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the molecular mechanisms remain to be investigated, our results clearly show that PP4 plays a non-redundant role for the differentiation, suppressor activity and gut homeostasis of Treg cells. The onset of spontaneous colitis in the CD4cre:PP4(f/f) mice further suggests that PP4 is essential for the maintenance of protective gut immunity. The CD4cre:PP4(f/f) mice thus may serve as a good model for studying the interactions between Treg cells and gut commensal bacteria for the regulation of mucosal immunity.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fang-Hsuean
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jr-Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shui
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: En-Wei
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Hsing
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chiao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Tse-Hua
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huang