title: The new insights into cadmium sensing.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is non-essential heavy metal, which in excess, exhibits deleterious effects to the most of the organisms. Mobilization of defense mechanisms against this toxic agent requires rapid activation of signaling pathways. The article presents recent advances in the research concerning cadmium signal transduction in plants. New insights into the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), plant growth regulators, and Cd-induced protein modifications are reviewed. Moreover, the role of recently recognized Cd-associated signal elements, including micro RNAs and several cis- and trans-acting elements is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Jagna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chmielowska-Bąk
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Jarosław
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gzyl
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rucińska-Sobkowiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arasimowicz-Jelonek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deckert
keywords: cadmium; micro RNA; nitric oxide; plant hormones; plant signaling; reactive oxygen species; transcription factors