title: Evolutionary genetics of genotype H1 measles viruses in China from 1993 to 2012.
abstract: Virologic surveillance is a critical component of measles management. One of the criteria for verification of elimination of endemic measles is genetic analysis of wild-type viruses to demonstrate lack of an indigenous genotype. Measles is yet to be eliminated in China, and genotype H1 has been detected continuously since virologic surveillance was initiated in 1993. Virologic surveillance has been very active in China, providing a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed study of the evolution of a single, endemic genotype over a timespan of nearly two decades. Phylogenetic analysis performed on the 450 nt coding sequence for the C-terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N-450), fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin (H) gene confirmed the continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses for 19 years. No evidence of selective pressure for the H protein was found. The substitution rates ranged from 0.75×10(-3) substitutions site(-1) year(-1) for H to 1.65×10(-3) substitutions site(-1) year(-1) for N-450. The time of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for genotype H1 was estimated as approximately 1985 (95 % highest probability density, 1979-1989). Finally, the overall diversity of measles sequences from China decreased from 2005 to 2012, coincident with a substantial decrease in measles cases. The results suggest that detailed evolutionary analyses should facilitate the documentation of eventual measles elimination in China. Moreover, the molecular approaches used in this study can be applied in other countries approaching measles elimination.
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Songtao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rivailler
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Naiying
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai City, PR China.
authors.forename: Chongshan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.affiliation: WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002144:Callithrix; D002460:Cell Line; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D008457:Measles / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008459:Measles virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D014709:Vero Cells; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D006389:Hemagglutinins, Viral; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins