title: Serious adverse events associated with vasopressin and norepinephrine infusion in septic shock.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The frequency, risk factors, and mortality rates of serious adverse events associated with the use of vasopressin and norepinephrine are not clear. The objectives of this study were to determine frequency, risk factors (including candidate gene polymorphisms), and outcomes of serious adverse events in septic shock patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using multicenter discovery and single-center validation cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICUs at academic teaching centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred ninety-seven patients with septic shock in discovery (Vasopressin and Septic Shock trial) and 533 patients in validation (St. Paul's Hospital) cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vasopressin and norepinephrine for septic shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome variable was 90-day mortality rates of patients with and without serious adverse events. Secondary outcome variables were the association between vasopressor genotype pathway polymorphisms, plasma vasopressin levels, and serious adverse events. Plasma vasopressin concentrations were measured at baseline, 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after vasopressor infusion. Patients with septic shock were genotyped for 268 vasopressor pathway tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Serious adverse events occurred in 10.5% and 9.7% of patients in Vasopressin and Septic Shock trial and St. Paul's Hospital cohorts, respectively. Patients who had serious adverse events had higher mortality (p < 0.01) than patients without serious adverse events (adjusted for age, serum lactate, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, and maximum dose of norepinephrine day 1) (hazard ratio, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.20-4.00; p < 0.001 and hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.26-2.85; p = 0.002 in Vasopressin and Septic Shock trial and St. Paul's Hospital, respectively). There was no difference in the area under the plasma vasopressin concentration curve between patients with and without serious adverse events (p = 0.1). The AA genotype of rs28418396 single-nucleotide polymorphism (near the arginine vasopressin receptor 1b gene) was significantly associated with serious adverse events in discovery and validation cohorts (p = 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serious adverse events associated with vasopressin and norepinephrine in patients who have septic shock are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. AA genotype of rs28418396 single-nucleotide polymorphism near the arginine vasopressin receptor 1b gene is associated with serious adverse events. The mechanism of this association requires investigation.
authors.affiliation: 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Nattachai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Anantasit
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Walley
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C000588833:AVPR1b protein, human; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D009638:Norepinephrine