title: A brain-computer interface for single-trial detection of gait initiation from movement related cortical potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Applications of brain-computer interfacing (BCI) in neurorehabilitation have received increasing attention. The intention to perform a motor task can be detected from scalp EEG and used to control rehabilitation devices, resulting in a patient-driven rehabilitation paradigm. In this study, we present and validate a BCI system for detection of gait initiation using movement related cortical potentials (MRCP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The templates of MRCP were extracted from 9-channel scalp EEG during gait initiation in 9 healthy subjects. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to remove artifacts, and the Laplacian spatial filter was applied to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of MRCP. Following these pre-processing steps, a matched filter was used to perform single-trial detection of gait initiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICA preprocessing was shown to significantly improve the detection performance. With ICA preprocessing, across all subjects, the true positive rate (TPR) of the detection was 76.9±8.97%, and the false positive rate was 2.93±1.09 per minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the intention of gait initiation from EEG signals, on a single trial basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are important for the development of new gait rehabilitation strategies, either for recovery/replacement of function or for neuromodulation.
authors.affiliation: Department Neurorehabilitaion Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Pain Clinic Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gizzi
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mrachacz-Kersting
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dremstrup
authors.affiliation: Department Neurorehabilitaion Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: dario.farina@bccn.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain–computer interface; Gait initiation; Independent component analysis; Movement related cortical potential