title: Nephroureterectomy and ureteroneocystostomy in an alpaca with bilateral ectopic ureters diagnosed by computed tomographic excretory urography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in a female Huacaya alpaca.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female intact Huacaya alpaca (n = 1) METHODS: Computed tomographic (CT) excretory urography and vaginourethrography were performed to diagnose the cause of urinary incontinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral ectopic ureters and left hydronephrosis and hydroureter were diagnosed. Left nephroureterectomy and right ureteroneocystostomy were performed with subsequent resolution of clinical signs. Pyelonephritis was identified by culture of the resected left kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT excretory urography was helpful in the diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureters in an alpaca and provided information for surgical planning. Surgical repair by ureteroneocystostomy and unilateral nephroureterectomy was successful in resolving clinical signs.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Holly D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Polf
authors.forename: Shasta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Katharine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rochat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D014567:Urography / Q000662:veterinary