title: Control of the misuse of testosterone in castrated horses based on an international threshold in plasma.
abstract: Testosterone is an endogenous steroid produced primarily in the testes. Trace levels of testosterone are found in urine samples from geldings, as testosterone is also secreted by the adrenal. An international threshold of free and conjugated testosterone in urine (20 ng/mL) was adopted by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) in 1996 for controlling testosterone misuse in geldings. In view of the recent popularity of using blood in doping control testing, it is necessary to establish a threshold for testosterone in gelding plasma. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed for quantifying low levels of free testosterone in gelding plasma. Based on a population study of 152 post-race plasma samples, the mean ± SD concentration of plasma testosterone was determined to be 14.7 ± 6.8 pg/mL. Normal distribution could be obtained after square-root or cube-root transformation, resulting in respective tentative thresholds of 49 or 55 pg/mL (corresponding to a risk factor of less than 1 in 10 000). A rounded-up threshold of 100 pg/mL of free testosterone in plasma was proposed. Based on the administration of Testosterone Suspension 100 to six geldings, the same average detection time of 14 days was observed in either plasma or urine using the proposed plasma threshold and the existing international urine threshold. The maximum detection time was 18 days in plasma and 20 days in urine. The results demonstrated the proposed plasma threshold is effective in controlling the misuse of testosterone in geldings. Similar results were subsequently obtained in Europe, and this proposed threshold was adopted by IFHA in October 2013.
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Emmie N M
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: David K K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Equine Hospital, the Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.affiliation: Equine Hospital, the Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sidlow
authors.affiliation: Equine Hospital, the Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: April S Y
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Terence S M
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002369:Castration / Q000662:veterinary*; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006736:Horses; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000662:veterinary*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone
keywords: horse plasma; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; population study; testosterone; threshold