title: Advance distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) at home births in two districts of Liberia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A postpartum hemorrhage prevention program to increase uterotonic coverage for home and facility births was introduced in two districts of Liberia. Advance distribution of misoprostol was offered during antenatal care (ANC) and home visits. Feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness of distribution mechanisms and uterotonic coverage were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight facilities were strengthened to provide PPH prevention with oxytocin, PPH management and advance distribution of misoprostol during ANC. Trained traditional midwives (TTMs) as volunteer community health workers (CHWs) provided education to pregnant women, and district reproductive health supervisors (DRHSs) distributed misoprostol during home visits. Data were collected through facility and DRHS registers. Postpartum interviews were conducted with a sample of 550 women who received advance distribution of misoprostol on place of delivery, knowledge, misoprostol use, and satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1826 estimated deliveries during the seven-month implementation period. A total of 980 women (53.7%) were enrolled and provided misoprostol, primarily through ANC (78.2%). Uterotonic coverage rate of all deliveries was 53.5%, based on 97.7% oxytocin use at recorded facility vaginal births and 24.9% misoprostol use at home births. Among 550 women interviewed postpartum, 87.7% of those who received misoprostol and had a home birth took the drug. Sixty-three percent (63.0%) took it at the correct time, and 54.0% experienced at least one minor side effect. No serious adverse events reported among enrolled women. Facility-based deliveries appeared to increase during the program.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The program was moderately effective at achieving high uterotonic coverage of all births. Coverage of home births was low despite the use of two channels of advance distribution of misoprostol. Although ANC reached a greater proportion of women in late pregnancy than home visits, 46.3% of expected deliveries did not receive education or advance distribution of misoprostol. A revised community-based strategy is needed to increase advance distribution rates and misoprostol coverage rates for home births. Misoprostol for PPH prevention appears acceptable to women in Liberia. Correct timing of misoprostol self-administration needs improved emphasis during counseling and education.
authors.affiliation: MCHIP, Jhpiego, 1776 Massachusetts Ave,, NW#300, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Jeffrey.Smith@jhpiego.org.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Saye Dahn
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baawo
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subah
authors.forename: Varwo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirtor-Gbassie
authors.forename: Cuallau Jabbeh
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Gbenga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ishola
authors.forename: Bentoe Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Tehoungue
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000379:methods*; D006792:House Calls; D006801:Humans; D007988:Liberia; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D008880:Midwifery; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010120:Oxytocics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012646:Self Administration; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D010120:Oxytocics; D016595:Misoprostol