title: Collaborative play in young children as a complex dynamic system: revealing gender related differences.
abstract: This study was focused on the role of gender-related differences in collaborative play, by examining properties of play as a complex system, and by using micro-genetic analysis techniques. A complex dynamic systems model of dyadic play was used to make predictions with regard to duration and number of contact-episodes during play of same-sex dyads, both on the micro- (i.e., per individual session), meso- (i.e., in smoothed data), and macro time scale (i.e., the change over six consecutive play sessions). The empirical data came from a study that examined the collaborative play skills of children who experienced six twenty minute play sessions within a three week period of time. Monte Carlo permutation analyses were used to compare model predictions and empirical data. The findings point to strongly asymmetric distributions in the duration and number of contact episodes in all dyads over the six sessions, as a direct consequence of the underlying dynamics of the play system. The model prediction that girls-dyads would show longer contact episodes than boys-dyads was confirmed, but the prediction regarding the difference in number of peaks was not confirmed. In addition, the majority of the model predictions regarding changes over the course of six sessions were consistent with the data. That is, the average duration and the maximum duration of contact-episodes increases both in boys-dyads and girls-dyads, but differences occur in the strength of the increase. Contrary to expectation, the number of contact-episodes decreases both in boys-dyads and in girls-dyads.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University of Applied Studies, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henderien
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steenbeek
authors.affiliation: Saxion University of Applied Sciences, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van der Aalsvoort
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Geert
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010988:Play and Playthings / Q000523:psychology*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors