title: Gastrointestinal endoscopy in the pregnant woman.
abstract: About 20000 gastrointestinal endoscopies are performed annually in America in pregnant women. Gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy raises the critical issue of fetal safety in addition to patient safety. Endoscopic medications may be potentially abortifacient or teratogenic. Generally, Food and Drug Administration category B or C drugs should be used for endoscopy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) seems to be relatively safe for both mother and fetus based on two retrospective studies of 83 and 60 pregnant patients. The diagnostic yield is about 95% when EGD is performed for gastrointestinal bleeding. EGD indications during pregnancy include acute gastrointestinal bleeding, dysphagia > 1 wk, or endoscopic therapy. Therapeutic EGD is experimental due to scant data, but should be strongly considered for urgent indications such as active bleeding. One study of 48 sigmoidoscopies performed during pregnancy showed relatively favorable fetal outcomes, rare bad fetal outcomes, and bad outcomes linked to very sick mothers. Sigmoidoscopy should be strongly considered for strong indications, including significant acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, distal colonic stricture, suspected inflammatory bowel disease flare, and potential colonic malignancy. Data on colonoscopy during pregnancy are limited. One study of 20 pregnant patients showed rare poor fetal outcomes. Colonoscopy is generally experimental during pregnancy, but can be considered for strong indications: known colonic mass/stricture, active lower gastrointestinal bleeding, or colonoscopic therapy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) entails fetal risks from fetal radiation exposure. ERCP risks to mother and fetus appear to be acceptable when performed for ERCP therapy, as demonstrated by analysis of nearly 350 cases during pregnancy. Justifiable indications include symptomatic or complicated choledocholithiasis, manifested by jaundice, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, or dilated choledochus. ERCP should be performed by an expert endoscopist, with informed consent about fetal radiation risks, minimizing fetal radiation exposure, and using an attending anesthesiologist. Endoscopy is likely most safe during the second trimester of pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: David Friedel, Stavros Stavropoulos, Shahzad Iqbal, Division of Gastroenterology, Winthrop Medical Center, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedel
authors.affiliation: David Friedel, Stavros Stavropoulos, Shahzad Iqbal, Division of Gastroenterology, Winthrop Medical Center, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stavropoulos
authors.affiliation: David Friedel, Stavros Stavropoulos, Shahzad Iqbal, Division of Gastroenterology, Winthrop Medical Center, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Shahzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: David Friedel, Stavros Stavropoulos, Shahzad Iqbal, Division of Gastroenterology, Winthrop Medical Center, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Mitchell S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cappell
keywords: Colonoscopy; Endoscopic complications; Endoscopic indications; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Endoscopy safety; Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; Flexible sigmoidoscopy; Gastrointestinal endoscopy; Pregnancy; Teratogenicity