title: Female detection of the synthetic sex pheromone contributes to the efficacy of mating disruption of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies of the mechanisms by which mating-disruption techniques control insect pest populations have traditionally focused on the effects of the species-specific sex pheromone on the male moths, while neglecting possible direct effects of the pheromone on females. Here, the effects of exposure to synthetic species-specific sex-pheromone on Lobesia botrana (European grapevine moth) females were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females in vineyards that were treated with mating-disruption pheromone burst into short bouts of flying more frequently, but called significantly less frequently than females in untreated plots. Reduced calling caused by exposure to the species-specific sex-pheromone may increase the age at which females mate and thereby reduce female fecundity. Females that called in a pheromone-saturated environment experienced a decrease in number of oviposited eggs. A further decrease in reproductive success may occur if females delay oviposition when exposed to access of the synthetic pheromone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to reducing the ability of males to locate females, the mating-disruption technique can suppress pest numbers as a consequence of its direct effects on females. The two mechanisms probably act synergistically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Volcani Centre, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: Ally R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.forename: Tirtza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zahavi
authors.forename: Hadass
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steinitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010675:Pheromones / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D012724:Sex Attractants; C010411:insect attractants
keywords: calling; females; fitness; mating disruption; oviposition; pheromone