title: The effect of exercise training on the level of tissue IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer bearing mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was assessing the prophylactic effect of exercise and its role as an adjuvant therapy on level of cytokines involved in angiogenesis in estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to exercise-tumor-exercise (ETE), exercise-tumor-rest (ETR), rest-tumor-exercise (RTE) and rest-tumor-rest (RTR) groups. After orientation in the environment, two groups of mice performed continuous endurance exercise for 8 weeks, and thereafter estrogen-dependent MC4L2 cancer cells were injected to them. Then, one group of each of trained and non-trained mice performed endurance exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Tumor volume was measured by a digital caliper weekly. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; tumor tissue was removed, immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Tumor sample was homogenized; levels of cytokines were measured and quantified using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant reduction in the level of interlukin-6 (IL-6) (P=0.001), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P=0.0001) and tumor volume (P=0.0001) among the groups performing endurance exercise after malignancy (RTE and ETE) in comparison with groups not performing endurance exercise (ETR and RTR), and these results were in agreement with tumor growth rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise can cause reduction in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumor tissue. Decreased IL-6 production could reduce the generation of VEGF, resulting in reduced intra-tumor angiogenesis. Due to reduction of the level of these cytokines in groups doing exercise before and after malignancy, exercise is presumed to be an adjuvant therapy in estrogen-receptor dependent tumors in addition to its effective prophylactic role.
authors.affiliation: Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sadegh Amani
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shalamzari
authors.affiliation: Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agha-Alinejad
authors.affiliation: Hematology Department, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shaban
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, ,Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahbazi
authors.affiliation: Students Scientific Research Center, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra Kashani
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Khatib
authors.affiliation: Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: AbdolReza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.affiliation: Physical Education Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamad Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Saei
authors.affiliation: Hematology Department, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minayi
keywords: Endurance training; Estrogen receptor depen-; IL-6; VEGF; dent cancer