title: Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal medial femur: MPFL in danger.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (TH) with plate fixation is a well-accepted and common treatment for correcting leg malalignment in skeletally immature patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate any soft tissue damage caused during TH at the distal medial femur with a plate and two screws. We hypothesized that correct plate placement can affect the integrity of the medial stabilizing structures of the knee, especially the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL) or result in arthrotomy of the knee joint itself.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight cadaveric knees of five adult humans a TH was performed with a plate and two cancellous screws at the distal medial femur using a standardized surgical technique. Subsequently the medial capsular and ligamentous structures were systematically exposed and assessed. Capsular and synovial tissue was also inspected for impingement by the plate or screws.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all knees the MPFL was present. In two specimens the MPFL was intact and the plate was lying over the dorsal part of the MPFL close to the MCL. The MPFL was completely cut in two cases in the central part of the ligament. In four cases the MPFL was partially dissected or perforated by a screw and fixed to the femur by the plate. The MCL was intact and not impinged by the implant in any case. In total four of eight knees the capsule was transected or perforated by a screw or by a part of the plate, resulting in intraarticular implant placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standard plate placement during TH on the distal medial femur frequently leads to damage to the MPFL, impingement of the MPFL, the capsular and synovial tissues or exposure of the knee joint.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics and Sport Traumatology, Sportclinic Villa Linde, 2503, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland, ba@scvl.ch.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rutz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gaston
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camathias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001860:Bone Plates / Q000009:adverse effects; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D017888:Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee / Q000293:injuries; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery