title: Prevalence rates for depression by industry: a claims database analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate and interpret differences in depression prevalence rates among industries, using a large, group medical claims database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression cases were identified by ICD-9 diagnosis code in a population of 214,413 individuals employed during 2002-2005 by employers based in western Pennsylvania. Data were provided by Highmark, Inc. (Pittsburgh and Camp Hill, PA). Rates were adjusted for age, gender, and employee share of health care costs. National industry measures of psychological distress, work stress, and physical activity at work were also compiled from other data sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates for clinical depression in 55 industries ranged from 6.9 to 16.2 %, (population rate = 10.45 %). Industries with the highest rates tended to be those which, on the national level, require frequent or difficult interactions with the public or clients, and have high levels of stress and low levels of physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional research is needed to help identify industries with relatively high rates of depression in other regions and on the national level, and to determine whether these differences are due in part to specific work stress exposures and physical inactivity at work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Claims database analyses may provide a cost-effective way to identify priorities for depression treatment and prevention in the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0559, USA, lawson.wulsin@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Lawson
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wulsin
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alterman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timothy Bushnell
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania; D015995:Prevalence; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017132:Workplace