title: Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ on sepsis induced acute lung injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the first steps in the development of multiple organ failure induced by sepsis. A systemic excessive inflammatory reaction is currently the accepted mechanism of the pathogenesis of sepsis. Several studies have suggested a protective role of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-β/δ (PPAR-β/δ) in related inflammatory diseases. But the role of PPARβ/δ in ALI remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and possible mechanism of PPARβ/δ in ALI induced by sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used as a sepsis model. Rats were randomly divided into four groups, the control group (CON, n = 6), sham-operation group (SHAM, n = 12), cecal ligation and puncture group (CLP, n = 30), GW501516 group (CLP+GW, n = 25), which underwent CLP and were subcutaneously injected with the PPAR-β/δ agonist GW501516 (0.05 mg/100 g body weight). Survival was monitored to 24 hours after operation. Blood pressure, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotrasferase and alanine aminotrasferase were measured after CLP. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Lung tissue samples were stained with H&E and scored according to the degree of inflammation. Bacterial colonies were counted in the peritoneal fluid. Alveolar macrophages were cultured and incubated with GW501516 (0.15 µmol/L) and PPARβ/δ adenovirus and then treated with Lipopolysaccharide (2 µg/ml) for 2 hours. The TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 RNA in lung and alveolar macrophages were determined by real-time PCR. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in lung and alveolar macrophages was detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GW501516 significantly increased the survival of septic rats, decreased histological damage of the lungs, reduced inflammatory cytokines in serum and lung tissues of septic rats and did not increase counts of peritoneal bacteria. In vitro, GW501516 and over-expression of PPARβ/δ attenuated gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in alveolar macrophages. Both in vivo and in vitro, PPARβ/δ inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPARβ/δ plays a protective role in sepsis induced ALI via suppressing excessive inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Cairui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China. Email: zhougp@163.com.
authors.forename: Guopeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Zeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008297:Male; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C425931:GW 501516; D047494:PPAR delta; D048068:PPAR-beta; D013844:Thiazoles