title: Neuroendocrine tumors of extrahepatic biliary tract.
abstract: Neuroendocrine tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts (EBNETs) are very rare. The aim of the present review is to elucidate the characteristics of EBNETs, their treatment and prognosis. An exhaustive systematic review of the literature was performed from 1959 up-to-date. One hundred articles, describing 150 cases were collected. Each article was carefully analyzed and a database was created. The most common symptoms were jaundice (60.3 %) and pruritus (19.2 %). Cholelithiasis co-existed in 15 cases (19.2 %). Hormone- and vasoactive peptide- related symptoms were present in only 7 cases (9 %). The most frequent sites were found to be the common hepatic duct and the proximal common bile duct (19.2 %). Surgical management was considered the main treatment for EBNETs, while excision of extrahepatic biliary tree (62.82 %) with portal vein lymphadenectomy (43.6 %) was the most popular procedure. EBNETs are extremely rare. Their rarity makes their characterization particularly difficult. Up to date the final diagnosis is made after surgery by pathology and immunohistochemistry findings. The present analysis of the existing published cases elucidates many aspects of these tumours, giving complete clinicopathological documentation.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Surgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 85 Karakasi, 54453, Thessaloniki, Greece, nickos.michalopoulos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nickos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
authors.forename: Theodossis S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Papavramidis
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karayannopoulou
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pliakos
authors.forename: Spiros T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Papavramidis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kanellos
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D017734:Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis