title: Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China.
abstract: Broccoli sprouts are a convenient and rich source of the glucosinolate, glucoraphanin, which can generate the chemopreventive agent, sulforaphane, an inducer of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and other cytoprotective enzymes. A broccoli sprout-derived beverage providing daily doses of 600 μmol glucoraphanin and 40 μmol sulforaphane was evaluated for magnitude and duration of pharmacodynamic action in a 12-week randomized clinical trial. Two hundred and ninety-one study participants were recruited from the rural He-He Township, Qidong, in the Yangtze River delta region of China, an area characterized by exposures to substantial levels of airborne pollutants. Exposure to air pollution has been associated with lung cancer and cardiopulmonary diseases. Urinary excretion of the mercapturic acids of the pollutants, benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, were measured before and during the intervention using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid and sustained, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) increases in the levels of excretion of the glutathione-derived conjugates of benzene (61%), acrolein (23%), but not crotonaldehyde, were found in those receiving broccoli sprout beverage compared with placebo. Excretion of the benzene-derived mercapturic acid was higher in participants who were GSTT1-positive than in the null genotype, irrespective of study arm assignment. Measures of sulforaphane metabolites in urine indicated that bioavailability did not decline over the 12-week daily dosing period. Thus, intervention with broccoli sprouts enhances the detoxication of some airborne pollutants and may provide a frugal means to attenuate their associated long-term health risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Egner
authors.affiliation: Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Zarth
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Derek K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China.
authors.forename: Jin-Bing
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Kevin H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kensler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Lisa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Groopman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Jed W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talalay
authors.affiliation: Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China.
authors.forename: Tao-Yang
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, Qidong, Jiangsu, 226200 China.
authors.forename: Geng-Sun
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Carmella
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.|Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kensler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007096:Imidoesters / Q000737:chemistry; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010091:Oximes; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005961:Glucosinolates; D007096:Imidoesters; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010091:Oximes; D013454:Sulfoxides; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C016766:sulforaphane; C119494:glucoraphanin