title: An observational case series of dabigatran and rivaroxaban exposures reported to a poison control system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterize clinical presentations and outcomes of dabigatran and rivaroxaban exposures reported to a poison control system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for cases of dabigatran and rivaroxaban exposures called into the California Poison Control System from January 2011 to July 2013 were collected. Data collected included patient demographics, type of exposure, medication, dosage, vital signs, laboratory values, interventions, outcomes, and disposition. Exclusion criteria included confirmed nonexposures or miscoded cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 56 cases were identified, with 7 excluded, leaving 37 dabigatran and 12 rivaroxaban cases. Children age 12 years or less accounted for 5 dabigatran and 2 rivaroxaban cases. Bleeding was reported in 15 dabigatran cases. There were 4 cases of acute self-harm overdose with dabigatran ranging from 1800 to 3900 mg. Mild bleeding was reported in only one of these overdose cases. There were 2 fatal hemorrhages in dabigatran cases, both in chronic therapeutic dosing. Bleeding was reported in 5 rivaroxaban cases, all in patients with chronic exposure; no deaths were reported. There were no adverse outcomes in pediatric patients. Coagulation parameters did not correlate well with bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series, the greatest risk of adverse events was in patients chronically taking these agents, irrespective of excess dosing. Acute self-harm ingestions and accidental pediatric ingestions had few adverse effects, although massive overdose can lead to abnormal coagulation studies. It does not appear that single low-dose ingestions of either medication will lead to clinically significant bleeding. It may be possible to manage some pediatric exposures and most accidental ingestions with observation.
authors.affiliation: UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: UCSD Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA; California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Alicia B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Minns
authors.affiliation: California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smollin
authors.affiliation: California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA; UC Davis School of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Albertson
authors.affiliation: UCSD Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA; California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: F Lee
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Cantrell
authors.affiliation: UCSD Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA; California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomaszewski
authors.affiliation: UCSD Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, CA; California Poison Control System, San Diego, CA. Electronic address: rfclark@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000506:poisoning*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000506:poisoning*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000069604:Dabigatran; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009025:Morpholines / Q000506:poisoning*; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000506:poisoning*; D055815:Young Adult; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000506:poisoning
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D009025:Morpholines; D013876:Thiophenes; D015091:beta-Alanine; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D000069604:Dabigatran