title: Enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis-induced anticancer effect of silibinin-loaded nanoparticles in oral carcinoma (KB) cells.
abstract: Silibinin (SIL) is a plant derived flavonoid isolated from the fruits and seeds of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Silibinin possesses a wide variety of biological applications including anticancer activities but poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limit its potential and efficacy at the tumor sites. In the present study, silibinin was encapsulated in Eudragit® E (EE) nanoparticles in the presence of stabilizing agent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its anticancer efficacy in oral carcinoma (KB) cells was studied. Silibinin loaded nanoparticles (SILNPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique and characterized in terms of size distribution, morphology, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release. MTT assay revealed higher cytotoxic efficacy of SILNPs than free SIL in KB cells. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination revealed the significantly higher intracellular ROS levels in SILNPs treated cells compared to free SIL treated cells. Therefore, the differential cytotoxicity between SILNPs and SIL may be mediated by the discrepancy of intracellular ROS levels. Moreover, acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) dual staining and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) confirmed the induction of apoptosis with nanoparticle treatment. Further, the extent of DNA damage (evaluated by comet assay) was significantly increased in SILNPs than free SIL in KB cells. Taken together, the present study suggests that silibinin-loaded nanoparticles can be used as an effective drug delivery system to produce a better chemopreventive response for the treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gohulkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gurushankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajendra Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India. Electronic address: nskumarphyamu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krishnakumar
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012838:Silymarin; D000077385:Silybin; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol
keywords: Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; KB cells; Nanoparticles; Silibinin