title: Comparison of rapid cranial MRI to CT for ventricular shunt malfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the accuracy of rapid cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with that of computed tomography (CT) for diagnosing ventricular shunt malfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study of children ≤21 years of age who underwent either rapid cranial MRI or cranial CT in the emergency department (ED) for evaluation of possible ventricular shunt malfunction. Each neuroimaging study was classified as "normal" (unchanged or decreased ventricle size) or "abnormal" (increased ventricle size). We classified a patient as having a ventricular shunt malfunction if operative revision for relief of mechanical causes of altered shunt flow was needed within 72 hours of initial ED evaluation. Our primary analysis tested noninferiority of the accuracy of rapid cranial MRI to CT for diagnosing shunt malfunction (noninferiority margin 10%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 698 ED visits for 286 unique patients, with a median age at visit of 10.0 years (interquartile range 5.9-15.5 years). Patients underwent CT in 336 (48%) or rapid cranial MRI in 362 (52%) of ED visits for evaluation of possible shunt malfunction. Patients had operative revision for ventricular shunt malfunction in 140 ED visits (20%). The accuracy of rapid cranial MRI was not inferior to that of CT scan for diagnosing ventricular shunt malfunction (81.8% MRI vs 82.4% CT; risk difference 2.0%; 95% confidence interval, -4.2% to 8.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid cranial MRI was not inferior to CT for diagnosing ventricular shunt malfunction and offers the advantage of sparing a child ionizing radiation exposure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, and tehnaz.boyle@childrens.harvard.edu lise.nigrovic@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Tehnaz P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paldino
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kimia
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Brianna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Lise E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nigrovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: cranial CT; rapid cranial MRI; ventricular shunt malfunction