title: Comparison between solid phase microextraction (SPME) and hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HFLPME) for determination of extractables from post-consumer recycled PET into food simulants.
abstract: Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HFLPME) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) methods for pre-concentration of contaminants (toluene, benzophenone, tetracosane and chloroform) in food simulants were investigated. For HFLPME 1-heptanol, 2-octanone and dibutyl-ether were studied as extracting solvents. Analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), flame ionization (GC-FID) and electron capture detectors (GC-ECD) were carried out. In addition, the methods were employed to evaluate the safety in use of a PET material after the recycling process (comprising washing, extrusion and solid state polymerization (SSP)) through extractability studies of the contaminants using 10% (v/v) ethanol in deionized water and 3% (w/v) acetic acid in deionized water as food simulants in different conditions: 10 days at 40°C and 2h at 70°C. The HFLPME preconcentration method provided increased sensitivity when compared to the SPME method and allowed to analyze concentration levels below 10 µg surrogate per kg food simulant. The results of the extractability studies showed considerable reductions after the extrusion and SSP processes and indicated the compliance with regulations for using recycled PET in contact with food.
authors.affiliation: UFABC - Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bangú, CEP 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Éder Costa
authors.initials: ÉC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: University of Zaragoza, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS, Torres Quevedo Building, Marıa de Luna St. 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Echegoyen
authors.affiliation: UFABC - Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bangú, CEP 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Andrea
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: University of Zaragoza, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS, Torres Quevedo Building, Marıa de Luna St. 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: cnerin@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nerin
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000032:analysis; D002725:Chloroform / Q000032:analysis; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates / Q000737:chemistry*; D059027:Recycling; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D001577:Benzophenones; D011093:Polyethylene Terephthalates; D014050:Toluene; D000431:Ethanol; C047723:benzophenone; D002725:Chloroform; D019342:Acetic Acid; C514857:tetracosane
keywords: Food contact; Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction; Recycled PET; Solid phase microextraction