title: Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing.
abstract: A 14-year-old boy with severe combined immunodeficiency presented three times to a medical facility over a period of 4 months with fever and headache that progressed to hydrocephalus and status epilepticus necessitating a medically induced coma. Diagnostic workup including brain biopsy was unrevealing. Unbiased next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid identified 475 of 3,063,784 sequence reads (0.016%) corresponding to leptospira infection. Clinical assays for leptospirosis were negative. Targeted antimicrobial agents were administered, and the patient was discharged home 32 days later with a status close to his premorbid condition. Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and serologic testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) subsequently confirmed evidence of Leptospira santarosai infection.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics (M.R.W., J.L.D.), Neurology (M.R.W.), and Laboratory Medicine (S.N.N., E.S., G.Y., S.S., S.F., S.M., C.Y.C.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.Y.C.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.N.N., E.S., G.Y., S.S., S.F., S.M., C.Y.C.) - both in San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology (M.B., H.B., J.E.G.), and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.S., K.D.R.) and Pediatrics (T.L.M., C.M.S., S.L.H., J.E.G.), University of Wisconsin, Madison; the Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., E.G., F.C.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.H.B.); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (R.G.).
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Samia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Naccache
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samayoa
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biagtan
authors.forename: Hiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.forename: Guixia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shahriar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Salamat
authors.forename: Sneha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somasekar
authors.forename: Scot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Federman
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sokolic
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garabedian
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Candotti
authors.forename: Rebecca H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Kurt D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Teresa L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Seroogy
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gern
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: DeRisi
authors.forename: Charles Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000172:deficiency; D000293:Adolescent; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000150:complications; D001706:Biopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007919:Leptospira / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008590:Meningoencephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D016511:Severe Combined Immunodeficiency / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase