title: The effects of a diet rich in inulin or wheat fibre on markers of cardiovascular disease in overweight male subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies suggest that the beneficial health effects of a diet rich in whole grains could be a result of the individual fibres found in the grain. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of a diet high in either wheat fibre (as an example of an insoluble fibre) or inulin (a nondigestible carbohydrate) on markers of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten male participants classified as at higher risk of cardiovascular disease [mean (SD) body mass index 30.2 (3) kg m(-2) , mean (SD) waist circumference 106.4 (7) cm, mean (SD) age 39.8 (9) years] were recruited to a randomised, controlled, cross-over study comparing the consumption of bespoke bread rolls containing either inulin, wheat germ or refined grain (control) (15 g day(-1) ) for 4 weeks with a 4-week washout period between each regime. At the end of each regime, participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), measures of pulse wave velocity (PWV), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP), plasma lipid status and markers of glucose control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in measures of glucose control, lipid status, 24-h AMBP or PWV after the intervention periods and no changes compared to baseline. There was no significant difference between OGTT glucose and insulin time profiles; however, there was a significant difference in area under the curves between the wheat fibre and control interventions when comparing change from baseline (control +10.2%, inulin +4.3%, wheat fibre -2.5%; P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only limited differences between the interventions were identified, perhaps as a consequence of the amount of fibre used and intervention length. The wheat germ intervention resulted in a significant reduction in glucose area under the curve, suggesting that this fibre may aid glucose control.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tripkovic
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.|Department of Medicine, Imperial College, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.|Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lodge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007444:Inulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D050177:Overweight; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008055:Lipids; D007444:Inulin
keywords: arterial stiffness; cardiovascular disease; dietary intervention; fibre; glucose control; humans; inulin; lipid status; wheat germ; whole grain