title: Driver's behavioral adaptation to adaptive cruise control (ACC): the case of speed and time headway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Adaptive Cruise Control is an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that allows maintaining given headway and speed, according to settings pre-defined by the users. Despite the potential benefits associated to the utilization of ACC, previous studies warned against negative behavioral adaptations that might occur while driving with the system activated. Unfortunately, up to now, there are no unanimous results about the effects induced by the usage of ACC on speed and time headway to the vehicle in front. Also, few studies were performed including actual users of ACC among the subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This research aimed to investigate the effect of the experience gained with ACC on speed and time headway for a group of users of the system. In addition, it explored the impact of ACC usage on speed and time headway for ACC users and regular drivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched sample driving simulator study was planned as a two-way (2×2) repeated measures mixed design, with the experience with ACC as between-subjects factor and the driving condition (with ACC and manually) as within-subjects factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the usage of ACC brought a small but not significant reduction of speed and, especially, the maintenance of safer time headways, being the latter result greater for ACC users, probably as a consequence of their experience in using the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The usage of ACC did not cause any negative behavioral adaptations to the system regarding speed and time headway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this research work, the Adaptive Cruise Control showed the potential to improve road safety for what concerns the speed and the time headway maintained by the drivers. The speed of the surrounding traffic and the minimum time headway settable through the ACC seem to have an important effect on the road safety improvement achievable with the system.
authors.affiliation: ISEC UNIVERSITAS, Alameda das Linhas de Torres 179, 1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: g.f.piccinini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giulio Francesco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bianchi Piccinini
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: cmr@fe.up.pt.
authors.forename: Carlos Manuel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: jml@isep.ipp.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.affiliation: CIGEST, Rua Vitorino Nemésio 5, 1750-306 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: anabelasimoes@cigest.ensinus.pt.
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simões
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D011930:Reaction Time; D012449:Safety; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013672:Technology
keywords: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems; Human factors; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Road safety; Traffic psychology