title: Retinal function and morphology in the rabbit eye after intravitreal injection of the TNF alpha inhibitor adalimumab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of the tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor adalimumab on rabbit retina after injection into the vitreous body.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight rabbits of mixed strain (9-12 months old, weighing ≈ 3.5 kg) were randomized into four groups. Adalimumab was injected at one of two concentrations (1.25 mg or 2.5 mg) into the eyes of two groups, and balanced salt solution into the eyes of the third group. The fourth group acted as controls. Full-field electroretinography (ffERG) was performed before injection and 1 and 6 weeks post-injection. At 6 weeks post-injection the rabbits were euthanized and the sectioned retinas were studied. Retinal histology was studied with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on rods, cones, rod bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and Müller cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in ffERG amplitudes or implicit times was observed between the four groups at any time point. Histological and immunohistochemical findings were similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of adalimumab into the vitreous body of healthy rabbits, at doses up to 2.5 mg, does not appear to be toxic to the rabbit retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University , Lund , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna Cardiakidis
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andréasson
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ponjavic
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000633:toxicity*; D064026:Calbindins / Q000378:metabolism; D004596:Electroretinography; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D010320:Parvalbumins / Q000378:metabolism; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D064026:Calbindins; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D010320:Parvalbumins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012243:Rhodopsin; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D000068879:Adalimumab
keywords: Adalimumab; drug toxicity; electrophysiology; histopathology; intravitreal injection; rabbit retina; retinal function; tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor