title: Cartilage regeneration by chondrogenic induced adult stem cells in osteoarthritic sheep model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, Adipose stem cells (ADSC) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSC), multipotent adult cells with the potentials for cartilage regenerations were induced to chondrogenic lineage and used for cartilage regenerations in surgically induced osteoarthritis in sheep model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteoarthritis was induced at the right knee of sheep by complete resection of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial meniscus following a 3-weeks exercise regimen. Stem cells from experimental sheep were culture expanded and induced to chondrogenic lineage. Test sheep received a single dose of 2 × 10(7) autologous PKH26-labelled, chondrogenically induced ADSCs or BMSCs as 5 mls injection, while controls received 5 mls culture medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferation rate of ADSCs 34.4 ± 1.6 hr was significantly higher than that of the BMSCs 48.8 ± 5.3 hr (P = 0.008). Chondrogenic induced BMSCs had significantly higher expressions of chondrogenic specific genes (Collagen II, SOX9 and Aggrecan) compared to chondrogenic ADSCs (P = 0.031, 0.010 and 0.013). Grossly, the treated knee joints showed regenerated de novo cartilages within 6 weeks post-treatment. On the International Cartilage Repair Society grade scores, chondrogenically induced ADSCs and BMSCs groups had significantly lower scores than controls (P = 0.0001 and 0.0001). Fluorescence of the tracking dye (PKH26) in the injected cells showed that they had populated the damaged area of cartilage. Histological staining revealed loosely packed matrixes of de novo cartilages and immunostaining demonstrated the presence of cartilage specific proteins, Collagen II and SOX9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autologous chondrogenically induced ADSCs and BMSCs could be promising cell sources for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chinedu C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ude
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shamsul B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sulaiman
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ng
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Min-Hwei
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hui-Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norhamdan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Yahaya
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia; ENT Consultant Clinic, Ampang Putri Specialist Hospital, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aminuddin B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Saim
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ruszymah B H
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Idrus
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002470:Cell Survival; D058948:Cell Tracking; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D012038:Regeneration; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C070080:PKH 26