title: Cytotoxic effect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via seaweed aqueous extract.
abstract: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) are among the most useful metal nanoparticles for multiple applications across a broad spectrum in the biomedical field, including the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In previous work, we synthesized and characterized Fe3O4 MNPs using a simple, rapid, safe, efficient, one-step green method involving reduction of ferric chloride solution using brown seaweed (Sargassum muticum) aqueous extract containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino functional groups mainly relevant to polysaccharides, which acts as a potential stabilizer and metal reductant agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic activity and cellular effects of these Fe3O4 MNPs. Their in vitro anticancer activity was demonstrated in human cell lines for leukemia (Jurkat cells), breast cancer (MCF-7 cells), cervical cancer (HeLa cells), and liver cancer (HepG2 cells). The cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of Fe3O4 MNPs, and an MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was used to test for cytotoxicity, resulting in an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of 23.83±1.1 μg/mL (HepG2), 18.75±2.1 μg/mL (MCF-7), 12.5±1.7 μg/mL (HeLa), and 6.4±2.3 μg/mL (Jurkat) 72 hours after treatment. Therefore, Jurkat cells were selected for further investigation. The representative dot plots from flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis showed that the percentages of cells in early apoptosis and late apoptosis were increased. Cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in accumulation of Fe3O4 MNP-treated cells at sub-G1 phase, confirming induction of apoptosis by Fe3O4 MNPs. The Fe3O4 MNPs also activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 in a time-response fashion. The nature of the biosynthesis and therapeutic potential of Fe3O4 MNPs could pave the way for further research on the green synthesis of therapeutic agents, particularly in nanomedicine, to assist in the treatment of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia ; Research Center for Animal Development Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Namvar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Heshu Sulaiman
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia ; Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rosfarizan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Development Applied Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baharara
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz.
authors.forename: Mahnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi
authors.affiliation: Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Elaheh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: DigiCare Behavioral Research, Casa Grande, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Max Stanley
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chartrand
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Swee Keong
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Yeap
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water
keywords: anticancer effect; apoptosis; green synthesis; seaweed water extract