title: Mucoadhesive and enzymatic inhibitory  nanoparticles for transnasal insulin delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel nanocarrier with mucoadhesion and enzymatic inhibition for transnasal insulin delivery. METHODS & METHODS: The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles included size and morphology, as well as mucoadhesion and enzymatic inhibition. The in vitro release of insulin from the nanoparticles was evaluated in 3 mg/ml glucose medium. The cytocompatibility of the nanoparticles was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The interactions of the nanoparticles with Caco-2 cells and nasal epithelia, and the effect of the nanoparticles on transnasal insulin delivery were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with an average size of 100 nm, and presented strong enzymatic inhibitory activity and high mucin adsorption ability. The insulinloaded nanoparticles showed the rapid insulin release in 3 mg/ml glucose medium. The nanoparticles were noncytotoxic to Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the insulin-loaded nanoparticles overcame mucosal barriers and significantly decreased plasma glucose levels.
authors.forename: Yanxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xinge
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Chaoxing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004337:Drug Carriers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin