title: The role of international travel in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing international travel has facilitated the transmission of various multidrug-resistant bacteria-including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-across continents. Individuals may acquire MRSA from the community, healthcare facilities, or even from animal exposure. Skin contact with colonized individuals, fomites, or animals during an overseas trip may result in either asymptomatic colonization or subsequent clinically significant MRSA disease. MRSA strains that harbor the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin are particularly associated with community transmission and may potentially have enhanced virulence resulting in serious skin and soft tissue infections or even necrotizing pneumonia. More importantly, secondary transmission events upon return from traveling have been documented, leading to potentially detrimental outbreaks within the community or the healthcare setting. We sought to review the existing literature relating to the role of various aspects of travel in the spread of MRSA. Risk factors for acquiring MRSA during travel together with the need for targeted screening of high-risk individuals will also be explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this article were identified via PubMed searches using a combination of search terms: "methicillin resistance," "MRSA," "livestock-associated MRSA," "community-associated MRSA," "travel," and "outbreak." The relevant articles were extensively perused to determine secondary sources of data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our review of the current literature suggests that international travel plays a significant role in the transmission of MRSA, potentially contributing to the replacement of existing endemic MRSA with fitter and more transmissible strains. Therefore, selective and targeted screening of travelers with risk factors for MRSA colonization may be beneficial. Healthcare professionals and patients should be considered for screening if they were to return from endemic areas, with the former group decolonized before returning to patient care work, in order to reduce the transmission of MRSA to vulnerable patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yvonne P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilder-Smith
authors.forename: Li-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hsu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014195:Travel
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents