title: Scheuermann's disease: current diagnosis and treatment approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the current knowledge relating to diagnosing and treating Scheuermann's disease. Scheuermann's disease is the most common cause of structural kyphosis in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature-based narrative review of English language medical literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent studies have revealed a major genetic contribution (a dominant autosomal inheritance pattern with high penetrance and variable expressivity) to the etiology of Scheuermann kyphosis with a smaller environmental component (most probably mechanical factors). The natural history of Scheuermann kyphosis remains controversial, with conflicting reports as to the severity of pain and physical disability. Since we cannot predict which kyphotic curves will progress, we are unable to determine effectiveness of brace treatment. Physical therapy is scarcely mentioned in the literature as an effective treatment for Scheuermann kyphosis. Although there is little evidence that physical therapy alone can alter the natural history of Scheuermann's disease, it is often used as the first choice of treatment. Brace treatment appears to be more effective if an early diagnosis is made, prior to the curvature angle exceeding 50° in patients continuing to grow. Surgical treatment is rarely indicated for severe kyphosis (>75°) with curve progression, refractory pain, or a neurologic deficit. Rigorous methodology clinical trials are essential to evaluate the efficacy of conservative interventions, especially different exercises and manual therapies and their combinations with braces.
authors.affiliation: Maccabi Health Care Services, Posture Clinic, Maccabi Hashalom, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Physical Therapy, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, IsraelDepartment of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa University, Mt Carmel, IsraelPhysical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, IsraelDepartment of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Tomer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bezalel
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmeli
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Been
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, IsraelDepartment of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa University, Mt Carmel, IsraelPhysical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, IsraelDepartment of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kalichman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001915:Braces; D002648:Child; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D012544:Scheuermann Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Scheuermann's disease; etiology; review; spine; treatment