title: Approaches to manual ventilation.
abstract: Manual ventilation is a basic skill that involves airway assessment, maneuvers to open the airway, and application of simple and complex airway support devices and effective positive-pressure ventilation using a bag and mask. An important part of manual ventilation is recognizing its success and when it is difficult or impossible and a higher level of support is necessary to sustain life. Careful airway assessment will help clinicians identify what and when the next step needs to be taken. Often simple airway maneuvers such as the head tilt/chin lift and jaw thrust can achieve a patent airway. Appropriate use of airway adjuncts can further aid the clinician in situations in which airway maneuvers may not be sufficient. Bag-mask ventilation (BMV) plays a vital role in effective manual ventilation, improving both oxygenation and ventilation as well as buying time while preparations are made for endotracheal intubation. There are, however, situations in which BMV may be difficult or impossible. Anticipation and early recognition of these situations allows clinicians to quickly make adjustments to the method of BMV or to employ a more advanced intervention to avoid delays in establishing adequate oxygenation and ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Care Services, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina. john.davies@duke.edu.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Care Services, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Care Services, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Asciutto
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D008020:Life Support Care; D056888:Patient Positioning
keywords: airway assessment; bag-mask ventilation; cervical spine immobilization; cricoid pressure; difficult mask ventilation; head position; head tilt/chin lift; jaw thrust; nasopharyngeal airway; oropharyngeal airway; spontaneous ventilation