title: Low carbohydrate diet score does not predict metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of a low carbohydrate diet score (LCD) to predict the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a group of Tehrani children and adolescents after 3.6 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet scores were calculated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for participants aged 6-19 years, selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study cohort. The LCD was calculated based on intake of carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, refined grains and vegetable protein intake, expressed as a percentage of energy as well as fiber, n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and glycemic load. The higher the score, the more closely the participant's diet followed the pattern of LCD. The incidence of MetS and its components was calculated three years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 13.8 ± 3.6 years and 45.4% were boys. The incidence rates of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose were 7.5%, 11%, 15%, 6.9%, 18.3%, and 12.3%, respectively. Compared to those in the lowest quartile of LCD score, after adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, and energy intake, participants in the highest quartile of LCD score had odds ratios of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.24-2.28), 1.16 (95% CI: 0.47-2.81), 0.55(95% CI: 0.21-1.44), 0.49 (95% CI: 0.11-2.08), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.42-1.98), and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.51-3.20) with the incidence of MetS, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, abdominal obesity, and high blood glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No association was found between LCD and the incidence of MetS or its components in children and adolescents in Tehran after 3.6 years of follow up.
authors.affiliation: Students Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eslamian
authors.affiliation: 2)Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.3)Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Golaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Firoozeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hosseini-Esfahani
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuzbashian
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides