title: Tocopherols in Seafood and Aquaculture Products.
abstract: Fish products contain various nutritionally beneficial components, namely, ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFA), minerals, and vitamins. Particularly, tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol) can be provided by seafood and aquaculture products. Hence, this review shows the various aspects of tocopherols in seafood and aquaculture products. For tocopherol determination in these products, HPLC methods coupled with diode array detection in the UV area of the spectrum or fluorescence detection have been shown as sensitive and accurate. These newest methods have helped in understanding tocopherols fate upon ingestion by seafood organisms. Tocopherols pass through the intestinal mucosa mainly by the same passive diffusion mechanism as fats. After absorption, the transport mechanism is thought to consist of two loops. The first loop is dietary, including chylomicrons and fatty acids bound to carrier protein, transporting lipids mainly to the liver. The other is the transport from the liver to tissues and storage sites. Moreover, tocopherol levels in fish organisms correlate with diet levels, being adjusted in fish body depending on diet concentration. For farmed fish species, insufficient levels of tocopherols in the diet can lead to poor growth performance or to nutritional disease. The tocopherol quantity needed as a feed supplement depends on various factors, such as the vitamer mixture, the lipid level and source, the method of diet preparation, and the feed storage conditions. Other ingredients in diet may be of great importance, it has been proposed that α-tocopherol may behave as a prooxidant synergist at higher concentrations when prooxidants such as transition metals are present. However, the antioxidant action of tocopherols outweighs this prooxidant effect, provided that adequate conditions are used. In fact, muscle-based foods containing higher levels of tocopherol show, for instance, higher lipid stability. Besides, tocopherols are important not only from the nutritional point of view but also from the physiological one, since they are involved in many metabolic processes in the human organism. Moreover, synergistic interactions with selenium and ascorbic acid have been reported. It deserves attention that there is evidence tocopherols taken with food can prevent heart disease, while no such evidence was found for α-tocopherol as supplement. From this perspective, eating fish is advisable, since, for instance, a 100 g serving of salmon may provide nearly 14% of recommended dietary allowance.
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR) , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Cláudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR) , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Narcisa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bandarra
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR) , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Leonor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Biological Resources (INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR) , Lisboa , Portugal.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardoso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D017756:Aquaculture; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005396:Fish Products / Q000032:analysis; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D005511:Food Handling; D061353:Food Storage; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009753:Nutritive Value; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024505:Tocopherols
keywords: Tocopherols; analytical methodology; antioxidants; food processing; health benefits; storage stability