title: Nanomedicine for drug targeting: strategies beyond the enhanced permeability and retention effect.
abstract: The growing research interest in nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory-related pathologies is yielding encouraging results. Unfortunately, enthusiasm is tempered by the limited specificity of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Factors such as lack of cellular specificity, low vascular density, and early release of active agents prior to reaching their target contribute to the limitations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. However, improved nanomedicine designs are creating opportunities to overcome these problems. In this review, we present examples of the advances made in this field and endeavor to highlight the potential of these emerging technologies to improve targeting of nanomedicine to specific pathological cells and tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nehoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Neha N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Parayath
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Domanovitch
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taurin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ; Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Greish
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053769:Nanocapsules
keywords: cancer treatment; inflammation; nanomedicine; permeability and retention effect; tissue targeting