title: Emergence of SCCmec type III with variable antimicrobial resistance profiles and spa types among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthcare- and community-acquired infections in the west of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen of public health importance. The prevalence of MRSA and its antimicrobial resistance pattern, as well as SCCmec and spa types, remain unclear both in the community and in the hospitals of the western region of Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred MRSA isolates were collected from different hospitals in the west of Iran during 2010-2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to 15 antimicrobial agents was carried out by disk agar diffusion (DAD) method in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were evaluated by a broth microdilution method. The Etest was used for the detection of highly gentamicin-resistant MRSA. A combination of single and multiplex PCR was used for the detection of different resistance genes, including beta-lactamase, aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs), and macrolide-lincosamine, and for SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates. Genotyping of MRSA isolates was performed via spa typing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested isolates were susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, and vancomycin, but were resistant to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (50%), clindamycin (27%), and gentamicin (18%). MIC50 and MIC90 was 256 μg/ml among gentamicin-resistant MRSA. The most prevalent AME genes among aminoglycoside-resistant isolates were aac(6')-1e-aph(2")-1a (77.8%), aph(3')-IIIa (38.9%), and ant(4')-1a (27.8%). Nearly all tetracycline- and erythromycin-resistant MRSA had ermA and/or ermC but not ermB. Five SCCmec types and subtypes, 13 spa types, and four BURP groups (A-D) were identified. SCCmec types III (45%) and IVc (24%), spa type t701 (30%), and new spa type t12311 (15%) were the most prevalent among MRSA isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the emergence of MRSA with SCCmec type III and with spa types t12311, t10740, t1234, t1991, and t2651 with different phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in the west of Iran. We found different SCCmec and spa types distributed among nosocomial and non-nosocomial MRSA in the west of Iran.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Sattar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zamberi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sekawi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monjezi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Setareh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Nourkhoda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadeghifard
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pakzad
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi-Jalilian
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emaneini
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Khairollah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asadollahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Para Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilam, Iran.
authors.forename: Fazel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pourahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarrilli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. Electronic address: taherikalani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Morovat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taherikalani
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections; D003428:Cross Infection; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antimicrobial; CA-MRSA; HA-MRSA; SCCmec type