title: Current trends in glioblastoma multiforme treatment: radiation therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. Even with aggressive combination therapy, the median life expectancy for patients with GBM remains approximately 14 months. In order to improve the outcomes of patients with GBM, the development of newer treatments is critical. The concept of using the immune system as a therapeutic option has been suggested for several decades; by harnessing the body's adaptive immune mechanisms, immunotherapy could provide a durable and targeted treatment against cancer. However, many cancers, including GBM, have developed mechanisms that protect tumor cells from being recognized and eliminated by the immune system. For new immunotherapeutic regimens to be successful, overcoming immunosuppression via immune checkpoint signaling should be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mathios
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruzevick
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. ; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lim
keywords: Anti-CTLA-4; Anti-PD-1; Glioblastoma multiforme; Immunotherapy; Stereotactic radiosurgery; Temozolomide