title: Early adiposity rebound is associated with metabolic risk in 7-year-old children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early adiposity rebound (AR <5 years) has been consistently associated with increased obesity risk, but its relationship with metabolic markers is less clear; in addition, the biologic mechanisms involved in these associations have not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to assess the association between timing of AR and metabolic status at age 7 years, evaluating the potential role of adiposity, adipose functionality and skeletal maturation in this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated the age of AR from the body mass index (BMI) trajectories from 0 to 7 years in 910 children from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS). At 7 years, we measured waist circumference (WC) and blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and constructed a metabolic risk score. We also measured percent fat mass (adiposity), plasma concentrations of leptin and adiponectin (adipose functionality) and bone age using wrist ultrasound (skeletal maturation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 44% of the children had an AR <5 years. Earlier AR was associated with larger WC (β: 5.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.29-5.91)), higher glucose (β: 1.02 (1.00-1.03)), insulin resistance (β Homeostatic Model Assessment: 1.06 (1.03-1.09)), triglycerides (β: 10.37 (4.01-6.73)) and adverse metabolic score (β: 0.30 (0.02-0.37)). Associations decreased significantly if adiposity was added to the models (i.e. β WC: 0.85 (0.33-1.38)) and, to a lesser extent, when adipokines (i.e. β WC: 0.73 (0.14-1.32)) and skeletal maturation (i.e. β WC: 0.65 (0.10-1.20)) were added.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In GOCS children, AR at a younger age predicts higher metabolic risk at 7 years; these associations are mostly explained by increased adiposity, but adipose dysfunction and accelerated skeletal maturation also have a role.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corvalán
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kain
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garmendia
authors.affiliation: 1] Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile [2] The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uauy
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D050154:Adiposity; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D020738:Leptin; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides