title: Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state.
abstract: In recent years, numerous electrophysiological signatures of consciousness have been proposed. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of these electroencephalography markers by quantifying their efficiency in differentiating patients in a vegetative state from those in a minimally conscious or conscious state. Capitalizing on a review of previous experiments and current theories, we identify a series of measures that can be organized into four dimensions: (i) event-related potentials versus ongoing electroencephalography activity; (ii) local dynamics versus inter-electrode information exchange; (iii) spectral patterns versus information complexity; and (iv) average versus fluctuations over the recording session. We analysed a large set of 181 high-density electroencephalography recordings acquired in a 30 minutes protocol. We show that low-frequency power, electroencephalography complexity, and information exchange constitute the most reliable signatures of the conscious state. When combined, these measures synergize to allow an automatic classification of patients' state of consciousness.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U992, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France2 NeuroSpin Centre, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France jdsitt@gmail.com jeanremi.king@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacobo Diego
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sitt
authors.affiliation: 1 Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U992, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France2 NeuroSpin Centre, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France jdsitt@gmail.com jeanremi.king@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-Remi
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: 3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: El Karoui
authors.affiliation: 3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France4 AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rohaut
authors.affiliation: 3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France5 AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faugeras
authors.affiliation: 2 NeuroSpin Centre, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France6 Institut Mines-Télécom, Télécom ParisTech, CNRS LTCI, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gramfort
authors.affiliation: 3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France4 AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Intensive Care Unit, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: 7 Integrative Neuroscience Laboratory, Physics Department, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina8 Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Almirante Juan Saenz Valiente 1010, C1428BIJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigman
authors.affiliation: 1 Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U992, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France2 NeuroSpin Centre, Institute of BioImaging Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France9 Université Paris 11, Orsay, France10 Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stanislas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehaene
authors.affiliation: 3 Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France5 AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naccache
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: EEG; consciousness; minimally conscious state; unresponsive wakefulness syndrome; vegetative state