title: Saddle fit and management: An investigation of the association with equine thoracolumbar asymmetries, horse and rider health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No previous studies have investigated interrelationships between saddle fit/management, equine thoracolumbar asymmetries, rider and horse health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess associations between data obtained by clinical assessment and those provided by riders via a questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical assessment of a convenience sample of horses and riders compared with a Web-based questionnaire survey (n = 205).
  
  
  METHODS
  Horse thoracolumbar asymmetries at predetermined sites, the presence of lameness (in hand and/or ridden), saddle slip, saddle fit/management and rider straightness were assessed. Kappa statistics were used to assess the relationship between categorical clinical data and questionnaire data from riders. Spearman's correlation was used to investigate associations between outcomes from clinical assessment (horse, saddle and rider data) and information provided by riders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a 40.5% (205 of 506) questionnaire response rate. Thirty horses (14.6%) had saddle slip, which was significantly associated with hindlimb lameness or gait abnormalities (P<0.001), but only 2 riders had considered a link between saddle slip and lameness. Rider back pain was common (38.5%) and associated with ill-fitting saddles (P = 0.03) and either a quadrupedally reduced cranial phase of the step or a stiff, stilted canter (P = 0.006). Well-fitted saddles were associated with frequent saddle fit checks (P = 0.004). Minor thoracolumbar asymmetries (P = 0.04) were negatively associated with ill-fitting saddles and positively associated with rider skill level (P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interaction between the horse, saddle and rider is complex. Ill-fitting saddles and a stiff, stilted canter or quadrupedally reduced cranial phase of the step are associated with rider back pain. Equine back pain and minor thoracolumbar asymmetries are associated with ill-fitting saddles. Saddle fit should be checked more often than once yearly to lower the number of ill-fitting saddles. Riders, trainers and other professionals involved in equine care and performance need better education to recognise ill-fitting saddles, lameness, saddle slip and rider crookedness.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greve
authors.affiliation: Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dyson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001416:Back Pain / Q000662:veterinary*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: back pain; gait abnormality; horse; lameness; rider position; saddle slip