title: The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway and autoimmune diseases.
abstract: The programmed death (PD)-1/PD-1 ligands (PD-Ls) pathway, is a new member of the B7/CD28 family, and consists of the PD-1 receptor and its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1, CD274) and PD-L2 (B7-DC, CD273). Recently, it is reported that PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 also have soluble forms aside from their membrane bound forms. The soluble forms increase the diversity and complexity of PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in both composition and function. The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway is broadly expressed and exerts a wider range of immunoregulatory roles in T-cell activation and tolerance compared with other B7/CD28 family members. Studies show that the PD-1/PD-Ls pathway regulates the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance and protects tissues from autoimmune attack in physiological conditions. In addition, it is also involved in various diseases mediated by T cells, such as autoimmunity, tumor immunity, chronic viral infections, and transplantation immunity. In this review, we will summarize the relevance of the soluble forms and the latest researches on the role of PD-1/PD-Ls pathway in autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Suya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: hebhlj@sina.com.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; C556977:PDCD1LG2 protein, human; D061027:Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis; Soluble co-stimulatory molecule; Systemic lupus erythematosus; The PD-1/PD-Ls pathway; Type 1 diabetes mellitus