title: The influence of experimental infection of gilts with swine H1N2 influenza A virus during the second month of gestation on the course of pregnancy, reproduction parameters and clinical status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The course of swine influenza in pigs is reported to be similar to human influenza. Occasionally abortions and other reproduction disorders have been associated with influenza A virus (IAV) infection in pigs. Abortions may be a consequence of high fever, pro-inflammatory cytokines or transplacental transmission of the virus.The role of IAV in the complications observed during pregnancy has been scanty and the true importance of this agent as a cause of reproductive problems in swine is not known. The aim was to determine the possible involvement of swine H1N2 IAV strain on reproductive disorders in pregnant gilts under experimental conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gestation length was from 113 to 116 days, no abortion or any other reproduction disorders were noted. A PCR assay confirms the presence of IAV in the nasal swabs taken from inoculated gilts between 1 and 5 dpi. In the nasal swabs from control gilts and newborn piglets, no IAV genetic material was found. No viral RNA was detected in samples of blood taken from gilts and piglets, placentas, lungs and tracheas taken from piglets euthanized after delivery. The significant decrease in the number and percentage of lymphocytes without leukopenia was observed at 4 dpi in inoculated gilts. The percentage of granulocytes increased significantly at 4 dpi in inoculated pigs. The concentration of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were higher in inoculated gilts, while IL-4 and IFN-γ were not detected in the serum of any of animals. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein remained stable during study, while haptoglobin concentrations increased significantly after inoculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study indicate that infection of pregnant gilts with swine H1N2 IAV in the second month of pregnancy does not cause abortion and other reproduction disorders. No evidence for transplacental transmission of swine H1N2 IAV was found. However, due to subclinical course of influenza in the present experiment caution should be taken in extrapolating these results to the cases of acute influenza. The other limitation is IAV diversity. It cannot be excluded that other subtypes of IAV could be associated to reproduction failure in pigs.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwit
authors.affiliation: Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland. mpomorska@piwet.pulawy.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pomorska-Mól
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Markowska-Daniel
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D057221:Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D016207:Cytokines