title: Depression with atypical features and increase in obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass: a prospective, population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression and obesity are 2 prevalent disorders that have been repeatedly shown to be associated. However, the mechanisms and temporal sequence underlying this association are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD; melancholic, atypical, combined, or unspecified) are predictive of adiposity in terms of the incidence of obesity and changes in body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), waist circumference, and fat mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective population-based cohort study, CoLaus (Cohorte Lausannoise)/PsyCoLaus (Psychiatric arm of the CoLaus Study), with 5.5 years of follow-up included 3054 randomly selected residents (mean age, 49.7 years; 53.1% were women) of the city of Lausanne, Switzerland (according to the civil register), aged 35 to 66 years in 2003, who accepted the physical and psychiatric baseline and physical follow-up evaluations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depression subtypes according to the DSM-IV. Diagnostic criteria at baseline and follow-up, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle (alcohol and tobacco use and physical activity), and medication, were elicited using the semistructured Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass during the follow-up period, in percentage of the baseline value, and the incidence of obesity during the follow-up period among nonobese participants at baseline. Weight, height, waist circumference, and body fat (bioimpedance) were measured at baseline and follow-up by trained field interviewers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only participants with the atypical subtype of MDD at baseline revealed a higher increase in adiposity during follow-up than participants without MDD. The associations between this MDD subtype and body mass index (β = 3.19; 95% CI, 1.50-4.88), incidence of obesity (odds ratio, 3.75; 95% CI, 1.24-11.35), waist circumference in both sexes (β = 2.44; 95% CI, 0.21-4.66), and fat mass in men (β = 16.36; 95% CI, 4.81-27.92) remained significant after adjustments for a wide range of possible cofounding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The atypical subtype of MDD is a strong predictor of obesity. This emphasizes the need to identify individuals with this subtype of MDD in both clinical and research settings. Therapeutic measures to diminish the consequences of increased appetite during depressive episodes with atypical features are advocated.
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aurélie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lasserre
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland2Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glaus
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Caroline L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Vandeleur
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaucher
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bastardot
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeber
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preisig
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology