title: Prospective evaluation of local control and late effects of conformal radiation therapy in children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A phase II trial of conformal radiotherapy (CRT) for pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG) was performed to evaluate disease control and late effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 1997 and January 2003, 34 pediatric patients (median age, 13.2 ± 6.7 years) with HGG were enrolled on an International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report 50-compliant prospective trial using CRT with a 2 cm clinical target volume margin. Baseline and serial evaluations were performed to assess functional outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up for the entire group was 18 months (range, 2-134 months). Twenty (58.8%) patients developed local progression, and 6 (17.6%) patients developed distant progression. Progression-free and overall survival at 10 years were 18.8% ± 6.9% and 16.8% ± 6.5%, respectively. At baseline, 40% of patients evaluated for intelligence quotient (IQ) scored below 85. Measures of cognitive function obtained during the first 12 months fit a mixed model with a quadratic function. The relationship between IQ and time was -1.1883 points/month for the linear term and 0.07728 points/month for the quadratic term (P = .0454). IQ decreased between baseline and 6 months and then increased slightly through 12 months. The opposite was found for (all P values of the quadratic term) activities of daily living (P = .0155), socialization (P = .0049), and the composite score (P = .0257) of adaptive behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRT using a 2 cm clinical target volume margin in pediatric HGG demonstrated tumor control comparable to conventional radiation therapy. Disrupted cognitive and adaptive behavioral functioning were present at baseline and throughout the course of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Tamara Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Vern-Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broniscer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Shengjie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute, Jacksonville, Florida (T.Z.V.-G.); Department of Psychology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (J.E.S.); Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (A.B.); Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (S.W., X.X.); Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee (T.E.M.).
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Merchant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: high-grade glioma; pediatrics; radiation therapy