title: Metal contaminated biochar and wood ash negatively affect plant growth and soil quality after land application.
abstract: Pyrolysis or combustion of waste wood can provide a renewable source of energy and produce byproducts which can be recycled back to land. To be sustainable requires that these byproducts pose minimal threat to the environment or human health. Frequently, reclaimed waste wood is contaminated by preservative-treated timber containing high levels of heavy metals. We investigated the effect of feedstock contamination from copper-preservative treated wood on the behaviour of pyrolysis-derived biochar and combustion-derived ash in plant-soil systems. Biochar and wood ash were applied to soil at typical agronomic rates. The presence of preservative treated timber in the feedstock increased available soil Cu; however, critical Cu guidance limits were only exceeded at high rates of feedstock contamination. Negative effects on plant growth and soil quality were only seen at high levels of biochar contamination (>50% derived from preservative-treated wood). Negative effects of wood ash contamination were apparent at lower levels of contamination (>10% derived from preservative treated wood). Complete removal of preservative treated timber from wood recycling facilities is notoriously difficult and low levels of contamination are commonplace. We conclude that low levels of contamination from Cu-treated wood should pose minimal environmental risk to biochar and ash destined for land application.
authors.affiliation: Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK. Electronic address: d.jones@bangor.ac.uk.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. Electronic address: richard.quilliam@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Quilliam
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D063245:Plant Development; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: CCA treated wood; Hazard assessment; Liming; Microbial activity; Root growth inhibition; pH