title: Hyperplastic obesity and liver steatosis as long-term consequences of suboptimal in vitro culture of mouse embryos.
abstract: In the present study, we identify and describe an obese phenotype in mice as a long-term consequence of a suboptimal in vitro culture that resulted from the addition of fetal calf serum (FCS) into the culture medium. Mice produced with FCS displayed a high mortality rate (approximately 55% versus 15% in control mice within 20 mo) and increased sensitivity to the development of obesity in adulthood when fed either a standard or a high-fat diet. These mice developed hyperplastic obesity that was characterized by a significant expansion of the fat pads (approximately 25% and 32% higher body weight in male and female mice over controls, respectively) with unchanged adipocyte size. We observed a sexual dimorphism in the development of obesity in the mice produced with FCS. Whereas the female mice displayed hypertension, hyperleptinemia, and fatty liver, the male mice only displayed glucose intolerance. The mRNA expression of metabolically relevant genes in the adipose tissue was also affected. The males produced with FCS expressed higher mRNA levels of the genes that activate fatty acid oxidation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [Ppara, PPARalpha] and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 [Acox1, ACOX1]) and thermogenesis (uncoupling protein 1 [Ucp1, UCP1]), which may counteract the metabolic phenotype. Conversely, the females produced with FCS generally expressed lower levels of these metabolic genes. In the females, the obese phenotype was associated with inhibition of the lipogenic pathway (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [Pparg, PPARgamma] and fatty acid synthase [Fasn, FAS]), indicating a saturation of the storage capacity of the adipose tissue. Overall, our data indicate that the exposure to suboptimal in vitro culture conditions can lead to the sexually dimorphic development of obesity in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Decara
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain G.I. Biogenesis, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia.
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: López-Cardona
authors.affiliation: Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pavón
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Orio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alen
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain agutierr@inia.es.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Adán
authors.affiliation: Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain fernando.rodriguez@fundacionimabis.org.
authors.forename: Fernando Rodríguez
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: de Fonseca
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003470:Culture Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D004041:Dietary Fats; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: development; embryos; fatty liver; in vitro culture; mice; obesity