title: Accuracy of continuous noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noninvasive hemoglobin (Hb) monitoring devices are available in the clinical setting, but their accuracy and precision against central laboratory Hb measurements have not been evaluated in a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature (2005 to August 2013) with PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library, reviewed references of retrieved articles, and contacted manufactures to identify studies assessing the accuracy of noninvasive Hb monitoring against central laboratory Hb measurements. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of studies using recommendations for reporting guidelines and quality criteria for method comparison studies. Pooled mean difference and standard deviation (SD) (95% limits of agreement) across studies were calculated using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 32 studies (4425 subjects, median sample size of 44, ranged from 10 to 569 patients per study) were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled random-effects mean difference (noninvasive-central laboratory) and SD were 0.10 ± 1.37 g/dL (-2.59 to 2.80 g/dL, I = 95.9% for mean difference and 95.0% for SD). In subgroup analysis, pooled mean difference and SD were 0.39 ± 1.32 g/dL (-2.21 to 2.98 g/dL, I = 93.0%, 71.4%) in 13 studies conducted in the perioperative setting and were -0.51 ± 1.59 g/dL (-3.63 to 2.62 g/dL, I = 83.7%, 96.4%) in 5 studies performed in the intensive care unit setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the mean difference between noninvasive Hb and central laboratory measurements was small, the wide limits of agreement mean clinicians should be cautious when making clinical decisions based on these devices.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, Science Library Reference, and Statistics, University of California Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lilot
authors.forename: Linda Suk-Ling
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Kulraj S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rinehart
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannesson
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010092:Oximetry; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins