title: Tissue distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism, and effects of erythromycin in crucian carp (Carassius auratus).
abstract: In this study, the tissue distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism and biological effects of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin (ERY) were investigated in fish using crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as a model. Crucian carp were exposed to various concentrations of ERY (4, 20, and 100 μg/L) for 28 days. The UPLC/MS/MS analysis of both water and tissue provided the bioconcentration of ERY and its metabolites in the fish body. The results from tissue samples showed that a maximum tissue concentration occurred in the muscle and that the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 72.2 was lower than the theoretical BCF of 90.4 calculated from the octanol-water coefficient of ERY. A significant portion of the absorbed ERY was metabolized via demethylation and dehydration and observed in the form of descladinose in fish. In addition, the relevant biomarkers, including acetylcholinesterase in the brain, as well as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and superoxide dismutase in the liver, changed significantly during 28 days of exposure (P<0.05). These results clearly indicated that ERY accumulated in fish and that similar metabolites as those observed in mammals were produced, resulting in the biochemical disturbance of biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China. Electronic address: ghlu@hhu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Jiannan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004917:Erythromycin; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Bioconcentration; Biomarker; Erythromycin; Metabolites