title: Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with capillary HPLC for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental water and banana juice samples.
abstract: A salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with capillary high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (capillary HPLC-DAD) was proposed for extraction and determination of residues of nine sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs) in environmental water and banana juice samples. Various parameters affecting the extraction process such as the type and volume of the organic solvent, sample volume, type and amount of salt, pH of the sample and vortex time were optimized. Under optimum conditions, matrix matched calibration curves were established using river water and banana juice samples. Good linear relationships as well as low limits of detection, LODs (0.4-1.3 and 3-13 µg/L) and quantification, LOQs (1.3-4.3 and 10-43 µg/L) were obtained in water and banana juice samples, respectively. The precision (intra- and inter-day) of the peak areas expressed as relative standard deviations (%, RSD), at two concentration levels were below 10 % in both matrices. Recoveries obtained from spiked environmental waters (river water and groundwater) and banana juice samples, at two concentration levels, ranged from 72 to 115%. The results of the analysis revealed that the proposed SALLE-capillary HPLC method is simple, rapid, cheap and environmentally friendly, being successfully applicable for the determination of SUH residues in waters and banana juices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gure
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreno-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Negussie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Megersa
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Monsalud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: del Olmo-Iruela
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain. Electronic address: amgarcia@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: García-Campaña
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry; D028521:Musa; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D006540:Herbicides; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate; C032159:acetonitrile
keywords: Banana juice; Capillary high performance liquid chromatography; Environmental waters; Salting-out liquid–liquid extraction; Sulfonylurea herbicides