title: Effect of β-cryptoxanthin plus phytosterols on cardiovascular risk and bone turnover markers in post-menopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Post-menopausal women are at higher risk of cardiovascular disease and bone demineralization. Phytosterols (PS) may be used for hypercholesterolemia in some groups and β-cryptoxanthin (β-Cx) displays a unique anabolic effect on bone. Our aim was to assess the changes in cardiovascular and bone turnover markers from the oral intake of β-Cx and PS in post-menopausal women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A randomized, double-blind, crossover study with β-Cx (0.75 mg/day) and PS (1.5 g/day), single and combined, was performed in 38 postmenopausal women. Diet was supplemented with 1 × 250 mL milk-based fruit drink/day for 4 weeks with a wash-out period of 4-weeks in between. Serum β-Cx and PS were determined by UPLC and CG-FID respectively. Outcome variables included markers of bone turnover and cardiovascular risk. Biological effect was assessed by paired t test and generalized estimating equations analysis that included the previous treatment, the order of intervention and the interactions. The intake of beverages containing β-Cx and PS brought about a significant increase in serum levels of β-Cx, β-sitosterol and campesterol. Intervention caused changes in almost all the markers while the order, previous treatment and the interaction did not reach statistical significance. Only the intake of the beverage containing β-Cx plus PS brought about significant decreases in total cholesterol, c-HDL, c-LDL and bone turnover markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  β-Cx improves the cholesterol-lowering effect of PS when supplied simultaneously and this combination may also be beneficial in reducing risk of osteoporosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01074723.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: fgranado.hpth@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granado-Lorencio
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lagarda
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Garcia-López
authors.affiliation: Global Technology Centre, Hero Group, Avda.Murcia 1, 30820 Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Siles
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alegría
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sacristán
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Llatas
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donoso-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Silvestre-Mardomingo
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barberá
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D010840:Phytosterols; D012855:Sitosterols; D014280:Triglycerides; C021273:campesterol; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Bone turnover; Cardiovascular risk; Phytosterols; Post-menopausal women; β-Cryptoxanthin