title: Race affects outcome among infants with intestinal failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal failure (IF) is a rare, devastating condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to determine whether ethnic and racial differences were associated with patient survival and likelihood of receiving an intestinal transplant in a contemporary cohort of children with IF.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an analysis of a multicenter cohort study with data collected from chart review conducted by the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Consortium. Entry criteria included infants ≤ 12 months receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) for ≥ 60 continuous days and studied for at least 2 years. Outcomes included death and intestinal transplantation (ITx). Race and ethnicity were recorded as they were in the medical record. For purposes of statistical comparisons and regression modeling, categories of race were consolidated into "white" and "nonwhite" children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 272 subjects enrolled, 204 white and 46 nonwhite children were available for analysis. The 48-month cumulative incidence probability of death without ITx was 0.40 for nonwhite and 0.16 for white children (P < 0.001); the cumulative incidence probability of ITx was 0.07 for nonwhite versus 0.31 for white children (P = 0.003). The associations between race and outcomes remained after accounting for low birth weight, diagnosis, and being seen at a transplant center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Race is associated with death and receiving an ITx in a large cohort of children with IF. This study highlights the need to investigate reasons for this apparent racial disparity in outcome among children with IF.
authors.affiliation: *Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA †Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH ‡Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA §The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ||Children's Hospital Colorado Medical Center, Denver ¶Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA #Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Squires
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balint
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horslen
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wales
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soden
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Ruosha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Belle
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D008297:Male; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies