title: Increased behavioral output but intact goal-directed and habitual responding for food reward following early-life social deprivation in rats.
abstract: Early-life social adversity, such as child neglect and institutionalized rearing, is associated with later-life difficulties of inhibitory control that may reflect altered attribution of salience to external stimuli. Studies in rats demonstrate that early-life social deprivation results in enhanced responsiveness to reward stimuli and conditioned reward cues. This study examined whether these effects are related to fundamental changes in appetitive conditioning processes involving instrumental goal-directed and habitual responding for food reward. Rats were reared either by the mother (maternal rearing; MR) or in complete isolation from the mother and litter (artificial rearing; AR) and tested as adults in two appetitive conditioning tasks. AR and MR rats did not differ in the amount of goal-directed effort they exerted to obtain food reward on progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. AR and MR rats also did not differ in the shift from goal-directed to habitual responding on a random interval schedule and they were equally sensitive to changes in reward value. The major difference between AR and MR rats was that AR rats exhibited more non-instrumental responses (empty food magazine entries, ineffective lever presses). Thus, early-life social deprivation of rats through AR affects the expression of unreinforced extraneous behaviors when motivational requirements are high, but does not affect conditioned goal-directed and habitual responding to reward. The findings have implications for understanding what aspects of responsiveness to external stimuli may be selectively affected in disorders of inhibition associated with early-life social adversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. Electronic address: anna.lomanowska@psy.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lomanowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Kraemer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D005502:Food; D006040:Goals; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D009042:Motivation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Appetitive conditioning; Artificial rearing; Habitual behavior; Instrumental conditioning; Reward; Social deprivation