title: Treatment of refractory diabetic gastroparesis: Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine therapies.
abstract: Refractory diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), a disorder that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics, is associated with severe symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, and results in an economic burden on the health care system. In this article, the basic characteristics of refractory DGP are reviewed, followed by a discussion of therapeutic modalities, which encompasses the definitions and clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation of refractory DGP. The diagnostic standards assumed in this study are those set forth in the published literature due to the absence of recognized diagnosis criteria that have been assessed by an international organization. The therapeutic modalities for refractory DGP are as follows: drug therapy, nutritional support, gastric electrical stimulation, pyloric botulinum toxin injection, endoscopic or surgical therapy, and traditional Chinese treatment. The therapeutic modalities may be used alone or in combination. The use of traditional Chinese treatments is prevalent in China. The effectiveness of these therapies appears to be supported by preliminary evidence and clinical experience, although the mechanisms that underlie these effects will require further research. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential of combined Western and traditional Chinese medicine treatment methods for improved patient outcomes in refractory DGP.
authors.affiliation: Bing Pang, Qiang Zhou, Xiao-Lin Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Bing Pang, Qiang Zhou, Xiao-Lin Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Bing Pang, Qiang Zhou, Xiao-Lin Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Bing Pang, Qiang Zhou, Xiao-Lin Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Bing Pang, Qiang Zhou, Xiao-Lin Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004724:Endoscopy; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D018529:Nutritional Support; D011708:Pylorus / Q000473:pathology; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: Botulinum toxin; Gastric electrical stimulation; Nutrition; Refractory diabetic gastroparesis; Surgery; Traditional Chinese treatment