title: A virtual reality task based on animal research - spatial learning and memory in patients after the first episode of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive deficit is considered to be a characteristic feature of schizophrenia disorder. A similar cognitive dysfunction was demonstrated in animal models of schizophrenia. However, the poor comparability of methods used to assess cognition in animals and humans could be responsible for low predictive validity of current animal models. In order to assess spatial abilities in schizophrenia and compare our results with the data obtained in animal models, we designed a virtual analog of the Morris water maze (MWM), the virtual Four Goals Navigation (vFGN) task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients after the first psychotic episode with schizophrenia symptoms and a matched group of healthy volunteers performed the vFGN task. They were required to find and remember four hidden goal positions in an enclosed virtual arena. The task consisted of two parts. The Reference memory (RM) session with a stable goal position was designed to test spatial learning. The Delayed-matching-to-place (DMP) session presented a modified working memory protocol designed to test the ability to remember a sequence of three hidden goal positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data obtained in the RM session show impaired spatial learning in schizophrenia patients compared to the healthy controls in pointing and navigation accuracy. The DMP session showed impaired spatial memory in schizophrenia during the recall of spatial sequence and a similar deficit in spatial bias in the probe trials. The pointing accuracy and the quadrant preference showed higher sensitivity toward the cognitive deficit than the navigation accuracy. Direct navigation to the goal was affected by sex and age of the tested subjects. The age affected spatial performance only in healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some limitations of the study, our results correspond well with the previous studies in animal models of schizophrenia and support the decline of spatial cognition in schizophrenia, indicating the usefulness of the vFGN task in comparative research.
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Iveta
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fajnerová
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levčík
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Konrádová
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mikoláš
authors.affiliation: Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brom
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stuchlík
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vlček
authors.affiliation: Prague Psychiatric Center Prague, Czech Republic ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horáček
keywords: Morris Water Maze (MWM); cognitive deficit; learning and memory; psychotic disorders; schizophrenia; spatial behavior; spatial navigation; virtual reality environment