title: Reinforcing and neural activating effects of norharmane, a non-nicotine tobacco constituent, alone and in combination with nicotine.
abstract: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death. Although the health risks are well known, cessation rates remain low. Whereas behavioral and neuroanatomical studies on tobacco addiction conventionally use nicotine, there is evidence that other constituents, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, may be important factors for modeling smoking. The aims of the present study were therefore to determine whether norharmane, a tobacco constituent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor, is self-administered alone and/or in combination with nicotine, and to evaluate the neural mechanisms underlying acquisition of self-administration of the two drugs. Sprague-Dawley rats were catheterized and allowed to intravenously self-administer either saline, nicotine (7.5 μg/kg/inj), norharmane (0.25 or 2.5 μg/kg/inj), alone or combined together (7.5+2.5 μg/kg/inj) for five days at fixed ratio (FR)1, two days each at FR2 and FR5, and one day at progressive ratio. Animals acquired self-administration of norharmane alone (2.5 μg/kg/inj), and the reinforcing effects of nicotine and norharmane were additive. For neuroanatomical analyses, rats self-administered the same treatments for six days at FR1, then brains were collected and processed by in situ hybridization for cfos mRNA expression. Treatment-specific profiles of regional cfos expression and correlations between cfos mRNA levels and behavioral responding were observed. Thus, not only was norharmane behaviorally reinforcing but, when combined with nicotine, resulted in patterns of neural activation distinct from that of norharmane or nicotine alone. This suggests that non-nicotine constituents can have central activating effects independent of nicotine, further substantiating the need for their inclusion in preclinical investigations of tobacco dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA. Electronic address: monicamarnold@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Monica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Belluzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Leslie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002243:Carbolines; D004357:Drug Synergism; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006247:Harmine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D002243:Carbolines; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006247:Harmine; D009538:Nicotine; C010262:norharman
keywords: Monoamine oxidase; Nicotine; Norharmane; Self-administration; Tobacco; cfos