title: The association of cord serum cytokines with neurodevelopmental outcomes.
abstract: To test whether elevated umbilical cord serum inflammatory cytokine levels predicted subsequent cerebral palsy (CP) or neurodevelopmental delay (NDD).
  
  
  
  Nested case-control analysis within a clinical trial of antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) before anticipated preterm birth (PTB) for prevention of CP, with evaluation of surviving children at the age of 2. NDD was defined as a Bayley psychomotor developmental index (PDI) and/or mental developmental index (MDI) < 70. Controls, defined as surviving children without CP and with Bayley PDI and MDI ≥ 85, were matched by race and gestational age. Cord serum was analyzed for interleukin-8 (IL-8) interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Elevated cytokine levels were defined as ≥ 75th percentile in placebo-exposed controls. Analyses compared case/control cytokine levels, adjusting for MgSO4 exposure, gestational age, race/ethnicity, and sociodemographic differences.
  
  
  
  Logistic regression analysis with 339 cases and 276 controls showed that elevated IL-8 and IL-1β were more common in cord blood serum from infants with subsequent low MDI as compared with controls. After adjusting for additional confounders, the significant differences were no longer evident. Cytokine levels (IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were not elevated with CP or low PDI.
  
  
  
  Cord serum IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels in preterm infants are not associated with subsequent CP or NDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Varner
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Dwight J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jablonski
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Leveno
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
authors.forename: Uma M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Case Western Reserve University-MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Iams
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University and Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wapner
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sorokin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Fergal D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Peaceman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
authors.forename: Gary D V
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hankins
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Steve N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Caritis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D015149:Tocolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D015149:Tocolytic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008278:Magnesium Sulfate