title: Investigating apical adverse effects of four endocrine active substances in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis.
abstract: The hermaphroditic gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis is proposed as a candidate species for the development of OECD guidelines for testing of the reprotoxicity of chemicals, including endocrine active substances (EASs). Up to now, only a few putative EASs have been tested for their reproductive toxicity in this species. In this study, we investigate the effects of four EASs with different affinities to the vertebrate estrogen and androgen receptors (chlordecone as an estrogen; cyproterone acetate, fenitrothion and vinclozolin as anti-androgens) on the reproduction of L. stagnalis in a 21-day semi-static test. Testosterone and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were used as the reference compounds. The tested EASs had no significant effect on growth and survival at the tested concentration ranges (ng to μg/L). Classical reproduction endpoints (i.e., oviposition and fecundity) were not responsive to the tested chemicals, except for chlordecone and 17α-ethinylestradiol, which hampered reproduction from 19.6 μg/L and 17.6 μg/L, respectively. The frequency of polyembryonic eggs, used as an additional endpoint, demonstrated the effects of all compounds except EE2. The molecular pathways, which are involved in such reproduction impairments, remain unknown. Our results suggest that egg quality is a more sensitive endpoint as compared to other reproductive endpoints commonly assessed in mollusk toxicity tests.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), Liege University, 15 Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium; INRA, UMR0985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Equipe Ecotoxicologie et Qualité des Milieux Aquatiques, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: Arnaud.Giusti@alumni.ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR0985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Equipe Ecotoxicologie et Qualité des Milieux Aquatiques, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: Laurent.Lagadic@rennes.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagadic
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR0985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Equipe Ecotoxicologie et Qualité des Milieux Aquatiques, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: Alpar.Barsi@rennes.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Alpar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barsi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), Liege University, 15 Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Electronic address: jp.thome@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thomé
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Centre of Analytical Research and Technology (CART), Liege University, 15 Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium. Electronic address: Celia.Joaquim-Justo@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joaquim-Justo
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR0985 Ecologie et Santé des Ecosystèmes, Equipe Ecotoxicologie et Qualité des Milieux Aquatiques, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: Virginie.Ducrot@rennes.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ducrot
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D007631:Chlordecone / Q000633:toxicity; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity; D005298:Fertility; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D013739:Testosterone / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013739:Testosterone; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D007631:Chlordecone
keywords: Androgens; Anti-androgens; Egg quality; Estrogens; Fecundity; Hermaphrodite mollusk