title: Clinical characteristics of high plasma adiponectin and high plasma leptin as risk factors for arterial stiffness and related end-organ damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between plasma levels of adiponectin and cardiovascular events is inconclusive. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of people with high plasma adiponectin and high plasma leptin levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thousand seven hundred participants recruited from visitors to the Anti-Aging Doc were divided into four groups by combining the bipartiles of plasma adiponectin and leptin levels in men and women separately: AL, high adiponectin and high leptin; Al, high adiponectin and low leptin; al, low adiponectin and low leptin; aL, low adiponectin and high leptin. Body composition, including visceral fat area and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), periventricular hyperintensity, and urinary albumin excretion, were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent of the studied population fell within the AL group. This group had a significantly higher visceral fat area than the Al group. Thigh muscle CSA was lowest in the AL group among groups. baPWV, brain white matter lesions, and albuminuria findings in the AL group were significantly higher than those of the Al group. Multiple and logistic regression analyses with confounding parameters further confirmed that plasma adiponectin was not an independent determinant for brain and renal small vessel-related disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the plasma level of adiponectin alone is not enough for the risk stratification of cardiovascular disease. Leptin resistance associated with skeletal muscle loss in addition to obesity may need to be addressed to identify high risk people with high plasma adiponectin levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan. Electronic address: koharak@m.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabara
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Igase
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miki
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001823:Body Composition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000473:pathology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin
keywords: Adiponectin; End-organ damage; Leptin; Skeletal muscle; Visceral fat