title: Risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism: frequency and impact on treatment decisions and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Guidelines have recommended that risk stratification be performed in patients diagnosed with an acute pulmonary embolism (PE). No study has described the use of risk stratification in routine clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to measure the frequency and impact of risk stratification on treatment decisions and outcomes in patients admitted with acute PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all of the patients admitted with acute PE at two Geisinger community-based teaching hospitals between 2006 and 2011. Baseline demographics, vital signs, and relevant clinical variables were recorded. The Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index was calculated for each patient. Risk stratification was defined as the measurement of either a biomarker or an echocardiogram within 24 hours of admission. The outcomes measured were short-term adverse events (in-hospital mortality or need for intensive care) and 30-day mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age for the study cohort (n = 889) was 61 ± 17 years and 52% were men. Overall, 59% of study subjects were risk stratified. The frequency of risk stratification did not change over time. Risk stratification was associated with assignment to a higher acuity of care and increased use of thrombolysis and inferior vena cava filter placement. When controlling for severity of illness, risk stratification was a significant predictor of worsened short-term adverse outcome (odds ratio 3.43, 95% confidence interval 1.75-6.74, P < 0.001) but was not associated with improved 30-day mortality (odds ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.95, P = 0.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk stratification is frequently performed in patients admitted with acute PE and has had a stable prevalence during a 5-year period. The use of risk stratification in acute PE is associated with assignment to higher levels of care and with more advanced treatments. Despite more intense treatment, risk stratification does not improve either short-term outcomes or 30-day mortality.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: H Lester
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Keerthana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keshava
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014336:Troponin; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain