title: Germ cells of the centipede Strigamia maritima are specified early in embryonic development.
abstract: We provide the first systematic description of germ cell development with molecular markers in a myriapod, the centipede Strigamia maritima. By examining the expression of Strigamia vasa and nanos orthologues, we find that the primordial germ cells are specified from at least the blastoderm stage. This is a much earlier embryonic stage than previously described for centipedes, or any other member of the Myriapoda. Using these genes as markers, and taking advantage of the developmental synchrony of Strigamia embryos within single clutches, we are able to track the development of the germ cells throughout embryogenesis. We find that the germ cells accumulate at the blastopore; that the cells do not internalize through the hindgut, but rather through the closing blastopore; and that the cells undergo a long-range migration to the embryonic gonad. This is the first evidence for primordial germ cells displaying these behaviours in any myriapod. The myriapods are a phylogenetically important group in the arthropod radiation for which relatively little developmental data is currently available. Our study provides valuable comparative data that complements the growing number of studies in insects, crustaceans and chelicerates, and is important for the correct reconstruction of ancestral states and a fuller understanding of how germ cell development has evolved in different arthropod lineages.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Development and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK. Electronic address: jg457@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Development and Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001756:Blastoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012606:Scotland; D013045:Species Specificity; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017931:DNA Primers
keywords: Blastopore; Evolution; Germ line specification; Myriapod; Nanos; Vasa