title: Ecotoxicological impact of Zequanox®, a novel biocide, on selected non-target Irish aquatic species.
abstract: Effective, species-specific zebra mussel control is needed urgently for Ireland׳s freshwater bodies, which became infested with non-native zebra mussels in the 1990s. Zequanox®, a newly commercialized product for zebra and quagga mussel control, is composed of dead Pseudomonas fluorescens CL 145A cells. This paper describes ecotoxicology tests on three representative native Irish freshwater species: Anodonta (duck mussel), Chironomus plumosus (non-biting midge), and Austropotamobius pallipes (white-clawed crayfish). The species were exposed to Zequanox in a 72-h static renewal toxicity test at concentrations of 100-750mg active ingredient per liter (mga.i./L). Water quality parameters were measured every 12-24h before and after water and product renewal. After 72h, endpoints were reported as LC10, LC50, and LC100. The LC50 values derived were (1) Anodonta: ≥500mga.i./L (2) C. plumosus: 1075mga.i./L, and (3) A. pallipes: ≥750mga.i./L. These results demonstrate that Zequanox does not negatively affect these organisms at the concentration required for >80percent zebra mussel mortality (150mg a.i/L) and the maximum allowable treatment concentration in the United Sates (200mga.i./L). They also show the overall species-specificity of Zequanox, and support its use in commercial facilities and open waters.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Co. Sligo, Ireland. Electronic address: sara.meehan@mail.itsligo.ie.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.affiliation: TSGE, Unit 7, Woodford Court, Woodford Business Park, Santry, Dublin 17, Ireland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.affiliation: Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc., Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc., Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarahann M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rackl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ash Lane, Co. Sligo, Ireland.
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lucy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea; D002683:Chironomidae; D049875:Dreissena; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D005618:Fresh Water; D058865:Introduced Species; D007494:Ireland; D007814:Larva; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D049876:Unionidae; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Biopesticide; Invasive species; Zebra mussel; Zequanox(®)