title: Attention to Automatic Movements in Parkinson's Disease: Modified Automatic Mode in the Striatum.
abstract: We investigated neural correlates when attending to a movement that could be made automatically in healthy subjects and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Subjects practiced a visuomotor association task until they could perform it automatically, and then directed their attention back to the automated task. Functional MRI was obtained during the early-learning, automatic stage, and when re-attending. In controls, attention to automatic movement induced more activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex, and rostral supplementary motor area. The motor cortex received more influence from the cortical motor association regions. In contrast, the pattern of the activity and connectivity of the striatum remained at the level of the automatic stage. In PD patients, attention enhanced activity in the DLPFC, premotor cortex, and cerebellum, but the connectivity from the putamen to the motor cortex decreased. Our findings demonstrate that, in controls, when a movement achieves the automatic stage, attention can influence the attentional networks and cortical motor association areas, but has no apparent effect on the striatum. In PD patients, attention induces a shift from the automatic mode back to the controlled pattern within the striatum. The shifting between controlled and automatic behaviors relies in part on striatal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Hejia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Piu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: attentional networks; controlled pattern; dopamine depletion; neural correlates; putamen