title: Treatment of early Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes currently available treatment options and treatment strategies, investigational treatments, and the importance of exercise for early Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The available treatment options for early Parkinson's disease have changed little in the past decade and include carbidopa/levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors. However, we discuss changes in treatment strategies, including dosing and the use of combination therapy used in an attempt to reduce or delay the appearance of motor complications and other adverse events. We will also review several investigational treatments that have shown promise for the treatment of early Parkinson's disease, including a new extended release formulation of carbidopa/levodopa (IPX066), safinamide which inhibits MAO-B, dopamine uptake and glutamate and pardoprunox which is a 5HT-1A agonist and a partial dopamine agonist. Finally, we discuss recent studies focusing on exercise as an important component in the management of early Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in the management of early Parkinson's disease include evolving treatment strategies, new investigational treatments, and earlier implementation of various forms of exercise.
authors.affiliation: A National Parkinson Foundation Center of Excellence, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pahwa
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lyons
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents