title: Low Testosterone Levels are Frequent in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure and are Associated with Poor Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low testosterone level is a common finding in critically ill patients with trauma, shock, and sepsis. However, its prevalence and outcomes in patients with primary acute respiratory failure is unknown; low testosterone could contribute to respiratory muscle weakness and further compromise ventilation in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We aimed to determine the prevalence, severity, and effects of hypotestosteronemia in patients with acute respiratory failure in a 16-bed single academic center medical intensive care unit (ICU). We studied 30 men who required mechanical ventilation for ≥24 hours for a primary diagnosis of acute respiratory failure. Blood samples were drawn on ICU day 1 and day 3 to measure serum levels of total and free testosterone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypotestosteronemia (level below the lower reference limit) was present on day 1 in 93.1% (total testosterone) and 76.7% (free testosterone) of patients and on day 3 in 94.4% (total testosterone) and 100% (free testosterone) of patients. Sex hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid function levels were all within stated reference ranges. Total and free testosterone levels correlated inversely with ventilator days and ICU length of stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypotestosteronemia is common in mechanically ventilated patients with primary acute respiratory failure and may contribute to longer ICU stay. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of testosterone replacement on short- and long-term outcomes in these patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Khalid F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Almoosa
authors.affiliation: Premiere Healthcare LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedroza
authors.affiliation: Mercy Health Partners, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Nelson B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Watts