title: Smoking reductions and increased self-efficacy in a randomized controlled trial of smoking abstinence-contingent incentives in residential substance abuse treatment patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) experience increased smoking-related morbidity and mortality but severely compromised smoking treatment benefits. Residential SUD treatment settings may be particularly positioned to target smoking, with ever-increasing smoking bans and culture shifts, but most smokers continue smoking. This study examined the effects of contingency management (CM) for increasing smoking abstinence in residential patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers interested in quitting were recruited from a residential SUD program for men and were randomized to frequent smoking monitoring with behavioral support (monitoring; n = 21) or that plus smoking abstinence-contingent (expired carbon monoxide [CO] ≤ 6 ppm; urinary cotinine ≤ 30ng/ml) incentives (CM, n = 24) for 4 weeks. After setting a quit date, procedures included daily behavioral support and smoking self-reports, 2 CO samples (a.m./p.m.) Monday through Friday, and cotinine tests on Mondays. CM participants received escalating draws for prizes ($1, $20, and $100 values) for negative tests; positive and missed samples reset draws. Follow-ups involved samples, self-reported smoking, and self-efficacy (weeks 4, 8, 12, and 24).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percent days CO-negative was higher with CM (median [interquartile range] 51.7% [62.8%]) compared to monitoring (0% [32.1%]) (p = .002). Cigarettes per day declined and point-prevalence abstinence increased through follow-up (p < .01), without significant group by time effects (p > .05). Abstinence self-efficacy increased overall during the intervention and more with CM compared to monitoring and was associated with abstinence across conditions through follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CM improved some measures of response to smoking treatment in residential SUD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT salessi@uchc.edu.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alessi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT.
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Petry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012114:Residential Treatment / Q000379:methods; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine