title: Venom immunotherapy: an updated review.
abstract: Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the most effective form of specific immunotherapy to date. Hitherto, several relevant queries remain unanswered, namely optimal doses, duration, and means of assessment. Important progress has been lately made in terms of diagnosis by means of component-resolved diagnosis. Moreover, basophil activation test results in patients with negative serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and skin prick test confer this technique a promising future, although these outcomes shall be considered with caution. This review aims to unravel the important advances made on diagnosis, management, and prognosis and also focuses on several undetermined aspects of VIT.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune-Alergia, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Carretera Alcalá-Meco S/N, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain, dario.antolin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Darío
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antolín-Amérigo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno Aguilar
authors.forename: Arantza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: Melchor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Mon
mesh_terms: D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001180:Arthropod Venoms / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008415:Mastocytosis / Q000209:etiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012882:Skin Tests
chemical_list: D001180:Arthropod Venoms; D007073:Immunoglobulin E