title: Review of quality deficiencies found in active pharmaceutical ingredient master files submitted to the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to determine the number and type of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) quality deficiencies in API Master Files (APIMFs) as submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) Prequalification of Medicines Programme (PQP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of API quality deficiencies identified following the assessment of new APIMFs for non-sterile APIs during a 6-year period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012. All deficiencies were collected, classified and quantified according to the Common Technical Document (CTD) sections and subsections and as groups of commonly raised questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 5446 deficiencies collected from 159 APIMF deficiency letters by CTD section, by selected CTD subsections and by selected CTD subsections and year. More than 50% of the total number of deficiencies related to the manufacturing sections of the CTD, followed by deficiencies concerning the impurities, the API specification and the stability sections of the CTD. A pattern of API deficiencies across the different CTD subsections and over time was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most frequent critical deficiencies were related to how the specific manufacturing process and the key materials used, in particular the API starting material, impact the API impurities content. The number and pattern of APIMF deficiencies did not change over time. The results are compared to the findings in similar studies as reported by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and similarities and differences are discussed. Our findings highlight the need for greater guidance and technical assistance for API manufacturers submitting APIMFs to the PQP.
authors.affiliation: Prequalification Team-Medicines, World Health Organization.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ortega Diego
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fake
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Lembit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rägo
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011786:Quality Control; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations