title: Expression of the estrogen receptors and steroidogenic enzymes involved in estradiol formation in the monkey vagina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estrogens are well recognized to have beneficial effects on vulvovaginal atrophy because of menopause. The distribution of estrogen receptors and enzymes responsible for estradiol (E2) formation within the vagina may provide insight into how dehydroepiandrosterone, a precursor of both estrogens and androgens, improves vulvovaginal atrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of the study was to determine where the steroidogenic enzymes responsible for E2 formation as well as estrogen receptors are localized in vaginal specimens collected from cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), the closest model to the human. HSD3B1, HSD17B1, HSD17B5, HSD17B12, aromatase (CYP19A1), estrogen receptor (ER)-α, and ER-β were measured or localized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Estrogens were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All steroidogenic enzymes and estrogen receptors are localized mainly in the superficial layer of the stratified squamous epithelium, blood vessel walls, and muscle fibers of the vagina. Immunolabeling of HSD17B5 and HSD17B12 shows that these enzymes are uniformly distributed from the basal membrane to the superficial keratinized cells, whereas HSD3B1 and aromatase are particularly localized in the outer (external) portion of the epithelial layer. ER-α and ER-β are also distributed within the vaginal epithelium, with expression especially elevated at the basal membrane level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enzymes responsible for E2 formation as well as ERs are expressed mainly in the superficial layer of the stratified epithelium as well as the muscle layer of the vagina. The present data provide morphologic and biochemical support for the role of local dehydroepiandrosterone transformation into estrogens in regulating epithelial cell maturation, pH, fluid secretion, smooth muscle activity, and blood flow regulation in the primate vagina.
authors.affiliation: EndoCeutics Inc, Quebec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.affiliation: EndoCeutics Inc, Quebec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouellet
authors.affiliation: EndoCeutics Inc, Quebec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Alain Yves
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Dury
authors.affiliation: Oncology, Molecular Endocrinology, and Human Genomics Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: EndoCeutics Inc, Quebec, QC, Canada. Electronic address: fernand.labrie@endoceutics.com.
authors.forename: Fernand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Labrie
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004960:Estradiol Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004970:Estrone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014621:Vagina / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004970:Estrone; D004958:Estradiol; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D004960:Estradiol Dehydrogenases; D001141:Aromatase
keywords: dehydroepiandrosterone; stratified epithelium; vagina; vaginal blood vessel walls; vaginal muscularis; vulvovaginal atrophy