title: Evaluation of interleukin-1β and 8 in gutka chewers with periodontitis among a rural Indian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smokeless tobacco-based oral-use products like gutka are popular in India. Gutka usage leads to increased periodontal destruction and inflammation; however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of gutka in periodontitis by examining its effect on the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β and IL-8 from the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty patients with periodontitis (15 gutka chewers [GCP] and 15 nongutka chewers [NGC]) and 15 periodontally healthy controls (HC) were selected. The full-mouth plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and recession (RC) were recorded. The IL-1β and IL-8 levels in the GCF of all subjects were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IL-1β and IL-8 levels were not significantly higher in the GCP group (IL-1β, 369.01±273.44 µL; IL-8, 205.97±196.78 µL) as compared to those in the NGC group (IL-1β, 195.57±96.85 µL; IL-8, 178.61±149.35 µL). More gingival RC and loss of attachment was seen among the GCP group (RC: 2.02±0.31, P=0.013; CAL: 4.60±0.56, P<0.001) than among the NGC group (RC, 1.21±1.15; CAL, 3.70±0.32); however, PD was deeper among the NGC subjects (P=0.002). PI and GI were significantly higher for the periodontitis group (P<0.001) when compared to the HC, but there was no difference among gutka chewers and non-chewers (P=0.22 and P=0.89). A positive correlation was found between the IL-8 levels and the duration of gutka chewing (r=-0.64, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gutka chewing leads to increased gingival RC and clinical loss of attachment. There was no effect seen in the proinflammatory cytokine levels in the GCF of gutka users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, International Medical University School of Dentistry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Pulikkotil Shaju
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5727-8255
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, India.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8714-7264
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, India.
authors.forename: Ritu Prabha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3144-6561
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patel
keywords: Cytokine; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-8; Periodontitis; Smokeless tobacco