title: The Dynamic Association between Healthy Leisure and Substance Use in South African Adolescents: A State and Trait Perspective.
abstract: South Africa has an increasing adolescent substance use problem, lack of leisure opportunities and resources, and high adolescent discretionary time. How aspects of leisure relate to adolescent substance use is not well understood. Little research has been conducted on the leisure behaviors and experiences of South African adolescents, if and how those behaviors are associated with substance use, and ecological influences on those associations. By applying multi-level models to longitudinal data obtained from youth living in high-risk contexts, this research examines the association between state and trait healthy leisure and adolescent substance use and how perceived parental over-control moderates those associations. Results indicate healthy leisure protects against substance use at state and trait levels, provides empirical support that risk behavior can be addressed through leisure-based interventions, and emphasizes the importance of both short- and long-term processes when considering the context-dependent nature of adolescents' leisure experiences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Weybright
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nilam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: HIV/AIDS Programme, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
keywords: South Africa; adolescence; health; leisure; substance use