title: Formulation of sage essential oil (Salvia officinalis, L.) monoterpenes into chitosan hydrogels and permeation study with GC-MS analysis.
abstract: This study deals with the formulation of natural drugs into hydrogels. For the first time, compounds from the sage essential oil were formulated into chitosan hydrogels. A sample preparation procedure for hydrophobic volatile analytes present in a hydrophilic water matrix along with an analytical method based on the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and applied for the evaluation of the identity and quantity of essential oil components in the hydrogels and saline samples. The experimental results revealed that the chitosan hydrogels are suitable for the formulation of sage essential oil. The monoterpene release can be effectively controlled by both chitosan and caffeine concentration in the hydrogels. Permeation experiment, based on a hydrogel with the optimized composition [3.5% (w/w) sage essential oil, 2.0% (w/w) caffeine, 2.5% (w/w) chitosan and 0.1% (w/w) Tween-80] in donor compartment, saline solution in acceptor compartment, and semi-permeable cellophane membrane, demonstrated the useful permeation selectivity. Here, (according to lipophilicity) an enhanced permeation of the bicyclic monoterpenes with antiflogistic and antiseptic properties (eucalyptol, camphor and borneol) and, at the same time, suppressed permeation of toxic thujone (not exceeding its permitted applicable concentration) was observed. These properties highlight the pharmaceutical importance of the developed chitosan hydrogel formulating sage essential oil in the dermal applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Galenic Pharmacy .
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kodadová
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vitková
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herdová
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ťažký
authors.forename: Jarmila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oremusová
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grančai
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mikuš
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020100:Hydrogels; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010539:Permeability; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D002110:Caffeine; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Chitosan (caffeine) hydrogels; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; permeation; sage essential oil monoterpenes