title: The problem of sampling on built heritage: a preliminary study of a new non-invasive method.
abstract: The relevance of a risk assessment of the built heritage was clearly justified due to the fact that it acts as a pollutant repository and hazardous pollutants have the capacity to penetrate into materials. However, the limitation of the sampling processes due to the high value of the built heritage makes a correct evaluation difficult. For that reason, in the present work, the potential of agar gels as non-invasive samplers of built heritage deterioration products, like crusts and patinas, was evaluated. Different gels of agar and Carbopol® (as control gel) were applied on these built surfaces considering several factors: the treatment time, the effectiveness of the addition of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, C10H16N2O8) and its concentration and the use of a buffer at pH 7.5. All these factors were evaluated in order to determine the capacity of these gels as sampling systems under non-controlled atmospheric conditions. The results obtained in the assays were evaluated by visual examination, by evolution of pH and by the most important techniques used in the risk assessment analysis of the built heritage (Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)). In this evaluation, the agar gels showed an intrinsic capacity as sampler with respect to the gel Carbopol® and thus, the best option between the studied gels consisted on agar gels with 2 % of EDTA and the longest application time. On the whole, the agar gels showed an interesting potential as non-invasive samplers of built heritage deterioration materials which should be studied more in depth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain, nagore.prieto@ehu.es.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prieto-Taboada
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isca
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez-Arkarazo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casoli
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Olazabal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arana
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Madariaga
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005782:Gels; D000362:Agar; D004492:Edetic Acid