title: Chloral hydrate-dependent reduction in the peptidoglycan-induced inflammatory macrophage response is associated with lower expression levels of toll-like receptor 2.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of action of chloral hydrate on the peptidoglycan (PGN)-induced inflammatory macrophage response. The effect of chloral hydrate on the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by murine peritoneal macrophages with PGN-stimulation was investigated. In addition, RAW264.7 cells transfected with a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) luciferase reporter plasmid stimulated by PGN were used to study the effect of chloral hydrate on the levels NF-κB activity. Flow cytometry and western blotting were performed to investigate the expression levels of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the treated RAW264.7 cells. It was identified that chloral hydrate reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α produced by the peritoneal macrophages stimulated with PGN. The levels of NF-κB activity of the RAW264.7 cells stimulated by PGN decreased following treatment with chloral hydrate, which was associated with a reduction in the expression levels of TLR2 and reduced levels of TLR2 signal transduction. These data demonstrate that chloral hydrate reduced the magnitude of the PGN-induced inflammatory macrophage response associated with lower expression levels of TLR2.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhangjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qingjun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Yuehai Feed Group Co. Ltd., Zhangjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xuezhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhangjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Huafeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: chloral hydrate; inflammatory response; macrophage; peptidoglycan; toll-like receptor 2