title: [Alternatives to femtosecond laser technology: subnanosecond UV pulse and ring foci for creation of LASIK flaps].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In refractive corneal surgery femtosecond (fs) lasers are used for creating LASIK flaps, dissecting lenticules and for astigmatism correction by limbal incisions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Femtosecond laser systems are complex and expensive and cutting precision is compromised by the large focal length associated with the commonly used infrared (IR) wavelengths. Based on investigations of the cutting dynamics, novel approaches for corneal dissection using ultraviolet A (UVA) picosecond (ps) pulses and ring foci from vortex beams are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laser-induced bubble formation in corneal stroma was investigated by high-speed photography at 1-50 million frames/s. Using Gaussian and vortex beams of UVA pulses with durations between 200 and 850 ps the laser energy needed for easy removal of flaps created in porcine corneas was determined and the quality of the cuts by scanning electron microscopy was documented. Cutting parameters for 850 ps are reported also for rabbit eyes. The UV-induced and mechanical stress were evaluated for Gaussian and vortex beams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that UVA picosecond lasers provide better cutting precision than IR femtosecond lasers, with similar processing times. Cutting energy decreases by >50 % when the laser pulse duration is reduced to 200 ps. Vortex beams produce a short, donut-shaped focus allowing efficient and precise dissection along the corneal lamellae which results in a dramatic reduction of the absorbed energy needed for cutting and of mechanical side effects as well as in less bubble formation in the cutting plane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of novel approaches for corneal dissection provides the option to replace femtosecond lasers by compact UVA microchip laser technology. Ring foci are also of interest for femtosecond laser surgery, especially for improved lenticule excision.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biomedizinische Optik, Universität zu Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, 23562, Lübeck, Deutschland, vogel@bmo.uni-luebeck.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freidank
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Linz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004867:Equipment Design; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D011817:Rabbits; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays