title: Localized increase of tissue oxygen tension by magnetic targeted drug delivery.
abstract: Hypoxia is the major hindrance to successful radiation therapy of tumors. Attempts to increase the oxygen (O2) tension (PO2) of tissue by delivering more O2 have been clinically disappointing, largely due to the way O2 is transported and released by the hemoglobin (Hb) within the red blood cells (RBCs). Systemic manipulation of O2 transport increases vascular resistance due to metabolic autoregulation of blood flow to prevent over oxygenation. This study investigates a new technology to increase O2 delivery to a target tissue by decreasing the Hb-O2 affinity of the blood circulating within the targeted tissue. As the Hb-O2 affinity decreases, the tissue PO2 to satisfy tissue O2 metabolic needs increases without increasing O2 delivery or extraction. Paramagnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs), synthetized using gadolinium oxide, were coated with the cell permeable Hb allosteric effector L35 (3,5-trichlorophenylureido-phenoxy-methylpropionic acid). L35 decreases Hb affinity for O2 and favors the release of O2. The L35-coated PMNPs (L35-PMNPs) were intravenously infused (10 mg kg(-1)) to hamsters instrumented with the dorsal window chamber model. A magnetic field of 3 mT was applied to localize the effects of the L35-PMNPs to the window chamber. Systemic O2 transport characteristics and microvascular tissue oxygenation were measured after administration of L35-PMNPs with and without magnetic field. The tissue PO2 in untreated control animals was 25.2 mmHg. L35-PMNPs without magnetic field decreased tissue PO2 to 23.4 mmHg, increased blood pressure, and reduced blood flow, largely due to systemic modification of Hb-O2 affinity. L35-PMNPs with magnetic field increased tissue PO2 to 27.9 mmHg, without systemic or microhemodynamic changes. These results indicate that localized modification of Hb-O2 affinity can increase PO2 of target tissue without affecting systemic O2 delivery or triggering O2 autoregulation mechanisms. This technology can be used to treat local hypoxia and to increase O2 in tumors, enhancing the efficacy of radiation therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liong
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Eilleen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ao-ieong
authors.forename: Mahantesh S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Navati
authors.forename: Joel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabrales
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D055806:Microvessels / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; C064070:L 35; D010100:Oxygen