title: Normal Solid Gastric Emptying Values Measured by Scintigraphy Using Asian-style Meal:A Multicenter Study in Healthy Volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report gastric emptying scintigraphy, normal values should be established for a specific protocol. The aim of this study was to provide normal gastric emptying values and determine factors affecting gastric emptying using Asian rice-based meal in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-two healthy volunteers were included at 7 tertiary care centers across Thailand. Gastric emptying scintigraphy was acquired in 45 degree left anterior oblique view immediately after ingestion of a 267 kcal steamed-rice with technetium-99m labeled-microwaved egg meal with 100 mL water for up to 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eighty-nine volunteers (99 females, age 43 ± 14 years) completed the study. The medians (5-95th percentiles) of lag time, gastric emptying half time (GE T1/2) and percent gastric retentions at 2 and 4 hours for all volunteers were 18.6 (0.5-39.1) minutes, 68.7 (45.1-107.8) minutes, 16.3% (2.7-49.8%) and 1.1% (0.2-8.8%), respectively. Female volunteers had significantly slower gastric emptying compared to male (GE T1/2, 74 [48-115] minutes vs. 63 (41-96) minutes; P < 0.05). Female volunteers who were in luteal phase of menstrual cycle had significantly slower gastric emptying compared to those in follicular phase or menopausal status (GE T1/2, 85 [66-102] mintes vs. 69 [50-120] minutes or 72 [47-109] minutes, P < 0.05). All of smoking volunteers were male. Smoker male volunteers had significantly faster gastric emptying compared to non-smoker males (GE T1/2, 56 [44-80] minutes vs. 67 [44-100] minutes, P < 0.05). Age, body mass index and alcohol consumption habits did not affect gastric emptying values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A steamed-rice with microwaved egg meal was well tolerated by healthy volunteers. Gender, menstrual status and smoking status were found to affect solid gastric emptying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pataramon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasavid
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tawatchai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiwatanarat
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pawana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pusuwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chanika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sritara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Krisana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roysri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sirianong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namwongprom
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pichit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuanrakcharoen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Teerapon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Premprabha
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kitti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chunlertrith
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Satawat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thongsawat
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Siam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sirinthornpunya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
authors.forename: Bancha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ovartlarnporn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Udom
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kachintorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Somchai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leelakusolvong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chomsri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kositchaiwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suriya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakkaphak
authors.affiliation: GI Motility Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sutep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gonlachanvit
keywords: Gastric emptying, Healthy volunteers, Oryza sativa (Rice), Radionuclide imaging, Smoking