title: Tonsils of the soft palate do not mediate the response of pigs to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis.
abstract: Mycobacterium bovis causes animal tuberculosis (TB) in cattle, humans, and other mammalian species, including pigs. The goal of this study was to experimentally assess the responses of pigs with and without a history of tonsillectomy to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated M. bovis and challenge with a virulent M. bovis field strain, to compare pig and wild boar responses using the same vaccination model as previously used in the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), to evaluate the use of several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow tests for in vivo TB diagnosis in pigs, and to verify if these tests are influenced by oral vaccination with inactivated M. bovis. At necropsy, the lesion and culture scores were 20% to 43% higher in the controls than those in the vaccinated pigs. Massive M. bovis growth from thoracic tissue samples was observed in 4 out of 9 controls but in none of the 10 vaccinated pigs. No effect of the presence or absence of tonsils was observed on these scores, suggesting that tonsils are not involved in the protective response to this vaccine in pigs. The serum antibody levels increased significantly only after challenge. At necropsy, the estimated sensitivities of the ELISAs and dual path platform (DPP) assays ranged from 89% to 94%. In the oral mucosa, no differences in gene expression were observed in the control group between the pigs with and without tonsils. In the vaccinated group, the mRNA levels for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7), interferon beta (IFN-β), and methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) were higher in pigs with tonsils. Complement component 3 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased with vaccination and decreased after M. bovis challenge. This information is relevant for pig production in regions that are endemic for M. bovis and for TB vaccine research.
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beltrán-Beck
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boadella
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casal
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bezos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazariegos
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: MariPaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Galindo
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pérez de la Lastra
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.affiliation: Neiker-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Joseba M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.affiliation: Neiker-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Iker A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3968-3390
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Sevilla
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Asensio
authors.affiliation: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sicilia
authors.affiliation: Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lyashchenko
authors.affiliation: Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Neiker-Tecnalia, Animal Health Department, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6037-5873
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Juste
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.affiliation: SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain christian.gortazar@uclm.es.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gortázar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000235:genetics; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000235:genetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008765:Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase / Q000235:genetics; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology*; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054400:Receptors, CCR7 / Q000235:genetics; D034421:Sus scrofa; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014611:Vaccination; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D003176:Complement C3; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054400:Receptors, CCR7; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D016899:Interferon-beta; D008765:Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase