title: Successful fertility restoration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myeloablative conditioning regimens given prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) frequently cause permanent sterility in men. In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) we use a nonmyeloablative regimen with sirolimus, alemtuzumab, and low-dose total-body irradiation (300 centigrays) with gonadal shielding preceding allogeneic HSCT. We report here the restoration of azoospermia in a patient with SCD after allogeneic HSCT. We discuss the impact of our patient's underlying chronic medical conditions and the therapies he had received (frequent blood transfusions, iron chelating drugs, ribavirin, hydroxyurea, opioids), as well as the impact of the nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen on male gonadal function, and we review the literature on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the patient's reproductive hormonal values and his semen parameters before, during, and after HSCT and infertility treatment. In addition, we routinely measured his serum laboratory parameters pertinent to SCD and infertility, such as iron and ferritin levels. A karyotype analysis was performed to assess the potential presence of Klinefelter syndrome. Finally, imaging studies of the patient's brain and testes were done to rule out further underlying pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 42-year-old man with SCD, transfusional iron overload, and hepatitis C underwent a nonmyeloablative allogeneic HSCT. One year later he desired to father a child but was found to be azoospermic in the context of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Restoration of fertility was attempted with human chorionic gonadotropin (2,000 IU) plus human menopausal gonadotropin (75 IU follicle-stimulating hormone) injected subcutaneously 3 times weekly. Within 6 months of treatment, the patient's serum calculated free testosterone value normalized, and his sperm count and sperm motility improved. After 10 months, he successfully initiated a pregnancy through intercourse. The pregnancy was uncomplicated, and a healthy daughter was delivered naturally at term.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite exposure to several gonadotoxins, transfusional iron overload and nonmyeloablative conditioning with radiation causing severe testicular atrophy suggesting extensive damage to seminiferous tubules and possibly Leydig cells, gonadotropins were efficacious in restoring our patient's reproductive capability.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gharwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, St. George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicola M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Neary
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Link
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Courtney D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fitzhugh
authors.affiliation: Columbia Fertility Associates, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Sherins
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland Columbia Fertility Associates, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tisdale