title: Characterization of an injectable, degradable polymer for mechanical stabilization of mandibular fractures.
abstract: This study investigated the use of injectable poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) formulations for mandibular fracture stabilization applications. A full factorial design with main effects analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of the PPF:N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP, crosslinking agent) ratio and dimethyl toluidine (DMT, accelerator) concentration on key physicochemical properties including setting time, maximum temperature, mechanical properties, sol fraction, and swelling ratio. Additionally, the effects of formulation crosslinking time on the mechanical and swelling properties were investigated. The results showed that increasing the PPF:NVP ratio from 3:1 to 4:1 or decreasing the DMT concentration from 0.05 to 0.01 v/w % significantly decreased all mechanical properties as well as significantly increased the sol fraction and swelling ratio. Also, increasing the crosslinking time at 37°C from 1 to 7 days significantly increased all mechanical properties and decreased both the sol fraction and swelling ratio. This study further showed that the flexural stiffness of ex vivo stabilized rabbit mandibles increased from 1.7 ± 0.3 N/mm with a traditional mini-plate fixator to 14.5 ± 4.1 N/mm for the 4:1 (0.05 v/w % DMT) PPF formulation at day 1. Overall, the formulations tested in this study were found to have properties suitable for potential further consideration in mandibular fracture fixation applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Henslee
authors.forename: Diana M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Benjamin Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Liann P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Marruffo
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seng
authors.forename: Tamir D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Anver
authors.forename: Hunaiza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ather
authors.forename: Manitha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Sean O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: Nagi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Demian
authors.forename: Mark E K
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: F Kurtis
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: Antonios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mikos
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D060826:Cementoplasty; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D005650:Fumarates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D018583:Pliability; D058105:Polymerization; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014052:Toluidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005650:Fumarates; D011126:Polypropylenes; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014052:Toluidines; C097850:poly(propylene fumarate); C042670:N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; C015835:dimethyl-4-toluidine
keywords: degradable fixation; mandibular fracture; mandibular stabilization; poly(propylene fumarate)