title: Advanced platelet-rich fibrin: a new concept for cell-based tissue engineering by means of inflammatory cells.
abstract: Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is obtained from blood without adding anticoagulants. In this study, protocols for standard platelet-rich fibrin (S-PRF) (2700 rpm, 12 minutes) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) (1500 rpm, 14 minutes) were compared to establish by histological cell detection and histomorphometrical measurement of cell distribution the effects of the centrifugal force (speed and time) on the distribution of cells relevant for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Immunohistochemistry for monocytes, T and B -lymphocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, CD34-positive stem cells, and platelets was performed on clots produced from four different human donors. Platelets were detected throughout the clot in both groups, although in the A-PRF group, more platelets were found in the distal part, away from the buffy coat (BC). T- and B-lymphocytes, stem cells, and monocytes were detected in the surroundings of the BC in both groups. Decreasing the rpm while increasing the centrifugation time in the A-PRF group gave an enhanced presence of neutrophilic granulocytes in the distal part of the clot. In the S-PRF group, neutrophils were found mostly at the red blood cell (RBC)-BC interface. Neutrophilic granulocytes contribute to monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Accordingly, a higher presence of these cells might be able to influence the differentiation of host macrophages and macrophages within the clot after implantation. Thus, A-PRF might influence bone and soft tissue regeneration, especially through the presence of monocytes/macrophages and their growth factors. The relevance and feasibility of this tissue-engineering concept have to be proven through in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: 1  FORM - Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine, Clinic of Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanaati
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Booms
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orlowska
authors.forename: Alica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubesch
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Landes
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Cj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choukroun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D058621:Blood Buffy Coat / Q000166:cytology; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002469:Cell Separation; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000379:methods; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005337:Fibrin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D005337:Fibrin
keywords: PRF; inflammation; macrophages; neutrophils; platelets; tissue engineering