title: Advances in norovirus biology.
abstract: Human noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide and can chronically infect immunocompromised patients. Efforts to develop effective vaccines and antivirals have been hindered by the uncultivable nature and extreme genetic diversity of human noroviruses. Although they remain a particularly challenging pathogen to study, recent advances in norovirus animal models and in vitro cultivation systems have led to an increased understanding of norovirus molecular biology and replication, pathogenesis, cell tropism, and innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, clinical trials of vaccines consisting of nonreplicating virus-like particles have shown promise. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and discuss controversies in the field, which is rapidly progressing toward generation of antiviral agents and increasingly effective vaccines.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Karst
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Christiane E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wobus
authors.affiliation: Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Goodfellow
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Kim Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. Electronic address: virgin@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Herbert W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Virgin
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014765:Viral Vaccines