title: Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports.
abstract: As the number of high school students participating in athletics continues to increase, so will the number of sports-related concussions unless effective concussion prevention programs are developed. We sought to develop and validate a cost-effective tool to measure neck strength in a high school setting, conduct a feasibility study to determine if the developed tool could be reliably applied by certified athletic trainers (ATs) in a high school setting, and conduct a pilot study to determine if anthropometric measurements captured by ATs can predict concussion risk. In the study's first phase, 16 adult subjects underwent repeated neck strength testing by a group of five ATs to validate the developed hand-held tension scale, a cost effective alternative to a hand-held dynamometer. In the second phase, during the 2010 and 2011 academic years, ATs from 51 high schools in 25 states captured pre-season anthropometric measurements for 6,704 high school athletes in boys' and girls' soccer, basketball, and lacrosse, as well as reported concussion incidence and athletic exposure data. We found high correlations between neck strength measurements taken with the developed tool and a hand-held dynamometer and the measurements taken by five ATs. Smaller mean neck circumference, smaller mean neck to head circumference ratio, and weaker mean overall neck strength were significantly associated with concussion. Overall neck strength (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), and sport (p = 0.007) were significant predictors of concussions in unadjusted models. After adjusting for gender and sport, overall neck strength remained a significant predictor of concussion (p = 0.004). For every one pound increase in neck strength, odds of concussion decreased by 5 % (OR = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.92-0.98). We conclude that identifying differences in overall neck strength may be useful in developing a screening tool to determine which high school athletes are at higher risk of concussion. Once identified, these athletes could be targeted for concussion prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Erica N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kluchurosky
authors.forename: Mary Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rohrkemper
authors.forename: R Dawn
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Comstock
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cantu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000886:Anthropometry; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors