title: Staging and risk factors of chronic kidney disease of outpatients in Shanghai.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a survey to determine the stages distribution of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Study Equation and evaluate the risk factors for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed a questionnaire documenting their social demographic status, personal and family medical history and lifestyle behaviors. Blood and urine samples were collected for laboratory testing. The Chi-square test/analysis of variance and multiple/logistic regression were applied for data analysis. There were 530 CKD patients enrolled in this survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Chi-square analysis showed that there was significant difference among different CKD stages in age, gender, BMI (body mass index), medical insurance and education status. Five factors (age, gender, BMI, hypertension, and hyperuricemia) were associated with decreased kidney function (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Five factors (age ≥ 65 years, hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, and hyperuricemia) were associated with abnormal kidney function (eGFR<90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Three factors (low education status, hypertension, and proteinuria) were associated with kidney failure (eGFR<15 mL/min/1.73 m(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older patients, female with higher BMI, proteinuria and hyperuricemia, complicating with hypertension and diabetes tend to be easier for CKD progression. However, patients with higher education have the lower risk of progressing to end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Zhao-Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiao-Nong
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; outpatients; risk factors; staging