title: Infective endocarditis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a 5-year experience at two teaching hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, mortality rates due to infective endocarditis (IE) remain high if not aggressively treated with antibiotics, whether or not associated with surgery. Data on the prevalence, epidemiology and etiology of IE from developing countries remain scarce. The aim of this observational, prospective cohort study was to report a 5-year experience of IE at two teaching hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographical, anamnestic and microbiological characteristics of 71 IE patients were evaluated during the period of January 2009 to March 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the IE patients was 49.8 ± 2.4 years, of which 41 (57.7%) were males. The median time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of IE was 35.8 ± 4.8 days. A total of 31 (43.6%) cases of community-acquired infective endocarditis (CAIE) and 40 (56.3%) cases of healthcare-acquired infective endocarditis (HAIE) were observed. Staphylococcus aureus (30%) was the predominant cause of IE. Streptococcus spp. (45.1 %) was the predominant cause of the CAIE while S. aureus (32.5%) and Enterococcus spp. (27.2 %) were the main etiological agents of HAIE. For 64 (90.1 %) patients with native valve endocarditis, the mitral valve was the most commonly affected (48.3%). The main source of IE in this cohort was intravascular catheter. The tricuspid valve and renal chronic insufficiency were more frequent in patients with HAIE than CAIE (p = 0.001). The risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality rate (46.4%) in IE patients were: age over 45 (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.03-11.24; p = 0.04) and chronic renal insufficiency (OR 38.3; 95% CI 3.2-449.4; p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At two main teaching hospitals in Brazil, Streptococcus spp. was the principal pathogen of CAIE while S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. were the most frequent causes of HAIE. IE remains a serious disease associated with high in-hospital mortality rate (46.6%); especially, in individuals over 45 years of age and with renal failure. Data suggest that early surgery may improve the outcome of IE patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Damasco
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: J C D
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Correal
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Potsch
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: T C F
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Camello
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: V D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: K R N
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Castier
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Mattos-Guaraldi
authors.forename: C Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Fortes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors