title: Drug costs in the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For Canadian men, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality. Men dying of PCa do so after failing castration. The management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is complex and the associated drug treatments are increasingly costly. The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of drug treatments over the mCRPC period, in the context of the latest evidence-based approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two Markov models with Monte-Carlo microsimulations were developed in order to simulate the management of the disease and to estimate the cost of drug treatments in mCRPC, as per Quebec's public healthcare system. The models include recently approved additional lines of treatment after or before docetaxel (i.e. abiraterone and cabazitaxel). Drug exposure and survival were based on clinical trial results and clinical practice guidelines found in a literature review. All costs were assigned in 2013 Canadian dollars ($). Only direct drug costs were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean cost of mCRPC drug treatments over an average period of 28.1 months was estimated at $48,428 per patient (95% Confidence Interval: $47,624 to $49,232). The mean cost increased to $104,071 (95% CI: $102,373 - $105,770) per patient when one includes abiraterone initiation prior to docetaxel therapy. Over the mCRPC period, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (LHRHa) prescribed to maintain castrate testosterone levels accounted for 20.4% of the total medication cost, whereas denosumab prescribed to decrease bone-related events accounted for 30.5% of costs. When patients received cabazitaxel in sequence after abiraterone and docetaxel, the mCRPC medications cost per patient per month increased by 60.2%. The total cost of medications for the treatment of each annual Canadian cohort of 4,000 mCRPC patients was estimated at $ 193.6 million to $416.3 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study estimates the direct drug costs associated with mCRPC treatments in the Canadian healthcare system. Recently identified effective yet not approved therapies will become part of the spectrum of mCRPC treatments, and may potentially increase the cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada. alice.dragomir@muhc.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dragomir
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dinea
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhuyse
authors.forename: Fabio L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.forename: Armen G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Aprikian
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics*; D002170:Canada; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D016527:Drug Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents