title: Effect of a test meal on meal responses of satiation hormones and their association to insulin resistance in obese adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of gastrointestinal (GI) hormones in the pathophysiology of obesity is unclear, although they are involved in the regulation of satiation and glucose metabolism. To (i) examine glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), amylin, ghrelin, and glucagon responses to a meal in obese adolescents and to (ii) test which GI peptides are associated with insulin resistance are presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 97th percentile for age and gender) and 14 control (BMI between 25th and 75th percentiles) adolescents were included. Subjects were instructed to eat a test meal (490 kcal). Plasma samples were collected for hormone and glucose analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese adolescents were insulin resistant as expressed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index and had significantly increased fasting glucagon and amylin levels compared to the control group (P = 0.003 and 0.044, respectively). In response to the meal, the increase in GLP-1 levels was reduced in obese adolescents (P < 0.001). In contrast, amylin secretion was significantly increased in the obese population compared to the control group (P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese adolescents have increased fasting glucagon and amylin levels and attenuated post-prandial GLP-1 concentrations compared with the control group. These factors could contribute to the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beglinger
authors.forename: Anne Christin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Meyer-Gerspach
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zumsteg
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drewe
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beglinger
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gutzwiller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon