title: Flip-angle mapping of 31P coils by steady-state MR spectroscopic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phosphorus ((31)P) MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is primarily applied with sensitive, surface radiofrequency (RF) coils that provide inhomogeneous excitation RF field (B1(+)) and rough localization due to their B1(+) and sensitivity (B1(-)) profiles. A careful and time-consuming pulse adjustment and an accurate knowledge of flip angle (FA) are mandatory for quantification corrections.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a simple, fast, and universal (31)P B1(+) mapping method is proposed, which requires fast steady-state MRSI (typically one sixth of normal measurement time) in addition to the typical MRSI acquired within the examination protocol. The FA maps are calculated from the ratio of the signal intensities acquired by these two measurements and were used to correct for the influence of B1(+) on the metabolite maps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro tests were performed on two scanners (3 and 7 Tesla) using a surface and a volume coil. The calculated FA maps were in good agreement with adjusted nominal FAs and the theoretical calculation using the Biot-Savart law. The method was successfully tested in vivo in the calf muscle and the brain of healthy volunteers (n = 4). The corrected metabolite maps show higher homogeneity compared with their noncorrected versions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The calculated FA maps helped with B1(+) inhomogeneity corrections of acquired in vivo data, and should also be useful with optimization and testing of pulse performances, or with the construction quality tests of new dual-channel (1)H/(31)P coils.
authors.affiliation: MR Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chmelík
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Považan
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jírů
authors.forename: Ivica
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Just Kukurová
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dezortová
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krššák
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hájek
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trattnig
authors.forename: Ladislav
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valkovič
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017553:Phosphorus Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017553:Phosphorus Compounds; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes
keywords: 31P; 7 Tesla; B1 mapping; MRSI; flip-angle; steady-state