title: Existence of glia mitigated ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in neuron-glia mixed cultures of neonatal rat cortex and the glia-mediated protective effect of 2-PMPA.
abstract: The present study compared ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the neuron-glia mixed cultures and neuronal cultures and further explored the neuroprotective effect of the NAAG peptidase inhibitor 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Firstly, Rosenfeld's staining and immunofluorescence staining of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to address the difference of morphology in the mixed cultures and neuronal cultures. Our results showed that neurons and astrocytes grew in good conditions. The ratio of neurons and astrocytes in the mixed cultures was around 1:1, and the purity of neurons in the neuronal cultures is 91.3%. Furthermore, ketamine was used to test the hypothesis that the presence of a higher proportion of glia in the mixed cultures would be protective against ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the mixed cultures compared with neuronal cultures. The results showed that ketamine-induced morphological changes, cell viability decrease and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels increase were significantly mitigated in neuron-glia mixed cultures compared with neuronal cultures. Furthermore, 2-PMPA was included to further explore efficient protective drug for ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. Our results showed that 2-PMPA reduced ketamine-induced decrease of cell viability and increase of LDH levels in the mixed cultures but not in the neuronal cultures. Further morphological changes of neurons and astrocytes also indicated that 2-PMPA could improve ketamine damaged neurons in the mixed cultures instead of neuronal cultures. These results indicate that glia protect neurons from ketamine-induced neurotoxicity. These data further suggest that glia mediate the neuroprotective effect of 2-PMPA and 2-PMPA has the potential to treat ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the communication between neurons and glia and the neuroprotective effects of 2-PMPA in the mixed cultures to ketamine-induced neurotoxicity require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Daiying
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Chengna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Zengqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenfang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China. Electronic address: yingliang_wu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: C402107:2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D007649:Ketamine; D043425:Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
keywords: 2-PMPA; Glia; Ketamine; Mixed cultures; Neuron; Neurotoxicity