title: Dialysis and quality of dialysate in southeast asian developing countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of dialysis patients has been increasing in Southeast Asia, but statistical data about these patients and on the quality of dialysates in Southeast Asian dialysis facilities are still imprecise. For this study, dialysis-related statistical data were collected in Southeast Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey of the quality of dialysates was carried out at 4 dialysis facilities in Vietnam and Cambodia. The dialysis patient survey included the numbers of dialysis facilities and patients receiving dialysis, a ranking of underlying diseases causing the initiation of dialysis, the number of patients receiving hemodialysis (HD)/on-line hemodiafiltration/continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, the number of HD monitoring devices installed, the cost of each session of dialysis (in USD), the percentage of out-of-pocket payments, and the 1-year survival rates of the dialysis patients (in percent). The dialysate survey covered the endotoxin (ET) level and bacterial count in tap water, in water filtered through a reverse osmosis system and in dialysate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In each of the countries, the most frequent reason for the initiation of dialysis is diabetes mellitus. HD is usually carried out according to the 'reuse' principle. The 1-year survival rates are 70% in Myanmar and about 90% in the Philippines and Malaysia. The ET levels in standard dialysates were satisfactory at 2 facilities. The bacterial counts in dialysates were not acceptable at any of the facilities investigated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an urgent need to teach medical workers involved in dialysis how to prepare sterile and ET-free dialysates.
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Medical Risk and Crisis Management, Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Choshi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naramura
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyodo
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; School of Allied Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ; Shinagawa Garden Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakai
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shibahara
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Urology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komaru
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hidai
authors.affiliation: NGO Ubiquitous Blood Purification International, Yokohama, Tokyo, Japan ; Graduate School of Health Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takesawa
keywords: Bacterial count; Developing countries; Dialysate quality; Dialysis status; Endotoxin; Southeast Asia