title: Quantification of left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction using cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that magnitude images from cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately quantify left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, and ejection fraction (EF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen mice (C57BL/6J) were imaged using a 7T ClinScan MRI. A short-axis stack of cine T2-weighted black blood (BB) images was acquired for calculation of LV volumes, mass, and EF using the gold standard sum-of-slices methodology. DENSE images were acquired during the same imaging session in three short-axis (basal, mid, apical) and two long-axis orientations. A custom surface fitting algorithm was applied to epicardial and endocardial borders from the DENSE magnitude images to calculate volumes, mass, and EF. Agreement between the DENSE-derived measures and BB-derived measures was assessed via coefficient of variation (CoV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  3D surface reconstruction was completed on the order of seconds from segmented images, and required fewer slices to be segmented. Volumes, mass, and EF from DENSE-derived surfaces matched well with BB data (CoVs ≤11%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LV mass, volumes, and EF in mice can be quantified through sparse (five slices) sampling with DENSE. This consolidation significantly reduces the time required to assess both mass/volume-based measures of cardiac function and advanced cardiac mechanics.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Sage P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Skrinjar
authors.forename: Cassi M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mattingly
authors.forename: Frederick H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Brandon K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Fornwalt
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: DENSE; heart; magnetic resonance imaging; ventricular volume and mass