title: Score-based tests of measurement invariance: use in practice.
abstract: In this paper, we consider a family of recently-proposed measurement invariance tests that are based on the scores of a fitted model. This family can be used to test for measurement invariance w.r.t. a continuous auxiliary variable, without pre-specification of subgroups. Moreover, the family can be used when one wishes to test for measurement invariance w.r.t. an ordinal auxiliary variable, yielding test statistics that are sensitive to violations that are monotonically related to the ordinal variable (and less sensitive to non-monotonic violations). The paper is specifically aimed at potential users of the tests who may wish to know (1) how the tests can be employed for their data, and (2) whether the tests can accurately identify specific models parameters that violate measurement invariance (possibly in the presence of model misspecification). After providing an overview of the tests, we illustrate their general use via the R packages lavaan and strucchange. We then describe two novel simulations that provide evidence of the tests' practical abilities. As a whole, the paper provides researchers with the tools and knowledge needed to apply these tests to general measurement invariance scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Edgar C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Merkle
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeileis
keywords: factor analysis; lavaan; measurement invariance; ordinal variable; parameter stability; structural equation modeling