title: The role of microRNA in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has a historically low median survival rate, but recent advances and discoveries in microRNAs (miRNAs) have opened the potential for new prognostication modalities to enhance therapeutic success. As new chemotherapies and immunotherapies are developed, there is an increasing need for precision and stratification of CRPC to allow for optimization and personalization of therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted via electronic database resulting in the selection of 42 articles based on title, abstract, study format, and content by a consensus of all participating authors. Most selected articles were published between 2002 and 2013. In this review, we discuss the robustness of miRNAs as a biomarker platform, miRNAs associated with prostate cancer, and recent discoveries of miRNA associations with CRPC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The associations discovered have been of interest owing to the ability to differentiate between CRPC and localized prostate cancer. With the evaluation of multiple miRNAs, it is possible to provide a profile regarding tumor characteristics. Furthermore, actions of miRNAs on CRPC tumor cells have the ability to suppress metastatic phenotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  miRNAs may have a growing role in CRPC prognostication and may potentially transform into a therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thieu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tilki
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Vere White
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010641:Phenotype; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011379:Prognosis; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: Castration-resistant prostate cancer; Review; microRNA