title: Natural or deliberate outbreak in Pakistan: how to prevent or detect and trace its origin: biosecurity, surveillance, forensics.
abstract: Over the last few decades biosecurity and biosafety have emerged as a prominent public health concern due to some high-profile accidents. Effective strategies to deal with the outbreak, whether deliberate or non-deliberate requires a multidisciplinary approach and coordinated decision-making by various state departments such as health, forensics, agriculture, environment, intelligence, law and enforcement, etc. In a dynamic global environment and the overwhelming asymmetric threats from the non-state actors, it is of utmost importance to understand the biosecurity issues and initiate a coordinated global effort to cope with biosecurity and biosafety breaches and develop an as effective response mechanism. An attractive choice for the terrorists, state enemies and non-state actors is the use of biological weapons. An unwanted incident may not only bring chaos to the people, but also can inflict severe economic damage industrially and locally as was in the notorious foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. Because of special geopolitical compulsion, Pakistan is one of the hot spots where special action needs to be taken. The current review focuses on the various approaches, technologies that can be used to alleviate the chances of biosafety and biosecurity incident and emphasizes the role of modern technology that can be used in this regard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zabta Khan
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Shinwari
authors.forename: Ali Talha
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023482:Bioterrorism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan; D012637:Security Measures