title: Differential expression of glutathione s-transferase enzyme in different life stages of various insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi: a malaria vector.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interest in insect glutathione s-transferases (GSTs) has primarily focused on their role in insecticide resistance. These play an important role in biotransformation and detoxification of many different xenobiotic and endogenous substances including insecticides. The GST activity among 10 laboratory selected insecticide resistant and susceptible/control strains of Anopheles stephensi was compared using the substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The difference in the GST activities of different life stages of diverse insecticide resistant strains was compared and presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  About 100 larvae, pupae, adult males, adult females and eggs (100 μg in total weight) were collected and used for the experiment. The extracts were prepared from each of the insecticide-resistant strains and control. Protein contents of the enzyme homogenate and GST activities were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deltamethrin and cyfluthrin-resistant strains of An. stephensi showed significantly higher GST activity. Larvae and pupae of DDT-resistant strain showed peak GST activity followed by the propoxur-resistant strain. On contrary, the GST activity was found in reduced quantity in alphamethrin, bifenthrin, carbofuran and chloropyrifos resistant strains. Adults of either sexes showed higher GST activity in mosquito strain resistant to organophosphate group of insecticides namely, temephos and chloropyrifos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GST activity was closely associated with almost all of the insecticides used in the study, strengthening the fact that one of the mechanisms associated with resistance includes an increase of GST activity. This comparative data on GST activity in An. stephensi can be useful database to identify possible underlying mechanisms governing insecticide-resistance by GSTs.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanil
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Genetics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shetty
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007194:India; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D005982:Glutathione Transferase