title: Synthetic oligonucleotide separations by mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography.
abstract: Synthetic oligonucleotides gain increasing importance in new therapeutic concepts and as probes in biological sciences. If pharmaceutical-grade purities are required, chromatographic purification using ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography is commonly carried out. However, separation selectivity for structurally closely related impurities is often insufficient, especially at high sample loads. In this study, a "mixed-mode" reversed-phase/weak anion exchanger stationary phase has been investigated as an alternative tool for chromatographic separation of synthetic oligonucleotides with minor sequence variations. The employed mixed-mode phase shows great flexibility in method development. It has been run in various gradient elution modes, viz. one, two or three parameter (mixed) gradients (altering buffer pH, buffer concentration, and organic modifier) to find optimal elution conditions and gain further insight into retention mechanisms. Compared to ion-pair reversed-phase and mere anion-exchange separation, enhanced selectivities were observed with the mixed-mode phase for 20-23 nucleotide (nt) long oligonucleotides with similar sequences. Oligonucleotides differing by 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides in length could be readily resolved and separation factors for single nucleotide replacements declined in the order Cytosine (C)/Guanine (G)>Adenine (A)/Guanine∼Guanine/Thymine (T)>Adenine/Cytosine∼Cytosine/Thymine>Adenine/Thymine. Selectivities were larger when the modification was at the 3' terminal-end, declined when it was in the middle of the sequence and was smallest when it was located at the 5' terminus. Due to the lower surface area of the 200Å pore size mixed-mode stationary phase compared to the corresponding 100Å material, lower retention times with equal selectivities under milder elution conditions were achievable. Considering high sample loading capacities of the mixed-mode anion-exchanger phase, it should have great potential for chromatographic oligonucleotide separation and purification.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavazzini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: michael.laemmerhofer@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lämmerhofer
mesh_terms: D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange / Q000379:methods*; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016062:Porosity
chemical_list: D009841:Oligonucleotides
keywords: Ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography; Mixed-gradient elution technique; Mixed-mode chromatography; Reversed-phase/weak anion exchange stationary phase (RP-WAX); Single nucleotide exchange; Synthetic oligonucleotides