title: Pre-clinical functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Part I: The kidney.
abstract: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. In Europe alone, at least 8% of the population currently has some degree of CKD. CKD is associated with serious comorbidity, reduced life expectancy, and high economic costs; hence, the early detection and adequate treatment of kidney disease is important. Pre-clinical research can not only give insights into the mechanisms of the various kidney diseases but it also allows for investigating the outcome of new drugs developed to treat kidney disease. Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides non-invasive access to tissue and organ function in animal models. Advantages over classical animal research approaches are numerous: the same animal might be repeatedly imaged to investigate a progress or a treatment of disease over time. This has also a direct impact on animal welfare and the refinement of classical animal experiments as the number of animals in the studies might be reduced. In this paper, we review current state of the art in functional magnetic resonance imaging with a focus on pre-clinical kidney imaging.
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Frank.Zoellner@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zöllner
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalayciyan
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chacón-Caldera
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Lothar R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D051379:Mice; D051381:Rats; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Nierenerkrankung; Pre-clinical research; Präklinische Forschung; functional MRI; funktionelle MRT; kidney disease