title: Electropolymerization of dopamine for surface modification of complex-shaped cardiovascular stents.
abstract: Inspired by the adhesion strategy of marine mussels, self-polymerization of dopamine under alkaline condition has been proven to be a simple and effective method for surface modification of biomaterials. However, this method still has many drawbacks, such as the use of alkaline aqueous medium, low poly(dopamine) deposition rate, and inefficient utilization of dopamine, which greatly hinder its practical application. In the present study, we demonstrate that electropolymerization of dopamine is a facile and versatile approach to surface tailoring of metallic cardiovascular stents, such as small and complex-shaped coronary stent. Electropolymerization of dopamine leads to the formation of a continuous and smooth electropolymerized poly(dopamine) (ePDA) coating on the substrate surface. This electrochemical method exhibits a higher deposition rate and is more efficient in dopamine utilization compared with the typical self-polymerization method. The ePDA coating facilitates the immobilization of biomolecules onto substrates to engineer biomimetic microenvironments. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that ePDA coating functionalized with vascular endothelial growth factor can greatly enhance the desired cellular responses of endothelial cells and prevent the neointima formation after stent implantation. The proposed methodology may find applications in the area of metallic surface engineering, especially for the cardiovascular stents and potentially all biomedical devices with electroconductive surface as well.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Jin-lei
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Bo-chao
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Zi-jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: renkf@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ke-feng
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Lie-jiang
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Shi-miao
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yi-xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: jijian@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D055767:Immobilized Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D058105:Polymerization / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D012996:Solutions; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D015607:Stents; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D015415:Biomarkers; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D055767:Immobilized Proteins; D012996:Solutions; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Cardiovascular stent; Electropolymerization; Poly(dopamine) coating; Surface functionalization; Vascular endothelial growth factor