title: Voice disorders in teachers. A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Voice disorders are very prevalent among teachers and consequences are serious. Although the literature is extensive, there are differences in the concepts and methodology related to voice problems; most studies are restricted to analyzing the responses of teachers to questionnaires and only a few studies include vocal assessments and videolaryngoscopic examinations to obtain a definitive diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review demographic studies related to vocal disorders in teachers to analyze the diverse methodologies, the prevalence rates pointed out by the authors, the main risk factors, the most prevalent laryngeal lesions, and the repercussions of dysphonias on professional activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available literature (from 1997 to 2013) was narratively reviewed based on Medline, PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO, and Cochrane library databases. Excluded were articles that specifically analyzed treatment modalities and those that did not make their abstracts available in those databases. The keywords included were teacher, dysphonia, voice disorders, professional voice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: rmartins@fmb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Regina Helena Garcia
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eny Regina Bóia Neves
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Academic of Botucatu Medical School, Unesp-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio Bosque
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Discipline Otolaryngology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elaine Lara Mendes
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tavares
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D005178:Faculty; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016272:Occupational Health; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013663:Teaching; D014741:Video Recording; D014831:Voice; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D017132:Workplace
keywords: Dysphonia; Professional voice; Teacher; Voice disorders