title: Smoking cessation in smokers who smoke menthol and non-menthol cigarettes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relations of menthol cigarette use with measures of cessation success in a large comparative effectiveness trial (CET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomized to one of six medication treatment conditions in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. All participants received six individual counseling sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based smokers in two communities in Wisconsin, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1504 adult smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day during the past 6 months and reported being motivated to quit smoking. The analysis sample comprised 1439 participants: 814 white non-menthol smokers, 439 white menthol smokers and 186 African American (AA) menthol smokers. There were too few AA non-menthol smokers (n = 16) to be included in the analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch, bupropion sustained release, nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge, bupropion + nicotine lozenge and placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence assessed at 4, 8 and 26 weeks post-quit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In longitudinal abstinence analyses (generalized estimating equations) controlling for cessation treatment, menthol smoking was associated with reduced likelihood of smoking cessation success relative to non-menthol smoking [model-based estimates of abstinence = 31 versus 38%, respectively; odds ratio (OR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59, 0.86]. In addition, among menthol smokers, AA women were at especially high risk of cessation failure relative to white women (estimated abstinence = 17 versus 35%, respectively; OR = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.75, 3.96; estimated abstinence rates for AA males and white males were both 30%, OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.60, 1.66).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, smoking menthol cigarettes appears to be associated with reduced cessation success compared with non-menthol smoking, especially in African American females.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (UWSMPH), Madison, WI, USA; Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, UWSMPH, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Stevens S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D016642:Bupropion / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D049668:History, 15th Century; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016642:Bupropion; D008610:Menthol; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Clinical trial; gender; generalized estimating equations; longitudinal; menthol; race/ethnicity; smoking cessation; tobacco