title: Hypertrophic adenoid is a major infection site of human bocavirus 1.
abstract: Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is associated with respiratory infections worldwide, mainly in children. Similar to other parvoviruses, it is believed that HBoV1 can persist for long periods of time in humans, probably through maintaining concatemers of the virus single-stranded DNA genome in the nuclei of infected cells. Recently, HBoV-1 was detected in high rates in adenoid and palatine tonsils samples from patients with chronic adenotonsillar diseases, but nothing is known about the virus replication levels in those tissues. A 3-year prospective hospital-based study was conducted to detect and quantify HBoV1 DNA and mRNAs in samples of the adenoids (AD), palatine tonsils (PT), nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS), and peripheral blood (PB) from patients undergoing tonsillectomy for tonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis. HBoV1 was detected in 25.3% of the AD samples, while the rates of detection in the PT, NPS, and PB samples were 7.2%, 10.5%, and 1.7%, respectively. The viral loads were higher in AD samples, and 27.3% of the patients with HBoV had mRNA detectable in this tissue. High viral loads and detectable mRNA in the AD were associated with HBoV1 detection in the other sample sites. The adenoids are an important site of HBoV1 replication and persistence in children with tonsillar hypertrophy. The adenoids contain high HBoV1 loads and are frequently positive for HBoV mRNA, and this is associated with the detection of HBoV1 in secretions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Proenca-Modena
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Buzatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Carenzi
authors.affiliation: Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Saturno
authors.affiliation: Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Prates
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Delcaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: F C P
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Valera
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamashiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Anselmo-Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil Virology Research Center, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil eaneto@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arruda
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral