title: Understanding and measuring student engagement in school: the results of an international study from 12 countries.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to develop a scale that is appropriate for use internationally to measure affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions of student engagement. Psychometric properties of this scale were examined with data of 3,420 students (7th, 8th, and 9th grade) from 12 countries (Austria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Estonia, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The intraclass correlation of the full-scale scores of student engagement between countries revealed that it was appropriate to aggregate the data from the 12 countries for further analyses. Coefficient alphas revealed good internal consistency. Test-retest reliability coefficients were also acceptable. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the data fit well to a second-order model with affective, behavioral, and cognitive engagement as the first-order factors and student engagement as the second-order factor. The results support the use of this scale to measure student engagement as a metaconstruct. Furthermore, the significant correlations of the scale with instructional practices, teacher support, peer support, parent support, emotions, academic performance, and school conduct indicated good concurrent validity of the scale. Considerations and implications regarding the international use of this student engagement in school measure are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Shui-Fong
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, University of California.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jimerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University.
authors.forename: Bernard P H
authors.initials: BPH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Education, University of Tartu.
authors.forename: Eve
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2337-8930
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kikas
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, Chonnam National University.
authors.forename: Hyeonsook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Education, University of Lisbon.
authors.forename: Feliciano H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Athens.
authors.forename: Chryse
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hatzichristou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Athens.
authors.forename: Fotini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Polychroni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Malta.
authors.forename: Carmel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cefai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Negovan
authors.affiliation: Department of Teacher Training, University of Bucharest.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stanculescu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University.
authors.forename: Hongfei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Yunnan Health Education Institute.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: St. Helens Metropolitan Borough Council.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Basnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Laurentian University.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duck
authors.affiliation: School of Education, University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, California State University.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Styria Local Ministry of Education.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zollneritsch
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*