title: Glucocorticoids.
abstract: Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory treatment for allergic diseases, and inhaled glucocorticoids have now become the first-line treatment for asthma. Glucocorticoids were discovered in the 1940s as extracts of the adrenal cortex and this was followed by the isolation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from pituitary gland extracts. Cortisone and ACTH were found to be very beneficial in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and Kendall, Reichstein and Hench received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for this work in 1950. Bordley and colleagues first showed that ACTH was very beneficial in the treatment of allergic diseases in 1949, but the use of systemic glucocorticoids was limited by side effects. Inhaled glucocorticoids were discovered from topical steroids developed for skin inflammation and beclomethasone dipropionate was introduced in 1972, initially in low doses but later in higher doses, and became the standard treatment for persistent asthma. Subsequently, inhaled glucocorticoids were combined with long-acting β2-agonists in combination inhalers for even greater therapeutic benefit. There is now a good understanding of the molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in allergic diseases. The search for even safer glucocorticoids based on the dissociation of anti-inflammatory and side effect mechanisms is currently ongoing.
authors.affiliation: Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001507:Beclomethasone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000266:history / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D001507:Beclomethasone