title: Life experience and demographic influences on cognitive function in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the influence of a broad spectrum of life experiences on longitudinal cognitive trajectories in a demographically diverse sample of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 333 educationally, ethnically, and cognitively diverse older adults enrolled in a longitudinal aging study. Mixed-effects regression was used to measure baseline status in episodic memory, executive functioning, and semantic memory and change in a global cognition factor defined by change in these 3 domain-specific measures. We examined effects of life experience variables (literacy, childhood socioeconomic status, morphometric measures of physical development, life course physical and recreational activity) on longitudinal cognitive trajectories, covarying for age, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and demographics (education, ethnicity, language).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-Latino Whites had higher baseline cognition, but life experience variables attenuated ethnic differences in cognitive scores. Age, literacy, childhood socioeconomic status, and physical activity significantly influenced baseline cognition. Age, APOE ε4, and decline in intellectually and socially stimulating recreational activity from mid to late life were independently associated with increased late life cognitive decline. Higher literacy and late life recreational activity were associated with less decline. Literacy had similar effects for English and Spanish readers/speakers. Bilingual English and Spanish speakers did not differ from English Speakers in cognitive performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life experience variables, especially literacy level, were strongly related to baseline cognition and substantially attenuated effects of race/ethnicity and education. Cognitive change was best explained by age, APOE ε4, literacy, and current recreational activities. Literacy had robust associations with baseline cognition and cognitive change in both English and Spanish speakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Paul W H
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.affiliation: Brain, Behavior, and Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Melrose
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marquine
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health & Aging.
authors.forename: Julene K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, Department of Medicine, University of California.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Napoles
authors.affiliation: Department of Outpatient Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKay-Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mungas
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007802:Language; D008016:Life Change Events; D000067010:Literacy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4