title: Influence of air stability and metabolic rate on exhaled flow.
abstract: The characteristics of contaminant transport and dispersion of exhaled flow from a manikin are thoroughly studied in this article with respect to the influence of two important factors: air stability conditions and metabolic rates. Four cases with the combinations of stable and neutral conditions as well as lower (1.2 met) and higher (2 met) metabolic rates for a breathing thermal manikin are employed. The exhaled contaminant is simulated by smoke and N2 O to visualize and measure the contaminant distribution both around and in front of the manikin. The results show that the microenvironment around the manikin body can be affected by different air distribution patterns and metabolic heating. Under stable conditions, the exhaled contaminant from mouth or nose is locked and stratified at certain heights, causing potentially high contaminant exposure to others. In addition, velocity profiles of the pulsating exhaled flow, which are normalized by mean peak velocities, present similar shapes to a steady jet. The outlet velocity close to the mouth shows decrement with both exhalation temperature and body plume. The velocity decay and concentration decay also show significant dependence on air stability and metabolic level.
authors.affiliation: College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D045853:Exhalation; D008348:Manikins; D055686:Metabolic Equivalent; D009055:Mouth; D009666:Nose; D012119:Respiration; D013696:Temperature
keywords: Air stability; Body plume; Exhalation; Manikin; Metabolic rate; Near-human microenvironment