title: Post-meal β-cell function predicts the efficacy of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin monotherapy after addition of glibenclamide or acarbose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to explore parameters which will predict good control of HbA1c after adding a second anti-diabetic drug in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one patients (M/F: 25/26, mean age: 53.7 ± 8.2 years, mean glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 8.4 ± 1.2%) with T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin were randomized to add-on glibenclamide or acarbose for 16 weeks. Before and after combination therapy, the subjects underwent a 2-hour liquid mixed meal tolerance test to determine insulin secretion (HOMA-β, insulinogenic index, and disposition index [DI]) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there was a significant inverse relationship between DI120 and HbA1c (p = 0.001) in all subjects. The addition of glibenclamide and acarbose improved HbA1c significantly from 8.6 ± 1.6% to 7.4 ± 1.2% (p < 0.001), and from 8.2 ± 0.8% to 7.5 ± 0.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. In the glibenclamide group, DI120 significantly increased from 51.2 ± 24.2 to 74.9 ± 41.9 (p < 0.05), and in the acarbose group, from 62.5 ± 31.4 to 91.7 ± 36.2 (p < 0.05), respectively. Multiple regression analyses showed that both baseline HbA1c and DI120 independently predicted reduction of HbA1c as well as final HbA1c after combination therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin, add-on oral anti-diabetic agent with glibenclamide or acarbose resulted in the significant HbA1c reduction and improvement of β-cell function. Subjects with greater baseline β-cell function reserve displayed better glycemic response in the combination therapy of metformin with glibenclamide or acarbose.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov with registration number of NCT00417729.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi branch, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jun-Sing
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shi-Dou
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Jane
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Te
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Te
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Hsien
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|Institute of Medical Technology, College of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wayne H-H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 1650, Sect. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
keywords: Beta-cell function; Disposition index; Glycated hemoglobin; Glycemic control; Metformin