title: Maternal and cord blood 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations in relation to child development and behaviour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal studies have linked in utero vitamin D exposure to various aspects of offspring brain development. Limited research has translated these findings to humans, and none have employed cord blood to measure exposure late in gestation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our objective was to examine the associations between maternal 25(OH)D measured at ≤26 weeks' gestation or cord blood 25(OH)D and offspring global development, IQ, achievement, and behaviour in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-73). This was a secondary analysis of data from a case-cohort study, with 3896 women and children who participated in at least one outcome assessment. Psychologists assessed global development at 8 months, IQ and behaviour at 4 and 7 years, and achievement at 7 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression was used to examine the associations between 25(OH)D and child outcomes, controlling for maternal education, age, parity, race, maternal body mass index, marital status, smoking, gestational age and month of blood draw, and study site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive associations for many outcomes were greatly attenuated upon adjustment for confounders and were generally null. Only IQ at age 7 was associated with both maternal and cord blood 25(OH)D, but the effect estimates were very small (β for 5 nmol/L increment of maternal 25(OH)D = 0.10; [95% CI 0.00, 0.19]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed very little indication that maternal or cord blood 25(OH)D are associated with cognitive development, achievement, and behaviour between 8 months and 7 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Klebanoff
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: behaviour; child development; fetus; pregnancy; vitamin D