title: New frontiers in the rubber hand experiment: when a robotic hand becomes one's own.
abstract: The rubber hand illusion is an experimental paradigm in which participants consider a fake hand to be part of their body. This paradigm has been used in many domains of psychology (i.e., research on pain, body ownership, agency) and is of clinical importance. The classic rubber hand paradigm nevertheless suffers from limitations, such as the absence of active motion or the reliance on approximate measurements, which makes strict experimental conditions difficult to obtain. Here, we report on the development of a novel technology-a robotic, user- and computer-controllable hand-that addresses many of the limitations associated with the classic rubber hand paradigm. Because participants can actively control the robotic hand, the device affords higher realism and authenticity. Our robotic hand has a comparatively low cost and opens up novel and innovative methods. In order to validate the robotic hand, we have carried out three experiments. The first two studies were based on previous research using the rubber hand, while the third was specific to the robotic hand. We measured both sense of agency and ownership. Overall, results show that participants experienced a "robotic hand illusion" in the baseline conditions. Furthermore, we also replicated previous results about agency and ownership.
authors.affiliation: Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Centre de Recherche Neurosciences & Cognition (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), AV. F.-D. Roosevelt, 50, CP191, Bruxelles, Belgium, ecaspar@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Emilie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Caspar
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Beir
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Magalhaes De Saldanha Da Gama
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yernaux
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cleeremans
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vanderborght
mesh_terms: D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult