title: Hump-nosed viper bite: an important but under-recognized cause of systemic envenoming.
abstract: Hump-nosed viper bites are common in the Indian subcontinent. In the past, hump-nosed vipers (Hypnale species) were considered moderately venomous snakes whose bites result mainly in local envenoming. However, a variety of severe local effects, hemostatic dysfunction, microangiopathic hemolysis, kidney injury and death have been reported following envenoming by Hypnale species. We systematically reviewed the medical literature on the epidemiology, toxin profile, diagnosis, and clinical, laboratory and postmortem features of hump-nosed viper envenoming, and highlight the need for development of an effective antivenom.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Mitrakrishnan Chrishan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shivanthan
authors.affiliation: Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Jevon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yudhishdran
authors.affiliation: Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Rayno
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Navinan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, and project lead, Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Senaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
keywords: Antivenom; Envenoming; Hump-nosed viper; Hypnale; Venom; Viper