title: Response-oriented measuring inequalities in Tehran: second round of UrbanHealth Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2), concepts and framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current evidence consistently confirm inequalities in health status among socioeconomic none, gender,ethnicity, geographical area and other social determinants of health (SDH), which adversely influence health ofthe population. SDH refer to a wide range of factors not limited to social component, but also involve economic, cultural,educational, political or environmental problems. Measuring inequalities, improving daily living conditions, andtackling inequitable distribution of resources are highly recommended by international SDH commissioners in recentyears to 'close the gaps within a generation'. To measure inequalities in socio-economic determinants and core healthindicators in Tehran, the second round of Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2)was conducted in November 2011, within the main framework of WHO Centre for Health Development (Kobe Centre).
  
  
  METHODS
  For 'assessment' part of the project, 65 indicators in six policy domains namely 'physical and infrastructure','human and social', 'economic', 'governance', 'health and nutrition', and also 'cultural' domain were targetedeither through a population based survey or using routine system. Survey was conducted in a multistage random sampling,disaggregated to 22 districts and 368 neighborhoods of Tehran, where data of almost 35000 households(118000 individuals) were collected. For 'response' part of the project, widespread community based development(CBD) projects were organized in all 368 neighborhoods, which are being undertaken throughout 2013.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following the first round of Urban HEART project in 2008, the second round was conducted to trackchanges over time, to institutionalize inequality assessment within the local government, to build up community participationin 'assessment' and 'response' parts of the project, and to implement appropriate and evidence-based actionsto reduce health inequalities within all neighborhoods of Tehran.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. asadilari@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asadi-Lari
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Physiology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. vaezmahdavi@shahed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vaez-Mahdavi
authors.affiliation: Professor, Medical School, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. faghihz@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Soghrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihzadeh
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. cheraghian2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cherghian
authors.affiliation: MD., Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esteghamati
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Occupational Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. fdgir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ali Asghar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Farshad
authors.affiliation: Director Genearl, Department of Health, Municipality of Tehran, Iran. golmakani@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mehdi
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authors.lastname: Golmakani
authors.affiliation: Health Education and Promotion Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. haeri.stat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali-Asghar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Haeri-Mehrizi
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Public Health, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. hessari@mappi.helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hesari
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. nkalantari1334@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Rehabilitation Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kamali@mkamali.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
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authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Sports Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ramin_kordi@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kordi
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. malekafzali@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malek-Afzali
authors.affiliation: Professor, Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. montazeri@acecr.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Montazeri
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Medical School, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mazmoradi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Maziar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moradi-Lakeh
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. asadilari@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
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authors.lastname: Motevallian
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. noorbala@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noorbala
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. raghhg@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raghfar
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. razaghie@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Emran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Razzaghi
keywords: Community based develo; Health inequality; Social determinants of health; Urban HEART