title: Feedback-related negativity in children with two subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current model of ADHD suggests abnormal reward and punishment sensitivity, although differences in ADHD subgroups are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of feedback valence (reward or punishment) and punishment magnitude (small or large) on Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and Late Positive Potential (LPP) in two subtypes of ADHD (ADHD-C and ADHD-I) compared to typically developing children (TD) during a children's gambling task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with ADHD-C (n = 16), children with ADHD-I (n = 15) and typically developing children (n = 15) performed a children's gambling task under three feedback conditions: large losses, small losses and gains. FRN and LPP components in brain potentials were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TD children and children with ADHD-C, large loss feedback evoked more negative FRN amplitudes than small loss feedback, suggesting that brain sensitivity to the punishment and its magnitude is not impaired in children with ADHD-C. In contrast to these two groups, the FRN effect was absent in children with ADHD-I. The LPP amplitudes were larger in children with ADHD-C in comparison with those with ADHD-I, regardless of feedback valence and magnitude.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD-C exhibit intact brain sensitivity to punishment similar to TD children. In contrast, children with ADHD-I are significantly impaired in neural sensitivity to the feedback stimuli and in particular, to punishment, compared to TD and ADHD-C children. Thus, FRN, rather than LPP, is a reliable index of the difference in reward and punishment sensitivity across different ADHD-subcategories.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine University of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jiajin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Neuroscience, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Suhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xuerong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D002666:Psychology, Child; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012201:Reward; D012737:Sex Factors