title: Quantitative microbial risk assessment related to urban wastewater and lagoon water reuse in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
abstract: We assessed the infection risks related to the use of wastewater in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, by using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Giardia lamblia and Escherichia coli were isolated and identified in wastewater samples from the canal and lagoon. The exposure assessment was conducted using a cross-sectional survey by questionnaire with 150 individuals who were in contact with the wastewater during their daily activities of swimming, fishing, washing, and collecting materials for reuse. Risk was characterised using the Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. Results showed high contamination of water by G. lamblia and E. coli (12.8 CFU/100 mL to 2.97 × 10(4)CFU/100 mL and from 0 cyst/L to 18.5 cysts/L, respectively). Estimates of yearly average infection risks for E. coli (90.07-99.90%, assuming that 8% of E. coli were E. coli O157:H7) and G. lamblia (9.4-34.78%) were much higher than the acceptable risk (10(-4)). These results suggest the need for wastewater treatment plants, raising awareness in the population in contact with urban wastewater and lagoon water. Our study also showed that QMRA is appropriate to study health risks in settings with limited data and budget resources.
authors.affiliation: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques de Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), 01 B.P. 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Yapo
authors.affiliation: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques de Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), 01 B.P. 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Péléforo-Gbon-Coulibaly, B.P.1328 Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koné
authors.affiliation: Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques de Côte d'Ivoire (CSRS), 01 B.P. 1303 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonfoh
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland E-mail: hung.nguyen@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cissé
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland E-mail: hung.nguyen@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zinsstag
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland E-mail: hung.nguyen@unibas.ch; Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi School of Public Health (HSPH), 138 Giang Vo, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Sandec, P. O. Box, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Viet
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater