title: Bispectral index guided titration of sevoflurane in on-pump cardiac surgery reduces plasma sevoflurane concentration and vasopressor requirements: a prospective, controlled, sequential two-arm clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electroencephalographic-based monitoring systems such as the bispectral index (BIS) may reduce anaesthetic overdose rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesised that goal-directed sevoflurane administration (guided by BIS monitoring) could reduce the sevoflurane plasma concentration (SPC) and intraoperative vasopressor doses during on-pump cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, controlled, sequential two-arm clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  German university medical centre with more than 2500 cardiac surgery interventions per year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty elective on-pump cardiac surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In group Sevo1.8% (n = 29), the sedation depth was maintained with a sustained inspired concentration of sevoflurane 1.8% before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In group SevoBIS (n = 31), the inspired sevoflurane concentration was titrated to maintain a BIS target between 40 and 60.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPC during CPB and the intraoperative administration of noradrenaline. Additional analyses were performed on intraoperative awareness, postoperative blood lactate concentration, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit length of stay and kidney injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean inspired sevoflurane concentration was 0.8% in group SevoBIS, representing a 57.1% reduction (P < 0.001) compared with group Sevo1.8%. The mean SPC was 42.3 μg ml(-1) [95% confidence interval (CI) 40.0 to 44.6] in group Sevo1.8% and 21.0 μg ml(-1) (95% CI 18.8 to 23.3) in group SevoBIS, representing a 50.2% reduction (P < 0.001). During CPB, the mean cumulative dose of noradrenaline administered was 13.48 μg kg(-1) (95% CI 10.52 to 17.19) in group Sevo1.8% and 4.06 μg kg(-1) (95% CI 2.67 to 5.97) in group SevoBIS (P < 0.001). Pearson's correlation coefficient (between the cumulative applied dosage of sevoflurane calculated from the area under the curve of the SPC over time and the administered cumulative noradrenaline dose) was 0.607 (P < 0.001). No intraoperative awareness signs were detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS-guided titration of sevoflurane reduces the SPC and decreases noradrenaline administration compared with routine care during on-pump cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Centre of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (RN, JW, CJT, SAH, DAR, MSG), Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (JFK).
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitzschke
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilgusch
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: Constantin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Trepte
authors.forename: Sebastian A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: Matthias S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goepfert
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D056805:Consciousness Monitors; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D009638:Norepinephrine