title: Molecular mechanism of the airborne transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza A viruses in chickens.
abstract: H9N2 avian influenza virus has been prevalent in poultry in many parts of the world since the 1990s and occasionally crosses the host barrier, transmitting to mammals, including humans. In recent years, these viruses have contributed genes to H5N1 and H7N9 influenza viruses, threatening public health. To explore the molecular mechanism for the airborne transmission of H9N2 virus, we compared two genetically close strains isolated from chickens in 2001, A/chicken/Shanghai/7/2001(SH7) and A/chicken/Shanghai/14/2001 (SH14). SH7 is airborne transmissible between chickens, whereas SH14 is not. We used reverse genetics and gene swapping to derive recombinant SH7 (rSH7), rSH14, and a panel of reassortant viruses. Among the reassortant viruses, we identified segments HA and PA as governing the airborne transmission among chickens. In addition, the NP and NS genes also contributed to a lesser extent. Furthermore, the mutational analyses showed the transmissibility phenotype predominantly mapped to the HA and PA genes, with HA-K363 and PA-L672 being important for airborne transmissibility among chickens. In addition, the viral infectivity and acid stability are related to the airborne transmissibility. Importantly, airborne transmission studies of 18 arbitrarily chosen H9N2 viruses from our collections confirmed the importance of both 363K in HA and 672L in PA in determining their levels of transmissibility. Our finding elucidates the genetic contributions to H9N2 transmissibility in chickens and highlights the importance of their prevalence in poultry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study investigates the airborne transmissibility of H9N2 viruses in chickens and the subsequent epidemic. H9N2 virus is the donor for several prevalent reassortant influenza viruses, such as H7N9/2013 and the H5N1 viruses. Poultry as the reservoir hosts of influenza virus is closely associated with human society. Airborne transmission is an efficient pathway for influenza virus transmission among flocks and individuals. Exploring the mechanism of the airborne transmission of the H9N2 virus in chickens could provide essential data regarding prevention and control of influenza endemics and pandemics.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qunhui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaobing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Daxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China xfliu@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiufan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005814:Genes, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D059386:Reverse Genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C061290:PA protein, influenza viruses; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase