title: Changes in the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among male and female current smokers in the United States: 1990-2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated whether the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders has increased over time among current smokers and whether these trends differ by gender and in comparison with nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (1990) and the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (2001), representative samples of the US adult population. Binomial regression analyses were used to determine differences between mood and anxiety disorders among current smokers in 1990 and 2001 and whether these differed by gender and in comparison with those who were former or never current smokers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Any anxiety disorder, panic attacks, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and dysthymia were all significantly more common among current smokers in 2001 compared with 1990 and except for social anxiety disorder these increases were significantly greater than any trend found in non-smokers. Increases in panic attacks, social anxiety disorder, and dysthymia were more pronounced in female than in male smokers. Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder were not found to increase over time among smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of several anxiety disorders and dysthymia among current smokers appears to have increased from 1990 to 2001. Future studies are needed to determine whether these trends have continued. If so, interventions aimed at moving the prevalence lower may have limited success if treatment of mental health problems such as anxiety disorders and certain mood disorders are not considered in the development and dissemination of tobacco control programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Electronic address: rdg66@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Melanie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Tse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Choo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY).
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY); Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX; Department of Psychiatry, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zvolensky
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Prevalence; Tobacco