title: Primary otomycosis in the Indian subcontinent: predisposing factors, microbiology, and classification.
abstract: Objective. To define otomycosis and determine the predisposing factors and microbiology in primary otomycosis. Study Design. Prospective study of two years and review of the literature. Setting. Academic Department of Otolaryngology in a coastal city in India. Patients. 150 immunocompetent individuals of whom 100 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of otomycosis are considered as the study group and 50 consecutive patients with no otomycosis are considered as the control group. Results and Observations. Instillation of coconut oil (42%), use of topical antibiotic eardrops (20%), and compulsive cleaning of external ear with hard objects (32%) appeared to be the main predisposing factors in otomycosis. Aspergilli were the most common isolates (80%) followed by Penicillium (8%), Candida albicans (4%), Rhizopus (1%), and Chrysosporium (1%), the last being reported for the first time in otomycosis. Among aspergilli, A. niger complex (38%) was the most common followed by A. fumigatus complex (27%) and A. flavus complex (15%). Bacterial isolates associated with fungi in otomycosis were S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. In 42% of healthy external ears fungi were isolated. Conclusion. Aspergillus spp. were the most common fungi isolated, followed by Penicillium. Otomycotic ears are often associated with bacterial isolates when compared to normal ears. Fungi are also present in a significant number of healthy external auditory canals and their profiles match those in cases of otomycosis. The use of terms "primary" and "secondary" otomycosis is important to standardize reporting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sampath Chandra
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7989-4304
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, K.V.G. Medical College, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Sullia, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Subbannayya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kotigadde
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil Dinaker
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thada
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Prashanth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: D' Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Kishore Chandra
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Prasad