title: Milestones in the 20th century.
abstract: From its very beginning, the 20th century represented the period of the main breakthrough for allergology as a clinical and scientific entity. The first years of this period were extraordinarily exciting because of the discovery of the anaphylactic reaction in 1902 and its clinical diagnosis as 'local anaphylaxis', 'serum sickness' (1903) or even as 'anaphylactic shock' (1907). The term 'allergy' was coined in 1906 and led to the recognition of allergic diseases as a pathogenetic entity. The first patient organization of hay fever sufferers was founded in Germany in 1900, the same year in which the very first report on immunotherapy was published in New York. In 1911 the era of actual immunotherapy started in London, becoming scientific with the first double-blind study in 1956, and still today being regarded as the backbone of allergology. In 1919 it was shown that allergy could be transferred by blood, in 1921 by serum (Prausnitz-Küstner test) and in 1966 the mystic 'reagins' were recognized as immunoglobulin (Ig) E. The development of the radioallergosorbent test for quantifying specific IgE antibody was a diagnostic landmark for allergists all over the world. The history of allergy diagnosis started with the introduction of a 'functional skin test', named the patch test in 1894. The scratch test was described in 1912 and the patch test in 1931. From 1908 the skin was tested by intracutaneous injections, and from 1930 by a 'puncture test' (a precursor of the prick test) which has been in worldwide use in modified variations since 1959. The rub test ('friction test') was added in 1961. Systematically applied provocation tests started with conjunctival provocation (1907), followed by nasal and bronchial provocation with allergens (1914 and 1925).
authors.affiliation: Allergy Centre Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Christian
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bergmann
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000266:history* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000378:metabolism; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D010328:Patch Tests; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000266:history / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E