title: Ivabradine, coronary artery disease, and heart failure: beyond rhythm control.
abstract: Elevated heart rate could negatively influence cardiovascular risk in the general population. It can induce and promote the atherosclerotic process by means of several mechanisms involving endothelial shear stress and biochemical activities. Furthermore, elevated heart rate can directly increase heart ischemic conditions because of its skill in unbalancing demand/supply of oxygen and decreasing the diastolic period. Thus, many pharmacological treatments have been proposed in order to reduce heart rate and ameliorate the cardiovascular risk profile of individuals, especially those suffering from coronary artery diseases (CAD) and chronic heart failure (CHF). Ivabradine is the first pure heart rate reductive drug approved and currently used in humans, created in order to selectively reduce sinus node function and to overcome the many side effects of similar pharmacological tools (ie, β-blockers or calcium channel antagonists). The aim of our review is to evaluate the role and the safety of this molecule on CAD and CHF therapeutic strategies.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scicchitano
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cortese
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Santa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carbonara
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moncelli
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacoviello
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Annagrazia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cecere
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gesualdo
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Annapaola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zito
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Policlinic, San Paolo Hospital, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caldarola
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Maugeri, Cassano Murge, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scrutinio
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione Maugeri, Cassano Murge, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagioia
authors.affiliation: Intensive Cardiology Care Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, Manfredonia, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Riccioni
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco Matteo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ciccone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine
chemical_list: D001552:Benzazepines; D000077550:Ivabradine
keywords: cardiac ischemic disease; chronic heart failure; funny current; heart rate reduction; heart-rate lowering drugs