title: Long-term follow-up of children with congenital hyperinsulinism on octreotide therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Octreotide, a somatostatin analog, is commonly used in diazoxide unresponsive congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) patients as a second-line therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the dose range, side effects, and long-term follow-up of octreotide therapy in a large cohort of CHI patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at an international referral center for the management of CHI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight (17 males) diazoxide unresponsive CHI patients (15 biallelic and 10 monoallelic ATP sensitive potassium channel mutation) managed with daily multidose octreotide therapy between 2001 and 2013 participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regular follow-up of auxology, growth factors (serum IGF-1 and IGF binding protein 3 levels), thyroid functions, liver function tests, and hepatobiliary ultrasonography were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of CHI diagnosis was 1 week (range 1-80 wk). The mean (±SD) dose of octreotide required was 17.8 (±7.5) μg/kg · d (range 7.5-30 μg/kg · d). The mean (±SD) duration of follow-up on octreotide therapy was 52.4 (±33.8) months (range 6 mo to 9.5 y). Elevation of liver enzymes was the most prevalent side effect (n = 13; 46.4%), which resolved spontaneously. Gallbladder pathology was detected in nine patients (32%). Mean (±SD) duration of octreotide therapy before the development of gallbladder pathology was 4.3 (±4.6 mo), whereas 19 patients were free of gallstones after a follow-up of 53.6 ± 32.9 months on octreotide therapy. There was no relationship between the dose or the duration of octreotide therapy and development of gallbladder pathology or liver dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transient elevation of liver enzymes and asymptomatic gallbladder pathology were the most prevalent long-term side effects of octreotide therapy. There was no correlation between the dose or the duration of octreotide therapy and development of liver dysfunction and gallbladder pathology.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (H.D., P.S., V.B.A., L.H., K.H.), Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology (H.D., P.S., V.B.A., L.H., K.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom; and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (S.E.F., S.E.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demirbilek
authors.forename: Pratik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ved Bhushan
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hinchey
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellard
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hussain
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D044903:Congenital Hyperinsulinism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015282:Octreotide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D013974:Thyroxine; D015282:Octreotide