title: Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms.
abstract: This research gives the results of a proximate analysis (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy); a bioactive compounds analysis (γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA], ergothioneine, lovastatin, and cordycepin); fatty acid and amino acid analysis; and an analysis of macro- and microelement content of fruit bodies and mycelia of 15 higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom strains belonging to 12 species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all investigated mushrooms were found to be good sources of proteins and carbohydrates, with content varying in the ranges of 8.6-42.5% and 42.9-83.6%, respectively. Different species exhibited distinct free amino acid profiles. The total amino acid content was highest in Ophiocordyceps sinensis (MB) (23.84 mg/g) and Cordyceps militaris (FB) (23.69 mg/g). The quantification of the identified fatty acids indicated that, in general, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids. The micro- and macroelement compositions were studied, and the highest results were (as milligrams per kilogram) 224-7307 for calcium, 1668-38564 for potassium, 1091-11676 for phosphorus, and 5-97 for zinc. Bioactive components were lovastatin, GABA, and ergothioneine, which are commonly found in most mushrooms. C. militaris (FB), Pleurotus ostreatus (FB), and Coprinus comatus (FB) were most abundant and contained a high amount of GABA (756.30 μg/g, 1304.99 μg/g, 1092.45 μg/g, respectively) and ergothioneine (409.88 μg/g, 2443.53 μg/g, 764.35 μg/g, respectively). The highest lovastatin content was observed in Hericium erinaceus (FB) (14.38 μg/g) and Ganoderma lucidum (FB) (11.54 μg/g). In contrast to C. militaris (FB), cordycepin was not detected in O. sinensis (MB). The fruit body biomass of C. militaris cordycepin content reached 1.743 mg/g dry weight. The nutritional values of the mushroom species studied here could potentially be used in well-balanced diets and as sources of bioactive compounds.
authors.affiliation: Mycolivia Ltd., Kfar Yedidia, Israel.
authors.forename: Nachshol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Mycolivia Ltd., Kfar Yedidia, Israel.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa; Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi.
authors.forename: Mikheil D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Asatiani
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun 248 006, India.
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Varshney
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Tzu
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC; NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Program, Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jeng-Leun
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mau
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Cryptogamic Plants and Fungi, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel; and N.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Solomon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Wasser
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D048690:Fruiting Bodies, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts