title: Retinal toxicities of cancer therapy drugs: biologics, small molecule inhibitors, and chemotherapies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review reported retinal side effects from current cancer therapy drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retinal toxicities from ophthalmologic or oncologic case reports, case series, and clinical trials were identified by a systematic literature search using Lexicomp and PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four biologics, 8 small molecule inhibitors, and 17 traditional chemotherapy agents had reported retinal side effects. For biologics, interferon alpha 2b was associated with retinopathy, denileukin diftitiox with pigmentary retinopathy, ipilimumab with a Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like syndrome, and trastuzumab with retinal ischemia. For small molecule inhibitors, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors were associated with uveitis, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors with pigment epithelium detachments, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors with macular edema. Steroid antagonists were associated with crystalline retinopathy and macular edema. Nitrosoureas, platinum analogs, and cytosine arabinoside were associated with retinal vascular occlusions. Antimicrotubular agents were associated with cystoid macular edema but without fluorescein leakage. Retinoic acid derivatives were associated with impaired night vision, and mitotane was associated with a pigmentary retinopathy and papilledema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Certain agents used in the treatment of systemic cancer are associated with ocular complications. Awareness of these complications will allow early detections and maybe reversal of some of the ocular problems.
authors.affiliation: *The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California; †Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; §Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; ¶Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and **Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jasmine H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marr
authors.forename: Jose S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pulido
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000633:toxicity*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases