title: Kinematics of the upper cervical spine during high velocity-low amplitude manipulation. Analysis of intra- and inter-operator reliability for pre-manipulation positioning and impulse displacements.
abstract: To date, kinematics data analyzing continuous 3D motion of upper cervical spine (UCS) manipulation is lacking. This in vitro study aims at investigating inter- and intra-operator reliability of kinematics during high velocity low amplitude manipulation of the UCS. Three fresh specimens were used. Restricted dissection was realized to attach technical clusters to each bone (skull to C2). Motion data was obtained using an optoelectronic system during manipulation. Kinematics data were integrated into specific-subject 3D models to provide anatomical motion representation during thrust manipulation. The reliability of manipulation kinematics was assessed for three practitioners performing two sessions of three repetitions on two separate days. For pre-manipulation positioning, average UCS ROM (SD) were 10° (5°), 22° (5°) and 14° (4°) for lateral bending, axial rotation and flexion-extension, respectively. For the impulse phase, average axial rotation magnitude ranged from 7° to 12°. Reliability analysis showed average RMS up to 8° for pre-manipulation positioning and up to 5° for the impulse phase. As compared to physiological ROM, this study supports the limited angular displacement during manipulation for UCS motion components, especially for axial rotation. Kinematics reliability confirms intra- and inter-operator consistency although pre-manipulation positioning reliability is slightly lower between practitioners and sessions.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Osteopathy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: pdugaill@ulb.ac.be.
authors.forename: Pierre-Michel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dugailly
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.affiliation: Research Unit in Osteopathy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sobczak
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salvia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rooze
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Feipel
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D015588:Observer Variation; D056888:Patient Positioning; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation
keywords: Kinematics; Manipulation; Range of motion; Reliability; Upper cervical spine