title: Steroid-resistant acute rejection after cadaveric liver transplantation: experience from one single center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Steroid-resistant acute rejection (SRAR) is an infrequent event under current immunosuppressant but still a risk factor leading to graft loss and patients' death after liver transplantation. There are several strategies for managing this complication according to current literatures, but none of the treatment seems convincing and widely accepted. Here we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of a cohort of patients to gain an insight into this complication.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 962 adult patients receiving whole liver grafts at a single center between January 2004 and December 2012 were studied. One hundred and forty-two recipients experienced 158 episodes of acute rejection after the operation, 14 recipients had no response to steroid bolus treatment. The clinical data was analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rate of acute rejection after liver transplant in our single center was 14.7% (142/962), among them 8.8% (14/158) were steroid-resistant. These episodes occurred on 19days (6-72days) after the operation, 3 were controlled by anti-T3-receptor antibody (OKT3) treatment, 4 were reversed by IL-2 receptor inhibitors combining with MMF treatment, 2 were reversed by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) treatment. Five did not recover and 2 received retransplantation. Mortality associated with SRAR was 28.6% (4/14, 1 died from acute liver failure, 1 from chronic liver failure, 1 from renal failure after retransplantation and 1 from pulmonary infection after OKT3 treatment).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRAR is a severe complication with high mortality after liver transplantation; ATG might serve as a potential treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Linwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, the University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Ngalei
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Ronghai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Chenglin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Dongping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Organ Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Electronic address: gdtrcl@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoshun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids