title: HIV-1 diversity and drug-resistant mutations in infected individuals in Changchun, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been detected in all provinces of China. Although epidemiological and phylogenetic studies have been conducted in many regions, such analyses are lacking from Jilin province in northeastern China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses, as well as detection of drug-resistant mutations, were conducted on 57 HIV-1 infected patients from Changchun city identified and confirmed through annual surveillance by local Centers for Disease Control in Jilin province of northeastern China in 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sexual contact was determined to be the major pathway for HIV-1 transmission in Jilin, where hetero- and homosexual activities contributed almost equally. Phylogenetic analyses detected multiple subtypes of HIV-1 including subtype G circulating in Jilin, with multiple origins for each of them. Both subtype B and CRF01_AE were dominant, and evidence of subtype B transmitting between different high-risk groups was observed. Mutations in the viral protease at position 71 indicated the presence of a selective pressure. Several drug-resistant mutations were detected, although they were predicted with low-level resistance to antiviral treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information from this study fills the gap in knowledge of HIV-1 transmission in Changchun city, Jilin province, China. By revealing the origin and evolutionary status of local HIV-1 strains, this work contributes to ongoing efforts in the control and prevention of AIDS.
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Linzhang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Donglin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Shengming
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Xiangchao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
authors.forename: Guanjun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China; D003710:Demography; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000187:drug effects; D005843:Geography; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D014764:Viral Proteins