title: Impulse control and related disorders in Mexican Parkinson's disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are a relatively recent addition to the behavioral spectrum of PD-related non-motor symptoms. Social and economic factors may play a role on the ICD phenotype of PD patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characterize the clinical profile of ICDs in a sample of low-income, low-education PD patients with no social security benefits from a Latin American country.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 300 consecutive PD patients and 150 control subjects. The presence of ICD and related disorders was assessed using a structured interview. After the interview and neurological evaluation were concluded, all subjects completed the Questionnaire for Impulsive-compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding ICDs and related disorders (hobbyism-punding), 25.6% (n = 77) of patients in the PD group and 16.6% (n = 25) in the control group fulfilled criteria for at least one ICD or related disorder (p = 0.032). There was a statistically significant difference in the QUIP-RS mean score between PD and control subjects (5.6 ± 9.7 and 2.7 ± 4.21, p = 0.001). The most common ICD was compulsive eating for both PD (8.6%) and control (2.6%) groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm that for this population, symptoms of an ICD are significantly more frequent in PD subjects than in control subjects. Nevertheless, socioeconomic differences may contribute to a lower overall frequency and distinct pattern of ICDs in PD patients compared with what has been reported in other countries.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Movement Disorders Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: mrodriguez@innn.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Mayela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Violante
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: González-Latapi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervantes-Arriaga
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Azyadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camacho-Ordoñez
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weintraub
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Impulse control disorder; Mexico; Parkinson's disease; QUIP-RS