title: Effects of detraining on the temporal expression of positive and negative angioregulatory proteins in skeletal muscle of mice.
abstract: Temporal expression of positive and negative angiogenic factors in response to detraining is poorly understood. We report the protein expression of anti-angiogenic peptides (thrombospondin-1, TSP-1; and endostatin) as well as pro-angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9), and nucleolin (a nuclear protein involved with synthesis and maturation of ribosomes) in response to detraining in triceps surae muscles of C57BL/6 mice. Male mice were allowed to exercise voluntarily for 21 days, and then basal and acute response to exercise were evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days detraining (D1, D7, D14, D28, respectively, n = 12/group). As seen in the D1 mice, training resulted in the increased muscle capillary-to-fibre ratio (C/F), increased maximal running time and elevated basal expression of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (P < 0.05). After 7 days of detraining (D7), C/F levels were similar to control levels, but both basal VEGF and TSP-1 were elevated (P < 0.05). At D14 and D28, TSP-1 protein was not different compared to baseline levels; however, VEGF was elevated in gastrocnemius (GA), but not the soleus (SOL) or plantaris (PLT) muscles, of D14 mice. Endostatin tended to decrease in D14 and D28 compared to controls. Timing of nucleolin protein expression differed between muscle groups, with increases at D1, D7 and D14 in the PLT, SOL and GA muscles, respectively. The response of VEGF and nucleolin to acute exercise was blunted with training, and remained blunted in the PLT and SOL even after 28 days of detraining, at a time point long after muscle capillarization was observed to be similar to pre-training levels. These data suggest that TSP-1 may be a mediator of capillary regression with detraining, even in the face of elevated VEGF, suggesting that pro-angiogenic regulators may not be able to prevent the regression of skeletal muscle capillaries under physiological conditions. The responses of matrix metalloproteinases, endostatin and nucleolin poorly correlated with detraining-induced capillary regression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Olenich
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Audet
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA West Virginia Wesleyan College, 59 College Avenue, Buckhannon, WV, 26201, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine molfert@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: I Mark
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Olfert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D043169:Endostatins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005082:Physical Exertion; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097796:Nucleolin
chemical_list: D043169:Endostatins; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000097796:Nucleolin; C585483:Thbs1 protein, mouse; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse