title: Paper-based colorimetric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay fabricated by laser induced forward transfer.
abstract: We report the Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) of antibodies from a liquid donor film onto paper receivers for application as point-of-care diagnostic sensors. To minimise the loss of functionality of the active biomolecules during transfer, a dynamic release layer was employed to shield the biomaterial from direct exposure to the pulsed laser source. Cellulose paper was chosen as the ideal receiver because of its inherent bio-compatibility, liquid transport properties, wide availability and low cost, all of which make it an efficient and suitable platform for point-of-care diagnostic sensors. Both enzyme-tagged and untagged IgG antibodies were LIFT-printed and their functionality was confirmed via a colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Localisation of the printed antibodies was exhibited, which can allow the creation of complex 2-d patterns such as QR codes or letters for use in a final working device. Finally, a calibration curve was determined that related the intensity of the colour obtained to the concentration of active antibodies to enable quantitative assessment of the device performance. The motivation for this work was to implement a laser-based procedure for manufacturing low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic devices on paper.
authors.affiliation: Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Katis
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Saul N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.affiliation: Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Proteomic Research, Cancer Sciences, and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Spiros D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Garbis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Life Sciences and Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter J S
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voegeli
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dan L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.affiliation: Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Eason
authors.affiliation: Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Collin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sones