title: [Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: a difficult diagnosis].
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental condition with neurodevelopmental features that clinically results in pathological fluctuations of mood. Whereas it was classically or traditionally considered as an adult-onset disorder, recent findings suggest that BD may occur very early in the life course, thus, determining what is now called Juvenile bipolar disorder (JBD). One of the reasons for which JBD has been so difficult to identify is that JBD primary symptoms vary much from the typical adulthood BD clinical expression. Euphoric mood is rare in JBD, while irritability mood, aggressive temper, mixed manic state onset, rapid cycling, anger outbursts and chronic course of symptoms are much more frequent. This specific clinical presentation makes JBD difficult to differentiate from other diagnoses related to pathological externalizing behaviours, including conduct disorder, oppositional provocative disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, service de pédopsychiatrie, 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U955, psychiatrie génétique, 94000 Créteil, France; AP-HP, hôpital A.-Chenevier, centre expert bipolaire, 94000 Créteil, France. Electronic address: pierre.a.geoffroy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pierre Alexis
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Geoffroy
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, service de pédopsychiatrie, 59000 Lille, France; École Normale Supérieure, GNT, Inserm U960, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jardri
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U955, psychiatrie génétique, 94000 Créteil, France; AP-HP, hôpital A.-Chenevier, centre expert bipolaire, 94000 Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Etain
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, pole de psychiatrie, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Université Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, service d'addictologie, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis