title: Effects of Saskatoon berry powder on monocyte adhesion to vascular wall of leptin receptor-deficient diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Monocyte adhesion is an early event for atherogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that dark-skin berries had cardiovascular protective effects. We hypothesize that Saskatoon berry (SB) powder may reduce monocyte adhesion in leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) diabetic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type and db/db mice were fed with chow or supplemented with SB powder. Anthocyanins in SB powder were identified using mass spectrometry. Mouse monocytes were incubated with mouse aorta. Monocyte adhesion was counted under microscopy. Inflammatory or metabolic markers in blood or tissue were analyzed using immunological or biochemical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SB powder significantly reduced monocyte adhesion to aorta from diabetic db/db mice compared to regular chow. The increased monocyte adhesion to aorta was normalized in db/db mice treated with ≥5% of SB powder for 4 weeks. Increased contents of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase-4, heat shock factor-1, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, P-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and urokinase plasminogen activator in aorta or heart apex, elevated plasma PAI-1 and MCP-1 were detected in db/db mice on chow compared to wild-type mice on the same diet; 5% SB powder inhibited the increases of inflammatory, fibrinolytic or stress regulators in aorta or heart apex of db/db mice. Monocyte adhesion positively correlated with blood glucose, cholesterol, body weight, heart MCP-1, PAI-1 or ICAM-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that SB powder attenuated monocyte adhesion to aorta of db/db mice, which was potentially mediated through inhibiting the inflammatory, stress and/or fibrinolyic regulators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology; Xiangya Boai Rehabilitation Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Ruozhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: Khuong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Sciences, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Wende
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutritional Sciences.
authors.forename: Mohammed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Moghadasian
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Sciences, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Trust
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beta
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Physiology. Electronic address: garry.she@med.umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Garry X
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000235:genetics*; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; C490017:Hsf1 protein, mouse; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D011208:Powders; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C515447:leptin receptor, mouse; D002784:Cholesterol; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C422943:Nox4 protein, mouse
keywords: Inflammatory mediators; Monocyte adhesion; PAI-1; Saskatoon berry; db/db mice