title: Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia in older adults: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether passive smoking exposure at home is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was designed in a Mediterranean area with 860 000 inhabitants >14 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  1003 participants who had never smoked were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk factors for CAP, including home exposure to passive smoking, were registered. All new cases of CAP in a well-defined population were consecutively recruited during a 12-month period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was designed to assess risk factors for CAP, including home exposure to passive smoking. All new cases of CAP in a well-defined population were consecutively recruited during a 12-month period. The subgroup of never smokers was selected for the present analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study sample included 471 patients with CAP and 532 controls who had never smoked. The annual incidence of CAP was estimated to be 1.14 cases×10(-3) inhabitants in passive smokers and 0.90×10(-3) in non-passive smokers (risk ratio (RR) 1.26; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.55) in the whole sample. In participants ≥65 years of age, this incidence was 2.50×10(-3) in passive smokers and 1.69×10(-3) in non-passive smokers (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.03). In this last age group, the percentage of passive smokers in cases and controls was 26% and 18.1%, respectively (p=0.039), with a crude OR of 1.59 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.38) and an adjusted (by age and sex) OR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking at home is a risk factor for CAP in older adults (65 years or more).
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Unit, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Almirall
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Hospital de Mataró, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mateu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serra-Prat
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut de Recerca Biomedica (IIB Sant Pau) Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignasi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bolíbar
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Hospital de Mataró, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palomera
authors.affiliation: Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Escaldes-Engordany, Principat d'Andorra.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.affiliation: Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Imma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hospital
authors.affiliation: IB-SALUT Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carandell
authors.affiliation: Institut Català de la Salut (ICS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercè
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agustí
authors.affiliation: INSALUD, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ayuso
authors.affiliation: IB-SALUT Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estela
authors.affiliation: Service of Pneumology, Institut Clínic del Torax, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012107:Research Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY