title: The use of a novel bone allograft wash process to generate a biocompatible, mechanically stable and osteoinductive biological scaffold for use in bone tissue engineering.
abstract: Fresh-frozen biological allograft remains the most effective substitute for the 'gold standard' autograft, sharing many of its osteogenic properties but, conversely, lacking viable osteogenic cells. Tissue engineering offers the opportunity to improve the osseointegration of this material through the addition of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the presence of dead, immunogenic and potentially harmful bone marrow could hinder cell adhesion and differentiation, graft augmentation and incorporation, and wash procedures are therefore being utilized to remove the marrow, thereby improving the material's safety. To this end, we assessed the efficiency of a novel wash technique to produce a biocompatible, biological scaffold void of cellular material that was mechanically stable and had osteoinductive potential. The outcomes of our investigations demonstrated the efficient removal of marrow components (~99.6%), resulting in a biocompatible material with conserved biomechanical stability. Additionally, the scaffold was able to induce osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, with increases in osteogenic gene expression observed following extended culture. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the novel wash process and the potential of the resultant biological material to serve as a scaffold in bone allograft tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eagle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Board
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoyland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064591:Allografts; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019245:Compressive Strength; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010012:Osteogenesis; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned
keywords: 3D cell culture; biocompatability; bone tissue engineering; gene expression; mesenchymal stem cells; osteogenic differentiation