title: Three-dimensional analysis of subchondral cysts in hip osteoarthritis: an ex vivo HR-pQCT study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subchondral cysts are deeply related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), but the factors contributing to cyst formation are not well known. A three-dimensional analysis of subchondral cysts at the micro-structural level was conducted using a high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT), and their relationships with cartilage attrition and subchondral bone microstructure were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Femoral heads extracted from ten female patients with hip OA were scanned using an HR-pQCT at a voxel size of 41μm. The volume fractions, numbers, and sizes of the cysts were measured in the subchondral bone region under the area of cartilage loss. Furthermore, the areas of cartilage loss, as well as the microstructure of the subchondral bones, were also measured, and their correlations with the cysts were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume fractions of cysts within subchondral bone regions varied from 2% to 33%, the numbers of cysts varied from 6 to 87, and the sizes varied from 1mm(3) to 657mm(3). There was a positive correlation between the number of cysts and bone volume (r>0.8, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degree of cyst formation showed a wide distribution in number and volume, and there was a close relationship between multiple cyst formation and bone sclerosis, which might be caused by reactive bone formation that occurred around each cyst.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan. Electronic address: kohchiba@estate.ocn.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Burghardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Group, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sharmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majumdar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001845:Bone Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: HR-pQCT; Microstructure; Osteoarthritis; Subchondral bone; Subchondral cyst