title: In vivo pediatric shoulder muscle volumes and their relationship to 3D strength.
abstract: In the pediatric shoulder, injury and pathology can disrupt the muscle force balance, resulting in severe functional losses. As little data exists pertaining to in vivo pediatric shoulder muscle function, musculoskeletal data are crucially needed to advance the treatment of pediatric shoulder pathology/injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a pediatric database of in vivo volumes for the major shoulder muscles and correlate these volumes with maximum isometric flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and abduction/adduction joint moments. A methodology was developed to derive 3D shoulder muscle volumes and to divide the deltoid into sub-units with unique torque producing capabilities, based on segmentation of three-dimensional magnetic resonance images. Eleven typically developing children/adolescents (4F/7M, 12.0 ± 3.2 years, 150.8 ± 16.7 cm, 49.2 ± 16.4 kg) participated. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between volume and maximum, voluntary, isometric joint torques. The deltoid demonstrated the largest (30.4 ± 1.2%) and the supraspinatus the smallest (4.8 ± 0.5%) percent of the total summed volume of all six muscles evaluated. The anterior and posterior deltoid sections were 43.4 ± 3.9% and 56.6 ± 3.9% of the total deltoid volume. The percent volumes were highly consistent across subjects. Individual muscle volumes demonstrated moderate-high correlations with torque values (0.70-0.94, p<0.001). This study presents a comprehensive database documenting normative pediatric shoulder muscle volume. Using these data a clear relationship between shoulder volume and the torques they produce was established in all three rotational degrees-of-freedom. This study furthers the understanding of shoulder muscle function and serves as a foundation for evaluating shoulder injury/pathology in the pediatric/adolescent population.
authors.affiliation: Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Mt Washington Pediatric Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Katharine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Alter
authors.affiliation: Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France; LaTIM, INSERM U1101, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brochard
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.affiliation: Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: fsheehan@cc.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Frances T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Sheehan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D057645:Deltoid Muscle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque
keywords: Children; Injury; MRI; Reliability; Rotator cuff; Torque