title: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in COPD patients and its consequences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in COPD patients and its impact on patient related outcomes has been little studied. We evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and clinical and functional characteristics in patients with COPD and healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  228 COPD patients and 156 healthy subjects were included. Metabolic syndrome was defined using criteria of the IDF. In all patients spirometry, body composition, functional exercise performance, and mood and health status were assessed. Groups were stratified for BMI and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic syndrome was present in 57% of the COPD patients and 40% of the healthy subjects. After stratification for BMI, presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was higher than in healthy peers. Patients with metabolic syndrome and a BMI <25 kg/m2 had higher BMI, fat free mass index and bone mineral density, and a lower 6MWD than the BMI matched patients without metabolic syndrome. Spirometry, maximal ergometry, mood and health status, and blood gases were not different between those groups. In COPD patients with metabolic syndrome self-reported co-morbidities and medication use were higher than in those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in overweight or obese COPD patients than in BMI matched healthy subjects. Metabolic syndrome did not additionally impact patients' functional outcomes, but did impact the prevalence of co-morbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center + (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for COPD and Pulmonary Epidemiology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marie-Kathrin
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spruit
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Nutrition Education, School of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Ohmaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Corrine K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frits M E
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Franssen
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lowie E G W
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Vanfleteren
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miriam T J
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Groenen
authors.affiliation: Inflammation Neuroscience and Respiratory, AstraZeneca, Molndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Piet L B
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center + (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emiel F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.affiliation: Program Development Center (CIRO), Center of expertise for chronic organ failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erica P A
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Rutten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors