title: Antibiogram and plasmid profiling of carbapenemase and extended spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Abeokuta, South western, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increased reports of ESBL dissemination from various centres in south western, Nigeria and the recent emergence of carbapenem resistant bacteria prompted the conception of this study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the relationship between high molecular weight plasmids and the expression of antibiotic multi-resistance including ESBL and carbapenemase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 97 isolates of selected organisms consisting of 67 E. coli and 30 Klebseilla spp for the presence of plasmids expressing ESBL including carbapenem-hydrolysing enzymes. Beta-lactamase was determined using acidometric method, while ESBL and carbapenemase activity was determined using the double-disk diffusion test as well as the Modified Hodge test (MHT). Plasmid profiles of ESBL and carbapenemase positive isolates were determined according to standard protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An ESBL prevalence rate of 21.6% and carbapenem- resistance rate of 9.3% was recorded. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of ESBL isolates showed 100.0% resistance against Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Erythromycin. Moderate susceptibility was recorded against the Quinolone class of antibiotics; Meropenem remained the most active antibiotic against ESBL isolates with 62.5% against E. coli and 60% against K. pneumoniae. The plasmid profiles of our study isolates ranged from 11.8kbp to 35.5kbp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the relationship between high molecular weight plasmids and multi-drug resistance, we hereby recommend regular molecular surveillance of this form in our study setting.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
authors.forename: B O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Motayo
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Akinduti
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Unit, Pathology Department, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Adeyakinu
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: P O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Okerentugba
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Nwanze
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Onoh
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Innocent-Adiele
authors.affiliation: Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: I O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Okonko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Abeokuta; Carbapenem-resistance; ESBL isolates; Plasmid profile