title: Fluid intake from beverages in Spanish adults; cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary questionnaires usually only assess the intake of drinks that provide calories, but do not accurately evaluate total fluid or water intake. The evaluation of the fluid consumption pattern of a population has been the main objective of only a very few studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the total fluid intake from different types of beverages in Spanish adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,262 adults aged 18-70 years were randomly recruited from all Spanish regions. The information about the quantity and quality of daily fluid intake from different types of beverages was collected using a 24h fluid-specific diary over 7 consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50.4% of the study population had a fluid intake < 80% of the EFSA recommendations for total water intake. The odds of meeting the recommendations of total fluid intake were higher in women [OR: 2.48; 95%CI: 1.81-3.40], and in those with higher leisure-time physical activity (3-4 times/week [OR: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.01- 2.46]; 5 times/week or more [OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.37-2.83]). Women consumed significantly more hot and sweet light beverages. However, men consumed significantly more sweet regular and alcoholic drinks. A significant higher percentage of young and normal/underweight subjects exceed the WHO recommendations for free sugars (> 10% total energy intake) from beverages alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Half of the adults studied do not meet the EFSA fluid intake recommendations. Water is the main fluid consumed. Differences in the pattern of fluid consumption were observed between ages and genders. A quarter of the population studied consumes from beverages alone already more sugar than recommended from the total diet.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit. Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili). Biochemistry Biotechnology Department. Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Reus. Spain. CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición). Institute of Health Carlos III. Madrid. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Cíntia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Pêgo
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit. Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili). Biochemistry Biotechnology Department. Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Reus. Spain. CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición). Institute of Health Carlos III. Madrid. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babio
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise. NUtrition and Development) Research Group. Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fenández-Alvira
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise. NUtrition and Development) Research Group. Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iglesia
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise. NUtrition and Development) Research Group. Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit. Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili). Biochemistry Biotechnology Department. Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Reus. Spain. CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición). Institute of Health Carlos III. Madrid. Spain.. jordi.salas@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salas-Salvadó
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D002241:Carbohydrates; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates