title: Gelidium elegans, an edible red seaweed, and hesperidin inhibit lipid accumulation and production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells.
abstract: Gelidium elegans is an edible red alga native to the intertidal area of northeastern Asia. We investigated the effect of G. elegans extract and its main flavonoids, rutin and hesperidin, on lipid accumulation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells. Our data show that G. elegans extract decreased lipid accumulation and ROS/RNS production in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also inhibited the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, while enhancing the protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutases 1 and 2, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared with controls. In addition, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production was significantly reduced in G. elegans extract-treated RAW264.7 cells. In analysis of the effects of G. elegans flavonoids on lipid accumulation and ROS/RNS production, only hesperidin showed an inhibitory effect on lipid accumulation and ROS production; rutin did not affect adipogenesis and ROS status. The antiadipogenic effect of hesperidin was evidenced by the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and fatty acid binding protein 4 gene expression. Collectively, our data suggest that G. elegans is a potential food source containing antiobesity and antioxidant constituents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Kyonggi, 463-836, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hui-Jeon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Min-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Hyeon-Son
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Ok-Hwan
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Boo-Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry; D012431:Rutin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012431:Rutin; D006569:Hesperidin; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase
keywords: 3T3-L1; Gelidium elegans; ROS production; hesperin; lipid accumulation; rutin