title: Spatial and temporal variation in type 1 diabetes incidence in Western Australia from 1991 to 2010: increased risk at higher latitudes and over time.
abstract: This study analysed spatial and temporal variation in childhood incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among Western Australia׳s 36 Health Districts from 1991 to 2010. There was a strong latitudinal gradient of 3.5% (95% CI, 0.2-7.2) increased risk of T1DM per degree south of the Equator, as averaged across the range 15-35° south. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis of vitamin D deficiency at higher latitudes. In addition there was a 2.4% (95% CI, 1.3-3.6) average increase in T1DM incidence per year. These effects could not be explained by population density, socioeconomic status, remoteness or ethnicity.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Electronic address: stephen.ball@telethonkids.org.au.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Electronic address: aveni.haynes@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Aveni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Electronic address: peter.jacoby@telethonkids.org.au.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia; Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University, One Church Street, 6th Floor, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Electronic address: gavin.pereira@telethonkids.org.au.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Public Health & Clinical Services Division, Western Australian Department of Health, 189 Royal St, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia. Electronic address: laura.j.miller2@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Electronic address: carol.bower@telethonkids.org.au.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. Electronic address: elizabeth.davis@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D011156:Population Density; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Latitude; Population density; Remoteness; Socioeconomic status; type 1 diabetes mellitus