title: Frequency of anomalies and hospital outcomes in infants with gastroschisis and omphalocele.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastroschisis and omphalocele are the most common anterior abdominal wall defects affecting infants. There are few large cohort studies describing the frequency of associated anomalies in infants with these 2 conditions. We describe associated anomalies and outcomes in infants with these defects using a large, multi-center clinical database.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all infants with gastroschisis or omphalocele from a prospectively collected database of infants discharged from 348 neonatal intensive care units in North America from 1997 to 2012. Maternal and patient demographic data, associated anomalies, and outcome data were compared between infants with gastroschisis and omphalocele.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 4687 infants with gastroschisis and 1448 infants with omphalocele were identified. Infants with omphalocele were more likely to be diagnosed with at least 1 other anomaly compared with infants with gastroschisis (35% vs. 8%, p<0.001). Infants with omphalocele were more likely to develop pulmonary hypertension compared with those with gastroschisis (odds ratio [OR] 7.78; 95% confidence interval 5.81, 10.41) and had higher overall mortality (OR 6.81 [5.33, 8.71]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with omphalocele were more likely to have other anomalies, be diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension, and have higher mortality than infants with gastroschisis.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Corey
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hornik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Laughon
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McHutchison
authors.affiliation: Pediatrix Medical Group, The Center for Research, Education, and Quality, Sunrise, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Reese H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: brian.smith@duke.edu.
authors.forename: P Brian
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D009656:North America; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
keywords: Anomalies; Gastroschisis; Omphalocele; Outcomes