title: Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces motor network BOLD activation: use of a high precision MRI guided stereotactic system for nonhuman primates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful method for identifying in vivo network activation evoked by deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identify the global neural circuitry effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in nonhuman primates (NHP).
  
  
  METHODS
  An in-house developed MR image-guided stereotactic targeting system delivered a mini-DBS stimulating electrode, and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during STN DBS in healthy NHP was measured by combining fMRI with a normalized functional activation map and general linear modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STN DBS significantly increased BOLD activation in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, caudate nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, cingulate, insular cortex, and cerebellum (FDR < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that STN DBS evokes neural network grouping within the motor network and the basal ganglia. Taken together, these data highlight the importance and specificity of neural circuitry activation patterns and functional connectivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Hoon-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Erika K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kendall H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kendall
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Striemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Joel P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Felmlee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: J Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lujan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goerss
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Penelope S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Su-Youne
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Bennet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D045042:Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D066191:Sensorimotor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Motor cortex; Nonhuman primate; Pedunculopontine nucleus; Subthalamic nucleus