title: Semen Astragali Complanati: an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Semen Astragali Complanati (SAC), the dried ripe seed of Flatstem Milkvetch (Astragalus complanatus Bunge) (Leguminosae), is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating muscle, liver, kidney, blood, skin and reproductive system diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant information about SAC was gathered via "Google Scholar", "ISI Web of Knowledge", "PubMed", "ScienceDirect", "Medline Plus", "ACS", "CNKI" and "Wiley Online Library" and from books in local libraries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major contents of SAC include fatty acids, amino acids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, triterpene glycosides and trace elements. Previous scientific studies have reported that SAC exhibits a number of therapeutic effects on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancers. It has been found that flavonoids are the main bioactive component in SAC. However most of the previous studies have shown the effects brought by the total flavonoid fraction extracted from SAC only; further studies are warranted for the biological effects produced by individual components. There are only a few studies on the toxicity of SAC and the overall results show that its toxicity is quite low or even non-existent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAC is a valuable TCM herb with multiple pharmacological effects for treating some chronic diseases. More studies on SAC will help us to have a better understanding of its pharmacological mechanisms so as to provide more scientific evidence to explain its traditional uses, identify its therapeutic potential on other diseases and understand its possible harmful effects. Based on previous studies, it is easy to identify that antioxidant effect of SAC might play an important role on its pharmacological effects. Studying the effects of SAC on handling intracellular reactive oxygen species may be a potential direction to help understanding the molecular mechanisms of SAC on preventing and/or treating chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yam-Fung
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Philip Chiu-Tsun
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Tung-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sham
authors.affiliation: Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wing-Sum
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Daniel Kam-Wah
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: bcswchan@polyu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Shun-Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027883:Astragalus Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000379:methods; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Alternative medicine; Cannabiscitrin (PubChem CID: 5486615); Chronic diseases; Complanatuside (PubChem CID: 5492406); Myricomplanoside (PubChem CID: 5487255); Neocomplanoside (PubChem CID: 5487254); Ononin (PubChem CID: 442813); Quercetin 3-O-α-arabinoside (PubChem CID: 5481224); Semen Astragali Complanati; Traditional Chinese medicine