title: Qualitative analysis of seized cocaine samples using desorption electrospray ionization- mass spectrometry (DESI-MS).
abstract: Desorption electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is a useful technique for the qualitative analysis of compounds found in seized drug material. In this study, DESI-MS was utilized in the screening analysis of illicit cocaine samples. The technique was also applied to the geographical origin determination of these samples. The limit of detection was determined to be 24.3 µg (or 3.47 µg/mm(2) ) and the analysis time was less than 1 minute per sample. The intra-day and inter-day precision for the detection of cocaine was 11 % and 42 %, respectively; therefore the quantitative data provided by DESI-MS was limited in its use for accurate determination of cocaine concentration in a sample. Using the quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer, the presence of cocaine and impurities detected were confirmed by accurate tandem MS data. The qualitative chemical profiles obtained using DESI-MS were compared to two popular analysis techniques, GC-MS and LC-MS. The effects of a range of adulterants including caffeine, procaine, levamisole, lignocaine, paracetamol, and atropine on the detectability of cocaine were also investigated. It was found that the addition of these adulterants in a cocaine sample did not prevent the detection of the analyte itself (there was slight enhancement in some samples), which was useful in drug detection. The detection of truxillines in the seized samples by DESI-MS aided in the preliminary determination of geographical origin, i.e., Bolivian, Peruvian or Colombian leaf origin. The application of DESI-MS to the qualitative analysis and screening of seized cocaine samples demonstrates the potential and applicability of the technique to the fast chemical profiling of illicit samples.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stojanovska
authors.affiliation: Australian Federal Police, 110 Goulburn St, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tahtouh
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics (ESTeM), University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Tamsin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beavis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2000, Australia.
authors.forename: Shanlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: DESI-MS; cocaine; desorption electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry; drug intelligence; impurity profiling