title: Resident participation and postoperative outcomes in adrenal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The changing paradigm of surgical residency training has raised concerns about the effects on the quality of training. The purpose of this study is to identify if resident participation in laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and open adrenalectomy (OA) cases is associated with deleterious outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Data from patients undergoing LA and OA from 2005 to 2010 were queried. Preoperative variables as well as intra- and post-operative outcomes for each procedure were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze if resident participation was associated with significant differences in outcomes, compared with no resident participation. Subset analysis was done to determine possible differences in outcomes based on the level of resident participating, divided into junior (Post Graduate Year [PGY]1-3), senior (PGY4-5), or fellow (≥PGY6) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3219 adrenalectomies were performed. Of these, 735 (22.8%) were OAs and 2484 (77.2%) were LAs. Residents were involved in 2582 (80.2%) surgeries, which comprised 1985 (76.9%) LAs and 597 (23.1%) OAs. Senior residents or fellows performed majority of the cases (85.2%). Mean operative time was significantly higher with resident participation in LA (P < 0.0001) and OA group (P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, resident participation was not associated with significant differences in the operative outcomes of 30-d mortality or postoperative complications after laparoscopic or OA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although resident participation does increase operative time in LA and OA, this does not appear to be clinically significant and does not result in adverse patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Electronic address: raghunandan86@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raghunandan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Venkat
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Patricio L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Valdivia
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Marlon A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guerrero
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adrenalectomy; Endocrine surgery; Laparoscopic; NSQIP; Resident; Surgical outcomes