title: Detection of Candida albicans ADH1 and ADH2 mRNAs in human archival oral biopsy samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between expression of Candida albicans alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) genes in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from biopsies of leukoplakia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Archival FFPE samples were obtained from four sample groups: normal oral mucosa, non-dysplastic leukoplakia, chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC), and non-CHC dysplastic leukoplakia. The presence of C. albicans was determined by periodic acid Schiff staining and by immunocytochemistry. C. albicans ADH1 and ADH2 mRNAs were detected using reverse transcription PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Candida albicans was detected in FFPE samples diagnosed as CHC (the histological diagnoses had been made by specialist oral pathologists, using uniform criteria), but not in any other sample group, including the non-dysplastic leukoplakias. RT-PCR confirmed a significant correlation between the expression of CaADH1 mRNA (P = 0.000), but not for CaADH2 mRNA (P = 0.056) in archival FFPE samples (n = 31) from biopsies of leukoplakia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida albicans was the predominant species in the lesions diagnosed as CHC, and the presence of C. albicans in CHC lesions was associated with a high expression of C. albicans ADH1 mRNA. There was no association between the presence of Candida and malignant transformation in the cases examined; however, the number of cases was limited and further studies are needed to further elucidate the role of C. albicans ADH1 in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bakri
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000382:microbiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000382:microbiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005404:Fixatives; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005557:Formaldehyde; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D025301:Hyphae / Q000201:enzymology; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000382:microbiology; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000382:microbiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase
keywords: Candida albicans; acetaldehyde; alcohol dehydrogenase; archival biopsy; chronic hyperplastic candidosis; formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded