title: The reliability of the N400 in single subjects: implications for patients with disorders of consciousness.
abstract: Functional neuroimaging assessments of residual cognitive capacities, including those that support language, can improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in patients with disorders of consciousness. Due to the portability and relative inexpensiveness of electroencephalography, the N400 event-related potential component has been proposed as a clinically valid means to identify preserved linguistic function in non-communicative patients. Across three experiments, we show that changes in both stimuli and task demands significantly influence the probability of detecting statistically significant N400 effects - that is, the difference in N400 amplitudes caused by the experimental manipulation. In terms of task demands, passively heard linguistic stimuli were significantly less likely to elicit N400 effects than task-relevant stimuli. Due to the inability of the majority of patients with disorders of consciousness to follow task commands, the insensitivity of passive listening would impede the identification of residual language abilities even when such abilities exist. In terms of stimuli, passively heard normatively associated word pairs produced the highest detection rate of N400 effects (50% of the participants), compared with semantically-similar word pairs (0%) and high-cloze sentences (17%). This result is consistent with a prediction error account of N400 magnitude, with highly predictable targets leading to smaller N400 waves, and therefore larger N400 effects. Overall, our data indicate that non-repeating normatively associated word pairs provide the highest probability of detecting single-subject N400s during passive listening, and may thereby provide a clinically viable means of assessing residual linguistic function. We also show that more liberal analyses may further increase the detection-rate, but at the potential cost of increased false alarms.
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cruse
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beukema
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Srivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chennu
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Malins
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McRae
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001244:Association; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012660:Semantics; D013997:Time Factors; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Language; Minimally conscious state; N400; Sensitivity; Vegetative state