title: Biochemical and immunomorphological evaluation of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met pathway in patients with critical limb ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the c-Met receptor, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) are crucial for regenerative processes including ischemic wound healing. The aims of the present study are (a) to analyze the tissue c-Met and HIF-1α expression in skin from patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI); (b) to compare the serum HGF levels of CLI and control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, controlled, single-center study. Thirty-seven patients were enrolled. A skin sample adjacent to the ischemic lesion was taken from 20 patients with CLI; skin samples were taken from the surgical wounds of 17 patients surgically treated for abdominal aortic aneurysm as healthy controls. Serum samples were taken in all cases. Samples were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and routinely processed. Tissue inflammation was histologically assessed. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against total c-Met receptor, activated Met (p-Met), and HIF-1α. RT-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify HIF-1α mRNA. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to evaluate serum HGF levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With immunohistochemistry, while total c-Met was unchanged, different patterns of p-Met positivity were observed between CLI and control cases (p < .001). In particular, CLI skin showed a total negativity or membrane positivity for p-Met (19/20 cases), while control skin mainly showed cytoplasmic positivity in the epidermal basal layer (16/17 cases). HIF-1α was diffusely lost in CLI, but HIF-1α mRNA was threefold higher than in controls. Finally, mean serum HGF levels were 590.5 pg/mL and 2380.0 pg/mL in CLI and control groups respectively (p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CLI patients a significant decrease in serum HGF levels, concomitant with a loss of skin HIF-1α stabilization and a lack of c-Met phosphorylation were seen, probably driving a decrease in wound-healing functions. The next hypothesis is that HGF application might reactivate the c-Met receptor, stabilizing the normal wound healing process.
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy; Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vasuri
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy; Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fittipaldi
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abualhin
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Degiovanni
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gargiulo
authors.affiliation: Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stella
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, Italy. Electronic address: gianandr.pasquinelli@unibo.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasquinelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D004247:DNA; C491743:MET protein, human; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
keywords: Critical limb ischemia; Healing time; Hepatocyte growth factor; Hypoxia inducible factor; Ischemic lesion; Met receptor