title: The effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on eyebrow position.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although upper eyelid blepharoplasty is one of the most frequently performed facial plastic surgical procedures, there is no consensus of opinion about the effect of an upper eyelid blepharoplasty on the position of the eyebrows in a general population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine this effect and to investigate whether preoperative compensatory rhytidosis of the forehead may cause a significantly greater postoperative lowering of the eyebrows.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evaluation of 140 consecutive patients with complaints of visual impairment was performed, who underwent an upper eyelid blepharoplasty. The position of the eyebrows was measured pre- and postoperatively at three positions for each eye. In addition, the role of compensatory rhytidosis on eyebrow position was determined by classifying horizontal forehead lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean drop in eyebrow position for all patients ranged from 0.35% to 1.23%. In females (n = 126), there was no significant postoperative drop in eyebrow position. In males (n = 14), however, one out of six measured distances (centre of pupil, lateral iris and lateral canthus) displayed a significant lowering of the eyebrow (p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that the position of the eyebrow is not lowered significantly after an upper eyelid blepharoplasty performed among women with dermatochalasis and functional complaints of visual impairment. Male patients showed a slight trend of lowering of the eyebrows postoperatively. Preoperative lifting of the eyebrows by means of frontalis muscle activity did not influence the position of the eyebrows postoperatively, although forehead lines did seem to diminish significantly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huijing
authors.affiliation: Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Job
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Palen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Centre of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Medical Centre of Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Bergman Clinic, Heerenveen, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.van.der.lei@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van der Lei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Dermatochalasis; Eyebrow; Rhytidosis; Upper eyelid blepharoplasty