title: Affective motives for smoking among early stage smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As most smokers initiate smoking during adolescence, assessment of smoking motives that underlie trajectories of dependence is critical for both prevention and cessation efforts. In the current study, we expected participants with higher nicotine dependence would smoke (a) less for positive reinforcement (PR) and (b) more for negative reinforcement (NR) motives. We secondarily assessed the relative contribution of PR to NR motives across levels of dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a study on cue-elicited craving among occasional versus daily adolescent smokers aged 16-20 years (N = 111). Smoking motives were assessed in relation to 3 commonly used measures of nicotine dependence: (a) Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), (b) Autonomy over Smoking Scale (AUTOS), and (c) Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to occasional smokers, daily smokers had significantly higher scores on each dependence measure and endorsed more prominent NR smoking motives. Each measure of nicotine dependence was strongly associated with NR motives for smoking, although measures differed in their association with PR motives. As expected, the FTND, AUTOS, and NDSS each significantly predicted smoking motive difference score (PR - NR), such that higher dependence was associated with more prominent NR motives for smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are consistent with our understanding of dependence and provide further support for 3 common measures of nicotine dependence among early stage smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; mathea@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Amanda R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wahlquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garrett-Mayer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Saladin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC;
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult