title: The role of children with congenital anomalies in generating parental depressive symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many expectant parents wish to have a normal child. Unfortunately this does not always happen and some of them may have a child with birth defects leading to detrimental psychological effects on the parents. One of the common presentations generally observed is depression. The presence of depressive symptoms amongst such parents needs to be recorded to find out its prevalence. The results of such finding can help shape future programs for the prevention and treatment in this population group. This study will therefore explore the extent of depressive symptoms amongst parents of children with congenital anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case control study design was chosen. Ethical Review Board gave approval for the study on December 31, 2010, and the collection of data was started on January 5, 2011. Two randomly chosen samples of 132 parents each were collected from National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Ida Rieu, and Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK) over 8 months. First group consisted of parents of children with congenital anomalies and the second group was chosen as the control group from general population. Zung scale was used to record the presence of depressive symptoms in these two populations. Mann-Whitney test was performed to compare the depression scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scale was completed by 132 parents in both sets. The parents of children with congenital anomalies showed greater (p < 0.0001) depressive symptoms. Mothers displayed greater (p = 0.029) depressive symptoms than fathers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The parents of children with anomalies (60.6%) had more depressive symptoms than parents of normal children (27.3%).
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundus
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: Mohammad Faisal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires