title: Effect of hormonal contraceptives on lipid profile and the risk indices for cardiovascular disease in a Ghanaian community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) have been shown to alter lipid profile among various population groups with different patterns of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular (CV) risk. The study aimed at determining the lipid profile pattern and CV risk in a Ghanaian cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purposive random sampling was done. Forty-seven and 19 cases were on oral contraceptives (OCs) and injectable contraceptives (ICs), respectively; five were on subdermal implant. Twenty-four non-users served as controls. Biodemographic and lipid profiles were determined. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and very-low-density lipid lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), were determined. Castelli index I and II were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age difference between the HC and control groups was insignificant. However, diastolic blood pressure (BP) differences were significant (P=0.006). The body mass index (BMI) of the OC and IC groups were significantly different from the control group (P=0.003 and P=0.008, respectively). TC levels for the control and case groups were 3.35±0.62 mmol/L and 4.07±0.91 mmol/L, respectively (P=0.002). LDLC levels for the control and case groups were 1.74±0.57 mmol/L and 2.38±0.84 mmol/L, respectively (P=0.003). Castelli index I (TC/HDLC) and II (LDLC/HDLC) were significantly different between the control and OC groups (P=0.026 and P=0.014, respectively). Spearman's rho correlation showed significant influence of HC use on TG (P=0.026), TC (P=0.000), LDLC (P=0.004), and VLDLC (P=0.026) over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HC use is associated with significant increases in BMI, diastolic BP, TC, LDLC, and Castelli index I and II. These changes carry a potential risk in the development of CV disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences (SAHS), Korle-bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Asare
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences (SAHS), Korle-bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santa
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ngala
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences (SAHS), Korle-bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Bernice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Asiedu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School Korle-bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Afriyie
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-bu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Albert Gb
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Amoah
keywords: body mass index; cholesterol; implant; injectable; oral