title: Preparation and layer-by-layer solution deposition of Cu(In,Ga)O2 nanoparticles with conversion to Cu(In,Ga)S2 films.
abstract: We present a method of Cu(In,Ga)S2 (CIGS) thin film formation via conversion of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled Cu-In-Ga oxide (CIGO) nanoparticles and polyelectrolytes. CIGO nanoparticles were created via a novel flame-spray pyrolysis method using metal nitrate precursors, subsequently coated with polyallylamine (PAH), and dispersed in aqueous solution. Multilayer films were assembled by alternately dipping quartz, Si, and/or Mo substrates into a solution of either polydopamine (PDA) or polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and then in the CIGO-PAH dispersion to fabricate films as thick as 1-2 microns. PSS/CIGO-PAH films were found to be inadequate due to weak adhesion to the Si and Mo substrates, excessive particle diffusion during sulfurization, and mechanical softness ill-suited to further processing. PDA/CIGO-PAH films, in contrast, were more mechanically robust and more tolerant of high temperature processing. After LbL deposition, films were oxidized to remove polymer and sulfurized at high temperature under flowing hydrogen sulfide to convert CIGO to CIGS. Complete film conversion from the oxide to the sulfide is confirmed by X-ray diffraction characterization.
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dressick
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carissa M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Colin C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jesse A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Division, United States Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Woohong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005708:Gallium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007204:Indium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055616:Microtechnology / Q000295:instrumentation; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013440:Sulfides
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D010087:Oxides; D011073:Polyamines; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D012996:Solutions; D013440:Sulfides; C568283:polydopamine; D007204:Indium; C063994:polyallylamine; C003321:polystyrene sulfonic acid; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D003300:Copper; D008982:Molybdenum; D005708:Gallium