title: Diffusion kurtosis imaging study of prostate cancer: preliminary findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the differences in parameters of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) between prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and benign peripheral zone (PZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four foci of prostate cancer, 41 BPH nodules (14 stromal and 27 nonstromal hyperplasia), and 20 benign PZ from 20 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy were investigated. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed using 11 b-values (0-1500 s/mm(2) ). DKI model relates DWI signal decay to parameters that reflect non-Gaussian diffusion coefficient (D) and deviations from normal distribution (K). A mixed model analysis of variance and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to assess the statistical significance of the metrics of DKI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  K was significantly higher in prostate cancer and stromal BPH than in benign PZ (1.19 ± 0.24 and 0.99 ± 0.28 versus 0.63 ± 0.23, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). K showed a trend toward higher levels in prostate cancer than in stromal BPH (1.19 ± 0.24 versus 0.99 ± 0.28, P = 0.051). On the ROC analyses, a significant difference in area under the curve was not observed between K and ADC, however, K showed the highest sensitivity among three parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DKI may contribute to the imaging diagnosis of prostate cancer, especially in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and BPH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinmoto
authors.forename: Shigeyoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soga
authors.forename: Teppei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuaki
authors.forename: Yuxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kosuda
authors.forename: Tatsumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaji
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia; diffusion; kurtosis; magnetic resonance imaging; prostate cancer