title: Magnesium ion implantation on a micro/nanostructured titanium surface promotes its bioactivity and osteogenic differentiation function.
abstract: As one of the important ions associated with bone osseointegration, magnesium was incorporated into a micro/nanostructured titanium surface using a magnesium plasma immersion ion-implantation method. Hierarchical hybrid micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces followed by magnesium ion implantation for 30 minutes (Mg30) and hierarchical hybrid micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces followed by magnesium ion implantation for 60 minutes (Mg60) were used as test groups. The surface morphology, chemical properties, and amount of magnesium ions released were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) were used to evaluate cell responses, including proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation on the surface of the material or in their medium extraction. Greater increases in the spreading and proliferation ability of rBMMSCs were observed on the surfaces of magnesium-implanted micro/nanostructures compared with the control plates. Furthermore, the osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes were upregulated on both surfaces and in their medium extractions. The enhanced cell responses were correlated with increasing concentrations of magnesium ions, indicating that the osteoblastic differentiation of rBMMSCs was stimulated through the magnesium ion function. The magnesium ion-implanted micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces could enhance the proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation activity of rBMMSCs, suggesting they have potential application in improving bone-titanium integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guifang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lianyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qianju
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuanyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007477:Ions; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D054802:Molecular Imprinting / Q000379:methods*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D007477:Ions; D058626:Plasma Gases; D014025:Titanium; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: ion implantation; magnesium; micro/nanostructure; osteogenic differentiation; surface modification