title: Multiple readout assay for hormonal (androgenic and antiandrogenic) and cytotoxic activity of plant and fungal extracts based on differential prostate cancer cell line behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is one of the most diagnosed forms of cancer among men in western regions. Many traditional applications or phytotherapeutic concepts propose to inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. In order to detect influences of plant or fungal extracts and derived fractions on androgen receptor signaling pathways, a differentiating cell proliferation assay was established, which enables the simultaneous detection of hormonal and cytotoxic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The well characterized prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were used in a multiple readout assay. In all, 186 fractions of 23 traditionally used organisms were screened regarding their effects on proliferation of the two prostate cancer cell lines. The fractions were prepared by accelerated solvent extraction followed by gradient extrography. Extracts of the potential hormonally active plants Cibotium barometz, Heteropterys chrysophylla, and Sideroxylon obtusifolium (= Bumelia sartorum) were phytochemically investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractions from Cibotium barometz, Cortinarius rubellus, Cyrtomium falcatum, Heteropterys chrysophylla, Nephrolepis exaltata, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Trichilia emetica, and Trimeria grandifolia exhibited hormonal influences on prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxic activity towards human cell lines was detected for the first time for fractions from Aglaia spectabilis (A. gigantea), Nephrolepis exaltata and Cortinarius brunneus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differential behavior of the two prostate cancer cell lines allows the discrimination between potential androgenic or antiandrogenic activities and effects on the estrogen or glucocorticoid receptor as well as cytotoxic activities. The combined cell lines assay can help to assess the biological activities of material used in traditional medicine.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Ontochem GmbH, H.-Damerow-Str.4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bobach
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schurwanz
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Denkert
authors.affiliation: Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Sung
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Natural Product Research Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Bloco H, NPPN, CCS, Cep 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuster
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 3019700100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Patrick Chalo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Mutiso
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seliger
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany. Electronic address: wessjohann@ipb-halle.de.
authors.forename: Ludger A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wessjohann
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005658:Fungi / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents
keywords: African, Asian and Southamerican plants; Cell proliferation assay; LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines; Nuclear receptors; Plant and fungal extracts; Steroid hormone receptors