title: Colonoscopy, pain and fears: Is it an indissoluble trinomial?
abstract: Colonoscopy is the reference method in the secondary prevention, diagnosis and, in some cases, treatment of colorectal cancer. It can often cause pain associated with embarrassment, anxiety, and physical and emotional discomfort. Pain intensity is influenced by a lot of factors, and there is a strict relationship among pain, pain perception, and mind. Several methods can be used to break the trinomial colonoscopy, pain and fear. Sedoanalgesia is recommended by several guidelines. If no sedation is offered, the patient must accept a higher chance of unacceptable discomfort and the endoscopist a lower chance of completing the procedure because of patient discomfort. Other non-pharmacologic methods such as acupuncture, music, and hydrocolonoscopy can be used as alternatives to pharmacologic sedoanalgesia. Furthermore, new endoscopic technologies such as variable-stiffness colonoscopes and ultrathin colonoscopes, or the use of carbon dioxide instead of air for colon insufflation, can reduce the pain caused by colonoscopy. In the future, technical improvements such as wireless capsules or robotic probes, will probably enable to overcome the present concept of colonoscopy, avoiding the use of traditional endoscopes. However, at present the poor attention paid by endoscopists to the pain and discomfort caused by colonoscopy can not be justified. There are several methods to reduce pain and anxiety and to break the trinomial colonoscopy, pain and fear. We must use them.
authors.affiliation: Lucio Trevisani, Angelo Zelante, Sergio Sartori, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital "S. Anna", 44124 Cona (FE), Italy.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trevisani
authors.affiliation: Lucio Trevisani, Angelo Zelante, Sergio Sartori, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital "S. Anna", 44124 Cona (FE), Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zelante
authors.affiliation: Lucio Trevisani, Angelo Zelante, Sergio Sartori, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital "S. Anna", 44124 Cona (FE), Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sartori
keywords: Anxiety; Colonoscopy; Conscious sedation; Discomfort; Fear; Pain