title: A RG-II type polysaccharide purified from Aconitum coreanum alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway.
abstract: Korean mondshood root polysaccharides (KMPS) isolated from the root of Aconitum coreanum (Lévl.) Rapaics have shown anti-inflammatory activity, which is strongly influenced by their chemical structures and chain conformations. However, the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect by these polysaccharides have yet to be elucidated. A RG-II polysaccharide (KMPS-2E, Mw 84.8 kDa) was isolated from KMPS and its chemical structure was characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The backbone of KMPS-2E consisted of units of [→6) -β-D-Galp (1→3)-β-L-Rhap-(1→4)-β-D-GalpA-(1→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→] with the side chain →5)-β-D-Arap (1→3, 5)-β-D-Arap (1→ attached to the backbone through O-4 of (1→3,4)-L-Rhap. T-β-D-Galp is attached to the backbone through O-6 of (1→3,6)-β-D-Galp residues and T-β-D-Ara is connected to the end group of each chain. The anti-inflammatory effects of KMPS-2E and the underlying mechanisms using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema were investigated. KMPS-2E (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) inhibits iNOS, TLR4, phospho-NF-κB-p65 expression, phosphor-IKK, phosphor-IκB-α expression as well as the degradation of IκB-α and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and IL-6) mediated by the NF-κB signal pathways in macrophages. KMPS-2E also inhibited LPS-induced activation of NF-κB as assayed by electrophorectic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in a dose-dependent manner and it reduced NF-κB DNA binding affinity by 62.1% at 200 µg/mL. In rats, KMPS-2E (200 mg/kg) can significantly inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema as ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) within 3 h after a single oral dose. The results indicate that KMPS-2E is a promising herb-derived drug against acute inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiaye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Songshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, Westminster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S W Annie
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Bligh
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yongbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Teaching Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shunchun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D031841:Aconitum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides