title: Preventive zinc supplementation for children, and the effect of additional iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Zinc deficiency is widespread, and preventive supplementation may have benefits in young children. Effects for children over 5 years of age, and effects when coadministered with other micronutrients are uncertain. These are obstacles to scale-up. This review seeks to determine if preventive supplementation reduces mortality and morbidity for children aged 6 months to 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review conducted with the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group. Two reviewers independently assessed studies. Meta-analyses were performed for mortality, illness and side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched multiple databases, including CENTRAL and MEDLINE in January 2013. Authors were contacted for missing information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials of preventive zinc supplementation. Hospitalised children and children with chronic diseases were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  80 randomised trials with 205 401 participants were included. There was a small but non-significant effect on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.95 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.05)). Supplementation may reduce incidence of all-cause diarrhoea (RR 0.87 (0.85 to 0.89)), but there was evidence of reporting bias. There was no evidence of an effect of incidence or prevalence of respiratory infections or malaria. There was moderate quality evidence of a very small effect on linear growth (standardised mean difference 0.09 (0.06 to 0.13)) and an increase in vomiting (RR 1.29 (1.14 to 1.46)). There was no evidence of an effect on iron status. Comparing zinc with and without iron cosupplementation and direct comparisons of zinc plus iron versus zinc administered alone favoured cointervention for some outcomes and zinc alone for other outcomes. Effects may be larger for children over 1 year of age, but most differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benefits of preventive zinc supplementation may outweigh any potentially adverse effects in areas where risk of zinc deficiency is high. Further research should determine optimal intervention characteristics and delivery strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Trials and Evidence Synthesis, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-2459
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayo-Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Aamer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imdad
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Sohni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: SickKids Center for Global Child Health, Toronto, Canada Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zulfiqar A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Bhutta
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Preventive Medicine; Public Health