title: Sex and age differences in the association of depression with obstructive coronary artery disease and adverse cardiovascular events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young women with coronary heart disease have high rates of depression and a higher risk of adverse events than men of similar age. Whether depression has a higher prognostic value in this group than in men and older women is not known. Our objective was to assess whether depression in young women is associated with higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and adverse outcomes compared with similarly aged men and older women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined 3237 patients undergoing coronary angiography for evaluation of CAD and followed them for 2.9 years (median). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and CAD burden was dichotomized based on its presence or absence. After multivariable adjustment for CAD risk factors, depressive symptoms predicted CAD presence in women aged ≤ 55 years (odds ratio=1.07 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.13 per 1 point increase in PHQ-9 score), but not in men aged ≤ 55 years or women aged >55 years. Depressive symptoms also predicted increased risk of death in women aged ≤ 55 years (adjusted hazard ratio=1.07, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14, per 1 point increase in PHQ-9 score), but not in men aged ≤ 55 years and women aged >55 years, with P=0.02 for the depression-sex interaction and P=0.02 for depression-sex-age interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with suspected or established CAD, depressive symptoms are associated with increased risk of death, particularly in young women. This group may be especially vulnerable to the adverse cardiovascular effects of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., P.M.P., V.V.) Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.) Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA (A.J.S., M.Z.).
authors.forename: Amit J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.).
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghasemzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (E.Z.M.).
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaragoza-Macias
authors.affiliation: University College, London, UK (R.P.).
authors.forename: Riyaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.).
authors.forename: Danny J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Eapen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX (I.J.N.).
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Neeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., P.M.P., V.V.).
authors.forename: Pratik M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pimple
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.) Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA (A.J.S., M.Z.).
authors.forename: A Maziar
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.).
authors.forename: Arshed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Quyyumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., P.M.P., V.V.) Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (A.J.S., N.G., D.J.E., M.Z., A.A.Q., V.V.).
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: coronary artery disease; depression; sex differences