title: Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and brain tumor risks in the INTEROCC study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF) is a suspected risk factor for brain tumors, however the literature is inconsistent. Few studies have assessed whether ELF in different time windows of exposure may be associated with specific histologic types of brain tumors. This study examines the association between ELF and brain tumors in the large-scale INTEROCC study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of adult primary glioma and meningioma were recruited in seven countries (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom) between 2000 and 2004. Estimates of mean workday ELF exposure based on a job exposure matrix were assigned. Estimates of cumulative exposure, average exposure, maximum exposure, and exposure duration were calculated for the lifetime, and 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10+ years before the diagnosis/reference date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3,761 included brain tumor cases (1,939 glioma and 1,822 meningioma) and 5,404 population controls. There was no association between lifetime cumulative ELF exposure and glioma or meningioma risk. However, there were positive associations between cumulative ELF 1 to 4 years before the diagnosis/reference date and glioma [odds ratio (OR) ≥ 90th percentile vs. < 25th percentile, 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-2.07; PLinear trend < 0.0001], and, somewhat weaker associations with meningioma (OR ≥ 90th percentile vs. < 25th percentile, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.97-1.57; PLinear trend = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed positive associations between ELF in the recent past and glioma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occupational ELF exposure may play a role in the later stages (promotion and progression) of brain tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. mturner@creal.cat.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Geza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Figuerola
authors.affiliation: University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement Université Lyon 1/IFSTTAR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hours
authors.affiliation: Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
authors.forename: Laurel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kincl
authors.affiliation: McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krewski
authors.affiliation: Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Elise
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. The Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, The Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Siegal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadetzki
authors.affiliation: Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlaefer
authors.affiliation: Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schlehofer
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüz
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siemiatycki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Tongeren
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D060526:Magnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology