title: Pupil shape in the animal kingdom: from the pseudopupil to the vertical pupil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the different pupil shapes adopted by the different animal species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the related literature, using PubMed database. The initial search strategy was pupil shape (limited to animals). The first volume of System of Ophthalmology (Duke-Elder) and Evolution's witness (I. Schwab) were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An optic illusion called pseudopupil is usually observed in the compound eyes of insects. The pupil is circular in most vertebrates, however slit vertical pupils are present in cats and in some snake species. Vertical pupils could have a photoprotective function, as it makes a more complete closure possible in photopic conditions, and helps to camouflage the predator. It has also been hypothesized that it could help to correct chromatic aberration. Ruminants are usually endowed with horizontal pupils. This shape could improve the capacity of the eye to detect vertical silhouettes. Some marine animals have crescent-shaped pupils. In these animals, a superior operculum helps to protect the inferior retina from the great amount of light coming from above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a surprising variability in pupil shape. Through this variability, nature has fitted the eye to different circumstances. The theories proposed to explain this high variability are discussed in detail in the article.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Coslada, Madrid, España. Electronic address: juliogmm@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Martín-Moro
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Coslada, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gómez-Sanz
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sales-Sanz
authors.affiliation: Oftalmovet, Valencia, España.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huguet-Baudin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Cirugía, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murube-del-Castillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054910:Compound Eye, Arthropod / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007498:Iris / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011680:Pupil; D013045:Species Specificity; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: Aberración cromática; Animal; Chromatic aberration; Diffraction; Difracción; Iris sphincter muscle; Músculo esfinter de la pupila; Pseudopupil; Pseudopupila; Pupil; Pupila