title: Rhythmic entrainment of slow brain activity preceding leg movements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The time course of the contingent negative variation (CNV) as well as beta-power are known to entrain to regular task rhythms, revealing implicit anticipatory timing. Thus far, these effects have been established for manual responses only. Here we investigate entrainment preceding leg movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-density EEG was recorded while participants were standing and responded to series of rhythmically presented arrow stimuli by making brisk leg movements. The standard interval between reaction stimuli differed between series and was either 1500 or 2000 ms. Each series' final interval was 1750 ms, representing a timing perturbation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Entrainment was manifested in the CNV time course, where the maximum amplitude was reached just before the next stimulus was presented. The pattern of beta-(de)synchronization similarly entrained to the task rhythm. CNV scalp topographies suggested effector dependency of the entrainment-induced CNV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that lower limb motor control, like upper limb control, readily entrains to a regular task rhythm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are relevant to Parkinson's disease (PD), where problems are found in rhythm processing and temporal preparation. Investigation of the neural correlates of leg movement entrainment is important in view of presumed relations between entrainment and cueing of gait in PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, RadboudUMC, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Dept. of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Simone G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Heideman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, RadboudUMC, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: te Woerd
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, RadboudUMC, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands. Electronic address: peter.praamstra@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Praamstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Beta-oscillations; Contingent negative variation (CNV); Motor preparation; Movement cueing; Timing