title: Co-development of pyogenic granuloma and capillary hemangioma on the alveolar ridge associated with a dental implant: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of various benign oral mucosal lesions associated with dental implants, such as pyogenic granuloma or peripheral giant cell granuloma, has been rarely reported. However, the occurrence of vascular diseases, such as hemangioma, related to dental implants has not been explored in the literature. In this study, we report a case of co-development of pyogenic granuloma and capillary hemangioma on the alveolar ridge associated with a dental implant in a patient undergoing antithrombotic therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is first case of hemangioma formation associated with a dental implant.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 68-year-old Korean man was referred for intermittent bleeding and a dome-shaped overgrowing mass on his upper alveolar ridge. He underwent dental implantation 5 years ago, and was started on warfarin for cerebral infarction a year ago. He had experienced gum bleeding and gingival mass formation 6 months after warfarinization; then, his implant fixture was removed. However, his gingival mass has been gradually increasing. The gingival mass was surgically excised, and revealed the coexistence of pyogenic granuloma and capillary hemangioma in histological analysis of the specimen. The lesion has showed no recurrence for more than a year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regarding immunostaining features, the endothelial cell markers, CD34 and CD31, and the mesenchymal cell marker, vimentin, were strongly detected, but cell proliferation marker, Ki-67, was negatively expressed in the endothelial cells of the hemangioma portion. However, in the pyogenic granuloma portion, CD34 was almost negatively detected, whereas vimentin and Ki-67 were highly detected in the fibroblast-like tumor cells. According to these heterogeneous characteristics of the lesion, the patient was diagnosed with coexistence of pyogenic granuloma and capillary hemangioma associated with the dental implant on the attached gingiva. We recommend that patients with dental implants who have chronic peri-implantitis under antithrombotic therapy should be closely followed to ensure early detection of oral mucosal abnormalities.
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: June-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Mun-Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Sil
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Young-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea. parkbw@gnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bong-Wook
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005882:Gingival Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005887:Gingival Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017789:Granuloma, Pyogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D015921:Dental Implants; D014859:Warfarin