title: Layer-by-layer self-assembly of minocycline-loaded chitosan/alginate multilayer on titanium substrates to inhibit biofilm formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacteria adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation are primary causes of implant associated infection. The biofilm makes the bacteria highly resistant to the host defense and antimicrobial treatment. Antibacterial coatings on the surface of titanium implant can prevent biofilm formation effectively, but it is still a challenge to accomplish relatively long lasting antibacterial effects before wound healing or formation of biological seal. The purpose of our work was to construct antibacterial multilayer coatings loaded with minocycline on surface of Ti substrates using chitosan and alginate based on layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the surfaces of Ti substrates were first hydroxylated and then treated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (ATPES) to obtain amino-functionalized Ti substrates. Next, the precursor layer of chitosan was covalently conjugated to amino-functionalized Ti substrates. The following alternately coating alginate loaded with minocycline and chitosan onto the precursor layer of chitosan was carried out via LbL self-assembly technique to construct the multilayer coatings on Ti substrates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multilayer coatings loaded more minocycline and improved sustainability of minocycline release to kill planktonic and adherent bacteria. Moreover, surface charge and hydrophilicity of the coatings and antibacterial ability of chitosan itself also played roles in the antibacterial performance, which can keep the antibacterial ability of the multilayer coatings after minocycline release ceases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, LbL self-assembly method provides a promising strategy to fabricate long-term antibacterial surfaces, which is especially effective in preventing implant associated infections in the early stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loading minocycline on the surface of implants based on LbL self-assembly strategy can endow implants with sustained antibacterial property. This can inhabit the immediate colonization of bacteria onto the surface of implants in the process of dental implant surgery, and thereby prevents and reduces the occurrence of periimplantitis.
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Tissue Engineering Center of China, No. 68, East Jiang Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130, Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, PR China. Electronic address: zhxden@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, 12 Observatory Road, Tianjin 300070, PR China. Electronic address: gptj@sina.com.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008911:Minocycline / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003764:Dental Materials; D011437:Propylamines; D012821:Silanes; D048271:Chitosan; D014025:Titanium; D008911:Minocycline; C477625:amino-propyl-triethoxysilane; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: Alginate; Antibacterial coating; Biofilm; Chitosan; Layer-by-layer self-assembly; Titanium implant