title: Spelling errors among children with ADHD symptoms: the role of working memory.
abstract: Research has shown that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present a series of academic difficulties, including spelling errors. Given that correct spelling is supported by the phonological component of working memory (PWM), the present study examined whether or not the spelling difficulties of children with ADHD are emphasized when children's PWM is overloaded. A group of 19 children with ADHD symptoms (between 8 and 11 years of age), and a group of typically developing children matched for age, schooling, gender, rated intellectual abilities, and socioeconomic status, were administered two dictation texts: one under typical conditions and one under a pre-load condition that required the participants to remember a series of digits while writing. The results confirmed that children with ADHD symptoms have spelling difficulties, produce a higher percentages of errors compared to the control group children, and that these difficulties are enhanced under a higher load of PWM. An analysis of errors showed that this holds true, especially for phonological errors. The increased errors in the PWM condition was not due to a tradeoff between working memory and writing, as children with ADHD also performed more poorly in the PWM task. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy. Electronic address: annamaria.re@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Re
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mirandola
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania Sara
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capodieci
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D010700:Phonetics
keywords: ADHD; Dictation; Spelling; Working Memory