title: Inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis: a review on pathogenesis and immunosurveillance mechanisms in ulcerative colitis.
abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by repeated flare-ups of inflammation that can lead to oncogenic insults to the colonic epithelial. UC-associated carcinogenesis presents a different sequence of tumorigenic events compared to those that contribute to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer. In fact, in UC, the early events are represented by oxidative DNA damage and DNA methylation that can produce an inhibition of oncosuppressor genes, mutation of p53, aneuploidy, and microsatellite instability. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor and DNA mismatch repair gene promoter regions is an epigenetic mechanism of gene silencing that contribute to tumorigenesis and may represent the first step in inflammatory carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 is frequently mutated in the early stages of UC-associated cancer. Aneuploidy is an independent risk factor for forthcoming carcinogenesis in UC. Epithelial cell-T-cell cross-talk mediated by CD80 is a key factor in controlling the progression from low to high grade dysplasia in UC-associated carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Castagliuolo
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castoro
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozza
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Andromachi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotsafti
authors.affiliation: Marco Scarpa, Carlo Castoro, Melania Scarpa, Andromachi Kotsafti, Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), 35128 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Imerio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angriman
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004249:DNA Damage; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009857:Oncogenes; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Carcinogenesis; Colorectal cancer; Immune surveillance; Ulcerative colitis