title: Applications of sensory feedback in motorized upper extremity prosthesis: a review.
abstract: Dexterous hand movement is possible due to closed loop control dependent on efferent motor output and afferent sensory feedback. This control strategy is significantly altered in those with upper limb amputation as sensations of touch and movement are inherently lost. For upper limb prosthetic users, the absence of sensory feedback impedes efficient use of the prosthesis and is highlighted as a major factor contributing to user rejection of myoelectric prostheses. Numerous sensory feedback systems have been proposed in literature to address this gap in prosthetic control; however, these systems have yet to be implemented for long term use. Methodologies for communicating prosthetic grasp and touch information are reviewed, including discussion of selected designs and test results. With a focus on clinical and translational challenges, this review highlights and compares techniques employed to provide amputees with sensory feedback. Additionally, promising future directions are discussed and highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 6-23 Mechanical Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: Jacqueline S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hebert
mesh_terms: D001186:Artificial Limbs / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D014110:Touch; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: grasp and touch; kinesthesia and proprioception; modality matching; motorized prostheses; prosthetics; sensory feedback; sensory substitution; somatotopic matching; translational capabilities; upper-limb