title: Incorporation of apical lymph node status into the seventh edition of the TNM classification improves prediction of prognosis in stage III colonic cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The node classification outlined in the seventh edition of the TNM classification is based solely on the number of metastasized lymph nodes. This study examined the prognostic value of apical lymph node (ALN) metastasis and the additional value of incorporating ALN status into a risk model based on the seventh edition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study of patients with stage III colonic cancer who underwent tumour resection with dissection of regional (including apical) lymph nodes at 71 hospitals across Japan between 2000 and 2002. The main exposure was pathologically confirmed ALN metastasis, and the primary endpoint was cancer-specific death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALN metastasis was present in 113 (8·3 per cent) of 1355 patients. During 5356 patient-years of follow-up (median 5·0 years), 221 instances (16·3 per cent) of cancer-specific death were observed. After adjustment for tumour and node classification (as described in the seventh edition of the TNM classification) and other prognostic factors, ALN metastasis was found to be independently associated with cancer-specific death (hazard ratio 2·29, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·49 to 3·52). Incorporation of ALN metastasis into the prognostic model based on the seventh edition of the TNM classification significantly improved discriminative performance for cancer-specific death (difference in concordance index 0·0146, 95 per cent c.i. 0·0030 to 0·0262) and risk reclassification for cancer-specific death at 5 years (category-free net reclassification improvement 19·4 (95 per cent c.i. 5·0 to 33·4) per cent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assessment of ALN metastasis provided independent prognostic information beyond that achievable with the seventh edition of the TNM classification in patients with stage III colonic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawada
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotake
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment