title: The development of artificial organs and prostheses worldwide and in the Ottoman Empire.
abstract: An artificial organ or prosthesis is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human to replace a natural organ. There were many historical steps in the development of artificial organs and prostheses. New surgical techniques, the development of prosthetic materials and the creative ideas of engineers led to progress in this field.
authors.affiliation: Yunus Emre State Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Leman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birdane
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cingi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical History and Deontology, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Elçioğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Kırıkkale University Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale, Turkey nbayarmuluk@yahoo.com nurayb@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nuray Bayar
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Muluk
mesh_terms: D001187:Artificial Organs / Q000145:classification / Q000266:history*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D057214:Ottoman Empire; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000145:classification / Q000266:history*
keywords: An artificial organ; Ottoman Empire; development; prosthesis; technology