title: Lesser known aspects of Ludwik Fleck's (1896-1961) heroic life during World War II.
abstract: Professor Ludwik Fleck was a famous scientist and a prominent philosopher. Although his life and work were studied extensively, the Second World War period was a subject of some discussion and controversy. On account of his Jewish origin, he was first arrested and moved from the Lwów ghetto to the 'Laokoon' factory and then imprisoned in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and in KL Buchenwald. Fleck produced the anti-typhus vaccine in the chemo-bacteriological laboratory in the Jewish Hospital at Kuszewicza Street and in the 'Laokoon' factory in Lwów. During his incarceration in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Fleck worked in the camp laboratory in Block 10 carrying out bacteriological studies for the inmates and then was assigned to work in the Wasserman station in Rajsko. From January 1944 Fleck performed routine laboratory tests in Block 50 in KL Buchenwald. Though Fleck had a privileged life in the camp, he participated in the sabotage activities organized by the camp resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan City Hospital, University Medical School, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
authors.affiliation: Communal Health Center, Zielonka, Poland drmariaciesielska@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciesielska
mesh_terms: D000486:Allergy and Immunology / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008829:Microbiology / Q000266:history*; D010684:Philosophy; D011044:Poland; D012290:Rickettsial Vaccines / Q000266:history*; D012699:Serology / Q000266:history; D047789:World War II
chemical_list: D012290:Rickettsial Vaccines; C028280:typhus vaccine
keywords: KL Auschwitz; KL Buchenwald; Ludwik Fleck; anti-typhus vaccine; history of medicine; history of philosophy; holocaust and medicine; ‘Laokoon’ Factory