title: Profiling the chemical content of Ficus lyrata extracts via UPLC-PDA-qTOF-MS and chemometrics.
abstract: This study attempts to elucidate the secondary metabolite profiles of Ficus lyrata leaves and fruits grown in Egypt. Non-targeted metabolite profiling via ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-qTOF-MS was used to identify various chemical classes in F. lyrata fruits and leaves (i.e. flavonoids, phenolic acids and fatty acids) analysed by chemometrics. A total of 72 metabolites were evaluated via a UPLC-qTOF-MS-based metabolomic study. Seventeen flavonoids were characterised and tentatively identified with the main constituents being catechins/procyanidins, O- and C-linked flavonoid glycosides. The major procyanidins were dimers and trimers comprising (epi)catechin and (epi)afzelechin units, whereas the predominant flavones were C-glycosides of luteolin and apigenin. Aside from these major flavonoid classes, a group of benzoic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, fatty acid and sphingolipids were also annotated. This study provides the most complete map for polyphenol distribution in F. lyrata leaves and fruits and the basis for future investigation of its fruits nutritional value or possible nutraceutical uses.
authors.affiliation: a Pharmacognosy Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Kasr El-Aini 11562 , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abdelfattah
authors.forename: Sherif E A
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Badr
authors.forename: Ludger A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Wessjohann
mesh_terms: D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis; D001565:Benzoates / Q000032:analysis; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D002392:Catechin / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004534:Egypt; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D030681:Ficus / Q000737:chemistry*; D047309:Flavones / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D044946:Biflavonoids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D047309:Flavones; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013107:Sphingolipids; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; C017674:procyanidin; D047310:Apigenin; D002392:Catechin; C510796:afzelechin
keywords: Ficus lyrata; PCA; UPLC/MS; fatty acids; flavonoids; metabolite profiling