title: Integrated traffic conflict model for estimating crash modification factors.
abstract: Crash modification factors (CMFs) for road safety treatments are usually obtained through observational models based on reported crashes. Observational Bayesian before-and-after methods have been applied to obtain more precise estimates of CMFs by accounting for the regression-to-the-mean bias inherent in naive methods. However, sufficient crash data reported over an extended period of time are needed to provide reliable estimates of treatment effects, a requirement that can be a challenge for certain types of treatment. In addition, these studies require that sites analyzed actually receive the treatment to which the CMF pertains. Another key issue with observational approaches is that they are not causal in nature, and as such, cannot provide a sound "behavioral" rationale for the treatment effect. Surrogate safety measures based on high risk vehicle interactions and traffic conflicts have been proposed to address this issue by providing a more "causal perspective" on lack of safety for different road and traffic conditions. The traffic conflict approach has been criticized, however, for lacking a formal link to observed and verified crashes, a difficulty that this paper attempts to resolve by presenting and investigating an alternative approach for estimating CMFs using simulated conflicts that are linked formally to observed crashes. The integrated CMF estimates are compared to estimates from an empirical Bayes (EB) crash-based before-and-after analysis for the same sample of treatment sites. The treatment considered involves changing left turn signal priority at Toronto signalized intersections from permissive to protected-permissive. The results are promising in that the proposed integrated method yields CMFs that closely match those obtained from the crash-based EB before-and-after analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: ueshahda@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Usama
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shahdah
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. Electronic address: saccoman@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saccomanno
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3 Canada. Electronic address: bpersaud@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Bhagwant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Persaud
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009864:Ontario; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Conflicts; Crash modification factors; SSAM; Time-to-Collision (TTC); Traffic simulation; VISSIM