title: Immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with dismal outcomes despite recent advances using combination chemotherapeutic regimens. The lack of an adequate immune response to malignant cells has been identified as a factor associated with tumor aggressiveness and refractoriness to systemic treatment. Preclinical and early clinical studies have identified numerous immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies aimed towards amplifying the immune reaction to pancreatic cancer and have established encouraging results. Promising antitumor efficacy has been observed both in vitro and in vivo with many of these approaches. These novel applications have also led to improved understanding of the process of pancreatic tumor growth and invasion, knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and have pioneered further investigations of similar therapies. Here we review both immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Arizona Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 13400 E Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
authors.forename: Meaghan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Thorvardur R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Halfdanarson
authors.forename: Mitesh J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Borad
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy / Q000379:methods; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000502:physiology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology
keywords: immunotherapy; oncolytic viral; pancreatic cancer; vaccine therapy