title: Local signaling from a retinal prosthetic in a rodent retinitis pigmentosa model in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In clinical trials, retinitis pigmentosa patients implanted with a retinal prosthetic device show enhanced spatial vision, including the ability to read large text and navigate. New prosthetics aim to increase spatial resolution by decreasing pixel/electrode size and limiting current spread. To examine spatial resolution of a new prosthetic design, we characterized and compared two photovoltaic array (PVA) designs and their interaction with the retina after subretinal implantation in transgenic S334ter line 3 rats (Tg S334ter-3).
  
  
  METHODS
  PVAs were implanted subretinally at two stages of degeneration and assessed in vivo using extracellular recordings in the superior colliculus (SC). Several aspects of this interaction were evaluated by varying duration, irradiance and position of a near infrared laser focused on the PVA. These characteristics included: activation threshold, response linearity, SC signal topography and spatial localization. The major design difference between the two PVA designs is the inclusion of local current returns in the newer design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When tested in vivo, PVA-evoked response thresholds were independent of pixel/electrode size, but differ between the new and old PVA designs. Response thresholds were independent of implantation age and duration (⩽7.5 months). For both prosthesis designs, threshold intensities were within established safety limits. PVA-evoked responses require inner retina synaptic transmission and do not directly activate retinal ganglion cells. The new PVA design evokes local retinal activation, which is not found with the older PVA design that lacks local current returns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides in vivo evidence that prosthetics make functional contacts with the inner nuclear layer at several stages of degeneration. The new PVA design enhances local activation within the retina and SC. Together these results predict that the new design can potentially harness the inherent processing within the retina and is likely to produce higher spatial resolution in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fransen
authors.forename: Gobinda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pangeni
authors.forename: Machelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pardue
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McCall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D007834:Lasers; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013477:Superior Colliculi; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D057488:Visual Prosthesis