title: Mechanisms of testicular torsion and potential protective agents.
abstract: Testicular torsion is a urological emergency most commonly seen in adolescence, involving a decrease in blood flow in the testis resulting from torsion of the spermatic cord that can result in gonad injury or even loss if not treated in time. Testicular ischaemia-reperfusion injury represents the principle pathophysiology of testicular torsion, with ischaemia caused by twisting of the spermatic cord, and reperfusion on its subsequent release. Many cellular and molecular mechanisms are involved in ischaemia-reperfusion injury following testicular torsion. Studies have investigated the use of pharmacological agents as supportive therapy to surgical repair in order to prevent the adverse effects of testicular torsion. Numerous substances have been proposed as important in the prevention of post-ischaemia-reperfusion testicular injury. A range of chemicals and drugs has been successfully tested in animal models for the purpose of mitigating the dangerous effects of ischaemia-reperfusion in testis torsion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ersagun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karaguzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadihasanoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kutlu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000777:Anesthetics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004921:Erythropoietin; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone