title: Evidence of reproductive stoppage in families with autism spectrum disorder: a large, population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have examined the curtailment of reproduction (ie, stoppage) after the diagnosis of a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine stoppage in a large, population-based cohort of families in which a child has received a diagnosis of ASD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with ASD born from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2003, were identified in the California Department of Developmental Services records, which were then linked to state birth certificates to identify full sibs and half-sibs and to obtain information on birth order and demographics. A total of 19,710 case families in which the first birth occurred within the study period was identified. These families included 39,361 individuals (sibs and half-sibs). Control individuals were randomly sampled from birth certificates and matched 2:1 to cases by sex, birth year, and maternal age, self-reported race/ethnicity, and county of birth after removal of children receiving services from the California Department of Developmental Services. Using similar linkage methods as for case families, 36,215 pure control families (including 75,724 total individuals) were identified that had no individuals with an ASD diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  History of affected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stoppage was investigated by comparing the reproductive behaviors of parents after the birth of a child with ASD vs an unaffected child using a survival analysis framework for time to next birth and adjusting for demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the first few years after the birth of a child with ASD, the parents' reproductive behavior was similar to that of control parents. However, birth rates differed in subsequent years; overall, families whose first child had ASD had a second child at a rate of 0.668 (95% CI, 0.635-0.701) that of control families, adjusted for birth year, birth weight, maternal age, and self-reported maternal race/ethnicity. Results were similar when a later-born child was the first affected child in the family. Reproductive curtailment was slightly stronger among women who changed partners (relative rate for second-born children, 0.553 [95% CI, 0.498-0.614]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the first quantitative assessment and convincing statistical evidence of reproductive stoppage related to ASD. These findings have implications for recurrence risk estimation and genetic counseling.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond.
authors.forename: Gayle C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Windham
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Croen
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond.
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Grether
authors.affiliation: Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco4Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Risch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001721:Birth Intervals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010298:Parity; D011897:Random Allocation; D043762:Reproductive Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors