title: Medicinal plants used in malaria treatment by Prometra herbalists in Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the survey was to document medicinal plants used in malaria treatment by Prometra (Promocion de la medicina tradicional amazonica) Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) of Uganda and for search of new antiplasmodial herbal medicines (HMs) for further phytochemical analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, semi structured guided open and close ended questionnaires were used. Focus group discussions were conducted and key informants were chosen within the TMPs who helped in further discussions of how the herbal remedies where collected, prepared and administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sample size of 51 respondents was randomly selected among the TMPs with the help of their leader. 86 species distributed over 81 genera and 39 families were reportedly being used as herbal remedies in malaria treatment. The TMPs use symptoms like high temperature, shivering, among others in malaria diagnosis an indication that they understand malaria. They emphasized the use of leaves and bark in treatment because they can regenerate and therefore ensure sustainable use of plants rather than the use of roots which would be destructive. These TMPS treat and also advise their patients on preventive measures against malaria attacks like sleeping under mosquito nets, clearing bushes near homesteads, among others which is an indication that they help in the prevention and mitigation of malaria incidences and prevalence in the areas where they live. The Informant Consensus Factor (FIC) value of 0.8 demonstrated that the TMPs of Prometra-Uganda tend to agree with each other in terms of the plant species they use in malaria treatment an indication of quality control in as far as administration of the herbal remedies. Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Bidens pilosa L., Justicia betonica L. were highly cited as being used in malaria treatment with frequencies of mention of 38, 28 and 25, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMPs of Prometra-Uganda understand and treat malaria using the available plant diversity from their huge forest and the herbal gardens within Buyija forest. The healers are very keen at plant conservation which is a good practice. Species like Justica betonica may be investigated further for antiplasmodial assays to justify its efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: madrine@chemistry.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Madina Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Adia
authors.affiliation: Botany Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: ganywar@sci.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Godwin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anywar
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: rbyamukama@chemistry.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Byamukama
authors.affiliation: Botany Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: mkamatenesi@botany.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamatenesi-Mugisha
authors.affiliation: Prometra-Uganda, Buwama-Buyija, Uganda. Electronic address: ysekagya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yahaya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sekagya
authors.affiliation: Botany Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: ekakudidi@sci.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Esezah K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kakudidi
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: kiremire@chemistry.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Bernard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kiremire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Herbal Medicines; Malaria; Prometra; Traditional Medical Practioners; Uganda