title: Digoxin in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: data from the RACE II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management trial showed that digoxin was associated with increased mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of digoxin with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation enrolled in the Dutch Rate Control Efficacy in Permanent AF: A Comparison Between Lenient Versus Strict Rate Control II trial as well as to assess the role of digoxin to achieve heart rate targets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was a composite of CV morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcomes included CV hospitalization and all-cause mortality or heart failure (HF) hospitalization. Of the 614 patients, 608 (99%) completed the dose-adjustment phase. Outcome events were analyzed from the end of the dose-adjustment phase until the end of follow-up. The median follow-up period was 2.9 years (interquartile range 2.7-3.0 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 284 patients (46.7%) used digoxin after the dose-adjustment phase (median dosage 0.250 mg; interquartile range 0.0625-0.750 mg). These patients were more often women, previously admitted for HF, had an increased left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and more often randomized to strict rate control. By using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the use of digoxin was not associated with an increased risk for the primary and secondary outcomes. For the primary outcome, the 3-year estimated cumulative incidence was 12.9% vs 13.4% in the digoxin group vs the no-digoxin group (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-1.52). Incidence was 19.4% vs. 19.5% for CV hospitalization (unadjusted HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.69-1.45) and 6.6% vs. 9.9% for all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization (unadjusted HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.34-1.13) in the digoxin group vs the no-digoxin group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of digoxin was not associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Van Veldhuisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harry J G M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Crijns
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan G P
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.affiliation: Trial Coordination Center, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hillege
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alings
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rienstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Van den Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: i.c.van.gelder@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Isabelle C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Van Gelder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D004077:Digoxin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D004077:Digoxin
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Digoxin; Morbidity; Mortality; Rate control