title: Serum phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between serum phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  51 patients with T2DM and NAFLD (T2DM+NAFLD group), 50 with T2DM alone (T2DM group), 45 with NAFLD alone (NAFLD group), and 42 healthy control subjects (NC group) were studied. Serum ω-3 PUFA profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and serum lipid concentrations were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HOMA-IR levels were higher in the T2DM+NAFLD group than in the T2DM, NAFLD and NC groups (p<0.05), as were ALT, AST, GGT, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations (p<0.05). Conversely, serum ω-3 PUFA levels were significantly lower in the T2DM+NAFLD group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The ω-3 PUFA level was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR, TC, LDL-C and TG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum phospholipid ω-3 PUFA levels were significantly decreased in patients with T2DM and NAFLD, and were negatively related with insulin resistance. Thus, reduced ω-3 PUFAs may play an important role in the development of T2DM and NAFLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Da-Jun
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China. Electronic address: sxzqq@126.com.
authors.forename: Qi-Qian
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Qiao-Ying
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Medicine and Bioscience College, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Zhen
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D010743:Phospholipids
keywords: Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Fatty acids, unsaturated; Fatty liver, non-alcoholic; Insulin resistance; Phospholipids