title: The effects of profound hypothermia on pancreas ischemic injury: a new experimental model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) has a key role in pancreas surgery and transplantation. Most experimental models evaluate the normothermic phase of the IR. We proposed a hypothermic model of pancreas IR to evaluate the benefic effects of the cold ischemic phase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a reproducible model of hypothermic pancreatic IR. The ischemia was induced in the pancreatic tail portion (1-hour ischemia, 4-hour reperfusion) in 36 Wistar rats. They are divided in 3 groups as follows: group 1 (control), sham; group 2, normothermic IR; and group 3, hypothermic IR. In group 3, the temperature was maintained as close to 4.5°C. After reperfusion, serum amylase and lipase levels, inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6), and pancreas histology were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In pancreatic IR groups, amylase, cytokines, and histological damage were significantly increased when compared with group 1. In the group 3, we observed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor α (P = 0.004) and interleukin 6 (P = 0.001) when compared with group 2. We did not observe significant difference in amylase (P = 0.867), lipase (P = 0.993), and histology (P = 0.201).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experimental model, we reproduced the cold phase of pancreas IR, and the pancreas hypothermia reduced the inflammatory mediators after reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: From the *Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, and †Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital of São Paulo University, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinicius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rocha-Santos
authors.forename: Oscar Cavalcante
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Carlos Andrés
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pantanali
authors.forename: Marcel Povlovistsch
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.forename: Rafael Antonio Arruda
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pecora
authors.forename: Rafael Soares
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: Laura Carolina López
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Claro
authors.forename: Emílio Elias
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: Eleazar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaib
authors.forename: Luiz Augusto Carneiro
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: D'Albuquerque
mesh_terms: D000681:Amylases / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008049:Lipase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008049:Lipase; D000681:Amylases