title: Glucose and glutamine metabolism in oral squamous cell carcinoma: insight from a quantitative metabolomic approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the metabolic system of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) by metabolome analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolome profiles, including the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMPP), the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC), and amino acids, were obtained from OSCC and its surrounding normal tissues (32 patients) using capillary electrophoresis and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhancement of glucose consumption and lactate production (Warburg effect) was observed in OSCC tissues. The decrease of glucose along with the decrease of the downstream intermediates in the EMPP suggests that incorporated glucose is mainly consumed for biosynthesis. Glutamine consumption with the increase of the intermediates in the last half of the TCAC suggests the involvement of glutaminolysis, in which glutamine is converted to lactate via the last half of the TCAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is suggested that OSCC tissues show the Warburg effect, which stems from the combined enhancement of glucose consumption and glutaminolysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Jumpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Washio
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Seishi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echigo
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan. Electronic address: nobu-t@dent.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D005947:Glucose