title: Visualizing uncertainty: the impact on performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work investigated the impact of uncertainty representation on performance in a complex authentic visualization task, submarine localization.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Because passive sonar does not provide unique course, speed, and range information on a contact, the submarine operates under significant uncertainty. There are many algorithms designed to address this problem, but all are subject to uncertainty. The extent of this solution uncertainty can be expressed in several ways, including a table of locations (course, speed, range) or a graphical area of uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the hypothesis that the representation of uncertainty that more closely matches the experts' preferred representation of the problem would better support performance, even for the nonexpert, performance data were collected using displays that were either stripped of the spatial or the tabular representation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance was more accurate when uncertainty was displayed spatially. This effect was only significant for the nonexperts for whom the spatial displays supported almost expert-like performance. This effect appears to be due to reduced mental effort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that when the representation of uncertainty for this spatial task better matches the expert's preferred representation of the problem even a nonexpert can show expert-like performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results could apply to any domain where performance requires working with highly uncertain information.
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kirschenbaum
authors.forename: J Gregory
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Trafton
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Schunn
authors.forename: Susan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Trickett
mesh_terms: D003626:Data Display; D006801:Humans; D013366:Submarine Medicine; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D035501:Uncertainty; D014796:Visual Perception