title: The posterior surgical treatment for focal kyphosis in upper-middle thoracic spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical characteristics of focal kyphosis in upper thoracic spine, and observe the outcome of the posterior corrective surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients of focal kyphosis were treated with posterior surgical procedures in our medical center. The kyphosis apex was above T6 in all cases. The surgical procedures performed in this study included pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) in six cases and vertebral column resection (VCR) in seven cases. For each case, the kyphosis angle, curvature of lower thoracic spine, lumbar lordosis angle, cervical lordosis angle, pelvic parameters, and the sagittal plane balance of the spine were compared before and after surgery. Neurological function change was assessed based on Frankel grading system and oswestry disability index (ODI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average follow-up time of this study was 28.3 months. The average kyphosis angle was reduced from 73.5º before surgery to 32.7º immediately after surgery, and remained at 33.5º at follow-up. The average ODI improved from 22.5 before surgery to 15.5 at follow-up. The neurological function improved after surgery in eight cases. There were two cases of transient neurological deficiency in the lower extremities after VCR procedure, who eventually recovered under postoperative care. One case had recurrent kyphosis due to implant failure after VCR procedure, and recovered after the revision surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although high risk needs to be warned, the corrective surgery for focal kyphosis in upper thoracic spine still can achieve satisfactory results. Given the comparative surgical results yet less complications, PSO seems to be a preferable procedure over VCR for kyphosis at this region.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Department, Peking University Third Hospital, No 49. North Garden Street, Beijing, 100191, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Zhongqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhaoqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Weishi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chuiguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult