title: The critical role of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide on physico-chemical, technological and biological properties of NLC.
abstract: Exploiting the experimental factorial design and the potentiality of Turbiscan AG Station, we developed and characterized unmodified and DDAB-coated NLC prepared by a low energy organic solvent free phase inversion temperature technique. A 22 full factorial experimental design was developed in order to study the effects of two independent variables (DDAB and ferulic acid) and their interaction on mean particle size and zeta potential values. The factorial planning was validated by ANOVA analysis; the correspondence between the predicted values of size and zeta and those measured experimentally confirmed the validity of the design and the equation applied for its resolution. The DDAB-coated NLC were significantly affected in their physico-chemical properties by the presence of DDAB, as showed by the results of the experimental design. The coated NLC showed higher physical stability with no particles aggregation compared to the unmodified NLC, as demonstrated by Turbiscan(®) AGS measurements. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Cryo-TEM images allowed us to assert that DDAB plays a critical role in increasing the lipids structural order with a consequent enhancement of the NLC physical stability. Furthermore, the results of the in vitro biological studies allow the revisiting of the role of DDAB to the benefit of glioblastoma treatment, due to its efficacy in increasing the NLC uptake and reducing the viability of human glioblastoma cancer cells (U87MG).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Li-Sa Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University La Sapienza of Rome, via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: ccarbone@unict.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.affiliation: Section of Biochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campisi
authors.affiliation: Physics Applied to Material Science Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manno
authors.affiliation: Physics Applied to Material Science Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spatuzza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.affiliation: Section of Biochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bonfanti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Puglisi
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004583:Electrons; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008055:Lipids; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C046112:didodecyldimethylammonium; C004999:ferulic acid; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: Cell cultures; Cryo-TEM; Factorial design; Lipid nanoparticles; Turbiscan AG Station; X-ray diffraction