title: Reduced diaphyseal strength associated with high intracortical vascular porosity within long bones of children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
abstract: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder resulting in bone fragility. The mechanisms behind this fragility are not well understood. In addition to characteristic bone mass deficiencies, research suggests that bone material properties are compromised in individuals with this disorder. However, little data exists regarding bone properties beyond the microstructural scale in individuals with this disorder. Specimens were obtained from long bone diaphyses of nine children with osteogenesis imperfecta during routine osteotomy procedures. Small rectangular beams, oriented longitudinally and transversely to the diaphyseal axis, were machined from these specimens and elastic modulus, yield strength, and maximum strength were measured in three-point bending. Intracortical vascular porosity, bone volume fraction, osteocyte lacuna density, and volumetric tissue mineral density were determined by synchrotron micro-computed tomography, and relationships among these mechanical properties and structural parameters were explored. Modulus and strength were on average 64-68% lower in the transverse vs. longitudinal beams (P<0.001, linear mixed model). Vascular porosity ranged between 3 and 42% of total bone volume. Longitudinal properties were associated negatively with porosity (P≤0.006, linear regressions). Mechanical properties, however, were not associated with osteocyte lacuna density or volumetric tissue mineral density (P≥0.167). Bone properties and structural parameters were not associated significantly with donor age (P≥0.225, linear mixed models). This study presents novel data regarding bone material strength in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Results confirm that these properties are anisotropic. Elevated vascular porosity was observed in most specimens, and this parameter was associated with reduced bone material strength. These results offer insight toward understanding bone fragility and the role of intracortical porosity on the strength of bone tissue in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center (OREC), Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: carolyne.albert@marquette.edu.
authors.forename: Carolyne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center (OREC), Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: john.jameson@marquette.edu.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jameson
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: psmith@shrinenet.org.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Engineering Center (OREC), Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: gerald.harris@marquette.edu.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010013:Osteogenesis Imperfecta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016062:Porosity; D014019:Tissue Donors; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Flexural properties; Intracortical porosity; Osteogenesis imperfecta; Pediatric bone; Strength