title: Mass spectrometry and redox proteomics: applications in disease.
abstract: Proteomics techniques are continuously being developed to further understanding of biology and disease. Many of the pathways that are relevant to disease mechanisms rely on the identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and glycosylation. Much attention has also been focused on oxidative PTMs which include protein carbonyls, protein nitration, and the incorporation of fatty acids and advanced glycation products to amino acid side chains, amongst others. The introduction of these PTMs in the cell can occur due to the attack of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) on proteins. ROS and RNS can be present as a result of normal metabolic processes as well as external factors such as UV radiation, disease, and environmental toxins. The imbalance of ROS and RNS with antioxidant cellular defenses leads to a state of oxidative stress, which has been implicated in many diseases. Redox proteomics techniques have been used to characterize oxidative PTMs that result as a part of normal cell signaling processes as well as oxidative stress conditions. This review highlights many of the redox proteomics techniques which are currently available for several oxidative PTMs and brings to the reader's attention the application of redox proteomics for understanding disease pathogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders and others such as cancer, kidney, and heart diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506.
authors.forename: D Allan
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.forename: Liqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Domenico
authors.forename: Renã A S
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005609:Free Radicals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015538:Nitrosation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D015415:Biomarkers; D005609:Free Radicals; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D011506:Proteins; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D005978:Glutathione; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
keywords: oxidative PTMs; protein carbonyls; protein nitration; proteomics; redox proteomics; review