title: Effects of water accommodated fractions of crude oils and diesel on a suite of biomarkers in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize concentration- and time-dependent responses in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) following exposure for one and three weeks to the water-soluble fraction (WAF) of three weathered oils: Arabian Light crude oil (ALC), North Sea crude oil (NSC) and ship-diesel. The sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water was highest after one week of exposure and within environmentally relevant concentrations. PAH metabolites in bile confirmed exposure to and uptake of PAHs. Hepatic cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene expression (mRNA quantification) increased dramatically following exposure to all three oil types (fold-change up to 165) and there was a time lag between gene and protein expression. Hepatic CYP1A protein concentration and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were more variable among individuals and treatments than gene expression. EROD activity in liver and gills increased in fish exposed to WAF from the two crude oils, but not in fish exposed to WAF from diesel. Exposure to diesel appeared to induce oxidative stress to a greater extent than exposure to crude oils. Other biomarkers (glutathione S-transferases, acetylcholine esterase, vitellogenin) did not appear to respond to the exposure and hence did not discriminate among oils. Biomarker responses in cod after exposure to weathered crude oils and diesel suggested that the CYP1A system and oxidative stress markers have the highest potential for discriminating among different oil types and to monitor the environmental consequences of spills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: t.f.holth@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Holth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Eidsvoll
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadaléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farmen
authors.affiliation: CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Varadero 1, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gómez
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, EPOC/LPTC (UMR 5805 CNRS), 351 crs de la Libération, Talence, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinski
authors.affiliation: IFREMER, Unit of Research in Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Rue de I'lle d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burgeot
authors.affiliation: CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology & ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, Department of Population Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guilhermino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000502:physiology*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D005880:Gills / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D009659:North Sea; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005742:Gasoline; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1
keywords: Atlantic cod; Biomarkers; Ship-diesel; Time-course; Water accommodated fraction; Weathered crude oil