title: Recent advances in optical microscopy methods for subcellular imaging of thick biological tissues.
abstract: Optical microscopy has been widely applied in cellular and subcellular imaging. Conventional light microscopes, however, have rather limited imaging depth and are limited to imaging only mechanically sectioned thin samples. Multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence microscopy are common techniques for diffraction-limited imaging beyond an imaging depth of 0.5 mm. Focal modulation microscopy is a novel method that combines confocal spatial filtering with focal modulation to reject out-of-focus backgrounds. Focal modulation microscopy has demonstrated an imaging depth comparable to those of multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence microscopy, near-real-time image acquisition, and capability with a multiple contrast mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nanguang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shakil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Colin J R
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D003584:Cytological Techniques; D004867:Equipment Design; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D061848:Optical Imaging