title: Antiplasmodial properties of kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside isolated from the leaves ofSchima wallichiiagainst chloroquine-resistantPlasmodium falciparum.
abstract: Previous intervention studies have shown that the most effective agents used in the treatment of malaria were isolated from natural sources. Plants consumed by non-human primates serve as potential drug sources for human disease management due to the similarities in anatomy, physiology and disease characteristics. The present study investigated the antiplasmodial properties of the primate-consumed plant,Schima wallichii(S. wallichii)Korth. (familyTheaceae), which has already been reported to have several biological activities. The ethanol extract ofS. wallichiiwas fractionated based on polarity usingn-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. The antiplasmodial activity was testedin vitroagainst chloroquine-resistantPlasmodium falciparum(P. falciparum) at 100 μg/ml for 72 h. The major compound of the most active ethyl acetate fraction was subsequently isolated using column chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The characterized compound was also tested against chloroquine-resistantP. falciparumin culture to evaluate its antiplasmodial activity. The ethanol extract ofS. wallichiiat 100 μg/ml exhibited a significant parasite shrinkage after 24 h of treatment. The ethyl acetate fraction at 100 μg/ml was the most active fraction against chloroquine-resistantP. falciparum. Based on the structural characterization, the major compound isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction was kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, which showed promising antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistantP. falciparumwith an IC50of 106 μM after 24 h of treatment. The present study has provided a basis for the further investigation of kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside as an active compound for potential antimalarial therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Melisa I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Barliana
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua 98364, Indonesia ; Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Eka W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Suradji
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia ; Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Rizky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdulah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Ajeng
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diantini
authors.affiliation: Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatabu
authors.affiliation: Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nakajima-Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, West Java 45363, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subarnas
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
keywords: antiplasmodial; malaria; medicinal plant; natural product; primates