title: Crossed SMPS MOSFET-based protection circuit for high frequency ultrasound transceivers and transducers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ultrasonic transducer is one of the core components of ultrasound systems, and the transducer's sensitivity is significantly related the loss of electronic components such as the transmitter, receiver, and protection circuit. In an ultrasonic device, protection circuits are commonly used to isolate the electrical noise between an ultrasound transmitter and transducer and to minimize unwanted discharged pulses in order to protect the ultrasound receiver. However, the performance of the protection circuit and transceiver obviously degrade as the operating frequency or voltage increases. We therefore developed a crossed SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply) MOSFET-based protection circuit in order to maximize the sensitivity of high frequency transducers in ultrasound systems.The high frequency pulse signals need to trigger the transducer, and high frequency pulse signals must be received by the transducer. We therefore selected the SMPS MOSFET, which is the main component of the protection circuit, to minimize the loss in high frequency operation. The crossed configuration of the protection circuit can drive balanced bipolar high voltage signals from the pulser and transfer the balanced low voltage echo signals from the transducer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The equivalent circuit models of the SMPS MOSFET-based protection circuit are shown in order to select the proper device components. The schematic diagram and operation mechanism of the protection circuit is provided to show how the protection circuit is constructed. The P-Spice circuit simulation was also performed in order to estimate the performance of the crossed MOSFET-based protection circuit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the performance of our crossed SMPS MOSFET-based protection circuit with a commercial diode-based protection circuit. At 60 MHz, our expander and limiter circuits have lower insertion loss than the commercial diode-based circuits. The pulse-echo test is typical method to evaluate the sensitivity of ultrasonic transducers. Therefore, we performed a pulse-echo test using a single element transducer in order to utilize the crossed SMPS MOSFET-based protection circuit in an ultrasound system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SMPS-based protection circuit could be a viable alternative that provides better sensitivity, especially for high frequency ultrasound applications.
authors.affiliation: NIH Transducer Resource Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. hojongch@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Hojong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: K Kirk
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shung
mesh_terms: D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010087:Oxides; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014159:Transducers; D014173:Transistors, Electronic; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides