title: Subdural hygromas in abusive head trauma: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and forensic implications.
abstract: Are subdural hygromas the result of abusive head trauma? CT and MR imaging represent important tools for the diagnosis of abusive head trauma in living infants. In addition, in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of subdural hygromas is increasingly required by neuroradiologists, pediatricians, and forensic physicians. Therefore, the current knowledge on subdural hygromas is summarized and forensic conclusions are drawn. The most important diagnostic pitfalls, benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space, and chronic subdural hematoma, are discussed in detail. Illustrative cases from forensic practice are presented. Literature analysis indicates that subdural hygromas can occur immediately or be delayed. If other infrequent reasons can be excluded, the presence of subdural hygromas strongly suggests a posttraumatic state and should prompt the physician to search for other signs of abuse. To differentiate subdural hygromas from other pathologies, additional MR imaging of the infant's head is indispensable after initial CT scan.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Forensic Medicine (D.W., B.K., H.P.) daniel.wittschieber@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wittschieber
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Forensic Medicine (D.W., B.K., H.P.).
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Radiology (T.N.), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niederstadt
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Forensic Medicine (D.W., B.K., H.P.).
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.L.H.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hahnemann
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male