title: Directional properties of fluorenylidene moieties in unsymmetrically substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes. Unexpected CH activation of a methylfluorenyl group with palladium. Use in palladium catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of aryl chlorides.
abstract: Benzimidazolium salts having their two nitrogen atoms substituted by different 9-alkylfluorenyl groups ( and , alkyl(1)/alkyl(2) = Me/Et, Me/Pr, Me/n-Bu, Me/i-Pr, Me/Bn, Me/CH2SMe have been synthesised in high yields in two or three steps from N,N'-bis(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)benzene-1,2-diamine (). The imidazolium salts were converted readily into the corresponding PEPPSI-type palladium complexes (PEPPSI = pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilisation and initiation), while reaction of the methylthioether-substituted salt with PdCl2/K2CO3/pyridine afforded the palladacycle resulting from metallation of the methyl group attached to the fluorenylidene moiety. NMR and X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the carbene ligands in behave as clamp-like ligands, the resulting metal confinement arising from a combination of the orientational properties of the fluorenylidene moieties that push the alkyl groups towards the metal centre and attractive anagostic interactions involving CH2(fluorenyl) groups. Complexes were assessed in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Like their symmetrical analogues they displayed high activity in the coupling of phenyl boronic acid with p-tolylchloride but their performance remained slightly inferior to that of the related, symmetrical Et/Et complex .
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67008 Strasbourg Cedex, France. dmatt@unistra.fr eric.brenner@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teci
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matt
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gourlaouen
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toupet