title: Uric acid: association with rate of renal function decline and time until start of dialysis in incident pre-dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) hyperuricemia is common. Evidence that hyperuricemia might also play a causal role in vascular disease, hypertension and progression of CKD is accumulating. Therefore, we studied the association between baseline uric acid (UA) levels and the rate of decline in renal function and time until start of dialysis in pre-dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the PREPARE-2 study were used. The PREPARE-2 study is an observational prospective cohort study including incident pre-dialysis patients with CKD stages IV-V in the years between 2004 and 2011. Patients were followed for a median of 14.9 months until start of dialysis, kidney transplantation, death, or censoring. Main outcomes were the change in the rate of decline in renal function (measured as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)) estimated using linear mixed models, and time until start of dialysis estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this analysis 131 patients were included with a baseline UA level (mean (standard deviation (SD)) of 8.0 (1.79) mg/dl) and a mean decline in renal function of -1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), -2.01; -1.22) ml/min/1.73 m2/year. The change in decline in GFR associated with a unit increase in UA at baseline was -0.14 (95% CI -0.61;0.33, p=0.55) ml/min/1.73 m2/year. Adjusted for demography, comorbidities, diet, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipids, proteinuria, diuretic and/or allopurinol usage the change in decline in eGFR did not change. The hazard ratio (HR) for starting dialysis for each mg/dl increase in UA at baseline was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.94;1.24, p=0.27). After adjustment for the same confounders the HR became significant at 1.26 (95% CI, 1.06;1.49, p=0.01), indicating an earlier start of dialysis with higher levels of UA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although high UA levels are not associated with an accelerated decline in renal function, a high serum UA level in incident pre-dialysis patient is a risk factor for an earlier start of dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands. h.nacak@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nacak
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Diepen
authors.forename: Moniek C M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Goeij
authors.forename: Joris I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rotmans
authors.forename: Friedo W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015415:Biomarkers; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009426:Netherlands; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid