title: Upper aero-digestive contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and implications in Cystic Fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a severe genetic disorder that is common among the Caucasian population. Bacterial respiratory infections are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen of lower airways (LAW) decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  To understand chronic broncho-pulmonary colonization, a systematic review is conducted. The aim of our article is to identify the pathways of contamination in the upper aero-digestive tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large number of articles report that P. aeruginosa is established first at nasopharyngeal sites. The vast majority of authors agree that the upper aero-digestive tract is the first location of colonization by P. aeruginosa and its presence appears to be predictive of subsequent broncho-pulmonary colonization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review supports the possible involvement of the nasal and paranasal sinuses and oral cavity as means of contamination.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM-EA 3882), Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne (UBO-UEB), 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex, France. Electronic address: rocio.rivascaldas@univ-brest.fr.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivas Caldas
authors.affiliation: Département de Chirurgie Orale, Pôle Organes des Sens, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU), 5 Av. Foch, 29609 Brest Cedex, France; Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM-EA 3882), (UBO-UEB), 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex, France; CRCM, centre de Perharidy, Route de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, France. Electronic address: sylvie.boisrame-gastrin@univ-brest.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boisramé
mesh_terms: D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000382:microbiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Cystic Fibrosis; Mouth; Nasal cavity; Paranasal sinuses; Pseudomonas aeruginosa