title: Deaggregators inhibit TNF-α-induced leukocyte adhesion in vitro by breaking up hydrophobic lipophilic interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deaggregators (deAgrs) are nontoxic organic molecules that possess the ability to deaggregate simple aggregates formed by hydrophobic lipophilic interactions (HLI). Since HLI-driven organic molecule aggregates may induce leukocyte adhesion, we investigated the influence of deAgrs on TNF-α-mediated leukocyte adhesion in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  For adhesion studies, vascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells monolayers were treated with TNF-α (10 μg/L) and deAgrs for 24 h, followed by addition of monocytes or neutrophils suspension. The non-adherent leukocytes were rinsed, and the number of attached leukocytes was measured using an ELISA plate reader. Simultaneously, fluorescence probes Np-12 and Np-Ch were used to measure the deaggregating efficiencies of these deAgrs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the nine deAgrs tested,eight significantly reduced the cell adhesion rates with the order of efficiencies: 260 > 160 > 568 > ZPMOP > R68 > 640 > TB6PMOP > CNS, but TBHQ had no effect. The deAgrs for deaggregating an aggregated probe (Np-12 or Np-Ch) exhibited a similar order of efficiencies: 260 > 160 > 568 > ZPMOP > R68 > 640 > TB6PMOP > CNS > 12-AA > 11-AA > TBHQ. Spearman correlation coefficient analyses indicated that the adherent rates of leukocytes to endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells treated with deAgrs had significantly negative correlation to their deaggregating abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DeAgrs effectively inhibit TNF-α-mediated leukocyte adhesion in vitro by breaking up hydrophobic lipophilic interactions, thus may be further tested for blocking atherogenesis.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zheng-Wu
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Xiu-Jia
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guo-Zhen
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055808:Drug Discovery; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions / Q000187:drug effects*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha