title: Design of parallel transmission pulses for simultaneous multislice with explicit control for peak power and local specific absorption rate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design parallel transmit (pTx) simultaneous multislice (SMS) spokes pulses with explicit control for peak power and local and global specific absorption rate (SAR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We design SMS pTx least-squares and magnitude least squares spokes pulses while constraining local SAR using the virtual observation points (VOPs) compression of SAR matrices. We evaluate our approach in simulations of a head (7T) and a body (3T) coil with eight channels arranged in two z-rows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For many of our simulations, control of average power by Tikhonov regularization of the SMS pTx spokes pulse design yielded pulses that violated hardware and SAR safety limits. On the other hand, control of peak power alone yielded pulses that violated local SAR limits. Pulses optimized with control of both local SAR and peak power satisfied all constraints and therefore had the best excitation performance under limited power and SAR constraints. These results extend our previous results for single slice pTx excitations but are more pronounced because of the large power demands and SAR of SMS pulses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explicit control of local SAR and peak power is required to generate optimal SMS pTx excitations satisfying both the system's hardware limits and regulatory safety limits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: Kawin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Setsompop
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Benedikt A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Poser
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Stenger
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: low flip angle; multiband; parallel transmission; pulse design; simultaneous multislice; specific absorption rate