title: Monitoring salivary amylase activity is useful for providing timely analgesia under sedation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect the criteria and cause of elevated salivary amylase activity (sAMY) in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) under sedation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 41 patients with early gastric cancer removed via ESD under deep sedation (DS) were enrolled. The perioperative sAMY, which was shown as sympathetic excitements (SE), was measured. The time at which a patient exhibited a relatively increased rate of sAMY compared with the preoperative baseline level (IR, %) ≥ 100% (twice the actual value) was assumed as the moment when the patient received SE. Among the 41 patients, we focused on 14 patients who exhibited an IR ≥ 100% at any time that was associated with sAMY elevation during ESD (H-group) and examined whether any particular endoscopic procedures can cause SE by simultaneously monitoring the sAMY level. If a patient demonstrated an elevated sAMY level above twice the baseline level, the endoscopic procedure was immediately stopped. In the impossible case of discontinuance, analgesic medicines were administered. This study was performed prospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 26 episodes of sAMY eruption were considered moments of SE in the H-group. The baseline level of sAMY significantly increased in association with an IR of > 100% at 5 min, with a significant difference (IR immediately before elevation/IR at elevation of sAMY = 8.72 ± 173/958 ± 1391%, P < 0.001). However, effective intervention decreased the elevated sAMY level immediately within only 5 min, with a significant difference (IR at sAMY elevation/immediately after intervention = 958 ± 1391/476 ± 1031, P < 0.001). The bispectral indices, systolic blood pressure and pulse rates, which were measured at the same time, remained stable throughout the ESD. Forceful endoscopic insertion or over insufflation was performed during 22 of the 26 episodes. Release of the gastric wall tension and/or the administration of analgesic medication resulted in the immediate recovery of the elevated sAMY level, independent of body movement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By detecting twice the actual sAMY based on the preoperative level, the release of the gastric wall tension or the administration of analgesic agents should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uesato
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nabeya
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akai
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horibe
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahira
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Masaya Uesato, Takashi Akai, Daisuke Horibe, Hisahiro Matsubara, Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisahiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
keywords: Analgesia; Anesthesia; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Gastric wall tension; Salivary amylase activity; Sedation; Sympathetic excitement