title: Fried-food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: a prospective study in 2 cohorts of US women and men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Through the processes of oxidation, polymerization, and hydrogenation, the cooking method of frying modifies both foods and their frying medium. However, it remains unknown whether the frequent consumption of fried foods is related to long-term cardiometabolic health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined fried-food consumption and risk of developing incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) or coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fried-food consumption was assessed by using a questionnaire in 70,842 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2010) and 40,789 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2010) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate RRs and 95% CIs for T2D and CAD adjusted for demographic, diet, lifestyle, and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Results were pooled by using an inverse variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented 10,323 incident T2D cases and 5778 incident CAD cases. Multivariate-adjusted RRs (95% CIs) for individuals who consumed fried foods <1, 1-3, 4-6, or ≥7 times/wk were 1.00 (reference), 1.15 (0.97, 1.35), 1.39 (1.30, 1.49), and 1.55 (1.32, 1.83), respectively, for T2D and 1.00 (reference), 1.06 (0.98, 1.15), 1.23 (1.14, 1.33), and 1.21 (1.06, 1.39), respectively, for CAD. Associations were largely attenuated when we further controlled for biennially updated hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent fried-food consumption was significantly associated with risk of incident T2D and moderately with incident CAD, and these associations were largely mediated by body weight and comorbid hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chiuve
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Nutrition (LEC, QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Epidemiology (WCW, FBH, and EBR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine (QS, WCW, FBH, and EBR) and Division of Preventive Medicine (SEC), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (AP) and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (AP), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003296:Cooking; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology