title: Expression of gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 and gastric emptying in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus- and ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus-lesioned rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the expression levels of gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH)-lesioned (obese) and ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus (VLH)-lesioned (lean) rats that exhibit an imbalance in their energy metabolism and gastric mobility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a VMH-lesioned group, a VLH-lesioned group, and their respective sham-operated groups. The animals had free access to food and water, and their diets and weights were monitored after surgery. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining were used to analyse the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 immunoreactive (IR) cells in the stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and colon, respectively. Gastric emptying was also assessed using a modified phenol red-methylcellulose recovery method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VMH-lesioned rats fed normal chow exhibited markedly greater food intake and body weight gain, whereas the VLH-lesioned rats exhibited markedly lower food intake and body weight gain. NUCB2/nesfatin-1 IR cells were localised in the lower third and middle portion of the gastric mucosal gland and in the submucous layer of the enteric tract. Compared with their respective controls, gastric emptying was enhanced in the VMH-lesioned rats (85.94% ± 2.27%), whereas the VLH lesions exhibited inhibitory effects on gastric emptying (29.12% ± 1.62%). In the VMH-lesioned rats, the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 protein were significantly increased in the stomach and duodenum and reduced in the small intestine. In addition, the levels of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 protein in the VLH-lesioned rats were decreased in the stomach, duodenum, and small intestine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that nesfatin-1 level in the stomach and duodenum is positively correlated with body mass. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between gastric emptying and body mass. The results of this study indicate that gastrointestinal nesfatin-1 may play a significant role in gastric mobility and energy homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Bin
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Run-Jun
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Gui-Rong
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Zhou
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zi-Bin Tian, Run-Jun Deng, Liang-Zhou Wei, Xin-Juan Kong, Xue-Li Ding, Xue Jing, Cui-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yin-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007026:Hypothalamic Area, Lateral / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000080866:Nucleobindins; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation*; D013997:Time Factors; D014697:Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C000630652:Nucb1 protein, rat; D000080866:Nucleobindins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Anorexia; Gastric emptying; Gastrointestinal tract; Hyperphagia; Nesfatin-1; Nucleobindin; Obesity; Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus