title: Kinematics of 2 reciprocating endodontic motors: the difference between actual and set values.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the kinematics of 2 reciprocating motors and compare it with manufacturers' declared values.
  
  
  METHODS
  VDW Silver (VDW, Munich, Germany) and ATR Tecnika (Tecnika, Pistoia, Italy) were used in the study in 5 working modes: continuous rotation at 400 rpm on VDW Silver and ATR Tecnika and reciprocating motion on ATR Tecnika at 400 rpm and on VDW Silver in Reciproc and WaveOne mode. The polishing disk with an optical target was inserted in the contra-angle and recorded with a 1000-frames per second video camera. The direction and the amount of rotation were analyzed by computer, and the following kinematics parameters were calculated: engaging and disengaging angles, cycle rotational speeds, engaging and disengaging rotational speeds, net cycle angle, total cycle angle, and number of cycles to complete full rotation. One-way analysis of variance followed by planned pair-wise comparisons was used to compare kinematics parameters. The alpha error was set to 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance revealed a difference between actual and set values of all 3 reciprocating modes in all kinematics parameters (P < .001). No significant difference between the actual engaging angle of Reciproc and that of the WaveOne mode was found. For reciprocating motion on the ATR Tecnika at 400 rpm, the actual engaging and disengaging angles were 8- and 9-fold greater, respectively, compared with set angles (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kinematics of reciprocating instrumentation is more complex than it seems as described only with angles and rotational speed. Actual kinematics values differ from manufacturers' declared values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: ales.fidler@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Aleš
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fidler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D009038:Motion; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D012399:Rotation; D013499:Surface Properties; D014741:Video Recording / Q000379:methods
keywords: Continuous rotation; disengaging angle; endodontic motor; engaging angle; kinematics; reciprocating motion; rotational speed; video analysis