title: Estimation of the collective ionizing dose in the Portuguese population for the years 2011 and 2012, due to nuclear medicine exams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In 2009-2010 a Portuguese consortium was created to implement the methodologies proposed by the Dose Datamed II (DDM2) project, aiming to collect data from diagnostic X-ray and nuclear medicine (NM) procedures, in order to determine the most frequently prescribed exams and the associated ionizing radiation doses for the Portuguese population. The current study is the continuation of this work, although it focuses only on NM exams for the years 2011 and 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  The annual frequency of each of the 28 selected NM exams and the average administered activity per procedure was obtained by means of a nationwide survey sent to the 35 NM centres in Portugal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show a reduction of the number of cardiac exams performed in the last two years compared with 2010, leading to a reduction of the annual average effective dose of Portuguese population due to NM exams from 0.08 mSv ± 0.017 mSv/caput to 0.059 ± 0.011 mSv/caput in 2011 and 0.054 ± 0.011 mSv/caput in 2012. Portuguese total annual average collective effective dose due to medical procedures was estimated to be 625.6 ± 110.9 manSv in 2011 and 565.1 ± 117.3 manSv in 2012, a reduction in comparison with 2010 (840.3 ± 183.8 manSv).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most frequent exams and the ones that contributed the most for total population dose were the cardiac and bone exams, although a decrease observed in 2011 and in 2012 was verified. The authors intend to perform this study periodically to identify trends in the annual Portuguese average effective dose and to help to raise awareness about the potential dose optimization.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal. Electronic address: filipa.apbcosta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.affiliation: NuclearMed, HPA - Hospital Particular de Almada, Rua Manuel Febrero, 85, 2800-455 Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Hospital Garcia de Orta, Av. Torrado da Silva, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Hospital Garcia de Orta, Av. Torrado da Silva, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Fundação Champalimaud, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal; Medical Consult, SA, Campo Grande, n° 56-8° A, 1700-093 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Fundação Champalimaud, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Avenida Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaspar
authors.affiliation: Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Francisco Gentil, EPE, Av. Bissaya Barreto, n° 98, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Diaton, Unidade de Diagnóstico de Leiria, Rua das Olhalvas, Pousos, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Fundação Champalimaud, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Quadrantes - Unidade de Radioterapia do Funchal, Rua de Santa Rita, S. Martinho, 9000-238 Funchal, Portugal.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Atomedical, Rua Helena Félix, 11 D, 1600-121 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Hospital de Santa Maria, Cidade Universitária, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Godinho
authors.affiliation: ICNAS - Instituto de Ciências Nucleares Aplicadas à Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, Apartado, 70063046-854 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Hospital Garcia de Orta, Av. Torrado da Silva, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Atomedical, Rua Helena Félix, 11 D, 1600-121 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Hospital de Santa Maria, Cidade Universitária, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cantinho
authors.affiliation: Clínica Quadrantes Miraflores, Av. General Norton de Matos, 71 R/C Miraflores, 1495-068 Algés, Portugal.
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authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: HPP - Medicina Molecular, Av. da Boavista, 119 4050-115 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Francisco Gentil, EPE, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 3000-076 Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isidoro
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, EPE, R. Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, EPE, R. Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal; Hospital da Luz, Avenida Lusíada, 100, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rézio
authors.affiliation: Hospital da Luz, Avenida Lusíada, 100, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Administração Regional de Saúde - Algarve, Largo de São Pedro, n.° 15, 8000-145 Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simãozinho
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Hospital Geral de Santo António, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar - Edifício Neoclássico, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Medical Consult, SA, Campo Grande, n° 56-8° A, 1700-093 Lisboa, Portugal; Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Rua Mário Botas, Parque das Nações, 1998-018 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parafita
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Avenida Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pintão
authors.affiliation: Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Avenida Carlos Teixeira, 3, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lúcio
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
authors.forename: P
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009684:Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011174:Portugal; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: Collective dose; Dose Datamed II; Dosis colectiva; Dosis efectiva; Effective dose; Medicina Nuclear; Nuclear medicine; Población Portuguesa; Portuguese population