title: Human genetics. The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits.
abstract: Mexico harbors great cultural and ethnic diversity, yet fine-scale patterns of human genome-wide variation from this region remain largely uncharacterized. We studied genomic variation within Mexico from over 1000 individuals representing 20 indigenous and 11 mestizo populations. We found striking genetic stratification among indigenous populations within Mexico at varying degrees of geographic isolation. Some groups were as differentiated as Europeans are from East Asians. Pre-Columbian genetic substructure is recapitulated in the indigenous ancestry of admixed mestizo individuals across the country. Furthermore, two independently phenotyped cohorts of Mexicans and Mexican Americans showed a significant association between subcontinental ancestry and lung function. Thus, accounting for fine-scale ancestry patterns is critical for medical and population genetic studies within Mexico, in Mexican-descent populations, and likely in many other populations worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cdbustam@stanford.edu morenoe@stanford.edu esteban.burchard@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. cdbustam@stanford.edu morenoe@stanford.edu esteban.burchard@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gignoux
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernández-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zakharia
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Acuña-Alonzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero-Hidalgo
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Tello
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eimear E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nuño-Arana
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barquera-Lozano
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gastón
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macín-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Granados-Arriola
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huntsman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galanter
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Via
authors.affiliation: The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chapela
authors.affiliation: Veterans Caribbean Health Care System, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Cintron
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Santana
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sienra-Monge
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: del Rio Navarro
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Linares
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hidalgo-Miranda
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carnevale
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Soberón
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico. Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canizales-Quinteros
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rangel-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silva-Zolezzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. cdbustam@stanford.edu morenoe@stanford.edu esteban.burchard@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Esteban Gonzalez
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Burchard
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. cdbustam@stanford.edu morenoe@stanford.edu esteban.burchard@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bustamante
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000235:genetics*; D008800:Mexico; D011153:Population / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics