title: The accordion sign in the transplant ureter: ramifications during balloon dilation of strictures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to demonstrate the accordion sign within the transplant ureter and evaluate its ramifications during balloon dilation of strictures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective electronic chart and imaging review included demographic characteristics, procedure reports, and complications of 28 renal transplant patients having ureteral strictures treated with percutaneous balloon dilation reported in our transplant nephrology database during an 8-year period. The accordion sign was deemed present or absent on the basis of an imaging review and was defined as present when a tortuous ureter became kinked and irregular when foreshortened after placement of a wire or a catheter. Procedure-related urine leaks were categorized as occurring at the stricture if within 2 cm; otherwise, they were considered away from the stricture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accordion sign was associated with a significantly greater occurrence of leaks away from the stricture (P = 0.001) but not at the stricture (P = 0.34).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The accordion sign is an important consideration when performing balloon dilation procedures on transplant ureteral strictures, given the increased risk of leak away from the stricture. Its presence should prompt additional care during wire and catheter manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, 5777 E Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA, skriegshauser@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kriegshauser
authors.forename: Sailen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: Yu-Hui H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Huettl
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*