title: Field evaluation of four widely used mosquito traps in Central Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To monitor adult mosquitoes several trapping devices are available. These are differently constructed and use various mechanisms for mosquito attraction, thus resulting in different trapping sensitivities and efficacies for the various species. Mosquito monitoring and surveillance programs in Europe use various types of mosquito traps, but only a few comparisons have been conducted so far. This study compared the performance of four commercial trapping devices, which are commonly used in Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different traps, Biogents Sentinel trap (BG trap), Heavy Duty Encephalitis Vector Survey trap (EVS trap), Centres for Disease Control miniature light trap (CDC trap) and Mosquito Magnet Patriot Mosquito trap (MM trap) were compared in a 4 × 4 latin square study. In the years 2012 and 2013, more than seventy 24-hour trap comparisons were conducted at ten different locations in northern and southern Germany, representing urban, forest and floodplain biotopes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Per 24-hour trapping period, the BG trap caught the widest range of mosquito species, the highest number of individuals of the genus Culex as well as the highest number of individuals of the species Ochlerotatus cantans, Aedes cinereus/geminus, Oc. communis and Culex pipiens/torrentium. The CDC trap revealed best performance for Aedes vexans, whereas the MM trap was most efficient for mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles and the species Oc. geniculatus. The EVS trap did not catch more individuals of any genus or species compared to the other three trapping devices. The BG trap caught the highest number of individuals per trapping period in urban environments as well as in wet forest, while the CDC trap caught the highest number of individuals in the floodplain biotopes. Additionally, the BG trap was most efficient for the number of mosquito species in urban locations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BG trap showed a significantly better or similar performance compared to the CDC, EVS or MM trap with regard to trapping efficacy for most common mosquito species in Germany, including diversity of mosquito species and number of mosquitoes per trapping period. Thus, the BG trap is probably the best solution for general monitoring or surveillance programs of adult mosquitoes in Central Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. renke.luehken@uni-oldenburg.de.
authors.forename: Renke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lühken
authors.forename: Wolf Peter
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Pfitzner
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Börstler
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garms
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinke
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiel
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tannich
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krüger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D005858:Germany; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000295:instrumentation; D011156:Population Density; D013045:Species Specificity