title: Psychiatric and substance-use comorbidities associated with lifetime crack cocaine use in young adults in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between lifetime crack cocaine use and psychiatric (post-traumatic stress disorder, current depression, current dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, as well as SRQ scores and suicide risk) and substance-use disorders (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens and opioids) in youth in the general population of the city of Pelotas, RS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional population-based study, involving 1560 participants between 18 and 24 ears old. Lifetime substance use and abuse were investigated using the ASSIST inventory. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and symptoms of common mental disorders were evaluated with the Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of lifetime crack cocaine use in the sample was 2.5%. Its use was associated with total SRW scores and the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder, antisocial personality disorder and suicide risk in the final regression model. Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine and cocaine dependence were also associated with lifetime use of crack cocaine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youth with a history of crack cocaine use had a higher prevalence of psychiatric conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as an increased risk of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine and inhalant use and dependence.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joana C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Narvaez
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapczinski
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pechansky
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: pedromaga2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Magalhães
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine