title: Alcohol consumption and hormonal alterations related to muscle hypertrophy: a review.
abstract: Detrimental effects of acute and chronic alcohol (ethanol) consumption on human physiology are well documented in the literature. These adversely influence neural, metabolic, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory functions. However, the side effects of ethanol consumption on hormonal fluctuations and subsequent related skeletal muscle alterations have received less attention and as such are not entirely understood. The focus of this review is to identify the side effects of ethanol consumption on the major hormones related to muscle metabolism and clarify how the hormonal profiles are altered by such consumption.
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Ewan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: MEDEOR Research Institute, Via Emilio Salgari, 69, 90147 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Garden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tabacchi
authors.affiliation: Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, ME4 4TB, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karsten
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.affiliation: Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palma
keywords: Alcohol; Hormones; Muscle hypertrophy; Protein synthesis