title: Fish oil modulates glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling pathway in diabetes-induced hippocampal neurons apoptosis.
abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that diabetes induces learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of memory impairment induced by diabetes is poorly understood. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to enhance learning and memory and prevent memory deficits in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats, further explored the effect of fish oil on the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the spatial learning and memory were also evaluated using the Morris Water Maze. STZ-induced diabetes impaired spatial learning and memory of rats, which was associated with the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons and oxidative stress. Fish oil administration ameliorated cognitive deficit, reduced oxidative stress, increased AKT phosphorylation, decreased GSK-3β phosphorylation, and decreased pro-apoptotic molecules expression, which protected the hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in diabetic rats. These results suggested a potential role for fish oil as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xi Jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xi Jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Sen-Hai
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xi Jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xi Jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Yu-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xi Jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China. Electronic address: 306078869@qq.com.
authors.forename: Chang-Hai
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China. Electronic address: wfeng@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an 710032, PR China. Electronic address: fmmur.young@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rui-Hua
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005395:Fish Oils; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
keywords: Apoptosis; Cognitive impairments; Diabetes; Fish oil; GSK-3β; PKB/AKT