title: Incidence, predictors, and implications of reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction has negative consequences. Little is known about reinfarction after drug-eluting stents and bivalirudin anticoagulation. We, therefore, sought to determine the incidence, predictors, and implications of reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the contemporary era.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outcomes were assessed in 3202 patients undergoing stent implantation for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction in the Harmonizing Outcomes with RevascularIZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial. Independent predictors of reinfarction and mortality were identified by Cox proportional hazards modeling. The cumulative incidence of reinfarction was 1.8% at 30 days, 4.0% at 1 year, and 6.9% at 3 years. Definite stent thrombosis was responsible for 76.3% of reinfarctions occurring within 30 days and 52.0% of all reinfarctions within 3 years. Independent predictors of reinfarction were current smoking, Killip class ≥2, baseline thrombocytosis, multivessel disease, symptom onset-to-balloon time, and total stent length. Randomization to bivalirudin versus heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and use of drug-eluting versus bare metal stents were not significant predictors of reinfarction. Reinfarction was a powerful independent predictor of subsequent cardiac mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=7.65 [4.47-13.09]; P<0.0001) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=2.88 [1.74-4.78]; P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite advances in pharmacotherapy and stents, reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention is not infrequent, in the contemporary era is most often attributable to stent thrombosis, and is strongly associated with subsequent cardiac and all-cause mortality. Further enhancements in drugs and devices to prevent reinfarction are needed to improve outcomes in high-risk patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00433966.
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Samantha G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Serrao
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehran
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Tomey
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Witzenbichler
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guagliumi
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Jan Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Peruga
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Möckel
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: Sorin J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brener
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.).
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dangas
authors.affiliation: From the Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY (S.G.S., R.M., S.J.B., G.D., G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (G.W. Serrao, G.W. Stone); Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.M., M.I.T., G.D.); Department of Cardiology, Amper Kliniken AG, Dachau, Germany (B.W.); Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy (G.G.); Department of Cardiology, Medical University, Lodz, Poland (J.Z.P.); Department of Cardiology, LeBauer Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Moses Cone Hospital, Greensboro, NC (B.R.B.); Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (D.D.); Department of Cardiology, Charite/CVK, Berlin, Germany (M.M.); and Department of Cardiology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY (S.J.B.). gs2184@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Gregg W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006629:Hirudins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D006629:Hirudins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006493:Heparin; C074619:bivalirudin
keywords: myocardial infarction; prognosis; stents