title: [Prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias].
abstract: Hypospadias is the most common congenital malformation of the male external genitalia. After the heart and circulatory system, it is the second most common developmental disorder in males. It is due to a midline fusion defect of the male urethra, which results in a misplaced urethral meatus. Hypospadias may be distal, medial and proximal. It may occur as an isolated defect or it may develop together with other genital disorders (retention of testes in one or both sides, microphallus, bifid scrotum) or with malformation of other organs. In some cases syndromic forms may also occur. Genetic factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of early developmental defect, but endocrine and environmental factors may also be important in the aetiology of hypospadias. It may be associated with various sex and autosomal chromosomal abnormalities. Monogenic and chromosomal causes of hypospadias accounts for about in 30% of all cases, while genetic factors remain unknown in 70% of cases. The authors summarize the development of the male external genitalia, the prevalence and possible causes of hypospadias. They propose that better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease may contribute to the prevention and decreased prevalence of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Preventív Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Egyetemváros u. 1. 3515.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ságodi
authors.affiliation: Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Kórház és Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Gyermeksebészeti Osztály Miskolc.
authors.forename: Akos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Preventív Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Egyetemváros u. 1. 3515.
authors.forename: Emőke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiss-Tóth
authors.affiliation: Miskolci Egyetem, Egészségügyi Kar Elméleti Egészségtudományi Tanszék Miskolc Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Megyei Kórház és Egyetemi Oktató Kórház Csecsemő- és Gyermekosztály Miskolc Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Gyermekegészségügyi Továbbképző Intézet Miskolc.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barkai
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000196:embryology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000254:growth & development; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones
keywords: congenital developmental disorders; external genitalia; hypospadias; hypospadiasis; külső genitáliák; veleszületett fejlődési rendellenesség