title: Clinical improvement following therapy for periodontitis: Association with a decrease in IL-1 and IL-6.
abstract: Although a number of inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with periodontal pathogenesis, it is important to investigate further whether these biomarkers are associated with the degree of success in nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to quantify the total levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β, -6, -10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis patients prior to and following nonsurgical periodontal therapy. In total, 52 GCF samples from disease sites of patients with chronic periodontitis, prior to and following periodontal therapy, and ten non-disease sites from non-periodontitis subjects, were collected and cytokine concentrations were determined using a multiplex method. Periodontal parameters, including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and the clinical attachment level, in all the sites were recorded. Untreated disease sites exhibited higher cytokine levels in the GCF when compared with the non-disease sites. Nonsurgical periodontal therapy resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the total levels of IL-1α, -1β and -6 in the GCF, but not in IL-10 or TNF-α. The results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6, are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and are good markers to evaluate the success of nonsurgical therapy in disease sites of patients with periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD 4585-116, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cátia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD 4585-116, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandra Viana
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: DA Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de São João, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal.
authors.forename: João Tiago
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de São João, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tuna
authors.affiliation: Algoritmi Centre, Department of Production and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD 4585-116, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Julio
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Arosa
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD 4585-116, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD 4585-116, Portugal ; Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal.
authors.forename: Elsa Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
keywords: biomarkers; cytokines; gingival crevicular fluid; multiplex immunoassay; periodontal therapy