title: White mineral trioxide aggregate induces migration and proliferation of stem cells from the apical papilla.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regenerative endodontic protocols recommend white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) as a capping material because of its osteoinductive properties. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) are presumed to be involved in this regenerative process, but the effects of WMTA on SCAP are largely unknown. Our hypothesis was that WMTA induces proliferation and migration of SCAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we used an unsorted population of SCAP (passages 3-5) characterized by high CD24, CD146, and Stro-1 expression. The effect of WMTA on SCAP migration was assessed by using transwells, and its effect on proliferation was determined by the WST-1 assay. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and calcium chloride-enriched medium were used as positive controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SCAP analyzed here showed a low percentage of STRO-1+ and CD24+ cells. Both set and unset WMTA significantly increased the short-term migration of SCAP after 6 hours (P < .05), whereas calcium chloride-enriched medium did after 24 hours of exposure. Set WMTA significantly increased proliferation on days 1-5, whereas calcium-enriched medium showed a significant increase on day 7, with a significant reduction on proliferation afterwards. SCAP migration and proliferation were significantly and steadily induced by the presence of 2% and 10% FBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data demonstrate that WMTA induced an early short-term migration and proliferation of a mixed population of stem cells from apical papilla as compared with a later and longer-term induction by calcium chloride or FBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: G Rex
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chiego
authors.affiliation: Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jan C C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jacques E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nör
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: tbotero@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Tatiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Botero
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis; D001769:Blood; D051929:CD146 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D051927:CD24 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000166:cytology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: C110656:2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D051929:CD146 Antigen; D051927:CD24 Antigen; C497889:CD24 protein, human; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; C497902:MCAM protein, human; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; C525591:STRO-1 antigen, human; D017640:Silicates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D002122:Calcium Chloride
keywords: Calcium; MTA; SCAP; chemotaxis; dental; stem cells