title: Detection of PLGA-based nanoparticles at a single-cell level by synchrotron radiation FTIR spectromicroscopy and correlation with X-ray fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) is one of the few polymers approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a carrier for drug administration in humans; therefore, it is one of the most used materials in the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for therapeutic purposes. Because the cellular uptake of polymeric NPs is a hot topic in the nanomedicine field, the development of techniques able to ensure incontrovertible evidence of the presence of NPs in the cells plays a key role in gaining understanding of their therapeutic potential. On the strength of this premise, this article aims to evaluate the application of synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-FTIR) spectromicroscopy and SR X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) microscopy in the study of the in vitro interaction of PLGA NPs with cells. To reach this goal, we used PLGA NPs, sized around 200 nm and loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (PLGA-IO-NPs; Fe₃O₄; size, 10-15 nm). After exposing human mesothelial (MeT5A) cells to PLGA-IO-NPs (0.1 mg/mL), the cells were analyzed after fixation both by SR-FTIR spectromicroscopy and SR-XRF microscopy setups. SR-FTIR-SM enabled the detection of PLGA NPs at single-cell level, allowing polymer detection inside the biological matrix by the characteristic band in the 1,700-2,000 cm(-1) region. The precise PLGA IR-signature (1,750 cm(-1) centered pick) also was clearly evident within an area of high amide density. SR-XRF microscopy performed on the same cells investigated under SR-FTIR microscopy allowed us to put in evidence the Fe presence in the cells and to emphasize the intracellular localization of the PLGA-IO-NPs. These findings suggest that SR-FTIR and SR-XRF techniques could be two valuable tools to follow the PLGA NPs' fate in in vitro studies on cell cultures.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pascolo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bortot
authors.affiliation: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Polygone Scientifique Louis Néel, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Benseny-Cases
authors.affiliation: Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gianoncelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruozi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizzardi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Martino
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vandelli
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Severini
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017356:Synchrotrons
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: PLGA-NPs; SR-FTIR; SR-XRF; cell targeting; imaging