title: Neuroimaging correlates of pharmacological and psychological treatments for specific phobia.
abstract: Specific phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by irrational fear and avoidance of specific things or situations, interfering significantly with the patients' daily life. Treatment for the disorder consists of both pharmacological and psychological approaches, mainly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Neuroimaging techniques have been used in an attempt to improve our understanding of the neurobiology of SP and of the effects of treatment options available. This review describes the design and results of eight articles investigating the neuroimaging correlates of pharmacological and psychological treatments for SP. The studies show that CBT is effective in SP, leading to a reduction of anxiety symptoms that is accompanied by functional alterations in the brain. The results of pharmacological interventions for SP are less uniform, but suggest that the partial agonist of the NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate) receptor DCS (D-cycloserine) can be used in combination with psychotherapy techniques for the achievement of quicker treatment response and that DCS modulates the function of structures implicated in the neurobiology of SP. Further research should explore the augmentation of CBT treatment with DCS in controlled trials.
authors.forename: Ila M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.forename: Marcos H N
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chags
authors.forename: João P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Machado-de-Sousa
authors.forename: José A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, 3o andar, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14048-900-Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. ilalinares@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Jaime E C
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hallak
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003523:Cycloserine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D003523:Cycloserine