title: Residents-as-Teachers Publications: What Can Programs Learn From the Literature When Starting a New or Refining an Established Curriculum?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Teaching residents how to teach is a critical part of resident education because residents are often the major teachers of medical students. The importance of formal residents-as-teachers (RAT) curricula has been emphasized throughout the literature, yet not all residency programs have such a curriculum in place.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of our study was to (1) review the medical education literature for established RAT curricula, (2) assess published curricula's reproducibility, (3) evaluate the type of outcomes achieved using the Kirkpatrick model of evaluation, and (4) identify curricula that training programs could feasibly adopt.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review using PubMed, Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Embase. Key search words included residents, residents as teachers, teaching, internship and residency, and curriculum. In addition, a search of MedEdPORTAL was performed using the same key terms. Articles were evaluated based on the reproducibility of curricula and the assessment tools. Evaluation of educational outcomes was performed using the Kirkpatrick model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine articles were deemed appropriate for review. Interventions and evaluation techniques varied greatly. Only 1 article from the literature was deemed to have both curricula and assessments that would be fully reproducible by other programs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A literature review on RAT curricula found few articles that would be easily reproduced for residency programs that want to start or improve their own RAT curricula. It also demonstrated the difficulty and lack of rigorous outcome measurements for most curricula.
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bree
authors.forename: Shari A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Whicker
authors.forename: H Barrett
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Fromme
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Larrie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greenberg