title: Effect of trimethylgallic acid esters against chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many studies have shown that the levels of oxidative stress (increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione levels and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) are increased in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Gallic acid and other phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants and inhibitor of cytokine production. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of newly synthesized conjugated esters of trimethylgallic acid in an experimental model of chronic stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals were forced to swim individually for a period of 6min every day for 15 days to induce chronic stress. The locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and memory retention were evaluated in chronically stressed animals, followed by biochemical estimations and neuroinflammatory surge in the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic treatment with trimethylgallic acid esters for 15 days significantly reversed the chronic stress-induced behavioral (impaired locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and decreased percentage of memory retention), biochemical (increased lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels; decreased glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities), and inflammation surge (serum TNF-α) in stressed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed that trimethylgallic acid esters could ameliorate chronic stress-induced various behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice, showing protective effects against chronic stress.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Mamta Sachdeva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.affiliation: Swift School of Pharmacy, Swift Group of Colleges, Rajpura, India.
authors.forename: Rachna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumria
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Tejvir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: maninderkaran@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Maninder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004952:Esters; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004952:Esters; D005707:Gallic Acid
keywords: Antianxiety; Chronic fatigue syndrome; Chronic stress; Neuroinflammation; TNF-a; Trimethylgallic acid esters