title: The relationships of self-efficacy, physical activity, and paid work to health-related quality of life among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily affects the lungs, it is regarded as a systemic disorder associated with comorbidity and physical deterioration, which often results in reduced levels of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Self-efficacy is an important concept in self-management, which is vital for improving HRQoL in patients with COPD. The purpose of this study was to examine how general self-efficacy, leisure time physical activity, and sociodemographic variables such as employment status are related to the physical and mental health components of HRQoL in patients with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 97 COPD patients (54.6% male, mean age 64.6 years, standard deviation [SD] 9.5) beginning a pulmonary rehabilitation program completed three self-report questionnaires: the short form (SF)-12v2 Health Survey as a measure of HRQoL; the General Self-Efficacy Scale; and a standardized instrument measuring regular leisure time physical activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical health component median score was 31.3 (interquartile range [IQR] 16.3) and the mental health component median score was 45.9 (IQR 21.5). Two sets of linear regression analyses were performed, one predicting physical health and the other predicting mental health. The first analysis showed that better physical health was directly related to being in paid work (P-value <0.001), but was not significantly related to age, sex, marital status, education, work status, physical activity, or self-efficacy. In the second analysis, better mental health was directly related to living with a partner, being physically active, and having higher self-efficacy (P-value <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that general self-efficacy has differential relationships to the two dimensions of HRQoL. Our results indicate that general self-efficacy, physical activity, and paid work might be important factors for improving HRQoL of persons with COPD, and should be taken into consideration in pulmonary rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andenæs
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Signe Berit
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bentsen
authors.affiliation: LHL Helse AS, Glittreklinikken, Hakadal, Norway ; Norwegian Advisory Unit for Learning and Mastery in Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hvinden
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: May Solveig
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fagermoen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anners
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerdal
keywords: chronic disease; employment; lung; rehabilitation; self-care