title: Rapeseed oil and ginseng saponins work synergistically to enhance Th1 and Th2 immune responses induced by the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.
abstract: Previous investigations demonstrated that saponins isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (i.e., ginseng root saponin [GS-R]) had adjuvant activity. In the present study, the combined effects of rapeseed oil (RO) and GS-R on the immune responses elicited by foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine were investigated by measuring FMD virus (FMDV)-specific antibody levels, cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and long-lived IgG-secreting plasma cells from bone marrow in a mouse model. The results indicated that RO in combination with GS-R significantly enhanced serum IgG and isotype concentrations, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin 5 (IL-5) levels, splenocyte proliferative responses to stimulations with concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and FMDV antigen, and the numbers of IgG-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow, suggesting that RO/GS-R enhanced both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In addition, no significant difference was found between RO/GS-R and the commercial adjuvant oil ISA 206 in the promotion of FMD vaccine-induced immune responses. Considering the vegetable origin of RO and GS-R and the potent adjuvant activity, RO/GS-R should be studied further for the development of veterinary vaccines, especially for use in food animals in order to promote food safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Cenrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yisong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China songhua@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Songhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003208:Concanavalin A / Q000276:immunology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005260:Female; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D005894:Panax / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; C508599:IL5 protein, human; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D015848:Interleukin-5; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074262:Rapeseed Oil; D012503:Saponins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D003208:Concanavalin A; D007371:Interferon-gamma