title: Efficacy and safety of endoscopic prophylactic treatment with undiluted cyanoacrylate for gastric varices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of undiluted N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate plus methacryloxysulfolane (NBCM) as a prophylactic treatment for gastric varices (GV) bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted at a single tertiary-care teaching hospital between October 2009 and March 2013. Patients with portal hypertension (PH) and GV, with no active gastrointestinal bleeding, were enrolled in primary prophylactic treatment with NBCM injection without lipiodol dilution. Initial diagnosis of GV was based on endoscopy and confirmed with endosonography (EUS); the same procedure was used after treatment to confirm eradication of GV. After puncturing the GV with a regular injection needle, 1 mL of undiluted NBCM was injected intranasally into GV. The injection was repeated as necessary to achieve eradication or until a maximum total volume of 3 mL of NBCM had been injected. Patients were followed clinically and evaluated with endoscopy at 3, 6 and 12 mo. Later follow-ups were performed yearly. The main outcome measures were efficacy (GV eradication), safety (adverse events related to cyanoacrylate injection), recurrence, bleeding from GV and mortality related to GV treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 patients (15 male) with PH and GV were enrolled in the study and treated with undiluted NBCM injection. Only 2 (10%) patients had no esophageal varices (EV); 18 (90%) patients were treated with endoscopic band ligation to eradicate EV before inclusion in the study. The patients were followed clinically and endoscopically for a median of 31 mo (range: 6-40 mo). Eradication of GV was observed in all patients (13 patients were treated with 1 session and 7 patients with 2 sessions), with a maximum injected volume of 2 mL NBCM. One patient had GV recurrence, confirmed by EUS, at 6-mo follow-up, and another had late recurrence with GV bleeding after 35 mo of follow-up; overall, GV recurrence was observed in 2 patients (10%), after 6 and 35 mo of follow-up, and GV bleeding rate was 5% (1 patient). Mild epigastric pain was reported by 3 patients (15%). No mortality or major complications, including embolism, or damage to equipment were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic injection with NBCM, without lipiodol, may be a safe and effective treatment for primary prophylaxis of gastric variceal bleeding.
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Cavalcante
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Flores
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frank Shigeo
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Andrade
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: de Paulo
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelo Paulo
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Matheus Cavalcante Franco, Gustavo Flores Gomes, Frank Shigeo Nakao, Gustavo Andrade de Paulo, Angelo Paulo Ferrari Jr, Ermelindo Della Libera Jr, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ermelindo Della
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Libera
keywords: Cyanoacrylates; Endoscopy; Gastric varices; Gastrointestinal; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Primary prevention