title: Regulation of virus-induced inflammatory response by Dunaliella salina alga extract in macrophages.
abstract: Previous reports have suggested that many constituents within various algal samples are able to attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory effects. To date no report has been published on the regulation of virus-induced inflammatory response of Dunaliella salina carotenoid extract. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of D. salina carotenoid extract on pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of D. salina carotenoid extract on PRV-infected RAW 264.7 cells by measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, COX-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-virus replication by plaque assay. We found down-regulation of the expression of the iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Although there was no effect on viral replication, there were tendencies toward lower virus titer and tendencies toward higher cell survival. Most importantly, we found that inhibition of TLR9, PI3K and Akt phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the extract-mediated NF-κB regulation by modulating IKK-IκB signaling in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. These results indicate that D. salina carotenoid extracts inhibited inflammation by inhibition of NF-κB activation by TLR9 dependent via PI3K/Akt inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Post-Modern Agriculture & Department of Biotechnology, MingDao University, Chang Hua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Deng-Jye
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tien-Jye
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: cyy0709@csmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yen
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Dunaliella salina; Pseudorabies virus (PRV)