title: Effect of additive particles on mechanical, thermal, and cell functioning properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement.
abstract: The most common bone cement material used clinically today for orthopedic surgery is poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Conventional PMMA bone cement has several mechanical, thermal, and biological disadvantages. To overcome these problems, researchers have investigated combinations of PMMA bone cement and several bioactive particles (micrometers to nanometers in size), such as magnesium oxide, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, barium sulfate, and silica. A study comparing the effect of these individual additives on the mechanical, thermal, and cell functional properties of PMMA would be important to enable selection of suitable additives and design improved PMMA cement for orthopedic applications. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of magnesium oxide, hydroxyapatite, chitosan, barium sulfate, and silica additives in PMMA on the mechanical, thermal, and cell functional performance of PMMA. American Society for Testing and Materials standard three-point bend flexural and fracture tests were conducted to determine the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and fracture toughness of the different PMMA samples. A custom-made temperature measurement system was used to determine maximum curing temperature and the time needed for each PMMA sample to reach its maximum curing temperature. Osteoblast adhesion and proliferation experiments were performed to determine cell viability using the different PMMA cements. We found that flexural strength and fracture toughness were significantly greater for PMMA specimens that incorporated silica than for the other specimens. All additives prolonged the time taken to reach maximum curing temperature and significantly improved cell adhesion of the PMMA samples. The results of this study could be useful for improving the union of implant-PMMA or bone-PMMA interfaces by incorporating nanoparticles into PMMA cement for orthopedic and orthodontic applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Morshed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khandaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Melville B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremiah J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Zhaotong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate
keywords: barium sulfate; cell viability; chitosan; curing temperature; flexural strength; fracture toughness; hydroxyapatite; magnesium oxide; poly(methyl methacrylate); silica