title: An innovative system for 3D clinical photography in the resource-limited settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most frequently occurring cancer in Mozambique among men and the second most frequently occurring cancer among women. Effective therapeutic treatments for KS are poorly understood in this area. There is an unmet need to develop a simple but accurate tool for improved monitoring and diagnosis in a resource-limited setting. Standardized clinical photographs have been considered to be an essential part of the evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  When a therapeutic response is achieved, nodular KS often exhibits a reduction of the thickness without a change in the base area of the lesion. To evaluate the vertical space along with other characters of a KS lesion, we have created an innovative imaging system with a consumer light-field camera attached to a miniature "photography studio" adaptor. The image file can be further processed by computational methods for quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With this novel imaging system, each high-quality 3D image was consistently obtained with a single camera shot at bedside by minimally trained personnel. After computational processing, all-focused photos and measurable 3D parameters were obtained. More than 80 KS image sets were processed in a semi-automated fashion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this proof-of-concept study, the feasibility to use a simple, low-cost and user-friendly system has been established for future clinical study to monitor KS therapeutic response. This 3D imaging system can be also applied to obtain standardized clinical photographs for other diseases.
authors.forename: Saharnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baghdadchi
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: Kevan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akrami
authors.forename: Rolanda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manuel
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Sadik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esener
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, California. carsonjc@cofc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Yu-Tsueng
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010781:Photography; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology