title: Non-pharmacological interventions for patients with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognition-based and exercise interventions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-pharmacological interventions, including cognition-based intervention and physical exercise, are available for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but their efficacy remains uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate efficacy of cognition-based intervention and physical exercise on cognitive domains in patients with MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, and BIOSIS previews to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that involved cognition-based intervention and physical exercise for persons who were diagnosed with MCI. The pooled weight mean difference or standard mean difference (SMD) were calculated using a random-effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant effects of cognition-based intervention on global cognitive function (SMD 0.37 [0.07, 0.68] p = 0.02). Besides, cognition-based intervention produced significant effects on executive function reported with TMT-B (SMD 0.8 [0.09, 1.5] p = 0.03) and delayed memory (SMD 0.31 [0.01, 0.61] p = 0.05). A beneficial improvement in global cognitive function was also seen in the exercise group compared to the control group (SMD 0.25 [0.08, 0.41] p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both of cognition-based intervention and physical exercise had the potential to improve global cognitive function. Weak evidence of improvements was also observed for the domains of executive function and delayed memory following cognition-based intervention. Nevertheless, future standard RCTs are still needed to identify the clinical value of our results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Tai
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.
authors.forename: Chen-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Cognition-based intervention; cognitive function; exercise; meta-analysis; mild cognitive impairment; non-pharmacological interventions