title: Perception of side rollover hazards in a Pennsylvania rural population while operating an all-terrain vehicle (ATV).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are unstable on steep and rough terrain, and thus, rollover is the most common accident which can result in a high rate of fatal outcomes, with higher rates for young and male drivers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper investigates the ability of rural Pennsylvania ATV drivers to correctly evaluate slopes, and the mean slope angle at which the most and least conservative drivers indicate a beginning of concern of a roll-over.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted using a simulator, a commercial ATV firmly fixed on an hydraulically-lifted platform. As the platform was being raised, participants were asked to report when they became uncomfortable and then when they would not drive across a slope at such an angle. The difference between the reported and the actual angles in both conditions were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-five individuals, mostly male and younger than 20 years, participated in riding on the simulator. Between 1/3 and 1/4 of the participants correctly estimated the angle while approximately 2/3 of participants overestimated the angles at which they felt they would be uncomfortable and they would not drive across. Participants began to feel uncomfortable at 15.9±5.7 degrees and became so uncomfortable that they felt they would not drive at 22.7±3.7 degrees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overestimation of lateral roll angles is the most common result. This is in favor of safety when drivers are informed about a slope limit ATVs should not be operated on.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agricultural and Earth Moving Machines (IMAMOTER), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Görücü
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention; D000059:Accidents; D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010465:Perception; D012424:Rural Population; D012449:Safety; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accident; agricultural work; pictorial; safety; simulator