title: A partial hearing animal model for chronic electro-acoustic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cochlear implants (CIs) have provided some auditory function to hundreds of thousands of people around the world. Although traditionally carried out only in profoundly deaf patients, the eligibility criteria for implantation have recently been relaxed to include many partially-deaf patients with useful levels of hearing. These patients receive both electrical stimulation from their implant and acoustic stimulation via their residual hearing (electro-acoustic stimulation; EAS) and perform very well. It is unclear how EAS improves speech perception over electrical stimulation alone, and little evidence exists about the nature of the interactions between electric and acoustic stimuli. Furthermore, clinical results suggest that some patients that undergo cochlear implantation lose some, if not all, of their residual hearing, reducing the advantages of EAS over electrical stimulation alone. A reliable animal model with clinically-relevant partial deafness combined with clinical CIs is important to enable these issues to be studied. This paper outlines such a model that has been successfully used in our laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper outlines a battery of techniques used in our laboratory to generate, validate and examine an animal model of partial deafness and chronic CI use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ototoxic deafening produced bilaterally symmetrical hearing thresholds in neonatal and adult animals. Electrical activation of the auditory system was confirmed, and all animals were chronically stimulated via adapted clinical CIs. Acoustic compound action potentials (CAPs) were obtained from partially-hearing cochleae, using the CI amplifier. Immunohistochemical analysis allows the effects of deafness and electrical stimulation on cell survival to be studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This animal model has applications in EAS research, including investigating the functional interactions between electric and acoustic stimulation, and the development of techniques to maintain residual hearing following cochlear implantation. The ability to record CAPs via the CI has clinical direct relevance for obtaining objective measures of residual hearing.
authors.affiliation: Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Millard
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Fallon
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D002415:Cats; D003051:Cochlea / Q000473:pathology; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation