title: Generator and lead-related complications of implantable cardioverter defibrillators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increase in the number of patients treated with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) requests more attention regarding its complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the generator- and lead-related complications at implantation and during follow-up in the patients who were treated with ICD for primary and secondary prevention reasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 255 consecutive patients who underwent transvenous ICD implantation for the first time in a 7-year period and were followed-up for 3 years at Tehran Heart Center. The personal and clinical data of the patients as well as specific data on the ICD implantation were retrieved. The frequency of each of the complications was reported and the study variables were compared between the patients with and without complications using Student's t-test and chi-square test where appropriate. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of a total of 525 implanted leads and 255 implanted devices in 255 patients (mean age = 62.57 ± 13.50 years; male = 196 [76.9%]), complications leading to generator or lead replacement occurred in 32 patients (12.5%). The results revealed no significant difference between the patients with and without complications regarding gender and age (P = 0.206 and P = 0.824, respectively). Also, no significant difference was found between the two groups concerning the ejection fraction (P = 0.271). Lead fracture was the most frequent lead-related complication and was observed in 17 patients (6.6%). Besides, it was mainly observed in the RV leads. Generator-related complications leading to generator replacement were observed in 2 patients (0.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite considerable improvements in the ICD technology, the rate of the ICD complications leading to device replacement and surgical revision, especially those related to the leads, is still clinically important.
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaminisharif
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soofizadeh
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shafiee
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazemisaeid
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.affiliation: Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasheghani-Farahani
keywords: Complication; Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators; Implanted Electrodes