title: High-risk prostate cancer: a disease of genomic instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we will discuss the latest advances in our understanding of the relationship between the cellular DNA damage response and genomic instability in prostate cancer and the emerging possibilities to exploit these aberrations as prognostic biomarkers and guides for personalized patient management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Important findings related to genomic instability in prostate cancer were retrieved from the literature and combined with our own results and a translational perspective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate cancer is characterized by a highly altered genomic landscape with a wide spectrum of genomic alterations, including somatic mutations, copy number alterations (CNAs), gene fusions, complex chromosomal rearrangements, and aneuploidy. In addition, massive DNA damaging events, including chromothripsis and chromoplexy, which can lead to extensive genomic insults in a single step, have been identified. A number of these genomic aberrations have been found to provide prognostic information and can therefore help to identify high-risk patients. In addition, defects in the DNA damage checkpoint and repair machinery can potentially be harnessed for therapeutic purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genomic instability plays a crucial role in the malignant progression of prostate cancer and can be exploited for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers and innovative therapies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tapia-Laliena
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Korzeniewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hohenfellner
authors.affiliation: Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: stefan.duensing@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duensing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D018450:Disease Progression; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Biomarkers; DNA damage; Genomic instability; Prostate cancer; Somatic mutations; Translational therapeutics