title: In older men, lower plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with reduced incidence of prostate, but not colorectal or lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate, colorectal and lung cancers are common in men. In this study, we aimed to determine whether vitamin D status is associated with the incidence of these cancers in older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  4208 older men aged 70-88 years in Perth, Western Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration was measured by immunoassay. New diagnoses of prostate, colorectal and lung cancers were determined via electronic record linkage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 6.7±1.8 years, there were 315, 117 and 101 new diagnoses of prostate, colorectal and lung cancer. In multivariate competing risks proportional hazards models, every 10 nmol/l decrease in 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 4% reduction in prostate cancer incidence (sub-hazard ratio [SHR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.00). Every halving of 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 21% reduction in incident prostate cancer in multivariate analysis (SHR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-0.99). Following exclusion of prostate cancer cases diagnosed within 3 years of blood sampling, low 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l was associated with lower incident prostate cancer, and higher 25(OH)D >75 nmol/l was associated with higher incidence, when compared to the reference range 50-75 nmol/l, respectively (p = 0.027). Significant associations were also observed when 25(OH)D was modeled as a quantitative variable. No associations were observed between plasma 25(OH)D concentration with incidence of colorectal or lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower levels of vitamin D may reduce prostate cancer risk in older men. By contrast, levels of vitamin D did not predict incidence of colorectal or lung cancers. Further studies are needed to determine whether a causal relationship exists between vitamin D and prostate cancer in ageing men.
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Yuen Y E
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Zoë
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Kieran A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McCaul
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fremantle Hospital, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Bu B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.affiliation: The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golledge
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flicker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D