title: Both children and adults scan faces of own and other races differently.
abstract: Extensive behavioral and neural evidence suggests that processing of own-race faces differs from that of other-race faces in both adults and infants. However, little research has examined whether and how children scan faces of own and other races differently for face recognition. In this eye-tracking study, Chinese children aged from 4 to 7 years and Chinese adults were asked to remember Chinese and Caucasian faces. None of the participants had any direct contact with foreign individuals. Multi-method analyses of eye-tracking data revealed that regardless of age group, proportional fixation duration on the eyes of Chinese faces was significantly lower than that on the eyes of Caucasian faces, whereas proportional fixation duration on the nose and mouth of Chinese faces was significantly higher than that on the nose and mouth of Caucasian faces. In addition, the amplitude of saccades on Chinese faces was significantly lower than that on Caucasian faces, potentially reflecting finer-grained processing for own-race faces. Moreover, adults' fixation duration/saccade numbers on the whole faces, proportional fixation percentage on the nose, proportional number of saccades between AOIs, and accuracy in recognizing faces were higher than those of children. These results together demonstrate that an abundance of visual experience with own-race faces and a lack of it with other-race faces may result in differential facial scanning in both children and adults. Furthermore, the increased experience of processing faces may result in a more holistic and advanced scanning strategy in Chinese adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; Applied Psychology & Human Development Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
authors.forename: Qiandong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; Hangzhou Teachers College for Infant Children, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: fugy@zjnu.cn.
authors.forename: Genyue
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China; Applied Psychology & Human Development Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Electronic address: kang.lee@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044466:Asian People; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Children; Experience; Face processing; Race