title: Diagnosing unexplained fever: can quick diagnosis units replace inpatient hospitalization?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outpatient quick diagnosis units (QDUs) have become an increasingly recognized alternative to hospitalization for the diagnosis of a number of potentially serious diseases. No study has prospectively evaluated the usefulness of QDU for the diagnosis of unexplained fever.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively assessed patients referred to QDU due to fever of uncertain nature (FUN), defined as a temperature > 38 °C during at least 1 week and no diagnosis after a previous evaluation. We also evaluated consecutive patients with FUN who were hospitalized during the same period. QDU and hospital costs were analysed by micro-costing techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 176 QDU patients and 168 controls. QDU patients were younger and required fewer investigations than controls. QDU patients had higher prevalence of viral infections (36% vs. 8%, P < 0·001) and lower prevalence of bacterial infections (6% vs. 46%, P < 0·001) and malignancies (2% vs. 14%, P < 0·001). While time-to-diagnosis of QDU patients was longer than length-of-stay of controls (25·82 vs.12·89 days, P < 0·001), 56% of QDU patients only required up to two visits. Cost per QDU patient was €644·59, while it was €4404·64 per hospitalized patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QDU patients with FUN were younger and had less serious diseases than controls including more viral and less bacterial infections and fewer malignancies. Mainly owing to untimely diagnostic reports, time-to-diagnosis was longer in QDU patients. Cost-savings in QDU were substantial. Using objective tools to evaluate the condition severity and general health status of FUN patients could help decide the most appropriate setting for their diagnostic study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brito-Zerón
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicolás-Ocejo
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jordán
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Retamozo
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Soto
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005335:Fever of Unknown Origin / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000191:economics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Autoimmune diseases; fever; fever of unknown origin; infections; malignancy; quick diagnosis units