title: Phosphate-induced mineralization of tracheal smooth muscle and cartilage cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During aging or various diseases, pathologic mineralization may occur in joints or in the vascular wall. This is due to the deposition of phosphate (Pi)-containing crystals into the extracellular matrix of articular chondrocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells. The mineralization ability of chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells of other tissue has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this context, our work seeks to study the response induced by Pi on cartilage and smooth muscle cells from tracheal origin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have established a dissection procedure to harvest and isolate chondrocyte and smooth muscle cells from adult mouse trachea. Both cell types were then exposed to different concentrations of Pi (1, 3 or 5 mM) up to 14 days. Mineralization was evaluated by alizarin red staining, which identifies calcium deposition. The expression of genes characterizing the phenotypic identity of the cells and involved in the mineralization process was assessed by RT-qPCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of tracheal chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells with increasing concentrations of Pi (3 and 5 mM) induced mineralization as revealed by positive alizarin red staining as early as 7 days of culture. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed profound phenotypic changes in both cell types and suggested they mineralize through TNAP-independent or -dependent mechanisms, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that, comparably to articular chondrocytes or vascular smooth muscles, chondrocyte and smooth muscle cells from the trachea are prone to mineralize under high-phosphate conditions.
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tabcheh
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jouzeau
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kempf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates
keywords: Trachea; chondrocyte; inorganic phosphate; mineralization; smooth muscle cell