title: Fast Surface Crystal Growth on Molecular Glasses and Its Termination by the Onset of Fluidity.
abstract: Organic glasses can grow crystals much faster on the free surface than in the interior, a phenomenon important for fabricating stable amorphous materials. This surface process differs from and is faster than the glass-to-crystal (GC) growth mode existing in the bulk of molecular glasses. We report that similar to GC growth, surface crystal growth terminates if glasses are heated to gain fluidity. In their steady growth below the glass transition temperature Tg, surface crystals rise above the amorphous surface while spreading laterally and are surrounded by depressed grooves. Above Tg, the growth becomes slower, sometimes unstable. This damage is stronger on segregated needles (α indomethacin, nifedipine, and o-terphenyl) than on crystals growing in compact domains (γ indomethacin). This effect arises because the onset of liquid flow causes the wetting and embedding of upward-growing surface crystals. Segregated needles are at greater risk because their slow-growing flanks appear stationary relative to liquid flow at a low temperature. The disruption of surface crystal growth by fluidity supports the view that the process occurs by surface diffusion, not viscous flow. Compared to the bulk GC mode, surface crystal growth is disrupted less abruptly by fluidity. Nevertheless, to the extent that fluidity damages them, both processes are solid-state phenomena terminated in the liquid state.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasebe
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musumeci
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: C Travis
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu