title: Adolescent predictors of young adult cyberbullying perpetration and victimization among Australian youth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current article was to examine the adolescent risk and protective factors (at the individual, peer group, and family level) for young adult cyberbullying perpetration and victimization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 2006 (Grade 9) to 2010 (young adulthood) were analyzed from a community sample of 927 Victorian students originally recruited as a statewide representative sample in Grade 5 (age, 10-11 years) in 2002 and followed-up to age 18-19 years in 2010 (N = 809). Participants completed a self-report survey on adolescent risk and protective factors and traditional and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization and young adult cyberbullying perpetration and victimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As young adults, 5.1% self-reported cyberbullying perpetration only, 5.0% reported cyberbullying victimization only, and 9.5% reported both cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. In fully adjusted logistic regression analyses, the adolescent predictors of cyberbullying perpetration only were traditional bullying perpetration, traditional bullying perpetration and victimization, and poor family management. For young adulthood cyberbullying victimization only, the adolescent predictor was emotion control. The adolescent predictors for young adult cyberbullying perpetration and victimization were traditional bullying perpetration and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, possible targets for prevention and early intervention are reducing adolescent involvement in (traditional or cyber) bullying through the development of social skills and conflict resolution skills. In addition, another important prevention target is to support families with adolescents to ensure that they set clear rules and monitor adolescents' behavior. Universal programs that assist adolescents to develop skills in emotion control are warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: sheryl.hemphill@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sheryl A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hemphill
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Heerde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001315:Australia; D058445:Bullying; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cyberbullying; Longitudinal study; Predictors; Young adults