title: Identification of photosynthesis inhibitors of pelagic marine algae using 96-well plate microfractionation for enhanced throughput in effect-directed analysis.
abstract: Because of large-scale production and use of an increasing diversity of chemicals in modern society, estuarine and coastal waters may be contaminated with numerous substances. Some of these compounds have the potential to affect microalgae at the base of the pelagic food chain. Therefore, we identified the main chemical stressors that negatively affect the effective photosystem II efficiency (ϕPSII) in marine microalgae of the Dutch estuarine and coastal waters. An enhanced effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out by combining reversed-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography fractionation of extracts from passive samplers, followed by effect assessment using the pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry assay and chemical analysis of biologically active fractions using high-resolution mass spectrometry. This study focuses on a novel microfractionation technique using 96-well plates to enhance throughput in EDA, structure elucidation, and the analytical and effect confirmation of the compounds that are identified. Although there are numerous unknown compounds present in estuarine and coastal waters, our EDA study shows that atrazine, diuron, irgarol, isoproturon, terbutryn, and terbutylazine are the main contributors to the observed effect on the ϕPSII of marine microalgae.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: A Dick
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vethaak
authors.forename: Pim E G
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leonards
authors.forename: Sascha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sjollema
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
authors.forename: Marja H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lamoree
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005470:Fluorometry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity; D014508:Urea / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012828:Silicones; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014508:Urea