title: Cytotoxicity of alloying elements and experimental titanium alloys by WST-1 and agar overlay tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of nine types of pure metals using 36 experimental prosthetic titanium-based alloys containing 5, 10, 15, and 20wt% of each substituted metal.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cell viabilities for pure metals on Ti alloys that contain these elements were compared with that of commercially pure (CP) Ti using the WST-1 test and agar overlay test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ranking of pure metal cytotoxicity from most potent to least potent was: Co>Cu>In>Ag>Cr>Sn>Au>Pd>Pt>CP Ti. The cell viability ratios for pure Co, Cu, In, and Ag were 13.9±4.6%, 21.7±10.4%, 24.1±5.7%, and 24.8±6.0%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that for the control group (p<0.05). Pure Pd and Pt demonstrated good biocompatibility with cell viabilities of 93.8±9.6% and 97.2±7.1%, respectively. The Ti-5Pd alloy exhibited the highest cell viability (128.4±21.4%), which was greater than that of CP Ti. By alloying pure Co or Cu with Ti, the cell viabilities for the Ti-xCo and Ti-xCu alloys increased significantly up to 10wt% of the alloying element followed by a gradual decrease with a further increase in the concentration of the alloying element. Based on the agar overlay test, pure Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, and In were ranked as 'moderately cytotoxic', whereas all Ti alloys were ranked as 'noncytotoxic'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cytotoxicity of pure Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, and In suggests a need for attention in alloy design. The cytotoxicity of alloying elements became more biocompatible when they were alloyed with titanium. However, the cytotoxicity of titanium alloys was observed when the concentration of the alloying element exceeded its respective allowable limit. The results obtained in this study can serve as a guide for the development of new Ti-based alloy systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yo-Han
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Kang
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jin
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0415, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anusavice
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and MRC for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjpark@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yeong-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry*; D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D051379:Mice; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000362:Agar; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Agar overlay test; Alloy cytotoxicity; Biocompatibility; Dental alloy; WST-1 test