title: Whole-grain intake in middle school students achieves dietary guidelines for Americans and MyPlate recommendations when provided as commercially available foods: a randomized trial.
abstract: In accordance with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, at least half of total grain intake should be whole grains. Adolescents are currently not consuming the recommended daily intake of whole grains. Research is needed to determine whether whole grains are acceptable to adolescents and whether changing their food environment to include whole-grain foods will improve intake. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of providing refined-grain or whole-grain foods to adolescents, with encouragement to eat three different grain-based foods per day, on total grain and whole-grain intakes. Middle school students (n=83; aged 11 to 15 years) were randomly assigned to either refined-grain or whole-grain foods for 6 weeks. Participants and their families were provided with weekly grains (eg, bread, pasta, and cereals), and participants were provided grain snacks at school. Intake of grains in ounce equivalents (oz eq) was determined through eight baseline and intervention targeted 24-hour diet recalls. Participants consumed 1.1±1.3 oz eq (mean±standard deviation) of whole grains at baseline, out of 5.3±2.4 oz eq of total grains. During intervention, whole-grain intake increased in the whole-grain group (0.9±1.0 to 3.9±1.8 oz eq/day), whereas those in the refined-grain group reduced whole-grain intake (1.3±1.6 to 0.3±0.3 oz eq/day; P<0.002, group by time period interaction). Total grain intake achieved was 6.4±2.1 oz eq/day and did not differ across intervention groups. Providing adolescents with whole-grain foods in their school and home environments was an effective means of achieving recommendations.
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radford
authors.forename: Bobbi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Langkamp-Henken
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christman
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jonnalagadda
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thielecke
authors.forename: Wendy J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002523:Edible Grain; D002149:Energy Intake; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013334:Students
keywords: Adolescents; Dietary Guidelines; Refined grain; Snacks in schools; Whole grain