title: Targeting gallbladder carcinoma: bone marrow-derived stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles of myxoma virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) has a high mortality rate, requiring synergistic anti-tumor management for effective treatment. The myxoma virus (MYXV) exhibits a modest clinical value through its oncolytic potential and narrow host tropism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed viral replication assays, cell viability assays, migration assays, and xenograft tumor models to demonstrate that bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) may enhance efficiency of intravenous MYXV delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the permissiveness of various GBC cell lines towards MYXV infection and found two supported single and multiple rounds of MYXV replication, leading to an oncolytic effect. Furthermore, we found that BMSCs exhibited tropism for GBC cells within a Matrigel migration system. BMSCs failed to affect the growth of GBC cells, in terms of tumor volume and survival time. Finally, we demonstrated in vivo that intravenous injection of MYXV-infected BMSCs significantly improves the oncolytic effect of MYXV alone, almost to the same extent as intratumoral injection of MYXV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that BMSCs are a promising novel vehicle for MYXV to clinically address gallbladder tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Mingzhe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Mingdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Yiyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. Email: xinhuawmz@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
authors.forename: Kejin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009233:Myxoma virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays