title: Heparin compared with normal saline to maintain patency of permanent double lumen hemodialysis catheters: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heparin has long been used to prevent thrombosis in the permanent central venous hemodialysis catheters (PermCath). Other alternatives for heparin with fewer side-effects have recently been considered. We compared normal saline (0.9%) with heparin for flushing PermCath with regards to catheter patency and prevention of heparin complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic kidney disease patients who were candidate of PermCath placement were randomly assigned into two groups of heparin and saline. In the heparin group, the PermCath was flushed with heparin (1000 IU), and in the saline group, it was flushed with saline 0.9%. Patients were followed for 24 hours, and outcomes included catheter thrombosis, maneuver needed to maintain catheter patency, and bleeding from catheter site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety six patients were included (age = 63.1 ± 11.2 years, 54.2% male). No one experienced catheter thrombosis. Two patient (4.2%) in the heparin and three ones (6.1%) in the saline group required catheter manipulation (P = 0.520). Four patients (8.5%) in the heparin and three ones (6.1%) in the saline group experienced bleeding (P = 0.476); differences between heparin and saline groups in the amount of bleeding (225.0 ± 62.4 vs. 200.0 ± 113.5 cc, P = 0.721) and bleeding time (6.5 ± 1.2 vs. 5.3 ± 1.5 min, P = 0.322) were not significant. In the heparin group, no significant increase was observed in PTT over time; baseline 30.9 ± 3.4, 12 h 31.8 ± 3.4, 24 h 31.2 ± 6.6 (P = 0.628).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flushing PermCath with normal saline 0.9% is as effective as heparin in maintaining patency of the catheter, while it may reduce the risks associated with heparin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Akbar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Beigi
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mirhadi Seyed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: HadiZadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hafez
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghaheri
keywords: Central venous catheters; hemorrhage; heparin; thrombosis