title: Hemorrhage rates and risk factors in the natural history course of brain arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal connections of arteries and veins, resulting in arteriovenous shunting of blood. Primary medical therapy is lacking; treatment options include surgery, radiosurgery, and embolization, often in combination. Judicious selection of AVM patients for treatment requires balancing risk of treatment complications against the risk of hemorrhage in the natural history course. This review focuses on the epidemiology, hemorrhage risk, and factors influencing risk of hemorrhage in the untreated natural course associated with sporadic brain AVM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: W Caleb
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: Nerissa U
authors.initials: NU
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors