title: Life-history trade-offs mediate 'personality' variation in two colour morphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
abstract: Life-history trade-offs are considered a major driving force in the emergence of consistent behavioural differences (personality variation); but empirical tests are scarce. We investigated links between a personality trait (escape response), life-history and state variables (growth rate, size and age at first reproduction, age-dependent reproductive rates, lifetime reproductive success, life span) in red and green colour morphs of clonal pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Escape response (dropping/non-dropping off a plant upon a predatory attack) was measured repeatedly to classify individuals as consistent droppers, consistent nondroppers or inconsistents. Red morphs experienced stronger trade-offs between early reproduction and life span than green morphs; and red consistent (non)droppers had highest lifetime reproductive success. Red droppers followed a risk-averse life-history strategy (high late reproduction), red nondroppers a risk-prone strategy (high early reproduction), while reproductive rates were equivalent for all green behavioural types and red inconsistents. This suggests that red morphs suffer the highest costs of dropping (they are most conspicuous to predators), which 'equivalates' fitness payoffs to both risk-takers (red non-droppers) and risk-averse red droppers. The strong trade-off also means that committing to a particular lifestyle (being consistent) maximises fitness. Our study suggests that life-history trade-offs likely mediate personality variation but effects might depend on interactions with other organismal characteristics (here: colour morph).
authors.affiliation: Experimental Ecology Group, Department for Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrueck, 49069, Germany.|Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany.
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schuett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.
authors.forename: Sasha R X
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dall
authors.affiliation: Experimental Ecology Group, Department for Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrueck, 49069, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kloesener
authors.affiliation: Experimental Ecology Group, Department for Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrueck, 49069, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baeumer
authors.affiliation: Experimental Ecology Group, Department for Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrueck, 49069, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beinlich
authors.affiliation: Experimental Ecology Group, Department for Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrueck, 49069, Germany.|Agricultural Products Global Research, Data Management and Biometrics, BASF The Chemical Company, Carl Bosch Str., Limburgerhof, 67117, Germany.
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eggers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D004924:Escape Reaction; D020387:Food Chain; D009758:Nymph / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010551:Personality; D010858:Pigmentation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
keywords: behavioural syndrome; growth rate; invertebrate; lifetime reproductive success; predation; risk‐taking; state‐dependent behaviour