title: Nitazoxanide for the treatment of infectious diarrhoea in the Northern Territory, Australia 2007-2012.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Australian Indigenous children suffer a high burden of diarrhoeal disease. Nitazoxanide is an antimicrobial that has been shown to be effective against a broad range of enteropathogens. To date, its use has not been reported in the tropical Top End (northernmost part) of the Northern Territory, Australia. The objective was to describe the use of nitazoxanide at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, and to assess any association with the time to resolution of diarrhoea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible children (≤13 years) were identified from dispensary records as having been prescribed nitazoxanide during the audit period, 1 July 2007 to 31 March 2012. Patient demographics, symptoms, diarrheal aetiology, treatment details and clinical outcomes were obtained by chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight children were treated with nitazoxanide, mostly for Cryptosporidium infection associated with prolonged diarrhoea. Dehydration was evident in 27 (96%) children on admission, and 11 (41%) were underweight. Diarrhoeal duration prior to treatment was 11.5 days (6.5 days pre- and 5 days post-admission). For children ≥12 months, nitazoxanide was prescribed according to guidelines stipulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resolution of diarrhoea occurred a median of 2.4 days (IQR: 1.4-7.3) after starting treatment. An increase in weight for length at discharge was found for all children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prompt resolution of diarrhoea without adverse outcomes suggests nitazoxanide may be an effective treatment for Cryptosporidium infection in this setting. Its role in the treatment of other causes of infectious diarrhoea needs further investigation. Randomised trials will further direct its use and determine optimal dosing regimens.
authors.affiliation: Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia . charlie.mcleod81@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia . Peter.Morris@menzies.edu.au.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. tsnelling@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Snelling
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. jcarapetis@ichr.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia . Asha.Bowen@menzies.edu.au.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D003681:Dehydration / Q000453:epidemiology; D004403:Dysentery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; C041747:nitazoxanide