title: Frequency of V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti in Venezuela.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene have been associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. A study was carried out to determine the frequency of I1016 and C1534 by real-time PCR in five natural populations of Ae. aegypti in Venezuela during 2008, 2010 and 2012, as well as in a strain selected with 0.14 µg of deltamethrin for 15 generations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In natural populations, frequencies of I1016 varied between 0.01 and 0.37, and frequencies of C1534 between 0.35 and 1.0. In the Pampanito strain, the frequency of I1016 increased from 0.02 in F1 up to 0.5 in F15 and from 0.35 up to fixation for C1534 after selection with deltamethrin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that C1534 frequencies are higher than I1016 frequencies in natural populations of Ae. aegypti in Venezuela, and that deltamethrin selected the C1534 more rapidly than I1016.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolas de los Garza, Mexico; Universidad de los Andes, Nucleo Universitario Rafael Rangel. Villa Universitaria Pampanito, estado Trujillo, 3102, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponce
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Adriana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Flores
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014687:Venezuela; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels; C017180:decamethrin
keywords: C1534; I1016; deltamethrin; kdr