title: Assessment of the extirpated Maritimes walrus using morphological and ancient DNA analysis.
abstract: Species biogeography is a result of complex events and factors associated with climate change, ecological interactions, anthropogenic impacts, physical geography, and evolution. To understand the contemporary biogeography of a species, it is necessary to understand its history. Specimens from areas of localized extinction are important, as extirpation of species from these areas may represent the loss of unique adaptations and a distinctive evolutionary trajectory. The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) has a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the arctic and subarctic that once included the southeastern Canadian Maritimes region. However, exploitation of the Maritimes population during the 16th-18th centuries led to extirpation, and the species has not inhabited areas south of 55°N for ∼250 years. We examined genetic and morphological characteristics of specimens from the Maritimes, Atlantic (O. r. rosmarus) and Pacific (O. r. divergens) populations to test the hypothesis that the first group was distinctive. Analysis of Atlantic and Maritimes specimens indicated that most skull and mandibular measurements were significantly different between the Maritimes and Atlantic groups and discriminant analysis of principal components confirmed them as distinctive groups, with complete isolation of skull features. The Maritimes walrus appear to have been larger animals, with larger and more robust tusks, skulls and mandibles. The mtDNA control region haplotypes identified in Maritimes specimens were unique to the region and a greater average number of nucleotide differences were found between the regions (Atlantic and Maritimes) than within either group. Levels of diversity (h and π) were lower in the Maritimes, consistent with other studies of species at range margins. Our data suggest that the Maritimes walrus was a morphologically and genetically distinctive group that was on a different evolutionary path from other walrus found in the north Atlantic.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Brenna A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Frasier
authors.affiliation: Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; The Friends of the Green Horse Society, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lucas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014856:Walruses / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D004247:DNA