title: Effect of the internet commerce on dispersal modes of invasive alien species.
abstract: The spread of invasive alien plants has considerable environmental and economic consequences, and is one of the most challenging ecological problems. The spread of invasive alien plant species depends largely on long-distance dispersal, which is typically linked with human activity. The increasing domination of the internet will have impacts upon almost all components of our lives, including potential consequences for the spread of invasive species. To determine whether the rise of Internet commerce has any consequences for the spread of invasive alien plant species, we studied the sale of thirteen of some of the most harmful Europe invasive alien plant species sold as decorative plants from twenty-eight large, well known gardening shops in Poland that sold both via the Internet and through traditional customer sales. We also analyzed temporal changes in the number of invasive plants sold in the largest Polish internet auction portal. When sold through the Internet invasive alien plant species were transported considerably longer distances than for traditional sales. For internet sales, seeds of invasive alien plant species were transported further than were live plants saplings; this was not the case for traditional sales. Also, with e-commerce the shape of distance distribution were flattened with low skewness comparing with traditional sale where the distributions were peaked and right-skewed. Thus, e-commerce created novel modes of long-distance dispersal, while traditional sale resembled more natural dispersal modes. Moreover, analysis of sale in the biggest Polish internet auction portal showed that the number of alien specimens sold via the internet has increased markedly over recent years. Therefore internet commerce is likely to increase the rate at which ecological communities become homogenized and increase spread of invasive species by increasing the rate of long distance dispersal.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skórka
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Johannes M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Knops
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moroń
authors.affiliation: Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuszewska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woyciechowski
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D020407:Internet; D058865:Introduced Species; D009068:Movement; D011044:Poland; D058614:Seed Dispersal / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors