title: Shoulder problems in overhead sports. Part I - biomechanics of throwing.
abstract: The article discusses the biomechanical processes that occur during an overhead throw. This activity is highly specialized and requires full and proper function from the shoulder joint. It consists of active and passive stabilization and synchronous work of the accelerating and decelerating muscles. The process of the overhead throw can be divided into several phases that differ from each other in biomechanical parameters and involvement of specific muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr Krzysztof
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Science, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lubiatowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cisowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grygorowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łepski
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Długosz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ogrodowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Rehasport Clinic, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dudziński
authors.affiliation: Medical Center, Dynasplint, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Poznań Univeristy of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romanowski
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D015865:Racquet Sports / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology