title: A twin study of problematic internet use: its heritability and genetic association with effortful control.
abstract: Our goal was to estimate genetic and environmental sources of influence on adolescent problematic internet use, and whether these individual differences can be explained by effortful control, an important aspect of self-regulation. A sample of 825 pairs of Chinese adolescent twins and their parents provided reports of problematic internet use and effortful control. Univariate analysis revealed that genetic factors explained 58-66% of variance in problematic internet use, with the rest explained by non-shared environmental factors. Sex difference was found, suggesting boys' problematic internet use was more influenced by genetic influences than girls' problematic internet use. Bivariate analysis indicated that effortful control accounted for a modest portion of the genetic and non-shared environmental variance in problematic internet use among girls. In contrast, among boys, effortful control explained between 6% (parent report) and 20% (self-report) of variance in problematic internet use through overlapping genetic pathways. Adolescent problematic internet use is heritable, and poor effortful control can partly explain adolescent problematic internet use, with effects stronger for boys. Implications for future research are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China.
authors.forename: Mengjiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology,Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Peking Union Medical College,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing,China.
authors.forename: Naishi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mental Health,Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China.
authors.forename: Xinying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012927:Social Control, Informal; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology