title: Propolis varnish: antimicrobial properties against cariogenic bacteria, cytotoxicity, and sustained-release profile.
abstract: Varnishes are preparations that differ in the polymeric matrix and therapeutical agents. In dentistry they are used to prevent caries. In this study we developed a propolis varnish, considering propolis properties against cariogenic bacteria. To a chitosan polymeric base (CHV) was added ethanolic propolis extract in different concentrations: PV1 (5%), PV2 (10%), and PV3 (15%). Antimicrobial activity was carried out against Streptococcus mutans (SM), Streptococcus sanguinis (SG), Streptococcus salivarius (SS), and Lactobacillus casei (LC) through agar diffusion method. The three propolis concentrations incorporated were effective in inhibiting the growth of all microorganisms, but without significant difference between the zones of inhibition observed. Cytotoxicity assay was done by MTT method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. None of the varnishes were cytotoxic, keeping 80% of viable cells, while CHV allowed cellular proliferation (120%). Sustained-release test was carried out by applying 40 μ L of each varnish in the buccal surface of bovine teeth and kept in an ethanol/water solution removed in regular times. According to the "independent model approach," the release profiles were distinct from each varnish and the most prolonged was PV3 (8 weeks). Varnish formulations had satisfactory antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria and have a low cytotoxicity (<50%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juçara R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Franca
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Filipe Augusto F F
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Institute (INEB), Porto University and Faculty of Engineering, DEMM, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9476-2839
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grenho
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Esperanza
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cortes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Augusto G
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Faraco
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allyson N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vagner R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D011429:Propolis / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002326:Cariogenic Agents; D011429:Propolis; D048271:Chitosan