title: Microbiota and metabolome associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).
abstract: This study aimed at investigating the fecal microbiota, and the fecal and urinary metabolome of non progressor (NP) and progressor (P) patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Three groups of volunteers were included in the study: (i) sixteen IgAN NP patients; (ii) sixteen IgAN P patients; and (iii) sixteen healthy control (HC) subjects, without known diseases. Selective media were used to determine the main cultivable bacterial groups. Bacterial tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA was carried out to determine total and metabolically active bacteria, respectively. Biochrom 30 series amino acid analyzer and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry/solid-phase microextraction (GC-MS/SPME) analyses were mainly carried out for metabolomic analyses. As estimated by rarefaction, Chao and Shannon diversity index, the lowest microbial diversity was found in P patients. Firmicutes increased in the fecal samples of NP and, especially, P patients due to the higher percentages of some genera/species of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Eubacteriaceae and Streptococcaeae. With a few exceptions, species of Clostridium, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus genera were found at the highest levels in HC. Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae families differed among NP, P and HC subjects. Sutterellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae species were almost the highest in the fecal samples of NP and/or P patients. Compared to HC subjects, Bifidobacterium species decreased in the fecal samples of NP and P. As shown by multivariate statistical analyses, the levels of metabolites (free amino acids and organic volatile compounds) from fecal and urinary samples markedly differentiated NP and, especially, P patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology Unit - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Eustacchio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Montemurno
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology Unit - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lauriero
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology Unit - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maranzano
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gozzi
authors.affiliation: Inter-departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Cesena, Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serrazanetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology Unit - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dalfino
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Nephrology Unit - University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gesualdo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged