title: A systems biology approach to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac pathological hypertrophy associated with rosiglitazone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac pathological hypertrophy is associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease and has been observed in diabetic patients treated with rosiglitazone whereas most published studies do not suggest a similar increase in risk of cardiovascular events in pioglitazone-treated diabetic subjects. This study sought to understand the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the disparate cardiovascular effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone and yield knowledge as to the causative nature of rosiglitazone-associated cardiac hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a high-fat diet-induced pre-diabetic mouse model to allow bioinformatics analysis of the transcriptome of the heart of mice treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show that rosiglitazone and pioglitazone both markedly improved systemic markers for glucose homeostasis, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and the urinary excretion of albumin. Only rosiglitazone, but not pioglitazone, tended to increase atherosclerosis and induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy, based on a significant increase in heart weight and increased expression of the validated markers, ANP and BNP. Functional enrichment analysis of the rosiglitazone-specific cardiac gene expression suggests that a shift in cardiac energy metabolism, in particular decreased fatty acid oxidation toward increased glucose utilization as indicated by down regulation of relevant PPARα and PGC1α target genes. This underlies the rosiglitazone-associated pathological hypertrophic cardiac phenotype in the current study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of a systems biology approach uncovered a shift in energy metabolism by rosiglitazone that may impact cardiac pathological hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: TNO, Department Microbiology and Systems Biology, P,O, Box 360, 3704 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands. Lars.Verschuren@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.forename: Peter Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Wielinga
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kelder
authors.forename: Marijana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radonjic
authors.forename: Kanita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salic
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleemann
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ommen
authors.forename: Teake
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kooistra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000077205:Pioglitazone