title: Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and quantify the evidence for behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis of 16 controlled trials and qualitative analysis of 12 within-subject studies were conducted (total n = 2,560).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meta-analysis found significant effects for four specified sleep outcomes: sleep-onset latency, number of night wakings, and duration of night wakings, and sleep efficiency, with small to large effect sizes across the controlled clinical trials involving typical children. No significant effects were found for the two studies conducted with special needs populations. Finally, within-subjects studies demonstrated significant effects for all sleep outcomes with large effect sizes. Risk of bias assessment and GRADE ratings of the quality of the evidence are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate-level evidence supports behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia in young children. However, low evidence for children, adolescents, and those with special needs (due to a lack of studies that met inclusion criteria) highlights the need for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, and Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia meltzerL@njhealth.org.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, and Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph's University, and Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mindell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: bedtime problems; behavioral insomnia of childhood; behavioral treatment; insomnia; night wakings; pediatric insomnia; treatment