title: CXCR3 modulates glial accumulation and activation in cuprizone-induced demyelination of the central nervous system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The functional state of glial cells, like astrocytes and microglia, critically modulates the course of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases and can have both detrimental and beneficial effects. Glial cell function is tightly controlled by cellular interactions in which cytokines are important messengers. Recent studies provide evidence that in particular chemokines are important modulators of glial cell function. During the course of CNS diseases like multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease, and in the corresponding animal models, the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 are abundantly expressed at sites of glial activation, arguing for an important role of these chemokines and their corresponding receptor CXCR3 in glial activation. To clarify the role of this chemokine system in glial cell activation, we characterized the impact of CXCR3 on glial activation in a model of toxic demyelination in which glial activation without a prominent influx of hematogenous cells is prototypical.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the impact of CXCR3 on cuprizone-induced demyelination, comparing CXCR3-deficient mice with wild type controls. The clinical course during cuprizone feeding was documented for five weeks and for the subsequent four days withdrawal of the cuprizone diet (5.5 weeks). Glial activation was characterized using histological, histomorphometric and phenotypic analysis. Molecular analysis for (de)myelination and neuroinflammation was applied to characterize the effect of cuprizone on CXCR3-deficient mice and control animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCR3-deficient mice displayed a milder clinical course during cuprizone feeding and a more rapid body weight recovery after offset of diet. In the CNS, CXCR3 deficiency significantly attenuated the accumulation and activation of microglia and astrocytes. Moreover, a deficiency of CXCR3 reduced the expression of the microglial activation markers CD45 and CD11b. Compared to controls, we observed a vast reduction of RNA levels for proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines like Ccl2, Cxcl10, Tnf and Il6 within the CNS of cuprizone-treated mice. Lastly, CXCR3 deficiency had no major effects on the course of demyelination during cuprizone feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CXCR3 chemokine system is critically involved in the intrinsic glial activation during cuprizone-induced demyelination, which significantly modulates the distribution of glial cells and the local cytokine milieu.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str, 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. marius.krauthausen@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krauthausen
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxe
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emrich
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Heneka
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003471:Cuprizone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C515188:Cxcr3 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054367:Receptors, CXCR3; D003471:Cuprizone