title: H2O2 generation by bacillus Calmette-Guérin induces the cellular oxidative stress response required for bacillus Calmette-Guérin direct effects on urothelial carcinoma biology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure of urothelial carcinoma cells to bacillus Calmette-Guérin affects cellular redox status and tumor cell biology but the mechanism(s) remain unclear. We examined free radical production by bacillus Calmette-Guérin in tumor cells in response to the bacillus using global profiling of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species. The relationship between free radical generation and downstream cellular events was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using fluorescent probes we performed global profiling of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species in heat killed and viable bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and in the 253J and T24 urothelial carcinoma cell lines after exposure to the bacillus. Inhibition of bacillus Calmette-Guérin internalization and H2O2 pharmacological scavenging were studied for their effect on cellular reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species generation and various physiological end points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viable bacillus Calmette-Guérin produced H2O2 and O2(-) but nitric oxide was not generated. Loss of viability decreased H2O2 production by 50% compared to viable bacillus. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin internalization was necessary for the bacillus to induce reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species generation in urothelial carcinoma cells. Pharmacological H2O2 scavenging reversed reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species mediated signaling in urothelial carcinoma cells. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin dependent alterations in tumor biology, including intracellular signaling, gene expression and cytotoxicity, depended on free radical generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the importance of free radical generation by bacillus Calmette-Guérin and intracellular generation of cellular oxidative stress on the urothelial carcinoma cell response to the bacillus. Manipulating the cellular oxidative stress induced by bacillus Calmette-Guérin represents a potential target to increase the efficacy of the bacillus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Gopitkumar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Fanghong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Guangjian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: YanLi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Balaraman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kalyanaraman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Biophysics (JZ, BK), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: See
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: BCG vaccine; carcinoma; free radicals; oxidative stress; urinary bladder