title: Establishing the bidirectional relationship between depression and subclinical arteriosclerosis--rationale, design, and characteristics of the BiDirect Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression and cardiovascular diseases due to arteriosclerosis are both frequent and impairing conditions. Depression and (subclinical) arteriosclerosis appear to be related in a bidirectional way, and it is plausible to assume a partly joint causal relationship. However, the biological mechanisms and the behavioral pathways that lead from depression to arteriosclerosis and vice versa remain to be exactly determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study protocol describes the rationale and design of the prospective BiDirect Study that aims at investigating the mutual relationship between depression and (subclinical) arteriosclerosis. BiDirect is scheduled to follow-up three distinct cohorts of individuals ((i) patients with acute depression (N = 999), (ii) patients after an acute cardiac event (N = 347), and (iii) reference subjects from the general population (N = 912)). Over the course of 12 years, four personal examinations are planned to be conducted. The core examination program, which will remain identical across follow-ups, comprises a personal interview (e.g. medical diagnoses, health care utilization, lifestyle and risk behavior), a battery of self-administered questionnaires (e.g. depressive symptoms, readiness to change health behavior, perceived health-related quality of life), sensory (e.g. olfaction, pain) and neuropsychological (e.g. memory, executive functions, emotional processing, manual dexterity) assessments, anthropometry, body impedance measurement, a clinical work-up regarding the vascular status (e.g. electrocardiogram, blood pressure, intima media thickness), the taking of blood samples (serum and plasma, DNA), and structural and functional resonance imaging of the brain (e.g. diffusion tensor imaging, resting-state, emotional faces processing). The present report includes BiDirect-Baseline, the first data collection wave.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to its prospective character, the integration of three distinct cohorts, the long follow-up time window, the diligent diagnosis of depression taking depression subtypes into account, the consideration of relevant comorbidities and risk factors, the assessment of indicators of (subclinical) arteriosclerosis in different vascular territories, and the structural and functional brain imaging that is performed for a large number of participants, the BiDirect Study represents an innovative approach that combines population-based cohorts with sophisticated clinical work-up methods and that holds the potential to overcome many of the drawbacks characterizing earlier investigations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. h.teismann@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teismann
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wersching
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arolt
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
authors.forename: Bernhard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Baune
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmann
authors.forename: Hans-Werner
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hense
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001921:Brain; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires