title: Perfluoroalkyl substance contamination of the Llobregat River ecosystem (Mediterranean area, NE Spain).
abstract: The occurrence and sources of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs: C4-C14, C16, C18 carboxylate, C4, C6-C8 and C10 sulfonates and C8 sulfonamide) were determined in water, sediment, and biota of the Llobregat River basin (NE Spain). Analytes were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QqQ-MS). All samples were contaminated with at least one PFAS, being the most frequently found perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (L-PFOS). In general, mean PFAS concentrations measured in sediments (0.01-3.67 ng g(-1)) and biota (0.79-431 μg kg(-1)) samples were higher than those found in water (0.01-233 ng L(-1)). L-PFOS presented very high levels in biota and water, particularly in the Anoia River where a maximum concentration of 2.71 μg L(-1) was related to important industrial activities. However, this pollution does not extend down the Llobregat River according to cumulated values. None of the hazard quotients (HQ) calculated indicate potential risk for the different tropic levels considered (algae, Daphnia sp. and fish). According to Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) proposed by the European Commission (L-PFOS) and to Provisional Health Advisory (PHA) values (PFOA, L-PFOS) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), only two water samples exceeded PHA concentration for L-PFOS.
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n. 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain. Electronic address: Julian.Campo@uv.es.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n. 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masiá
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n. 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Picó
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marinel la
authors.initials: Ml
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003621:Daphnia / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013030:Spain; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Distribution; Hazard quotient; LC–MS/MS; Mediterranean rivers; Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)