title: Environmental impact of recycling nutrients in human excreta to agriculture compared with enhanced wastewater treatment.
abstract: Human excreta are potential sources of plant nutrients, but are today usually considered a waste to be disposed of. The requirements on wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to remove nitrogen and phosphorus are increasing and to meet these requirements, more energy and chemicals are needed by WWTPs. Separating the nutrient-rich wastewater fractions at source and recycling them to agriculture as fertiliser is an alternative to removing them at the WWTP. This study used life cycle assessment methodology to compare the environmental impact of different scenarios for recycling the nutrients in the human excreta as fertiliser to arable land or removing them in an advanced WWTP. Three scenarios were assessed. In blackwater scenario, blackwater was source-separated and used as fertiliser. In urine scenario, the urine fraction was source-separated and used as fertiliser and the faecal water treated in an advanced WWTP. In NP scenario, chemical fertiliser was used as fertiliser and the toilet water treated in an advanced WWTP. The emissions from the WWTP were the same for all scenarios. This was fulfilled by the enhanced reduction in the WWTP fully removing the nutrients from the excreta that were not source-separated in the NP and urine scenarios. Recycling source-separated wastewater fractions as fertilisers in agriculture proved efficient for conserving energy and decreasing global warming potential (GWP). However, the blackwater and urine scenarios had a higher impact on potential eutrophication and potential acidification than the WWTP-chemical fertiliser scenario, due to large impacts by the ammonia emitted from storage and after spreading of the fertilisers. The cadmium input to the arable soil was very small with urine fertiliser. Source separation and recycling of excreta fractions as fertiliser thus has potential for saving energy and decreasing GWP emissions associated with wastewater management. However, for improved sustainability, the emissions from storage and after spreading of these fertilisers must decrease.
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spångberg
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 7033, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tidåker
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Box 7032, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: hakan.jonsson@slu.se.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D012722:Sewage; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Blackwater; Cadmium; Fertilisers; Life cycle assessment; Urine; Wastewater treatment