title: Lead-free solder alloys: Thermodynamic properties of the (Au + Sb + Sn) and the (Au + Sb) system.
abstract: The thermodynamic properties of liquid (Au-Sb-Sn) alloys were studied with an electromotive force (EMF) method using the eutectic mixture of KCl/LiCl with addition of SnCl2as a liquid electrolyte. Activities of Sn in the liquid alloys were measured at three cross-sections with constant molar ratios of Au:Sb = 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 with tin in the concentration range between 5 at.% and 90 at.% from the liquidus of the samples up to 1073 K. The integral Gibbs excess energies and the integral enthalpies at 873 K were calculated by Gibbs-Duhem integration. Additionally liquid Au-Sb alloys have been measured at 913 K with the EMF method as no reliable data for the Gibbs excess energies have been found in literature. The eutectic mixture of KCl/LiCl with addition of SbCl3has been used as an electrolyte for the measurements. The Gibbs excess energies from the (Au + Sb) system were necessary for the integration of the thermodynamic properties of the ternary (Au + Sb + Sn) system.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry/Material Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry/Material Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria ; Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhongnan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry/Material Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Adolf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mikula
keywords: Activity; Au–Sb–Sn alloys; Electromotive force (EMF); Lead-free solders; Thermodynamic properties