title: The noninvasive retro-mode imaging of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in myopic maculopathy: a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the morphological features of myopic maculopathy with a new and noninvasive retro-mode imaging (RMI) technique using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 42 patients (69 eyes) with myopic maculopathy were included. RMI combined with fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography together were used to observe and evaluate the morphological features of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four in 4 eyes (100%) with macular retinoschisis were found with a characteristic pattern by RMI (firework pattern centrally with surrounding fingerprint pattern). Twenty-four in 24 eyes (100%) with pigment proliferation were found by RMI as dark plain patches, and 23 in 24 eyes with hemorrhage (95.8%) were found by RMI as gray bump. Atrophy of different degrees (12 in 14 eyes, 85.7%) was found by RMI as an area of pseudo-3D choroidal vessels or a fuzzy shadow but both without a clear boundary. Choroidal neovascularization (12 in 16 eyes, 75%) was identified laboriously by RMI as a vague raised region. Lacquer cracks were difficult to figure out in RMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinoschisis, pigment proliferation, hemorrhage, and atrophy secondary to myopic maculopathy have characteristic morphologic features in RMI; however, choroidal neovascularization and lacquer crack are not easily distinguishable in RMI.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D047728:Myopia, Degenerative / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D010781:Photography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D055815:Young Adult