title: Calcineurin inhibitor avoidance and withdrawal for kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many studies have compared the safety and efficacy of the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) avoidance or CNI withdrawal regimens with typical CNI regimens, but the results remain controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to make a profound review and an objective appraisal of the safety and efficacy of the CNI avoidance and CNI withdrawal protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PUBMED, EMBASE, and the reference lists of retrieved studies to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that referred to CNI-free regimens, CNI avoidance, or CNI withdrawal for kidney transplantation. Eight publications involving 27 different RCTs and a total of 3953 patients were used in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, namely sirolimus (SRL), in combination with mycophenolate, conserve graft function at 1 year (glomerular filtration rage [GFR]: mean difference MD 6.21, 95% CI 0.02-12.41, P = .05; serum creatinine: MD -0.11, 95% CI -0.19 to -0.03, P = .01, respectively) and 2 years post-transplant (GFR: MD 13.96, 95% CI 7.32-20.60, P < .0001). Similarly, early withdrawal (≤ 6 months) of CNIs protect graft function at 1 year after transplant (GFR: MD 7.03, 95% CI 4.84-9.23, P < .00001, serum creatinine: MD -0.21, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.19, P < .00001, respectively). CNI avoidance and withdrawal strategies are associated with higher incidence of acute rejection at 1 year post-transplant (odds ratio OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.08-2.81, P = .02; OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.35-2.34, P < .0001, respectively). At 2 years after transplant, there was no significant difference (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.33-2.51, P = .86; OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.01-5.82, P = .05, respectively). Meanwhile, neither adverse events nor patient/graft survival differed significantly between the CNI-free and CNI protocols at 1 and 2 years. Referring to long-term results in the published RCTs, use of CNI-free and CNI withdrawal regimens achieve better renal function vs CNI regimens, with no significant difference in patient and graft survival, acute rejection, and most reported adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that renal recipients with early withdrawal of CNI drugs or avoiding CNI with SRL perform better to conserve graft function at 1 and 2 years post-transplant. Though the use of CNI regimens performs no better in 2-year acute rejection vs the contrast group, they greatly decrease the incidence of acute rejection at the first year after transplantation. CNI avoidance and withdrawal regimens improve the long-term renal function and perform similarly in the acute rejection, patient and graft survival, and adverse events. Due to the limited amounts of long-term studies, more high-quality RCTs are needed.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian-Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian-Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian-Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian-Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian-Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: doctorzhy@126.com.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents