title: Individual classification of children with epilepsy using support vector machine with multiple indices of diffusion tensor imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Support vector machines (SVM) have recently been demonstrated to be useful for voxel-based MR image classification. In the present study we sought to evaluate whether this method is feasible in the classification of childhood epilepsy intractability based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), with adequate accuracy. We applied SVM in conjunction DTI indices of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD). DTI studies have reported white matter abnormalities in childhood-onset epilepsy, but the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between epileptic seizures and cerebral white matter abnormalities identified by DTI in children with active compared to remitted epilepsy utilizing an automated and unsupervised classification method.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DTI data were tensor-derived indices including FA, MD, AD and RD in 49 participants including 20 children with epilepsy 5-6 years after seizure onset as compared to healthy controls. To determine whether there was normalization of white matter diffusion behavior following cessation of seizures and treatment, the epilepsy subjects were grouped into those with active versus remitted epilepsy. Group comparisons were previously made examining FA, MD and RD via whole-brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The SVM analysis was undertaken with the WEKA software package with 10-fold cross validation. Weighted sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were measured for all the DTI indices for two classifications: (1) controls vs. all children with epilepsy and (2) controls vs. children with remitted epilepsy vs. children with active epilepsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using TBSS, significant differences were identified between controls and all children with epilepsy, between controls and children with active epilepsy, and also between the active and remitted epilepsy groups. There were no significant differences between the remitted epilepsy and controls on any DTI measure. In the SVM analysis, the best predictor between controls and all children with epilepsy was MD, with a sensitivity of 90-100% and a specificity between 96.6 and 100%. For the three-way classification, the best results were for FA with 100% sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DTI-based SVM classification appears promising for distinguishing children with active epilepsy from either those with remitted epilepsy or controls, and the question that arises is whether it will prove useful as a prognostic index of seizure remission. While SVM can correctly identify children with active epilepsy from other groups' diagnosis, further research is needed to determine the efficacy of SVM as a prognostic tool in longitudinal clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Ishmael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amarreh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Meyerand
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stafstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States.
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, WI 53705, United States ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Rasmus M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Birn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016880:Anisotropy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: Childhood epilepsy; DTI; Remission; Support vector machine