title: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced ossification of the ligamentum flavum in rats and the associated global modification of histone H3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary object of this investigation was to study recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-induced ossification of the ligamentum flavum and associated histone H3 modification in a rat model. In an additional set of studies the authors investigated spinal cord and behavioral changes in the same model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors report on 2 separate sets of studies. A total of 90 rats were used for the 2 sets of studies (45 each); in each study, a lyophilized rhBMP-2 and collagen mixture (20 μg rhBMP-2 and 200 μl collagen) was implanted in the lumbar extradural space in 18 rats; another 18 animals were used for a sham-operation control group and underwent implantation of lyophilized collagen without rhBMP-2 at the same level; an additional 9 animals were used as untreated controls. Lumbar spinal samples were harvested from the rhBMP-2 groups and the shamoperation control groups at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 9 weeks after the operation. Samples were also obtained from untreated controls at the same time points. All samples were scanned using micro-CT and then made into paraffinembedded sections. The sections from the first set of 45 rats were stained using elastica van Gieson and toluidine blue, and the expression of histone modifications (H3K9ac, H3K18ac, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3) and osteogenic transcription factors (osterix, Runx2) was detected by immunohistochemistry. In the second set of studies, hindlimb motor function was assessed at 1 week, 3 weeks, and 9 weeks after surgery. After behavioral evaluation, samples were harvested, scanned using micro-CT, and then made into paraffin-embedded sections. The sections were stained using Luxol fast blue. The expression of NeuN was also detected using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ossification was seen in the rhBMP-2 group from 1 week after insertion, and the volume of ossified mass increased at 3 and 9 weeks. There was no ossification seen in the sham-surgery and normal controls. The pathological changes of ossification involved ligament degeneration, cartilage formation, and, finally, bone replacement. Spinal cord evaluation showed a significant decrease in white matter content and number of neurons at 9 weeks after operation in the rhBMP-2-treated group (compared with findings in the sham-surgery and control groups as well as findings at the earlier time points in the rhBMP-2 group). Using immunohistochemical staining, histone modifications (H3K9ac, H3K18ac, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3) and osteogenic transcription factors (osterix, Runx2) all were found to be expressed in the fibrocartilage area of the rat ossified ligamentum flavum samples (rhBMP2 group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This rhBMP-2-induced OLF is a typical endochondral ossification, which is similar to clinical OLF. The compressed spinal cord around the ossification site showed signs of a chronic degenerative process. Histone H3 modifications (H3K9ac, H3K18ac, H3K4me3, and H3K36me3) may play an important role in OLF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Dong-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Chui-Guo
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhong-Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D006657:Histones; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2
keywords: EVG = elastica van Gieson; LFB = Luxol fast blue; OLF = ossification of the ligamentum flavum; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline; degenerative disease; histone modifications; immunohistochemistry; lumbar spine; ossification of the ligamentum flavum; osteogenic transcription factors; rhBMP-2; rhBMP-2 = recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2