title: Subject-specific real-time respiratory liver motion compensation method for ultrasound-MRI/CT fusion imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound-MRI/CT fusion imaging is widely used in minimal invasive surgeries, such as liver biopsy and tumor ablation. However, respiration-induced quasi-periodic liver motion and deformation cause unacceptable misalignment of the fusion images (i.e., fusion error). A subject-specific liver motion model based on skin-mounted position sensor and corresponding ultrasound liver image sequence was developed to compensate for liver motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  External surrogate respiratory motion signal is used to predict internal liver motion. An electromagnetic position sensor fixed on abdominal skin is introduced to track the respiratory motion, and 2D ultrasound images are used to track the liver motion synchronously. Based on these measurements, a subject-specific model describing the relationship of respiratory skin motion and internal liver motion is built and applied in real time (ultrasound-MRI/CT fusion imaging system) to predict and to compensate for the liver motion due to respiratory movement. Feasibility experiments and clinical trials were carried out on a phantom and eight volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative and quantitative analyses and visual inspections performed by experienced clinicians show that the proposed model could effectively compensate for the liver motion, and the ratio of motion-compensated fusion error to the original varied from 10 % (0.96/9.40 mm) to 28 % (2.90/10.22 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An online liver motion modeling and compensation method was developed that provides surgeons with stable and accurate multimodality fusion images in real time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Room C249, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China, yangml122@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Minglei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jingang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Guangzhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009038:Motion; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods