title: Mercury intrusion porosimetry and assessment of cement-dentin interface of anti-washout-type mineral trioxide aggregate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the disadvantages of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is washout (ie, the tendency of freshly prepared cement paste to disintegrate upon early contact with physiological fluids). A novel MTA (MTA Plus; Prevest Denpro, Jammu City, India) exhibits low washout and superior physical properties when mixed with a gel instead of water. When used as a root-end filler, MTA is in contact with both bone and root dentin. This study aimed to investigate the porosity and interfacial characteristics of the novel MTA mixed with water or antiwashout gel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porosity was evaluated after 1 or 28 days of immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The root dentin to material interface was investigated using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy complete with line scans and elemental maps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-washout-type MTA Plus was found to have lower initial porosity than MTA Plus mixed with water although this trend was reversed after 28 days of immersion in physiological fluid. Both materials exhibited good marginal adaptation. The diffusion of silicon, calcium, and phosphorus across the cement/dentin interface was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MTA Plus mixed with antiwashout gel was found to have lower initial porosity than MTA Plus mixed with water. Both materials exhibited good marginal adaptation and the diffusion of silicon, calcium, and phosphorous across the cement/dentin interface. Thus, the anti-washout-type MTA can be considered to be a suitable substitute for ordinary MTA in all its indications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Malta.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Formosa
authors.affiliation: University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; EM Douai, Douai, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damidot
authors.affiliation: Department Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Malta. Electronic address: josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt.
authors.forename: Josette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D018772:Dental Marginal Adaptation; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004058:Diffusion; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D012184:Retrograde Obturation / Q000379:methods; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; C072670:Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D014867:Water; D010758:Phosphorus; D008628:Mercury; D002118:Calcium; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Antiwashout; dentin-material interface; mercury intrusion porosimetry; mineral trioxide aggregate; root-end filling materials