title: Emotional, cognitive and behavioral reactions to paranoid symptoms in clinical and nonclinical populations.
abstract: Background: Paranoia is a disruptive belief that can vary across a continuum, ranging from persecutory delusions presented in clinical settings to paranoid cognitions that are highly prevalent in the general population. The literature suggests that paranoid thoughts derive from the activation of a paranoid schema or information processing biases that can be sensitive to socially ambiguous stimuli and influence the processing of threatening situations. Method: Four groups (Schizophrenic participants in active psychotic phases, n=6; stable participants in remission, n=30; participants' relatives, n=32; and healthy controls, n=64) were assessed with self-report questionnaires to determine how the reactions to paranoia of clinical patients differ from healthy individuals. Cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions of their reactions to these paranoid thoughts were examined. Results: Paranoid individuals were present in all groups. Most participants referred the rejection by others as an important trigger of paranoid ideations, while active psychotic were unable to identify triggering situations to their thoughts and reactions. This may be determinant to the different reactions and the different degree of invalidation caused by paranoid thoughts observed across groups. Conclusion: Clinical and non-clinical expressions of paranoid ideations differ in terms of their cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. It is suggested that, in socially ambiguous situations, paranoid participants (presenting lower thresholds of paranoid schema activation) lose the opportunity to disconfirm their paranoid beliefs by resourcing to more maladaptive coping strategies. Consequently, by dwelling on these thoughts, the amount of time spent thinking about their condition and the disability related to the disease increases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Azores, University of Coimbra, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: da Motta
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Azores, University of Coimbra, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corvalho
authors.affiliation: University of Coimbra, CINEICC, Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto-Gouveia
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ermelindo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bernardo Peixoto
keywords: cognitive-behavioral therapy; invalidation; paranoia; schizophrenia