title: Exposure of Lycopersicon esculentum to microcystin-LR: effects in the leaf proteome and toxin translocation from water to leaves and fruits.
abstract: Natural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum and the toxin accumulation in this horticultural crop. Adult plants (2 month-old) grown in a greenhouse environment were exposed for 2 weeks to either pure MC-LR (100 μg/L) or Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing 100 μg/L MC-LR. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, leaf proteome investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF, and toxin bioaccumulation assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. Variations in several protein markers (ATP synthase subunits, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins) highlight the decrease of the capacity of plants to synthesize ATP and to perform photosynthesis, whereas variations in other proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase) suggest an increase of carbon fixation and decrease of carbohydrate metabolism reactions in plants exposed to pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial extracts, respectively. MC-LR was found in roots (1635.21 μg/kg fw), green tomatoes (5.15-5.41 μg/kg fw), mature tomatoes (10.52-10.83 μg/kg fw), and leaves (12,298.18 μg/kg fw). The results raise concerns relative to food safety and point to the necessity of monitoring the bioaccumulation of water toxins in agricultural systems affected by cyanotoxin contamination.
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain. dgpraena@us.es.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Praena
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal. acampos@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal. maf@estsp.ipp.pt.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal. joana.t.neves@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal. maf@estsp.ipp.pt.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain. rguzman1@us.es.
authors.forename: Remédios
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Guillén
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain. camean@us.es.
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cameán
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg. renaut@lippmann.lu.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renaut
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal. vmvascon@fc.up.pt.
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018527:Hydroponics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000737:chemistry; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D015415:Biomarkers; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D014867:Water; C057862:cyanoginosin LR