title: Extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure, electrical shocks and risk of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies did not provide strong evidence for an increased Parkinson's disease (PD) risk after exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF), but were limited in their scope to address other exposures related to the use of electricity such as electrical shocks. We evaluated the associations of PD with exposure to ELF-MF, electrical shocks and having worked in "electrical occupations."
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospital-based case-control study, including 444 PD patients and 876 age- and sex-matched controls. Occupational histories were collected in telephone interviews and were linked to job-exposure matrices on ELF-MF exposure and on electrical shocks. In addition, questions on use of household appliances involving ELF-MF exposure, experienced electrical shocks and potential confounders were asked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No association of PD risk with any of the evaluated exposures related to electricity was observed. We did, however, observe quite consistently reduced risk estimates across the majority of the exposure categories explored. Given the results of the previous studies and the absence of any postulated mechanism, this is unlikely to represent a true protective effect of ELF-MF or electrical shocks on the occurrence of PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that no association exists between PD and exposure to ELF-MF, electrical shocks or having worked in "electrical occupations."
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Mark
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Peter C G
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nijssen
authors.forename: Wim M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mulleners
authors.forename: Antonetta M G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sas
authors.forename: Teus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Laar
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huss
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D060526:Magnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000150:complications; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology