title: The MAPK pathway across different malignancies: a new perspective.
abstract: The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MAPK/ERK) pathway is activated by upstream genomic events and/or activation of multiple signaling events in which information coalesces at this important nodal pathway point. This pathway is tightly regulated under normal conditions by phosphatases and bidirectional communication with other pathways, like the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/m-TOR) pathway. Recent evidence indicates that the MAPK/ERK signaling node can function as a tumor suppressor as well as the more common pro-oncogenic signal. The effect that predominates depends on the intensity of the signal and the context or tissue in which the signal is aberrantly activated. Genomic profiling of tumors has revealed common mutations in MAPK/ERK pathway components, such as v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF). Currently approved for the treatment of melanoma, inhibitors of BRAF kinase are being studied alone and in combination with inhibitors of the MAPK and other pathways to optimize the treatment of many tumor types. Therapies targeted toward MAPK/ERK components have various response rates when used in different solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer. Understanding the differential nature of activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in each tumor type is critical in developing single and combination regimens, because different tumors have unique mechanisms of primary and secondary signaling and subsequent sensitivity to drugs.
authors.affiliation: Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burotto
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Elise C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
keywords: colorectal cancer; extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); melanoma; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase (MEK); ovarian cancer; signaling; v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (BRAF)