title: A comparison of the discursive practices of perception of patient participation in haemodialysis units.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to Norwegian law, nurses are obligated to provide an acceptable level of health assistance to patients and their family members and to allow patients and their family members to participate in the planning of patient care and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to compare the perceptions of older patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment and of their next of kin and of nurses regarding patient participation in the context of haemodialysis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study adopts an approach that is both comparative and explorative in nature by examining the narratives of patients, nurses and next of kin and by performing critical discourse analysis as outlined by Fairclough.
  
  
  METHODS
  Permission to carry out the research was granted by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics of Mid-Norway and by the participating hospitals. Informed consent and confidentiality were ensured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two discourses were found: (a) the discourse of paternalism with the discursive practices of achieving physiological balance in patients, trusting the healthcare team and being excluded or included in the difficult end-of-life decision-making process, and (b) the discourse of patient participation, with the themes of maintaining patients' quality of life and trusting patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The participation of older patients and their next of kin was not as well integrated as social practice in dialysis units. The dominant discourse seemed to have an ideology and social practice of paternalism. However, there existed hegemonic struggles for an ideology of patient participation that involved (a) achieving physiological balance in patients versus maintaining patients' quality of life, (b) trusting the healthcare team versus trusting the patient, and (c) being excluded versus included in the difficult end-of-life decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Aalesund University College, Norway ea@hials.no.
authors.forename: Elin Margrethe
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Aasen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D006436:Hemodialysis Units, Hospital / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000941:ethics; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods*; D010465:Perception; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Comparison; Norwegian law; critical discourse analysis; haemodialysis; next of kin; nurses; older patients; patient participation