title: Predicting use of ineffective vegetable parenting practices with the Model of Goal Directed Behavior.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing a parent's ability to influence a child's vegetable intake may require reducing the parent's use of ineffective vegetable parenting practices. The present study was designed to understand the psychosocial influences on ineffective vegetable parenting practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted to model use of ineffective vegetable parenting practices using validated scales from a Model of Goal Directed Vegetable Parenting Practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable was a composite ineffective vegetable parenting practices index. The independent variables included validated subscales of intention, habit, perceived barriers, desire, competence, autonomy, relatedness, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioural control and anticipated emotions. Models were analysed using block regression with backward deletion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 307 pre-school children (3-5 years old).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables significantly positively related to ineffective vegetable parenting practices in order of relationship strength included habit of controlling vegetable practices (standardized β=0·349, P<0·0001) and desire (standardized β=0·117, P=0·025). Variables significantly negatively related to ineffective vegetable parenting practices in order of relationship strength included perceived behavioural control of negative parenting practices (standardized β=-0·215, P<0000), the habit of active child involvement in vegetable selection (standardized β=-0·142, P=0·008), anticipated negative parent emotional response to child vegetable refusal (standardized β=-0·133, P=0·009), autonomy (standardized β=-0·118, P=0.014), attitude about negative effects of vegetables (standardized β=-0·118, P=0·015) and descriptive norms (standardized β=-0·103, P=0·032). The model accounted for 40·5 % of the variance in use of ineffective vegetable parenting practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first report of psychometrically tested scales to predict use of ineffective vegetable parenting practices. Innovative intervention procedures will need to be designed and tested to reduce ineffective vegetable parenting practices.
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beltran
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-An
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Debbe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Teresia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diep
authors.affiliation: USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center,Department of Pediatrics,Baylor College of Medicine,1100 Bates Street,Houston,TX 77030-2600,USA.
authors.forename: Janice C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baranowski
mesh_terms: D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006040:Goals; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D013781:Texas; D014675:Vegetables / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Controlling parenting practices