title: The bone-implant interface - nanoscale analysis of clinically retrieved dental implants.
abstract: Evaluation of the fine structure of the bone-implant interface in humans is a prerequisite for a deepened understanding of structure-function relationships with nano-modified biomaterials. In this study, three clinically stable, yet retrieved, laser-modified dental implants were evaluated using histological and interface ultrastructural analyses. The cumulative results for all threads containing intact tissue showed remodeled Haversian bone with bone area and bone-implant contact in excess of 85% and 80%, respectively. Collagen fibrils, laid down parallel to the surface oxide layer, were mineralized by plate-like crystallites of stoichiometrically relevant (Ca/P ratios 1.30-1.67) bone-apatite. An overlap of titanium, oxygen, calcium and phosphorus signals indicated the gradual intermixing of bone-apatite and the nano-rough surface oxide. These results suggest that bone bonding to nano-textured titanium implant surfaces is promoted in human jaw-bone after functional loading.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this study, newly developed and laser-modified titanium dental implants demonstrate strong evidence for implant-osseo integration basen on the surface and chemical analysis of three clinically stable dental implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Furqan Ali
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Tandvårdshuset, Vetlanda, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nilson
authors.affiliation: Centre of Orthopaedic Osseointegration, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rickard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brånemark
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden; BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: anders.palmquist@biomaterials.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmquist
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bone bonding; Dental implant; Electron microscopy; Nano; Osseointegration; Ultrastructure