title: Procedures for assessing psychological predictors of injuries in circus artists: a pilot prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on psychological risk factors for injury has focused on stable traits. Our objective was to test the feasibility of a prospective longitudinal study designed to examine labile psychological states as risk factors of injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured psychological traits at baseline (mood, ways of coping and anxiety), and psychological states every day (1-item questions on anxiety, sleep, fatigue, soreness, self-confidence) before performances in Cirque du Soleil artists of the show "O". Additional questions were added once per week to better assess anxiety (20-item) and mood. Questionnaires were provided in English, French, Russian and Japanese. Injury and exposure data were extracted from electronic records that are kept as part of routine business practices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 43.9% (36/82) recruitment rate was more than expected. Most artists completed the baseline questionnaires in 15 min, a weekly questionnaire in <2 min and a daily questionnaire in <1 min. We improved the formatting of some questions during the study, and adapted the wording of other questions to improve clarity. There were no dropouts during the entire study, suggesting the questionnaires were appropriate in content and length. Results for sample size calculations depend on the number of artists followed and the minimal important difference in injury rates, but in general, preclude a purely prospective study with daily data collection because of the long follow-up required. However, a prospective nested case-crossover design with data collection bi-weekly and at the time of injury appears feasible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prospective study collecting psychological state data from subjects who train and work regularly together is feasible, but sample size calculations suggest that the optimal study design would use prospective nested case-crossover methodology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Ch, Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal H3T 1E2, Canada. ian.shrier@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shrier
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Raglin
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*