title: Relevance of Liver Failure for Anti-Infective Agents: From Pharmacokinetic Alterations to Dosage Adjustments.
abstract: The liver is a complex organ with great ability to influence drug pharmacokinetics. Due to its wide array of function, its impairment has the potential to affect bioavailability, enterohepatic circulation, drug distribution, metabolism, clearance, and biliary elimination. These alterations differ widely depending on the cause of the liver failure, if it is acute or chronic in nature, the extent of impairment, and comorbid conditions. In addition, effects on liver functions do not occur in a proportional or predictable manner for escalating degrees of liver impairment. The ability of hepatic alterations to influence PK is also dependent on drug characteristics, such as administration route, chemical properties, protein binding, and extraction ratio, among others. This complexity makes it difficult to predict what these effects have on drugs. Unlike certain classes of agents, efficacy of anti-infectives is most often dependent on fulfilling pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets, such as Cmax/MIC, AUC/MIC, T>MIC, IC50/EC50, or T>EC95. Loss of efficacy, or conversely, increased risk of toxicity may occur in certain circumstances of liver injury. Although important to consider these potential alterations and their effects on specific anti-infectives, many lack data to constitute specific dosing adjustments, making it important to monitor patients for effectiveness and toxicities of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Bϋdingen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Amelia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Derendorf
keywords: antibiotics; liver impairment; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics