title: When to repatriate? Clinicians' perspectives on the transfer of patient management from specialty to primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subspecialty ambulatory care visits have doubled in the past 10 years and nearly half of all visits are for follow-up care. Could some of this care be provided by primary care providers (PCPs)?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how often PCPs and specialists agree that a mutual patient's condition could be managed exclusively by the PCP, and to understand PCPs' perspectives on factors that influence decisions about 'repatriation,' or the transfer of patient management to primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed method approach including paired surveys of PCPs and specialists about the necessity for ongoing specialty care of mutual patients, and interviews with PCPs about care coordination practices and reasons for differing opinions with specialists.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighty-nine PCPs and 59 physicians representing five medicine subspecialties completed paired surveys for 343 patients. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 PCPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each patient, PCPs and specialists were asked, "Could this diagnosis be managed exclusively by the PCP?"
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specialists and PCPs agreed that transfer to primary care was appropriate for 16% of patients, whereas 36% had specialists and PCPs who agreed that ongoing specialty care was appropriate. Specialists were half as likely as PCPs to identify patients as appropriate for transfer to primary care. PCPs identified several factors that influence the likelihood that patients will be transferred to primary care, including perceived patient preferences, limited access to physician appointments, excessive workload, inter-clinician communication norms, and differences in clinical judgment. We group these factors into two domains: 'push-back' and 'pull-back' to primary care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At a large academic medical center, approximately one in six patients receiving ongoing specialty care could potentially be managed exclusively by a PCP. PCPs identified several non-clinical factors to explain continuation of specialty care when patient transfer to PCP is clinically appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Suite 455, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA, Sara.ackerman@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monacelli
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Collado
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chanda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Sereina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Catschegn-Pfab
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gonzales
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000639:trends*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013038:Specialization / Q000639:trends*