title: Cross-species outlier detection reveals different evolutionary pressures between sister species.
abstract: Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) hybridize in western Canada, an area of recent mountain pine beetle range expansion. Given the heterogeneity of the environment, and indications of local adaptation, there are many unknowns regarding the response of these forests to future outbreaks. To better understand this we aim to identify genetic regions that have adaptive potential. We used data collected on 472 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci from 576 tree samples collected across 13 lodgepole pine-dominated sites and four jack pine-dominated sites. We looked at the relationship of genetic diversity with the environment, and we identified candidate loci using both frequency-based (arlequin and bayescan) and correlation-based (matsam and bayenv) methods. We found contrasting relationships between environmental variation and genetic diversity for the species. While we identified a number of candidate outliers (34 in lodgepole pine, 25 in jack pine, and 43 interspecific loci), we did not find any loci in common between lodgepole and jack pine. Many of the outlier loci identified were correlated with environmental variation. Using rigorous criteria we have been able to identify potential outlier SNPs. We have also found evidence of contrasting environmental adaptations between lodgepole and jack pine which could have implications for beetle spread risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cullingham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
authors.forename: Janice E K
authors.initials: JEK
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Coltman
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002170:Canada; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006579:Heterozygote; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008957:Models, Genetic; D028223:Pinus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012641:Selection, Genetic
keywords: adaptive variation; environmental correlation; jack pine (Pinus banksiana); lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia); outlier detection; selection