title: Negative reinforcement via motivational withdrawal is the driving force behind the transition to addiction.
authors.affiliation: Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA, ogeorge@scripps.edu.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Koob
authors.forename: Leandro F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Vendruscolo
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012201:Reward; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*