title: The heterogeneity in financial and time burden of caregiving to children with chronic conditions.
abstract: We examine the financial and time burdens associated with caring for children with chronic conditions, focusing on disparities across types of conditions. Using linked data from the 2003 to 2006 National Health Interview Survey and 2004-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we created measures of financial burden (out-of-pocket healthcare costs, the ratio of out-of-pocket healthcare costs to family income, healthcare costs paid by insurance, and total healthcare costs) and time burden (missed school time due to illness or injury and the number of doctor visits) associated with 14 groups of children's chronic conditions. We used the two-part model to assess the effect of condition on financial burden and finite mixture/latent class model to analyze the time burden of caregiving. Controlling for the influences of other socio-demographic characteristics on caregiving burden, children with chronic conditions have higher financial and time burdens relative to caregiving burdens for healthy children. Levels of financial burden and burden sharing between families and insurance system also vary by type of condition. For example, children with pervasive developmental disorder or heart disease have a relatively low financial burden for families, while imposing a high cost on the insurance system. In contrast, vision difficulties are associated with a high financial burden for families relative to the costs borne by others. With respect to time burden, conditions such as cerebral palsy and heart disease impose a low time burden, while conditions such as pervasive developmental disorder are associated with a high time burden. This study demonstrates that differences exist in caregiving burden for children by type of chronic condition. Each condition has a unique profile of time and financial cost burden for families and the insurance system. These results have implications for policymakers and for families' savings and employment decisions.
authors.affiliation: Center on the Family, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2515 Campus Road, Miller Hall 103, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA, hzan@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zan
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Scharff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000191:economics*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D004651:Employment; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors