title: Cumulative effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on EEG oscillations and attention/working memory during subacute neurorehabilitation of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in a randomized, double-blind design, cumulative effects of anodal tDCS on EEG oscillations and neuropsychological tests among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing subacute neurorehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients were randomly assigned to active (n=13) or sham (n=13) tDCS groups. EEGs were recorded at 6 different time points, assessing both immediate and cumulative effects of tDCS on EEG oscillations. Twenty minute sessions of 1mA anodal stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3, cathode placed at right supraorbital site, Fp2), were provided on 10 consecutive days. Neuropsychological tests were administered before and after the series of tDCS sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Theta was significantly reduced for active tDCS patients following the first tDCS session. Delta decreased and alpha increased, both significantly, for the active tDCS group after 10 consecutive tDCS sessions. No significant changes were seen for sham group. Decreases in delta were significantly correlated with improved performance on neuropsychological tests for the active tDCS group to far greater degree than for the sham group. Participants in the active tDCS group who had excess slow EEG activity in their initial recordings showed greater improvement on neuropsychological tests than other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that 10 anodal tDCS sessions may beneficially modulate regulation of cortical excitability for patients with TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EEG-guided tDCS warrants further investigation as a potential intervention for TBI during subacute neurorehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA. Electronic address: ulamf@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ulam
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
authors.affiliation: Missouri Rehabilitation Center, University of Missouri Health System, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: EEG oscillations; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Traumatic brain injury