title: Horizontal gene transfer among microorganisms in food: current knowledge and future perspectives.
abstract: The possibility of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among microorganisms in food matrices has been specifically targeted in a few investigations, though most current knowledge has been obtained indirectly or derived from genome sequence analyses. In this review, we have assembled reported examples of the HGT events that probably occurred in food matrices since the bacterial partners involved are commonly found in association in a food matrix or are specifically adapted to it. Exchanged genes include those encoding for substrate utilization, bacteriocin, exopolysaccharide and biogenic amine (BA) production, immunity to bacteriophages and antibiotic resistance (AR). While the acquisition of new traits involved in substrate utilization led to the natural genetic improvement of the microbial cultures for food production, the acquisition of hazardous traits, e.g., AR, virulence or BA production genes, can give rise to health concerns in otherwise innocuous species. Available evidence suggests that it would be opportune to determine what conditions favour HGT among bacteria in food ecosystems in order to naturally obtain improved starter or adjunct cultures, and also to prevent the propagation of hazardous traits.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rizzotti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Felis
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy. Electronic address: sandra.torriani@univr.it.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torriani
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005516:Food Microbiology; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal
keywords: Food ecosystems; HGT; Hazardous gene spread; Microorganisms; Natural genetic improvement