title: Maternal dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in early pregnancy are associated with offspring adiposity in childhood: the Southampton Women's Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy is associated with greater adiposity in offspring. The glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) describe the glycemic response to carbohydrate ingestion. However, the influence of maternal dietary GI and GL in pregnancy on childhood adiposity is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined relations of maternal dietary GI and GL in early and late pregnancy with offspring body composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 906 mother-child pairs from the prospective cohort the Southampton Women's Survey were included. Children underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of body composition at birth and 4 and 6 y of age. Log-transformed fat mass and lean mass were standardized with a mean (±SD) of 0 ± 1. Maternal dietary GI and GL were assessed at 11 and 34 wk of gestation by using an administered food-frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After control for potential confounders, both maternal dietary GI and GL in early pregnancy were positively associated with fat mass at 4 and 6 y of age [fat mass SDs per 10-unit GI increase: β = 0.43 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.80), P = 0.02 at 4 y of age; β = 0.40 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.70), P = 0.01 at 6 y of age; fat mass SDs per 50-unit GL increase: β = 0.43 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.67), P < 0.001 at 4 y of age; β = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.47), P = 0.007 at 6 y of age]. In contrast, there were no associations between maternal dietary GI or GL in late pregnancy and offspring fat mass at these ages. Maternal dietary GI and GL were not associated with fat mass at birth or offspring lean mass at any of the ages studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher maternal dietary GI and GL in early pregnancy are associated with greater adiposity in childhood.
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Sarah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Hazel M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Inskip
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (HO, SRC, NCH, KMG, HMI, CC, and SMR); the Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (HO); the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom (NCH, KMG, SMR, and CC); and the NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom (CC).
authors.forename: Siân M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates