title: Rhinorrhea in Parkinson's disease: a consecutive multicenter study in Japan.
abstract: Recent reports suggest that rhinorrhea, defined as the presence of a runny nose unrelated to respiratory infections, allergies, or sinus problems, occurs more frequently among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) than among healthy controls. We conducted a questionnaire survey in a multicenter study throughout Japan and compared the frequency of rhinorrhea between 231 PD and 187 normal control (NC) subjects. After excluding patients with rhinitis or paranasal sinusitis, a total of 159 PD and 59 NC subjects were included in our analysis. Rhinorrhea occurred more frequently in PD patients than NC subjects (33.3% vs. 11.9%; P=0.01). Among PD patients, rhinorrhea was more common in men than women (P=0.005). Rhinorrhea was not correlated with disease duration, modified Hoehn and Yahr score, disease type (akinesia rigidity vs. tremor dominant), or cardiac sympathetic function (evaluated by (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake). To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter study on the frequency of PD-related rhinorrhea in Asian countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan. Electronic address: osamukano2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-4 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hokuyukai Neurological Hospital, 2-4-30 Nijyuyonken-nijo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo 063-0802, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, 6-10 Senshukubotamachi, Akita 010-0874, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, 284-1 Yobecho, Ashikaga 326-0843, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
authors.forename: Renpei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sengoku
authors.affiliation: The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuatsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasakichuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu 279-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, 3-60-2 Harajuku, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Nagoya Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi 570-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Houei Institute of Aging, Research Center for Dementia and Parkinson's Disease, 1609 Shimonagaecho, Miyakonojo, Fukuoka 885-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Non-motor symptoms; Olfactory dysfunction; Parkinson's disease; Rhinorrhea; Sinusitis