title: Sonochemical synthesis of Pr-doped ZnO nanoparticles for sonocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 17.
abstract: Undoped and Pr-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using a simple sonochemical method, and their sonocatalytic activity was investigated toward degradation of Acid Red 17 (AR17) under ultrasonic (US) irradiation. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The extent of sonocatalytic degradation was higher compared with sonolysis alone. The decolorization efficiency of sonolysis alone, sonocatalysis with undoped ZnO and 5% Pr-doped ZnO was 24%, 46% and 100% within reaction time of 70min, respectively. Sonocatalytic degradation of AR17 increased with increasing the amount of dopant and catalyst dosage and decreasing initial dye concentration. Natural pH was favored the sonocatalytic degradation of AR17. With the addition of chloride, carbonate and sulfate as radical scavengers, the decolorization efficiency was decreased from 100% to 65%, 71% and 89% at the reaction time of 70min, respectively, indicating that the controlling mechanism of sonochemical degradation of AR17 is the free radicals (not pyrolysis). The addition of peroxydisulfate and hydrogen peroxide as enhancer improved the degradation efficiency from 79% to 85% and 93% at the reaction time of 50min, respectively. The result showed good reusability of the synthesized sonocatalyst.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: a_khataee@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khataee
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arefi-Oskoui
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hanifehpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea. Electronic address: swjoo@yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Joo
keywords: Sonocatalysis; Sonochemical synthesis; Sonolysis; Textile dye; Ultrasonic degradation; ZnO nanocatalyst