title: Parental feeding control in relation to feeding mode and growth pattern during early infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A high level of parental control of feeding and disturbed energy self-regulation has previously been suggested as a mechanism for the accelerated growth observed in formula-fed compared with breast-fed infants. This study explored factors associated with parental control of feeding in a population of formula-fed infants with high levels of self-regulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 141 formula-fed and 72 breast-fed infants from a randomised controlled trial, who were prospectively followed from under 2 months of age to 12 months of age. Anthropometry was recorded at baseline, 4, 6 and 12 months of age. Parental feeding control was assessed using a Child Feeding Questionnaire at 4 and 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The formula-fed groups fully compensated for different energy and protein densities by regulating their volume intakes. Parents of formula-fed infants had a lower pressure to eat score at 12 months than parents of breast-fed infants. A high parental restrictive score at 12 months was associated with weight at 12 months and high parental pressure to eat score at 12 months with body mass index at 12 months. Neither were associated with feeding mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formula-fed infants had a high level of energy self-regulation and were subjected to low parental control. Parental control of feeding was mainly influenced by infant growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Timby
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hernell
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lönnerdal
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Domellöf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breastfeeding; Energy regulation; Formula feeding; Parental control