title: Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) immune responses are modulated after feeding with purified antinutrients.
abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two purified antinutrients, soy saponins and phytosterols, in an important species for Mediterranean aquaculture. For this purpose, gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) were fed six experimental diets containing two levels of those antinutrients, alone or in combination, and a control diet, to apparent visual satiation under controlled conditions. Blood and head-kidney were collected at 7, 15 and 48 days following first feeding in order to assess immune parameters and the expression of immune-related genes. Plasma bactericidal and alternative complement pathway activities increased in fish fed antinutrients compared to fish fed the control diet during the course of the experiment, with more important changes at 7 and 48 days for bactericidal activity and at 7 and 15 days for complement values. In contrast, plasma total immunoglobulins (Ig) increased in fish fed antinutrients only at 48 days. Caspase 1 (casp1), interleukin 18 (il18), colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (csfr) and hepcidin (hep) presented similar patterns of expression with more important changes at 7 and 48 days, while interleukin 10 (il10) and β-defensin (def) were mainly up-regulated in fish fed antinutrients at 48 days. The level of expression of IgM increased already at 7 days in fish fed the low concentration of both saponins and phytosterols while a general up-regulation was observed at 48 days compared to fish fed the control diet. Results suggest that feeding seabream a diet with purified saponins and phytosterols, alone or in combination, induces a number of changes that are related to the development of inflammation, with most important changes in fish fed the lower phytosterols concentration.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: bcostas@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Benjamín
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Costas
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couto
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azeredo
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ashild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krogdahl
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Aires
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliva-Teles
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D056747:Immunomodulation / Q000276:immunology*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012503:Saponins / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000276:immunology*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D020382:Interleukin-18; D010840:Phytosterols; D012503:Saponins; D023083:beta-Defensins; D016753:Interleukin-10; D012313:RNA; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Bactericidal activity; Inflammation; Interleukin 18; Phytosterols; Saponins