title: Do alcohol excise taxes affect traffic accidents? Evidence from Estonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article examines the association between alcohol excise tax rates and alcohol-related traffic accidents in Estonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly time series of traffic accidents involving drunken motor vehicle drivers from 1998 through 2013 were regressed on real average alcohol excise tax rates while controlling for changes in economic conditions and the traffic environment. Specifically, regression models with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) errors were estimated in order to deal with serial correlation in residuals. Counterfactual models were also estimated in order to check the robustness of the results, using the level of non-alcohol-related traffic accidents as a dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant (P <.01) strong negative relationship between the real average alcohol excise tax rate and alcohol-related traffic accidents was disclosed under alternative model specifications. For instance, the regression model with ARIMA (0, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1) errors revealed that a 1-unit increase in the tax rate is associated with a 1.6% decrease in the level of accidents per 100,000 population involving drunk motor vehicle drivers. No similar association was found in the cases of counterfactual models for non-alcohol-related traffic accidents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article indicates that the level of alcohol-related traffic accidents in Estonia has been affected by changes in real average alcohol excise taxes during the period 1998-2013. Therefore, in addition to other measures, the use of alcohol taxation is warranted as a policy instrument in tackling alcohol-related traffic accidents.
authors.affiliation: a Estonian Academy of Security Sciences , Tallinn , Estonia.
authors.forename: Indrek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saar
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D004957:Estonia; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013660:Taxes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: ARIMA; alcohol; alcohol taxation; alcohol-related traffic accidents