title: Interactions of dietary protein and adiposity measures in relation to subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate if dietary protein and degree of adiposity interacts in relation to change in body weight and waist circumference (WC) in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total 22,433 middle-aged individuals with dietary assessment at baseline and anthropometry at baseline and at follow-up about 5 years later were analyzed with multiple linear regression and dietary macronutrient substitution models. Interactions between dietary protein and baseline body mass index (BMI) and baseline WC adjusted for BMI (WCBMI ) (divided in tertiles; nine groups total), were analyzed in relation to changes in body weight (BW) and changes WC adjusted for change in BW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline intake of protein was not significantly associated with changes in weight or waist circumference. Across the nine groups of baseline BMI and WCBMI there were no distinct trends in the associations between dietary protein, whether replacing carbohydrate or fat, and weight change. However, individuals in the highest tertile of baseline BMI (irrespective of baseline WCBMI ) had significantly inverse change in waist circumference when protein replaced carbohydrate, but not when protein replaced fat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replacing carbohydrate with protein in the diet may prevent a relative increase in WC in individuals with a greater BMI.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, the Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mikkel Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ankarfeldt
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Angquist
authors.forename: Marianne Uhre
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjaer
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins