title: Multihapten approach leading to a sensitive ELISA with broad cross-reactivity to microcystins and nodularin.
abstract: Microcystins (MCs) are a group of biotoxins (>150) produced by cyanobacteria, with a worldwide distribution. MCs are hepatotoxic, and acute exposure causes severe liver damage in humans and animals. Rapid and cheap methods of analysis are therefore required to protect people and livestock, especially in developing countries. To include as many MCs as possible in a single analysis, we developed a new competitive ELISA. Ovine polyclonal antibodies were raised using an immunogen made by conjugating a mixture of microcystins to cationised bovine serum albumin, and the plate-coating antigen was prepared by conjugating [Asp3]MC-RY to ovalbumin. This strategy was used also to minimize specificity for particular microcystin congeners. Cross-reactivity studies indicate that the ELISA has broad specificity to microcystins and also detects nodularin, providing a sensitive and rapid analytical method for screening large numbers of samples. The limit of quantitation for microcystins in drinking water is 0.04 μg/L, well below the WHO's maximum recommendation of 1 μg/L. The ELISA can be used for quantifying total microcystins in various matrices, including drinking water, cyanobacterial cultures, extracts, and algal blooms, and may be useful in detecting metabolites and conjugates of MCs.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingunn A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Samdal
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballot
authors.forename: Kjersti E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Løvberg
authors.forename: Christopher O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Miles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D006241:Haptens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D052998:Microcystins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D046931:Microcystis / Q000737:chemistry; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology*; D012015:Reference Standards; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D060766:Drinking Water; D006241:Haptens; D007106:Immune Sera; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C063998:nodularin; C078588:microcystin