title: Addition of Grape Seed Extract Renders Phosphoric Acid a Collagen-stabilizing Etchant.
abstract: Previous studies found that grape seed extract (GSE), which is rich in proanthocyanidins, could protect demineralized dentin collagen from collagenolytic activities following clinically relevant treatment. Because of proanthocyanidin's adverse interference to resin polymerization, it was believed that GSE should be applied and then rinsed off in a separate step, which in effect increases the complexity of the bonding procedure. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of combining GSE treatment with phosphoric acid etching to address the issue. It is also the first attempt to formulate collagen-cross-linking dental etchants. Based on Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and digestion assay, it was established that in the presence of 20% to 5% phosphoric acid, 30 sec of GSE treatment rendered demineralized dentin collagen inert to bacterial collagenase digestion. Based on this positive result, the simultaneous dentin etching and collagen protecting of GSE-containing phosphoric acid was evaluated on the premise of a 30-second etching time. According to micro-Raman spectroscopy, the formulation containing 20% phosphoric acid was found to lead to overetching. Based on scanning and transmission electronic microscopy, this same formulation exhibited unsynchronized phosphoric acid and GSE penetration. Therefore, addition of GSE did render phosphoric acid a collagen-stabilizing etchant, but the preferable phosphoric acid concentration should be <20%.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dusevich
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, 650 East 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA Wangyo@umkc.edu.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D003012:Microbial Collagenase / Q000494:pharmacology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015591:Microspectrophotometry / Q000379:methods; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D020011:Protective Agents; D003094:Collagen; C030242:phosphoric acid; D003012:Microbial Collagenase
keywords: biode gradation; cross-linking reagents; demineralized dentin matrix; dental acid etching; microbial collagenase; proanthocyanidins