title: Exploring design requirements for repurposing dental virtual patients from the web to second life: a focus group study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since their inception, virtual patients have provided health care educators with a way to engage learners in an experience simulating the clinician's environment without danger to learners and patients. This has led this learning modality to be accepted as an essential component of medical education. With the advent of the visually and audio-rich 3-dimensional multi-user virtual environment (MUVE), a new deployment platform has emerged for educational content. Immersive, highly interactive, multimedia-rich, MUVEs that seamlessly foster collaboration provide a new hotbed for the deployment of medical education content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work aims to assess the suitability of the Second Life MUVE as a virtual patient deployment platform for undergraduate dental education, and to explore the requirements and specifications needed to meaningfully repurpose Web-based virtual patients in MUVEs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through the scripting capabilities and available art assets in Second Life, we repurposed an existing Web-based periodontology virtual patient into Second Life. Through a series of point-and-click interactions and multiple-choice queries, the user experienced a specific periodontology case and was asked to provide the optimal responses for each of the challenges of the case. A focus group of 9 undergraduate dentistry students experienced both the Web-based and the Second Life version of this virtual patient. The group convened 3 times and discussed relevant issues such as the group's computer literacy, the assessment of Second Life as a virtual patient deployment platform, and compared the Web-based and MUVE-deployed virtual patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison between the Web-based and the Second Life virtual patient revealed the inherent advantages of the more experiential and immersive Second Life virtual environment. However, several challenges for the successful repurposing of virtual patients from the Web to the MUVE were identified. The identified challenges for repurposing of Web virtual patients to the MUVE platform from the focus group study were (1) increased case complexity to facilitate the user's gaming preconception in a MUVE, (2) necessity to decrease textual narration and provide the pertinent information in a more immersive sensory way, and (3) requirement to allow the user to actuate the solutions of problems instead of describing them through narration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a successful systematic repurposing effort of virtual patients to MUVEs such as Second Life, the best practices of experiential and immersive game design should be organically incorporated in the repurposing workflow (automated or not). These findings are pivotal in an era in which open educational content is transferred to and shared among users, learners, and educators of various open repositories/environments.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aritstotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Athanasopoulou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dafli
authors.forename: Panagiotis D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Bamidis
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016544:Patient Simulation; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018910:Video Games
keywords: dental; education; focus groups; medical; patient simulation; problem-based learning; video games