title: Gibberellin deficiency pleiotropically induces culm bending in sorghum: an insight into sorghum semi-dwarf breeding.
abstract: Regulation of symmetrical cell growth in the culm is important for proper culm development. So far, the involvement of gibberellin (GA) in this process has not yet been demonstrated in sorghum. Here, we show that GA deficiency resulting from any loss-of-function mutation in four genes (SbCPS1, SbKS1, SbKO1, SbKAO1) involved in the early steps of GA biosynthesis, not only results in severe dwarfism but also in abnormal culm bending. Histological analysis of the bent culm revealed that the intrinsic bending was due to an uneven cell proliferation between the lower and upper sides of culm internodes. GA treatment alleviated the bending and dwarfism in mutants, whereas the GA biosynthesis inhibitor, uniconazole, induced such phenotypes in wild-type plants--both in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an important role of GA in controlling erectness of the sorghum culm. Finally, we propose that because of the tight relationship between GA deficiency-induced dwarfism and culm bending in sorghum, GA-related mutations have unlikely been selected in the history of sorghum breeding, as could be inferred from previous QTL and association studies on sorghum plant height that did not pinpoint GA-related genes.
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Reynante L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ordonio
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatakeyama
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Kozue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohmae-Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Education and Research Center of Alpine Field Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemitsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasuga
authors.affiliation: Earth Note Co. Ltd., Nago, Okinawa 905-1152, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.affiliation: Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sazuka
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001947:Breeding; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D058685:Genetic Pleiotropy; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018522:Gravitropism / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D045868:Sorghum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005875:Gibberellins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014230:Triazoles; C092705:uniconazole