title: PPAR-alpha and PPAR-beta expression changes in the hippocampus of rats undergoing global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion due to PPAR-gamma status.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs, including alpha, beta and gamma subtypes) and their agonists have a protective role in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta, -gamma and NF-kappa B in the hippocampus of rats with global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (GCIRI) after treatment with agonists or antagonists of PPAR-gamma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat GCIRI model was established by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and cervical vena retransfusion. GW9662 (5 μg), a selective PPAR- gamma antagonist, was intraventricularly injected at 0.5 h before GCIR; Rosiglitazone (0.8, 2.4 and 7.2 mg/kg), a selective PPAR- gamma agonist, was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before GCIRI. The expression changes of PPAR-alpha, -beta and -gamma at mRNA and protein levels were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. The changes of spatial learning and memory (SLM) functions were assessed by using a Morris water maze; the pathohistological changes of hippocampal neurons were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining; the contents of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha, and the NF- kappa B expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical staining. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SLM function and hippocampal neurons were significantly impaired after the occurrence of GCIRI. The MDA, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha content and expression of PPARs increased significantly, but the SOD activity and NF-kappa B expression were weakened in the hippocampus. Rosiglitazone treatment significantly protected rats from SLM function impairment and neuron death, and resulted in higher expressions of SOD activity and NF-kappa B, but lower contents of MDA and inflammatory factors. After treatment with rosiglitazone or GW9662, no significant change in PPAR-alpha or -beta expression was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rosiglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, plays a protective role in hippocampal neuron damage of GCIRI rats by inhibiting the oxidative stress response and inflammation. The activation or antagonism of PPAR-gamma did not affect the expression of PPAR-alpha or -beta, indicating that the three subtypes of PPARs act in independent pathways in the CNS.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Qingsong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Medical College Rd, No 1, Chongqing 400016, P, R, China. cqjqyang2004@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Junqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D065853:Spatial Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D048068:PPAR-beta; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase