title: Relationship between left ventricular twist and circulating biomarkers of collagen turnover in hypertensive patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular (LV) twist may be a compensatory mechanism to preserve ejection fraction (EF). In patients with hypertension, twist varies depending on the left ventricle's degree of remodeling and systolic function; it is increased in those with hypertension with normal EF (HTNEF) and diminished in those with hypertension with low EF (HTLEF). The ratio of collagen-degradation biomarkers in patients with hypertension is higher in those with low EFs than those with preserved EFs and may contribute to remodeling and systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between these biomarkers and LV twist in 82 patients with hypertension, 41 with EFs < 50% (HTLEF group) and 41 with EFs ≥ 50% (HTNEF group). Net LV twist was measured using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Markers of collagen turnover, including serum concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), tissue inhibitor of MMP1 (TIMP1), and the ratio of MMP1 to TIMP1, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Log TIMP1, log MMP1, and log MMP1/TIMP1 ratio levels were higher in the HTLEF group than the HTNEF group (12.3 ± 0.3 vs 11.8 ± 0.1 [P < .0001], 9.1 ± 0.3 vs 8.0 ± 0.2 [P < .0001], and -3.3 ± 0.3 vs -3.8 ± 0.2 [P < .0001], respectively). Net LV twist was lower in the HTLEF group than the HTNEF group (3.3 ± 1.1 vs 11.7 ± 0.7, P < .0001). An inverse correlation existed between log MMP1/TIMP1 and net LV twist after adjusting for age, EF, duration of heart failure, systolic blood pressure, LV mass index, and LV sphericity index at end-diastole (r = -0.43, P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This inverse correlation between twist and loss of myocardial collagen scaffolding in patients with hypertension with heart failure suggests that the integrity of the extracellular matrix may play an important role in preserving myocardial deformation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nirvarthi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maharaj
authors.affiliation: Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Electronic address: publishing22@aurora.org.
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khandheria
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Libhaber
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Govender
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ferande
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mohammed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Essop
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen / Q000097:blood*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood*; D019415:Torque; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D003094:Collagen; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
keywords: Heart failure; Hypertension; Matrix metalloproteinases; Speckle tracking; Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase–1; Twist