title: Chitosan coated polylactic acid nanoparticle-mediated combinatorial delivery of cisplatin and siRNA/Plasmid DNA chemosensitizes cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: Development of resistance toward anticancer drugs results in ineffective therapy leading to increased mortality. Therefore, overriding resistance and restoring sensitivity to anticancer drugs will improve treatment efficacy and reduce mortality. While numerous mechanisms for drug resistance in cancer have previously been demonstrated, recent studies implicate a role for proteasome and the autophagy regulatory protein P62/SQSTM1 (P62) in contributing to drug resistance. Specifically, reduction in the expression of the β5 subunit of the proteasome and/or enhanced P62 protein expression is known to contribute to cancer drug resistance such as cisplatin (CDDP) in ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that restoration of β5 expression and/or suppression of P62 protein expression in CDDP-resistant ovarian cancer cells will lead to restoration of sensitivity to CDDP and enhanced cell killing. To test our hypothesis we developed a biodegradable multifunctional nanoparticle (MNP) system that codelivered P62siRNA, β5 plasmid DNA, and CDDP and tested its efficacy in CDDP resistant 2008/C13 ovarian cancer cells. MNP consisted of CDDP loaded polylactic acid nanoparticle as inner core and cationic chitosan (CS) consisting of ionically linked P62siRNA (siP62) and/or β5 expressing plasmid DNA (pβ5) as the outer layer. The MNPs were spherical in shape with a hydrodynamic diameter in the range of 280-350 nm, and demonstrated encapsulation efficiencies of 82% and 78.5% for CDDP and siRNA respectively. MNPs efficiently protected the siRNA and showed superior serum stability compared to naked siRNA as measured by gel retardation and spectrophotometry assays. The MNPs successfully delivered siP62 and pβ5 to cause P62 knockdown and restoration of β5 expression in 2008/C13 cells. Combined delivery of siP62, pβ5, and CDDP using the MNPs resulted in a marked reduction in the IC50 value of CDDP in 2008/C13 cells from 125 ± 1.3 μM to 98 ± 0.6 μM (P < 0.05; 21.6% reduction) when compared to the reduction in the IC50 of CDDP observed in cells that had only siP62 delivered (IC50 = 106 ± 1.1 μM; P < 0.05; 15.2% reduction) or pβ5 delivered (IC50 = 115 ± 2.8 μM; 8% reduction) via MNPs. Finally, our studies showed that the CDDP resistance index in 2008/C13 cells was reduced from 4.62 for free CDDP to 3.62 for MNP treatment. In conclusion our study results demonstrated the efficacy of our MNP in overcoming CDDP resistance in ovarian cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and ‡Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ranganayaki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanker
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munshi
authors.forename: Rajagopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramesh
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D005450:Fluorescamine / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010316:Particle Size; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000737:chemistry; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C118585:P62 protein, human; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D019344:Lactic Acid; D005450:Fluorescamine; C033616:poly(lactide); D048271:Chitosan; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D002945:Cisplatin