title: Prostate-specific antigen density toward a better cutoff to identify better candidates for active surveillance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) on existing prostate cancer (PCa) active surveillance (AS) protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospectively maintained database on men with PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy was reviewed retrospectively. Demographic data and pathologic characteristics of patients who fulfilled the AS inclusion criteria under the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS), and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) guidelines were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 930 patients, 231, 280, and 325 fulfilled the NCCN, PRIAS, and UCSF AS criteria, respectively. The frequencies of advanced disease on surgical pathology (upstaging and/or upgrading) were 31.6% (NCCN), 35.4% (PRIAS), and 34.2% (UCSF) of the study cohorts. PSAD was significantly higher in patients with advanced disease compared with that in patients with nonadvanced disease in all 3 AS schemas. Modifying the PRIAS and UCSF criteria using the NCCN's lower PSAD cutoff of 0.15 ng/mL(2) decreased the rates of the advanced disease significantly to 33.5% and 31.4%, respectively. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal PSAD cutoff level for the prediction of advanced disease was 0.085 ng/mL(2) (sensitivity/specificity of 76.7%/50.6% in NCCN and 75.6%/49.7% in PRIAS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with low-risk PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy, PSAD is a predictor of advanced disease at the time of surgery. Adopting a lower PSAD threshold of 0.085 ng/mL(2) decreased the risk of the advanced disease to 17.5%-21.7%. Therefore, PSAD should be part of all AS guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Sok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Urology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jihyeong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Amirali Hassanzadeh
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salmasi
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parihar
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Urology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Gyun
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. Electronic address: kimiy@cinj.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Isaac Yi
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057832:Watchful Waiting
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen