title: Cross-sectional study of genital carcinogenic HPV infections in Paramaribo, Suriname: prevalence and determinants in an ethnically diverse population of women in a pre-vaccination era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical cancer is caused by carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Prior to the introduction of HPV vaccination in Suriname, we performed a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of and determinants for genital carcinogenic HPV infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were recruited at a family planning (FP) clinic and a sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic. Vaginal swabs were used for HPV genotyping by the SPF10 PCR-DEIA-LiPA25 system. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants for carcinogenic HPV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any HPV was 54.2% and of carcinogenic HPV was 27.9% among 813 women attending the FP clinic. Among the 188 women attending the STI clinic, the prevalence of any HPV (76.1%) and of carcinogenic HPV (40.4%) was significantly higher. HPV52 was the most prevalent genotype in both clinics. The prevalence of HPV16 and/or 18 was 6.4% in the FP clinic and 12.2% in the STI clinic. The following determinants were independently associated with carcinogenic HPV infection among women visiting the FP clinic: ≥2 recent partners (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.06), Chlamydia trachomatis co-infection (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.70), disassortative ethnic sexual mixing (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.99) and ethnic group (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.85 for Creole and OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.62 for mixed ethnicity, both compared with Hindustani). No independent determinants were found among women visiting the STI clinic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carcinogenic HPV is highly prevalent among women in Suriname, and not equally distributed among ethnic groups. These data provide a baseline to assess possible shifts in the prevalence of HPV genotypes following vaccination.
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geraets
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Paramaribo, Suriname.
authors.forename: Antoon W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Grünberg
authors.affiliation: STI Outpatient Clinic, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Research, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jannie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van der Helm
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schim van der Loeff
authors.affiliation: DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Department of Dermatology LUMC, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.affiliation: Dermatological Service, Ministry of Health, Paramaribo, Suriname.
authors.forename: Leslie O A
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Sabajo
authors.affiliation: STI Outpatient Clinic, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henry J C
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013532:Suriname / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cervical Neoplasia; Chlamydia Infection; Epidemiology (Clinical); HPV