title: Association between congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and delivery by cesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO) is the most common cause of neonatal epiphora. Persistence can lead to chronic dacryocystitis and amblyopia. This study analyzed the association between the incidence of CNDO and delivery by cesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective cohort study of 386 children with CNDO (born between 2000 and 2008). The incidence of the delivery mode in patients with CNDO was compared with data from a corresponding population derived from annual birth statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant association between the overall cesarean section rate and the incidence of CNDO, but primary cesarean section was significantly more frequent among patients with CNDO (73.15%, p < 0.05). The difference was significant for both genders for the period from 2000 to 2008 (p < 0.05%). The relative risk for CNDO was 1.7-fold increased in children delivered by primary cesarean section.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary cesarean section may be a risk factor for CNDO.
authors: University Eye Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Spaniol
authors: University Eye Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Stupp
authors: University Womeńs Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Carola
authors: C
authors: Melcher
authors: University Eye Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors: Nadja
authors: N
authors: Beheiri
authors: University Eye Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Eter
authors: University Eye Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Prokosch
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000151:congenital*; D008297:Male; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution