title: Suicidal ideation and substance use among adolescents and young adults: a bidirectional relation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine reciprocal associations between substance use (cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs) and suicidal ideation among adolescents and young adults (aged 11-21 at wave 1; aged 24-32 at wave 4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four waves public-use Add Health data were used in the analysis (N=3342). Respondents were surveyed in 1995, 1996, 2001-2002, and 2008-2009. Current regular smoking, past-year alcohol use, past-year marijuana use, and ever use of other illegal drugs as well as past-year suicidal ideation were measured at the four waves (1995, 1996, 2001-2002, and 2008-2009). Fixed effects models with lagged dependent variables were modeled to test unidirectional associations between substance use and suicidal ideation, and nonrecursive models with feedback loops combining correlated fixed factors were conducted to examine reciprocal relations between each substance use and suicidal ideation, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for the latent time-invariant effects and lagged effects of dependent variables, the unidirectional associations from substance use to suicidal ideation were consistently significant, and vice versa. Nonrecursive model results showed that use of cigarette or alcohol increased risk of suicidal ideation, while suicidal ideation was not associated with cigarette or alcohol use. Reversely, drug use (marijuana and other drugs) did not increase risk of suicidal ideation, but suicidal ideation increased risk of illicit drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that relations between substance use and suicidal ideation are unidirectional, with cigarette or alcohol use increasing risk of suicidal ideation and suicidal ideation increasing risk of illicit drug use.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: Xiaoyun.Zhang@dm.duke.edu.
authors: Xiaoyun
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: litzy.wu@duke.edu.
authors: Li-Tzy
authors: LT
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Adolescents; Alcohol use; Drug use; Regular smoking; Suicidal ideation; Young adults