title: Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gestational exposure to several common agricultural pesticides can induce developmental neurotoxicity in humans, and has been associated with developmental delay and autism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether residential proximity to agricultural pesticides during pregnancy is associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or developmental delay (DD) in the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CHARGE study is a population-based case-control study of ASD, DD, and typical development. For 970 participants, commercial pesticide application data from the California Pesticide Use Report (1997-2008) were linked to the addresses during pregnancy. Pounds of active ingredient applied for organophophates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates were aggregated within 1.25-km, 1.5-km, and 1.75-km buffer distances from the home. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of exposure comparing confirmed cases of ASD (n = 486) or DD (n = 168) with typically developing referents (n = 316).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately one-third of CHARGE study mothers lived, during pregnancy, within 1.5 km (just under 1 mile) of an agricultural pesticide application. Proximity to organophosphates at some point during gestation was associated with a 60% increased risk for ASD, higher for third-trimester exposures (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6), and second-trimester chlorpyrifos applications (OR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.5, 7.4). Children of mothers residing near pyrethroid insecticide applications just before conception or during third trimester were at greater risk for both ASD and DD, with ORs ranging from 1.7 to 2.3. Risk for DD was increased in those near carbamate applications, but no specific vulnerable period was identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study of ASD strengthens the evidence linking neurodevelopmental disorders with gestational pesticide exposures, particularly organophosphates, and provides novel results of ASD and DD associations with, respectively, pyrethroids and carbamates.
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.
authors: Janie F
authors: JF
authors: Shelton
authors: Estella M
authors: EM
authors: Geraghty
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Tancredi
authors: Lora D
authors: LD
authors: Delwiche
authors: Rebecca J
authors: RJ
authors: Schmidt
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Ritz
authors: Robin L
authors: RL
authors: Hansen
authors: Irva
authors: I
authors: Hertz-Picciotto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000633:toxicity*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012111:Residence Characteristics
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010755:Organophosphates; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins