title: Cytokine gene expression profiles during initiation, progression and resolution of periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Variations in the expression of cytokines during the progression of periodontitis remain ill-defined. We evaluated the expression of 19 cytokine genes related to T-cell phenotype/function during initiation, progression and resolution of periodontitis, and related these to the expression of soft and bone tissue destruction genes (TDGs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A ligature-induced periodontitis model was used in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) (n = 18). Gingival tissues were taken at baseline pre-ligation, 2 weeks and 1 month (Initiation) and 3 months (progression) post ligation. Ligatures were removed and samples taken 2 months later (resolution). Total RNA was isolated and the Rhesus Gene 1.0 ST (Affymetrix) used for gene expression analysis. Significant expression changes were validated by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease initiation/progression was characterized by overexpression of Th17/Treg cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TGFβ and IL-21) and down-regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine genes (IL-18 and IL-25). Increased IL-2 and decreased IL-10 levels were seen during disease resolution. Several Th17/Treg cytokine genes positively correlated with TDGs, whereas most Th1/Th2 genes exhibited a negative correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initiation, progression and resolution of periodontitis involve over- and underexpression of cytokine genes related to various T-helper subsets. In addition, variations in individual T-helper response subset/genes during disease progression correlated with protective/destructive outcomes.
authors: Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: Jeffrey L
authors: JL
authors: Ebersole
authors: Sreenatha
authors: S
authors: Kirakodu
authors: Michael John
authors: MJ
authors: Novak
authors: Arny J
authors: AJ
authors: Stromberg
authors: Shu
authors: S
authors: Shen
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Orraca
authors: Janis
authors: J
authors: Gonzalez-Martinez
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Burgos
authors: Octavio A
authors: OA
authors: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056657:Cathepsin K / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000235:genetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020381:Interleukin-17; D020382:Interleukin-18; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D056657:Cathepsin K; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000098546:Interleukin-21
keywords: RANKL; T-helper cytokines; adaptive immunity; gingival tissue; matrix metalloproteinase; periodontitis