title: Is diabetes mellitus a poor prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are scarce data regarding the impact of diabetes mellitus on the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma managed conservatively. The objective of this study was to compare the overall survival among diabetic and non-diabetic patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma and treated mainly by non-surgical means.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified patients who underwent treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma over a period of 6.5 years at a single center in Lahore, Pakistan. Data regarding age, gender, morphology of tumor, size of tumor, Child-Pugh class, the Barcelona-Clínic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, treatment given, and outcome was retrieved from the medical records. Patients were classified as diabetic if there were at least two documented readings of fasting blood glucose level of more than 126 mg/dl or random blood glucose of more than 200 mg/dl or the patient was already diagnosed and on oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Statistical tests were applied to test for differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patients in terms of clinical features at presentation, treatments received, and disease outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 282 patients were diagnosed as having hepatocellular carcinoma during the study period. Diabetic and non-diabetic patients were comparable in terms of the mean age at diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, sex, whether the tumor was unifocal or multifocal, Child-Pugh class, BCLC stage, and infection with hepatitis B and/or C virus. Diabetic patients were significantly more likely to have initial alpha-feto protein levels lower than 200 IU/ml compared to non-diabetic patients. There was no difference among diabetic and non-diabetic patients in terms of the treatments they received or the outcomes. Non-diabetic and diabetic patients had a mean disease-free survival of 8.29 and 6.95 months, respectively, and overall survival of 15.48 and 15.36 months, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analyses, after adjusting for age and gender of the patient and the BCLC stage of the tumor among the subset of patients documented to have died during the follow-up period, showed that there was no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients in terms of overall survival. BCLC stage, however, was significantly associated with overall survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes mellitus has no prognostic significance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan, dradnan1983@gmail.com.
authors: Muhammed Adnan
authors: MA
authors: Masood
authors: Waleed
authors: W
authors: Zafar
authors: Muhammed Aasim
authors: MA
authors: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome