title: Epidemiological association between systemic diseases and age-related macular degeneration: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the epidemiological association between systemic diseases and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the general Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study involved nationally representative data obtained from the 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 14,352 subjects aged ≥40 years participated in standardized health interviews regarding physician-diagnosis of several systemic diseases as well as physical examinations, including fundus photography for the evaluation of AMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence rates of early, late, and any AMD were 6.0%, 0.6%, and 6.6%, respectively. In univariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and sex as well as smoking in late AMD, any AMD and late AMD were less prevalent among diabetic patients and more prevalent in participants with a history of liver cancer. A history of liver cirrhosis was associated with a higher prevalence of any AMD. In the final multivariate model, the associated factors for any AMD included age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09), the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM; OR, 0.74), and a history of liver cancer (OR, 4.32). Factors associated with late AMD included age (OR, 1.09), ever-smoking history (OR, 2.45), the presence of DM (OR, 0.22), and a history of liver cancer (OR, 12.51). The presence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with a lower prevalence of any AMD (OR, 0.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When adjusted for confounders, any AMD and late AMD were less prevalent in diabetic patients. In contrast, a history of liver cancer was associated with a higher prevalence of any AMD and late AMD.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Bum-Joo
authors: BJ
authors: Cho
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jang Won
authors: JW
authors: Heo
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors: Jae Pil
authors: JP
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jeeyun
authors: J
authors: Ahn
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Tae Wan
authors: TW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Hum
authors: H
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: age-related macular degeneration; diabetes mellitus; liver cancer; risk factor