title: The thrower's shoulder.
abstract: Throwers, or athletes who engage in repetitive overhead motions, are a unique subset of athletes that experience distinct shoulder injuries. Athletes engaged in baseball comprise the majority of patients seeking orthopedic care for throwing related injuries. Injuries specific to throwers most commonly involve the labrum and the undersurface of the rotator cuff. In addition, tissue changes in both the anterior and posterior glenohumeral capsule are common with repetitive overhead motions. These capsular changes alter. This article will examine the pathomechanics of injuries to throwers, elaborate means of diagnoses of cuff and labral injury and discuss recent advances in both non-operative and operative interventions, including preventative principles.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors: Stuart D
authors: SD
authors: Kinsella
authors: Division of Nursing and Health Sciences, Neumann University, 1 Neumann Drive, Aston, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Thomas
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: G Russell
authors: GR
authors: Huffman
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: John.Kelly@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Kelly
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D060751:Bone Retroversion / Q000503:physiopathology; D003286:Contracture / Q000503:physiopathology; D006615:Hip / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017746:Joint Capsule / Q000293:injuries; D012399:Rotation; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: GIRD; Humeral retroversion; Labrum; Rotator cuff