title: Unprotected daily sun exposure is differently associated with central adiposity and β-cell dysfunction by gender: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraviolet irradiation by sun exposure has been associated with both harms and benefits to metabolic health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine whether unprotected daily sun exposure is associated with the prevalence of diabetes and explore the underlying mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey V from 2010 to 2011. Participants 19-60 years of age were asked about the average amount of time they had been exposed to direct sunlight per day since the age of 19. We categorized participants into three groups with different levels of lifetime daily sun exposure and explored the association of sun exposure with the prevalence of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of diabetes was higher in subjects with more than 5h of unprotected sun exposure per day, with an odds ratio of 2.39 (95% CI 1.75-3.25), compared to those with less than 2h of sun exposure, and the association remained significant after adjusting for diabetes risk factors. Long-term sun exposure was associated with increased central obesity and the possibility of an increase in visceral adiposity, especially among women, and with decrease in beta cell function and peripheral adiposity or percent body fat in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides a cutoff for upper limit of sun exposure and suggests unprotected daily sun exposure for more than 5h should be avoided to prevent diabetes. Increased central adiposity and decreased beta cell function were observed in women and men, respectively, who had long-term unprotected daily sun exposure.
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jung Hun
authors: JH
authors: Ohn
authors: Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.
authors: In Ho
authors: IH
authors: Kwon
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Juri
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ohk Hyun
authors: OH
authors: Ryu
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seong Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Lee
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Doo-Man
authors: DM
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Hee
authors: SH
authors: Ihm
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Moon-Gi
authors: MG
authors: Choi
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyung Joon
authors: HJ
authors: Yoo
authors: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hegletter@hallym.or.kr.
authors: Eun-Gyoung
authors: EG
authors: Hong
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000528:radiation effects; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Beta cell dysfunction; Body fat distribution; Central obesity; Diabetes; Sun exposure