title: Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal metabolic disorder. Due to its rarity, limited evidence exists about risk factors, morbidity, and mortality especially in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the Kid's Inpatient Database (KID), admissions with the ICD-9 code for MH (995.86) were extracted for patients 0-17 years of age. Demographic characteristics were analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to identify patient and hospital characteristics associated with mortality. A subset of patients with a surgical ICD-9 code in the KID was studied to calculate the prevalence of MH in the dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 310 pediatric admissions were seen in 13 nonoverlapping years of data. Patients had a mortality of 2.9%. Male sex was predominant (64.8%), and 40.5% of the admissions were treated at centers not identified as children's hospitals. The most common associated diagnosis was rhabdomyolysis, which was present in 26 cases. Regression with the outcome of mortality did not yield significant differences between demographic factors, age, sex race, or hospital type, pediatric vs nonpediatric. Within a surgical subset of 530,449 admissions, MH was coded in 55, giving a rate of 1.04 cases per 10,000 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to combine two large databases to study MH in the pediatric population. The analysis provides an insight into the risk factors, comorbidities, mortality, and prevalence of MH in the United States population. Until more methodologically rigorous, large-scale studies are done, the use of databases will continue to be the optimal method to study rare diseases.
authors: Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Jose H
authors: JH
authors: Salazar
authors: Jingyan
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Shen
authors: Fizan
authors: F
authors: Abdullah
authors: Tae W
authors: TW
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008305:Malignant Hyperthermia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: anesthesia; dantrolene; malignant hyperthermia; morbidity; mortality; pediatrics