title: Fine structure of Tibetan kefir grains and their yeast distribution, diversity, and shift.
abstract: Tibetan kefir grains (TKGs), a kind of natural starter for fermented milk in Tibet, China, host various microorganisms of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and occasionally acetic acid bacteria in a polysaccharide/protein matrix. In the present study, the fine structure of TKGs was studied to shed light on this unusual symbiosis with stereomicroscopy and thin sections. The results reveal that TKGs consist of numerous small grain units, which are characterized by a hollow globular structure with a diameter between 2.0 and 9.0 mm and a wall thickness of approximately 200 µm. A polyhedron-like net structure, formed mainly by the bacteria, was observed in the wall of the grain units, which has not been reported previously to our knowledge. Towards the inside of the grain unit, the polyhedron-like net structures became gradually larger in diameter and fewer in number. Such fine structures may play a crucial role in the stability of the grains. Subsequently, the distribution, diversity, and shift of yeasts in TKGs were investigated based on thin section, scanning electron microscopy, cloning and sequencing of D1/D2 of the 26S rRNA gene, real-time quantitative PCR, and in situ hybridization with specific fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide probes. These show that (i) yeasts appear to localize on the outer surface of the grains and grow normally together to form colonies embedded in the bacterial community; (ii) the diversity of yeasts is relatively low on genus level with three dominant species--Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Yarrowia lipolytica; (iii) S. cerevisiae is the stable predominant yeast species, while the composition of Kluyveromyces and Yarrowia are subject to change over time. Our results indicate that TKGs are relatively stable in structure, and culture conditions to some extent shape the microbial community and interaction in kefir grains. These findings pave the way for further study of the specific symbiotic associations between S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus bacteria in TKGs.
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Man
authors: M
authors: Lu
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xingxing
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Guowei
authors: G
authors: Sun
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Qin
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Jinzhou
authors: J
authors: Xiao
authors: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
authors: Shuling
authors: S
authors: Yan
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yingjie
authors: Y
authors: Pan
authors: Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage & Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yongjie
authors: Y
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D043302:Cultured Milk Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D003959:Diamines; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D011804:Quinolines; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D018609:Tibet; D015003:Yeasts / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D003959:Diamines; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011804:Quinolines; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; C065096:RNA, ribosomal, 26S; C098022:SYBR Green I