title: Melamine-cyanurate complexes and oxidative stress markers in trout kidney following melamine and cyanuric acid long-term co-exposure and withdrawal.
abstract: In 2007, renal failure and death in pets were linked to pet food containing both melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA). In mammals and fish, the co-administration of MEL and CYA causes renal crystal formation. Moreover, little is known about the process of crystal removal in fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of MEL-cyanurate crystals in kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed combined MEL and CYA diets for 10 weeks at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg in feed (equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg body weight of trout fed 1 % body weight per day). During the exposure trial and throughout a withdrawal period, prooxidant effects of MEL and CYA were evaluated on oxidative stress markers such as catalase, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde. Crystal formation was dose and time dependent, and after six withdrawal weeks, crystals persisted in kidney of trout treated the highest triazine dose. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity in kidney of trout exposed to both triazines for 10 weeks indicated that MEL (with or without CYA) can exert a higher prooxidant effect than CYA dispensed singly. Although the enzymes activity increase appears to be reverted after two MEL withdrawal weeks, persistence of crystals may lead to severe damage in renal cells of fish.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Pacini
authors: Ambrosius Josef Martin
authors: AJ
authors: Dörr
authors: Antonia Concetta
authors: AC
authors: Elia
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Scoparo
authors: Maria Cesarina
authors: MC
authors: Abete
authors: Marino
authors: M
authors: Prearo
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003460:Crystallization; D005506:Food Contamination; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood*; D014227:Triazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014337:Trout / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D046911:Macromolecular Substances; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014227:Triazines; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine