title: Methodological integrative review of the work sampling technique used in nursing workload research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review the work sampling technique used in nursing workload research.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Work sampling is a technique frequently used by researchers and managers to explore and measure nursing activities. However, work sampling methods used are diverse making comparisons of results between studies difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological integrative review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four electronic databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 2002-2012. Manual scanning of reference lists and Rich Site Summary feeds from contemporary nursing journals were other sources of data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles published in the English language between 2002-2012 reporting on research which used work sampling to examine nursing workload.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen articles were reviewed. The review identified that the work sampling technique lacks a standardized approach, which may have an impact on the sharing or comparison of results. Specific areas needing a shared understanding included the training of observers and subjects who self-report, standardization of the techniques used to assess observer inter-rater reliability, sampling methods and reporting of outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Work sampling is a technique that can be used to explore the many facets of nursing work. Standardized reporting measures would enable greater comparison between studies and contribute to knowledge more effectively. Author suggestions for the reporting of results may act as guidelines for researchers considering work sampling as a research method.
authors: Centre for Health Services Management (CHSM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Blay
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: Duffield
authors: Robyn
authors: R
authors: Gallagher
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Roche
mesh_terms: D009736:Nursing Process; D016526:Workload
keywords: integrative review; literature review; nursing research; research methodology; research techniques; work sampling; workload nurse