title: Nanogel for dermal application of the triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (GLT) for frostbite treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to formulate stable Ganoderma lucidum (GLT) nanogels suitable for topical delivery with a view to improve the therapeutic effect for frostbite.
  
  
  METHODS
  GLT nanosuspensions were formulated using the high-pressure homogenization technique and then suitably gelled for characterized. In order to confirm the advantages of GLT nanogel for dermal application, skin permeation studies in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation in vivo were studied and compared with GLT-carbopol gel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The particle size analysis and SEM studies revealed that GLT nanosuspensions were still stably kept their particle size after suitably gelled by carbopol preparation. The drug content, pH, and spreadability of the GLT nanogel was found to be 99.23 ± 1.8%, 6.07 ± 0.1, and 26.42 (g·cm)/s, which were within acceptable limits. In vitro permeation studies through rat skin indicated that the amount of GLT permeated through skin of GLT nanogel after 24 h was higher than GLT-carbopol gel, and GLT nanogel increased the accumulative amount of GLT in epidermis five times than GLT-carbopol gel. No oedema and erythema were observed after administration of GLT nanogel on the rabbits' skin. Pharmacodynamic study showed that GLT nanogel was more effective than GLT-carbopol gel in treatment of frostbite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GLT nanogel possess superior therapeutic effect for frostbite compared with the GLT-carbopol gel, which indicates that nanogels are eligible for the use as a suitable nanomedicine for dermal delivery of poorly soluble drugs such as GLT.
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Cheng-ying
authors: CY
authors: Shen
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Ping-hua
authors: PH
authors: Xu
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Bao-de
authors: BD
authors: Shen
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Hong-yan
authors: HY
authors: Min
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Xiao-rong
authors: XR
authors: Li
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Han
authors: a Department of Pharmacy , 302 Military Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors: Hai-long
authors: HL
authors: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005627:Frostbite / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D005782:Gels; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011312:Pressure; D011817:Rabbits; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D005079:Excipients; D005782:Gels; D014315:Triterpenes; C006912:carboxypolymethylene
keywords: Frostbite treatment; Ganoderma lucidum, nanogel, nanosuspension, triterpenoids