title: Metabolism of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in pigs.
abstract: Plants can metabolize the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by forming the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G). D3G might be cleaved during digestion, thus increasing the total DON burden of an individual. Due to a lack of in vivo data, D3G has not been included in the various regulatory limits established for DON so far. The aim of our study was to contribute to the risk assessment of D3G by determination of its metabolism in pigs. Four piglets received water, D3G (116 μg/kg b.w.) and the equimolar amount of DON (75 μg/kg b.w.) by gavage on day 1, 5 and 9 of the experiment, respectively. Additionally, 15.5 μg D3G/kg b.w. were administered intravenously on day 13. Urine and feces were collected for 24 h and analyzed for DON, D3G, deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), deoxynivalenol-15-GlcA (DON-15-GlcA) and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) by UHPLC-MS/MS. After oral application of DON and D3G, in total 84.8±9.7% and 40.3±8.5% of the given dose were detected in urine, respectively. The majority of orally administered D3G was excreted in form of DON, DON-15-GlcA, DOM-1 and DON-3-GlcA, while urinary D3G accounted for only 2.6±1.4%. In feces, just trace amounts of metabolites were found. Intravenously administered D3G was almost exclusively excreted in unmetabolized form via urine. Data indicate that D3G is nearly completely hydrolyzed in the intestinal tract of pigs, while the toxin seems to be rather stable after systemic absorption. Compared to DON, the oral bioavailability of D3G and its metabolites seems to be reduced by a factor of up to 2, approximately.
authors: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
authors: Veronika
authors: V
authors: Nagl
authors: University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Woechtl
authors: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
authors: Heidi Elisabeth
authors: HE
authors: Schwartz-Zimmermann
authors: University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Hennig-Pauka
authors: Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, Tulln 3430, Austria.
authors: Wulf-Dieter
authors: WD
authors: Moll
authors: Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln 3430, Austria.
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Adam
authors: Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria. Electronic address: franz.berthiller@boku.ac.at.
authors: Franz
authors: F
authors: Berthiller
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C542050:deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside
keywords: ADME; Conjugated mycotoxins; Gut; Swine