title: Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonism on appetite and food intake in healthy men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibits eating in healthy, overweight, and diabetic subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 (ex9-39) was used to further explore the role of GLP-1 as an endogenous satiation signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two double-blind, 4-way crossover studies were performed, each of which included 10 healthy men. In study A, subjects received an intravenous infusion of ex9-39 or saline plus an oral glucose preload and an intraduodenal infusion of saline or glucose for 60 min. In study B, intravenous infusions were identical, but an oral mixed-liquid meal preload and a 60-min intraduodenal infusion of saline or oleic acid were administered. Thirty minutes after oral preloads, subjects ate and drank ad libitum, and amounts ingested and the time to meal completion were quantified. In addition, appetite and plasma GLP-1, peptide YY (PYY), insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose concentrations were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, GLP-1, PYY, and glucagon were substantially higher with intravenous ex9-39 than with intravenous saline (P ≤ 0.001). Insulin was lower with intravenous ex9-39 during intraduodenal glucose (P ≤ 0.05). The decrease in prospective food consumption and desire to eat during ad libitum eating after glucose ingestion was slightly attenuated (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively) with ex9-39. However, with intravenous ex9-39, food and fluid intakes and eating duration were not changed in either study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLP-1 receptor antagonism slightly modulates appetite during ad libitum eating, but food and fluid intakes and meal duration remain unchanged, suggesting that endogenous GLP-1 is a weak satiation signal. However, concomitant substantial increases in plasma PYY and glucagon may counteract a desatiating effect of ex9-39. The effect of ex9-39 on PYY secretion supports an autoinhibitory feedback mechanism that controls L cell secretion; the effect on insulin and glucagon confirms the role of GLP-1 in glycemic control through its action on pancreatic α and β cells.
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Steinert
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Schirra
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Anne C
authors: AC
authors: Meyer-Gerspach
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Kienle
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Heiko
authors: H
authors: Fischer
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Schulte
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Goeke
authors: From the Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (RES, ACM-G, PK, HF, FS, and CB), and the Department of Internal Medicine II, Clinical Research Unit, Clinical Center of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Campus Grosshardern, Munich, Germany (JS and BG).
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Beglinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects*; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; C000593833:GLP1R protein, human; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D019894:Peptide YY; C083773:exendin (9-39); D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon