title: Effect of surface treatment and type of cement on push-out bond strength of zirconium oxide posts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of the surface treatment of zirconium oxide posts on their push-out bond strength is controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 surface treatments on the bond strength of zirconium oxide posts cemented with different cements and to assess the failure mode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy extracted human teeth were divided into 7 groups (n=10). Custom zirconium oxide posts (Cercon; Degudent) were fabricated for 6 groups. Posts in 3 groups were airborne-particle abraded (A). Posts in the other 3 groups were tribochemical silica coated (T). Three cements were used. Zinc phosphate cement was used to cement the zirconium oxide posts in groups AZ and TZ, RelyX ARC cement was used in groups ARA and TRA, and RelyX Unicem cement was used in groups ARU and TRU. Group C contained custom metal posts cemented with zinc phosphate cement. Specimens were horizontally sectioned into 3 sections and subjected to a push-out test. A mixed model analysis of variance, 1-way ANOVA, and the Tukey multiple comparison tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest push-out bond strength was recorded for Group ARU (21.03 MPa), and the lowest was recorded for Group ARA (7.57 MPa). No significant difference in push-out bond strength was found among the different surface treatments and root regions (P>.05). The type of cement had a significant effect on the push-out bond strength of zirconium oxide posts (P=.049). RelyX Unicem cement recorded (19.57 ±8.83 MPa) significantly higher push-out bond strength compared with zinc phosphate (9.95 ±6.31 MPa) and RelyX ARC cements (9.39 ±5.45 MPa). Adhesive failure at the post-cement interface was recorded for 75% of the posts cemented with zinc phosphate and RelyX ARC cements, while mixed failure was recorded for 75% of the posts cemented with RelyX Unicem cement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of cement used resulted in a statistically significant difference in the push-out bond strength of zirconium oxide posts, while both the surface treatment and root region resulted in no statistically significant effect after artificial aging. RelyX Unicem cement had significantly higher push-out bond strength than did zinc phosphate and RelyX ARC cements.
authors: Postgraduate student, Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Balqees S
authors: BS
authors: Almufleh
authors: Associate Professor, Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalil I
authors: KI
authors: Aleisa
authors: Professor, Department of Restorative Sciences and Biomaterials; Director, Division of Postdoctoral Prosthodontics, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: smorgano@bu.edu.
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Morgano
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011176:Post and Core Technique / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D015019:Yttrium / Q000737:chemistry; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C483701:Rely X Unicem; C462240:RelyX ARC; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; C499362:yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia; C017492:methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D015019:Yttrium; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide