title: Accountability and empathy effects on medical students' clinical judgments in a disability determination context for low back pain.
abstract: Accountability has been shown to affect clinical judgments among health care providers in several ways. It may increase a provider's motivation for accuracy, leading to more deliberative judgments, or it may enhance biases that evaluators consistently demonstrate with patients with chronic pain. In this study, medical students read a vignette about a hypothetical patient referred for evaluation of severe low back pain by the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. Accountability to the patient was either weak (consultative 1-time evaluation) or strong (ongoing primary care provision); societal accountability was either weak (evaluation information as secondary source for disability determination) or strong (evaluation information primary to disability determination). Participants then made judgments regarding validity of the patient's presentation, influence of psychosocial factors on the presentation, and patient's level of pain, distress, and disability, and completed an empathy measure. Results showed that empathy had strong associations with symptom validity and severity judgments. With empathy as a covariate, 3 crossover interactions emerged. Judgments of symptom validity were lower when the 2 forms of accountability were inconsistent (ie, one weak and the other strong) than when they were consistent (ie, both weak or both strong). Likewise, judgments of psychosocial factors and pain/distress/disability were higher under consistent accountability conditions than when accountability conditions were inconsistent. This pattern may imply conflict avoidance or self-protection as a motivation for judgments under inconsistent accountability. This study demonstrated that role demands can affect symptom judgments in complex ways, and that empathy may play both direct and moderating roles. Because physicians are the primary gatekeepers regarding disability determination in both consultative and treating roles, accountability may have significant mediating effects on such determinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that medical student judgments of pain-related symptoms were strongly associated with their levels of empathic concern. Student judgments of symptom validity and psychosocial influences on patient adjustment were differentially affected by their level of accountability to the patient and society in a disability determination process.
authors: Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: chibnajt@slu.edu.
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Chibnall
authors: Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors: Raymond C
authors: RC
authors: Tait
authors: Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors: Andres
authors: A
authors: Jovel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004645:Empathy; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D033262:Narration; D009789:Occupational Therapy Department, Hospital; D011932:Reading; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Chronic low back pain; accountability; clinical judgments; disability; empathy