title: Constructing tailored isoprenoid products by structure-guided modification of geranylgeranyl reductase.
abstract: The archaeal enzyme geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) catalyzes hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bonds to produce the saturated alkyl chains of the organism's unusual isoprenoid-derived cell membrane. Enzymatic reduction of isoprenoid double bonds is of considerable interest both to natural products researchers and to synthetic biologists interested in the microbial production of isoprenoid drug or biofuel molecules. Here we present crystal structures of GGR from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, including the structure of GGR bound to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). The structures are presented alongside activity data that depict the sequential reduction of GGPP to H6GGPP via the intermediates H2GGPP and H4GGPP. We then modified the enzyme to generate sequence variants that display increased rates of H6GGPP production or are able to halt the extent of reduction at H2GGPP and H4GGPP. Crystal structures of these variants not only reveal the structural bases for their altered activities; they also shed light onto the catalytic mechanism employed.
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, 101 North Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Kung
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors: Ryan P
authors: RP
authors: McAndrew
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors: Xinkai
authors: X
authors: Xie
authors: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Charlie C
authors: CC
authors: Liu
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
authors: Jose H
authors: JH
authors: Pereira
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Adams
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Electronic address: jdkeasling@lbl.gov.
authors: Jay D
authors: JD
authors: Keasling
mesh_terms: D019843:Archaeal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009154:Mutation; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D016945:Sulfolobus acidocaldarius / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019843:Archaeal Proteins; D011106:Polyisoprenyl Phosphates; D013729:Terpenes; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C110920:geranylgeranyl reductase; C002963:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate