title: Pediatric pain assessment by drawn faces scales: a review.
abstract: Pediatric pain assessment is a significant issue yet the topic is understudied. Unique challenges, namely reporting biases, are present when assessing pain in children. The aim of this review of the literature is to increase awareness of biases when assessing pain in children, suggest changes in practice, and state priorities for future research. Five computerized databases were searched to identify original research pertaining to the use of drawn faces scales for pediatric pain assessment. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines provided a framework for this review. Relevant articles were identified and data were extracted from the studies. Content analyses were then used to synthesize the findings. The age of a child being assessed contributed to biases in pain assessment. Drawn faces scales may provide inaccurate pain assessment results if a child has difficulty separating the feelings of pain and mood. Smiling faces on pain assessment scales may lead to overestimation of pain intensity. Nurses should consider biases when selecting and implementing a drawn faces pain assessment tool and when planning pain management interventions. An increase in the use of technology in pediatric pain assessment practices may provide opportunities to implement individualized pain assessment in practice. Further research is needed to determine the most reliable methods for pediatric pain assessment including the use of technology. Evidence would assist nurses in determining the best tool to assess each child based on cognitive abilities and developmental level.
authors: University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA. Electronic address: brenna.quinn001@umb.edu.
authors: Brenna L
authors: BL
authors: Quinn
authors: University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA.
authors: Lisa Kennedy
authors: LK
authors: Sheldon
authors: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA; University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA.
authors: Mary E
authors: ME
authors: Cooley
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003448:Crying; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods