title: Wild bird surveillance for avian paramyxoviruses in the Azov-black sea region of Ukraine (2006 to 2011) reveals epidemiological connections with Europe and Africa.
abstract: Despite the existence of 10 avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes, very little is known about the distribution, host species, and ecological factors affecting virus transmission. To better understand the relationship among these factors, we conducted APMV wild bird surveillance in regions of Ukraine suspected of being intercontinental (north to south and east to west) flyways. Surveillance for APMV was conducted in 6,735 wild birds representing 86 species and 8 different orders during 2006 to 2011 through different seasons. Twenty viruses were isolated and subsequently identified as APMV-1 (n = 9), APMV-4 (n = 4), APMV-6 (n = 3), and APMV-7 (n = 4). The highest isolation rate occurred during the autumn migration (0.61%), with viruses isolated from mallards, teals, dunlins, and a wigeon. The rate of isolation was lower during winter (December to March) (0.32%), with viruses isolated from ruddy shelducks, mallards, white-fronted geese, and a starling. During spring migration, nesting, and postnesting (April to August) no APMV strains were isolated out of 1,984 samples tested. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of four APMV-1 and two APMV-4 viruses showed that one APMV-1 virus belonging to class 1 was epidemiologically linked to viruses from China, three class II APMV-1 viruses were epidemiologically connected with viruses from Nigeria and Luxembourg, and one APMV-4 virus was related to goose viruses from Egypt. In summary, we have identified the wild bird species most likely to be infected with APMV, and our data support possible intercontinental transmission of APMVs by wild birds.
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine dmuzyka77@gmail.com.
authors: Denys
authors: D
authors: Muzyka
authors: Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Pantin-Jackwood
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Borys
authors: B
authors: Stegniy
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Oleksandr
authors: O
authors: Rula
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Vitaliy
authors: V
authors: Bolotin
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Stegniy
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Gerilovych
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Pavlo
authors: P
authors: Shutchenko
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Maryna
authors: M
authors: Stegniy
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Vasyl
authors: V
authors: Koshelev
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Klavdii
authors: K
authors: Maiorova
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Semen
authors: S
authors: Tkachenko
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Nataliia
authors: N
authors: Muzyka
authors: National Scientific Center Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
authors: Larysa
authors: L
authors: Usova
authors: Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors: Claudio L
authors: CL
authors: Afonso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018109:Avulavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045463:Avulavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds / Q000821:virology*; D059038:Black Sea; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012621:Seasons; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral