title: Maternal prepregnancy BMI, offspring's early postnatal growth, and metabolic profile at age 5-6 years: the ABCD Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (pBMI) and offspring's accelerated postnatal growth have adverse consequences for later cardiometabolic health, but it is unknown how these two factors interact.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between maternal pBMI and offspring's metabolic profile at age 5-6 years and determine the role (independent/mediating/moderating) of offspring's postnatal growth in this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 1459 mother-child pairs from the prospective ABCD study with known maternal pBMI, offspring postnatal growth (weight and weight-for-length gain) between age 1-3 months (Δ SD score).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed metabolic components of offspring at age 5-6 years, including waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol values, both individually (Z-scores) and combined (sum Z-scores; metabolic score).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal pBMI was positively associated with offspring's WHtR (β = 0.025; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.010-0.039), SBP (β = 0.020; 95% CI, 0.005-0.0035), DBP (β = 0.016; 95% CI, 0.000-0.031), and metabolic score (β = 0.078; 95% CI, 0.039-0.118) after adjusting. Adding postnatal growth had no relevant impact on these effect sizes. Postnatal weight gain was independently associated with WHtR (β = 0.199; 95% CI, 0.097-0.300), fasting glucose values (β = 0.117; 95% CI, 0.008-0.227), metabolic score (β = 0.405; 95% CI, 0.128-0.682). Postnatal weight-for-length gain was independently associated with WHtR (β = 0.145; 95% CI, 0.080-0.211), and metabolic score (β = 0.301; 95% CI, 0.125-0.477). An interaction between maternal pBMI and postnatal weight gain was present in the association with SBP (P = .021) and metabolic score (P = .047), and between maternal pBMI and postnatal weight-for-length gain in the association with triglycerides (P = .022) and metabolic score (P = .042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both high maternal pBMI and postnatal accelerated growth are associated with adverse metabolic components in early childhood. No evidence was found for a mediating role of postnatal growth. The combination of high maternal pBMI and postnatal accelerated growth amplified individual effects.
authors: Departments of Public Health (A.J.J.M.O., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), and Gynecology and Obstetrics (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion (M.v.E.), Public Health Service, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Adriëtte J J M
authors: AJ
authors: Oostvogels
authors: Karien
authors: K
authors: Stronks
authors: Tessa J
authors: TJ
authors: Roseboom
authors: Joris A M
authors: JA
authors: van der Post
authors: Manon
authors: M
authors: van Eijsden
authors: Tanja G M
authors: TG
authors: Vrijkotte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D065927:Waist-Height Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides