title: Psychosocial predictors, assessment, and outcomes of cosmetic procedures: a systematic rapid evidence assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent breast implant complications led to a UK government policy review of the evidence concerning cosmetic interventions. We synthesised cosmetic intervention research evidence covering psychosocial factors associated with requesting procedures and psychological outcomes, effects of procedures on psychological outcomes, preintervention assessments for identifying those at risk, alternative therapy effectiveness, and issues in achieving informed consent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Undertaking a systematic rapid evidence assessment, six databases and three journals were searched. Included studies were systematic reviews or primary studies of participants requesting cosmetic procedures; published 2002-2012; containing either psychological or psychosocial measures, a psychological outcome, or evaluation of informed consent. Reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed quality, undertaking narrative synthesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methodological quality of the included 13 systematic reviews and 179 primary studies was low, with wide variation in psychosocial measures. Findings suggest several psychosocial factors (e.g., intimate partner violence) may be associated with requesting cosmetic surgery. Multiple factors (e.g., unrealistic expectations) may predict poor psychological outcomes. Current psychological screening tools focus predominantly on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) symptoms. Psychological and pharmacological interventions are effective alternative BDD treatments. Patients and doctors bring different needs to informed consent discussions, inconsistently matched to those required by professional ethics, litigation risk, and facilitating profit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systematically reviewing this literature for UK policy has highlighted that some groups may be at risk of poor post-cosmetic procedure outcomes. Practitioners and patients must explore reasons for seeking cosmetic procedures and discuss all potential results and alternative solutions. Future research should employ more robust methodologies to identify effects in those at risk, led by consensus on a core set of psychological outcomes.
authors: Social Science Research Unit, EPPI-Centre, Institute of Education, University of London, London, WC1H 0NR, UK, g.brunton@ioe.ac.uk.
authors: Ginny
authors: G
authors: Brunton
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Paraskeva
authors: Jenny
authors: J
authors: Caird
authors: Karen Schucan
authors: KS
authors: Bird
authors: Josephine
authors: J
authors: Kavanagh
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Kwan
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Stansfield
authors: Nichola
authors: N
authors: Rumsey
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D009042:Motivation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D016896:Treatment Outcome