title: Association between malocclusion and headache among 12- to 15-year-old adolescents: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Headaches are a common problem among adolescents, and malocclusion is a possible risk factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between malocclusion and headache among Japanese adolescents aged 12-15 years using a population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 938 adolescents (94.7% of the target population in Koshu City) participated. A modified version of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used by orthodontists to evaluate occlusal characteristics, and the frequency of headaches (none, rarely, sometimes) was assessed via questionnaire (N = 938). Ordered logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association between malocclusion and headache.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of malocclusion diagnosed using the modified version of the IOTN was 44.9%. Multiple ordered logistic regression analyses showed that the odds ratio (OR) of having malocclusion for headache was 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.80), after adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and dental status including orthodontic treatment history and tooth size. Moreover, among occlusal traits, lower crowding was independently associated with headache (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.07-2.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that malocclusion, especially lower crowding, was associated with headache in a population-based sample of adolescents aged 12-15 years in Japan. Further study is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which malocclusion affects headache.
authors: Section of Maxillofacial Orthognathics Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Division of Maxillofacial/Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Komazaki
authors: Takeo
authors: T
authors: Fujiwara
authors: Takuya
authors: T
authors: Ogawa
authors: Miri
authors: M
authors: Sato
authors: Kohta
authors: K
authors: Suzuki
authors: Zentaro
authors: Z
authors: Yamagata
authors: Keiji
authors: K
authors: Moriyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Japan; adolescent; epidemiology; headache; malocclusion