title: Children's identification of graphic symbols representing four basic emotions: comparison of Afrikaans-speaking and Sepedi-speaking children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Speech language pathologists recommend graphic symbols for AAC users to facilitate communication, including labelling and expressing emotions. The purpose of the current study was to describe and compare how 5- to 6-year-old Afrikaans- and Sepedi-speaking children identify and choose graphic symbols to depict four basic emotions, specifically happy, sad, afraid, and angry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety participants were asked to select the graphic symbol from a 16-matrix communication overlay that would represent the emotion in response to 24 vignettes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the t-tests indicated that the differences between the two groups' selection of target symbols to represent the four emotions are statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study indicate that children from different language groups may not perceive graphic symbols in the same way. The Afrikaans-speaking participants more often choose target symbols to represent target basic emotions than did the Sepedi-speaking participants. The most preferred symbols per emotion were identified and these different symbols were analysed in terms of facial features that distinguish them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Readers of this article will (1) recognise the importance of expressing basic emotions for children, particularly those that use AAC, (2) identify the possible limitations of line drawings for expressing and labelling basic emotions in typically developing children and (3) recognise the importance of cultural influences on recognition of basic emotions.
authors: Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
authors: Hester M
authors: HM
authors: DeKlerk
authors: Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Electronic address: shakila.dada@up.ac.za.
authors: Shakila
authors: S
authors: Dada
authors: Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors: Erna
authors: E
authors: Alant
mesh_terms: D000786:Anger; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child
keywords: Basic emotions; Graphic symbols; Picture Communication; Symbols (PCS)™