title: Phosphatidic acid enhances mTOR signaling and resistance exercise induced hypertrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lipid messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) plays a critical role in the stimulation of mTOR signaling. However, the mechanism by which PA stimulates mTOR is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various PA precursors and phospholipids on their ability to stimulate mTOR signaling and its ability to augment resistance training-induced changes in body composition and performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In phase one, C2C12 myoblasts cells were stimulated with different phospholipids and phospholipid precursors derived from soy and egg sources. The ratio of phosphorylated p70 (P-p70-389) to total p70 was then used as readout for mTOR signaling. In phase two, resistance trained subjects (n = 28, 21 ± 3 years, 77 ± 4 kg, 176 ± 9 cm) consumed either 750 mg PA daily or placebo and each took part in an 8 week periodized resistance training program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In phase one, soy-phosphatidylserine, soy-Lyso-PA, egg-PA, and soy-PA stimulated mTOR signaling, and the effects of soy-PA (+636%) were significantly greater than egg-PA (+221%). In phase two, PA significantly increased lean body mass (+2.4 kg), cross sectional area (+1.0 cm), and leg press strength (+51.9 kg) over placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PA significantly activates mTOR and significantly improved responses in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, lean body mass, and maximal strength to resistance exercise.
authors: Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors: Jordan M
authors: JM
authors: Joy
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Gundermann
authors: Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors: Ryan P
authors: RP
authors: Lowery
authors: Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Jäger
authors: Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors: Sean A
authors: SA
authors: McCleary
authors: Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Purpura
authors: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Roberts
authors: Department of Nutrition, IMG Academy, Bradenton, FL, USA.
authors: Stephanie Mc
authors: SM
authors: Wilson
authors: Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Troy A
authors: TA
authors: Hornberger
authors: Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Box 30 F, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors: Jacob M
authors: JM
authors: Wilson
keywords: Ergogenic aid; Phospholipid; Protein synthesis; Skeletal muscle; Supplementation