title: Evaluation and management of wolff-Parkinson-white in athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) is a cardiac conduction system disorder characterized by abnormal accessory conduction pathways between the atria and the ventricles. Symptomatic patients classically present with palpitations, presyncope, or syncope that results from supraventricular tachycardia. While rare, sudden cardiac death may be the first manifestation of underlying disease and occurs more frequently in exercising individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and PubMed databases were evaluated through 2012, with the following keywords: WPW, Wolff-Parkinson-White, pre-excitation, sudden cardiac death, risk stratification, and athletes. Selected articles identified through the primary search, along with relevant references from those articles, were reviewed for pertinent clinical information regarding the identification, evaluation, risk stratification, and management of WPW as they pertained to the care of athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnosis of WPW is confirmed by characteristic electrocardiogram changes, which include a delta wave, short PR interval, and widened QRS complex. Utilization of the electrocardiogram as part of the preparticipation physical evaluation may allow for early identification of asymptomatic individuals with a WPW pattern. Risk stratification techniques identify individuals at risk for malignant arrhythmias who may be candidates for curative therapy through transcatheter ablation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WPW accounts for at least 1% of sudden death in athletes and has a prevalence of at least 1 to 4.5 per 1000 children and adults. The risk of lethal arrhythmia appears to be higher in asymptomatic children than in adults, and sudden cardiac death is often the sentinel event. The athlete with WPW should be evaluated for symptoms and the presence of intermittent or persistent pre-excitation, which dictates further consultation, treatment, and monitoring strategies as well as return to play.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Ashwin L
authors: AL
authors: Rao
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Jack C
authors: JC
authors: Salerno
authors: Department of Family Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
authors: Irfan M
authors: IM
authors: Asif
authors: Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Jonathan A
authors: JA
authors: Drezner
keywords: Wolff-Parkinson-White; athlete; athletic participation; pre-excitation; risk stratification; sudden cardiac death