title: Lengths of the external hip rotators in mobilized cadavers indicate the quadriceps coxa as a primary abductor and extensor of the flexed hip.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary function of the external rotators of the hip is inadequately described. The descriptions for peak strength and stretch take no account of how these muscles change their length during normal movement. The latter relationship is known to greatly influence contraction forces and reflect moment arms. The aim of the present study was to indicate positions and directions for peak strength and stretch of piriformis and obturator internus (including the gemelli), collectively defined as the quadriceps coxa, by measuring their changes in length due to normal movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measurements of muscle lengths and range of motions were acquired from dissected muscles on human cadaver hips. We measured at every 15° of flexion with and without adding end ab/adduction, rotations, and combinations thereof. Measurements were taken in three normal hips (1 female aged 59 years, 2 males aged 68 and 70 years) using a custom-engineered frame, electronic calipers, goniometer, and a string muscle model. Movement-lengthening relations were differentiated into movement-moment arm relations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The piriformis and obturator internus were maximally lengthened (35 and 30mm) by 105° flexion and 10° adduction and relaxed by extension and abduction. With significant moment arms for extension and abduction in the movement-lengthening range deduced as force-efficient, our findings indicate peak strength by extension and abduction at 60° to 90° flexed positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cadaver study indicates that the quadriceps coxa is a primary abductor and extensor from flexed positions, a strength function which may be of major importance in rising and propulsive motions.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: kjartan.varbakken@yahoo.no.
authors: Kjartan
authors: K
authors: Vaarbakken
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: harald.steen@ous-hf.no.
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Steen
authors: Ullevål and Tåsen Physical Therapy and Exercise Inc., Tåsen Senter, PO Box 22, Tåsen, N-0801 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: gsamuels@broadpark.no.
authors: Gunnar
authors: G
authors: Samuelsen
authors: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: h.a.dahl@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Hans A
authors: HA
authors: Dahl
authors: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: t.b.leergaard@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Trygve B
authors: TB
authors: Leergaard
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: lars.nordsletten@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Nordsletten
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: britt.stuge@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Britt
authors: B
authors: Stuge
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D013848:Thigh
keywords: External hip rotators; Function; Human cadaver; Length measurements; Moment arm; Range of motion; Stretching