title: Evolutionary optimality in sex differences of longevity and athletic performances.
abstract: Many sexual differences are known in human and animals. It is well known that females are superior in longevity, while males in athletic performances. Even though some sexual differences are attributed to the evolutionary tradeoff between survival and reproduction, the aforementioned sex differences are difficult to explain by this tradeoff. Here we show that the evolutionary tradeoff occurs among three components: (1) viability, (2) competitive ability and (3) reproductive effort. The sexual differences in longevity and athletic performances are attributed to the tradeoff between viability (survival) and competitive ability that belongs to the physical makeup of an individual, but not related to the tradeoff between survival and reproduction. This provides a new perspective on sex differences in human and animals: females are superior in longevity and disease recovery, while males are superior in athletic performance.
authors: 1] Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2].
authors: Hiromi
authors: H
authors: Asanuma
authors: 1] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2].
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Kakishima
authors: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan.
authors: Hiromu
authors: H
authors: Ito
authors: Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors: Kazuya
authors: K
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
authors: Eisuke
authors: E
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Asami
authors: Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Matsuura
authors: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors: Derek A
authors: DA
authors: Roff
authors: 1] Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [2] Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan [3] Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan [4] Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology