title: Insights from a thermography-based method suggesting higher carotid inflammation in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for stroke. In a DM population, carotid atheromatosis is a major cause of stroke. The role of carotid plaque inflammation remains conflicting. Microwave radiometry (MWR) is a new non-invasive method allowing in vivo measurement of the temperature of tissues, so reflecting inflammation. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the impact of DM on carotid artery inflammation in patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients (n=300) with significant CAD were evaluated by: (1) ultrasound study of both carotid arteries; and (2) the temperature difference (ΔT) along each carotid artery on MWR. ΔT ≥ 0.90 °C was considered high ΔT. Vessel- and patient-based analyses were performed to determine the impact of DM on morphological and functional characteristics of carotid arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 300 patients, 113 (37.7%) had DM. Patients with DM had similar carotid plaque thickness compared with patients without DM in both vessel- and patient-based analyses. In contrast, patients with DM exhibited higher ΔT values in both vessel- and patient-based analyses. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, DM was an independent predictor of high ΔT both unilaterally and bilaterally (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.06-2.58, P=0.03 and OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.01-3.81, P=0.05, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CAD, DM was an independent predictor of local carotid plaque inflammatory activation. Whether or not the assessment of functional plaque characteristics by MWR can be an additional prognostic tool independent of structural factors now needs to be further investigated.
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: ktoutouz@gmail.com.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Toutouzas
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Benetos
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Drakopoulou
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bounas
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Tsekoura
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Stathogiannis
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Koutagiar
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Aggeli
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Karanasos
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Panagiotakos
authors: Centre for Materials, Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Siores
authors: First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, 26, Karaoli and Dimitriou street, Holargos, 15562 Athens, Greece.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Stefanadis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Carotid ultrasound; Coronary artery disease; Diabetes mellitus; Inflammation; Microwave radiometry