title: Is heart rate important for patients with heart failure in atrial fibrillation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to investigate the relationship between resting ventricular rate and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who were in sinus rhythm (SR) or atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Slower heart rates are associated with better survival in patients with CHF in SR, but it is not clear whether this is true for those in AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 2,039 outpatients with CHF and LVEF ≤50% undergoing baseline assessment, of whom 24% (n = 488) were in AF; and 841 outpatients reassessed after attempted treatment optimization at 1 year, of whom 22% (n = 184) were in AF. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the relationships between heart rate and survival in patients with CHF and AF or sinus rhythm. We analyzed heart rate and rhythm data recorded at the baseline review and after 1-year follow-up. Proportional hazards assumptions were checked by Schoenfeld and Martingale residuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival for those in AF was 6.1 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.3 to 6.9 years) and 7.3 years (IQR: 6.5 to 8.1 years) for those in SR. In univariable analysis, patients with AF had a worse survival (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08 to 1.47; p = 0.003) but after covariate adjustment, survival rates were similar. After adjusting Cox regression models, there was no association between heart rate (per 10 beats/min increments) and survival in patients with AF before (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.00, p = 0.07) or after (HR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.00, p = 0.84) therapy optimization. For patients in SR, higher heart rates were associated with worse survival, both before (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.15, p <0.0001) and after (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.24, p = 0.008) therapy optimization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with CHF and a reduced LVEF, slower resting ventricular rate is associated with better survival for patients in SR but not for those with AF.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom. Electronic address: damiencullington@hotmail.com.
authors: Damien
authors: D
authors: Cullington
authors: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: Kevin M
authors: KM
authors: Goode
authors: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: Jufen
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: John G F
authors: JG
authors: Cleland
authors: Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: Andrew L
authors: AL
authors: Clark
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology
keywords: atrial fibrillation; heart failure; heart rate; prognosis; sinus rhythm