title: Associations of chronic stress burden, perceived stress, and traumatic stress with cardiovascular disease prevalence and risk factors in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined multiple stress indicators (chronic, perceived, traumatic) in relation to prevalent coronary heart disease, stroke, and major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (i.e., diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and current smoking) in the multisite Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study (2010-2011).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 5313 men and women 18 to 74 years old, representing diverse Hispanic/Latino ethnic backgrounds, who underwent a comprehensive baseline clinical examination and sociocultural examination with measures of stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic stress burden was related to a higher prevalence of coronary heart disease after adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological risk factors (odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval], 1.22 [1.10-1.36]) and related to stroke prevalence in the model adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors (OR [95% confidence interval], 1.26 [1.03-1.55]). Chronic stress was also related to a higher prevalence of diabetes (OR = 1.20 [1.11-1.31]) and hypertension (OR = 1.10 [1.02-1.19]) in individuals free from CVD (n = 4926). Perceived stress (OR = 1.03 [1.01-1.05]) and traumatic stress (OR = 1.15 [1.05-1.26]) were associated with a higher prevalence of smoking. Participants who reported a greater number of lifetime traumatic events also unexpectedly showed a lower prevalence of diabetes (OR = 0.89 [0.83-0.97]) and hypertension (OR = 0.88 [0.82-0.93]). Effects were largely consistent across age and sex groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study underscores the advantages of examining multiple indicators of stress in relation to health because the direction and consistency of associations may vary across distinct stress conceptualizations. In addition, the study suggests that chronic stress is related to higher CVD risk and prevalence in Hispanics/Latinos, the largest US ethnic minority group.
authors: From the Department of Psychology (L.C.G., S.C.R., A.L.F.) and Graduate School of Public Health (S.F.C., G.A.T.), San Diego State University, San Diego, California; Departments of Preventive Medicine (M.R.C.) and Medical Social Sciences (F.J.P.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Public Policy (K.P.) and Biostatistics (D.S.-A.), Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Psychology (O.B.W., N.S.), University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health (S.W.-S., C.R.I), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Department of Medicine (M.L.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Gallo
authors: Scott C
authors: SC
authors: Roesch
authors: Addie L
authors: AL
authors: Fortmann
authors: Mercedes R
authors: MR
authors: Carnethon
authors: Frank J
authors: FJ
authors: Penedo
authors: Krista
authors: K
authors: Perreira
authors: Orit
authors: O
authors: Birnbaum-Weitzman
authors: Sylvia
authors: S
authors: Wassertheil-Smoller
authors: Sheila F
authors: SF
authors: Castañeda
authors: Gregory A
authors: GA
authors: Talavera
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Sotres-Alvarez
authors: Martha L
authors: ML
authors: Daviglus
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Schneiderman
authors: Carmen R
authors: CR
authors: Isasi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology; D040921:Stress Disorders, Traumatic / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult