title: Interaction of alcohol use and specific types of smoking on the development of oral cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral cancer is one of the most common life threatening diseases all over the world, in particular in Asian countries, and tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the most potent risk factors for oral cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of smoking types and alcohol consumption on the development of oral cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of 350 cases and 350 controls over a period of 19 months in the time period between February 2005 and September 2006 was carried out in Pune, India. The self-reported information about their consumption of alcohol and smoking behaviors was collected by structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS software package. Risk analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression, which provides results in the form of crude odd ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smoking as well as alcohol drinking rates in the subjects of the case group were signiﬁcantly higher than the controls. Of smoking types, bidi (a hand rolled cigarette) (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.4-6.9), and among alcohol types, hard liquor (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1. 4-6.4), country liquor (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3-3.6) and beer (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-5.0), showed a strong association with oral cancer. A significant interaction effect was found between alcohol consumption and bidi smoking (OR = 19.6, 95% CI = 4.6-83.5) followed by alcohol and non-filtered cigarette (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.8-12.0) as well as filtered-cigarette (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-5.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that oral cancer is etiologically related to the interaction between smoking and drinking.
authors: Department of Public Health, Research Center for Social Determinants in Health Promotion, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, IR Iran.
authors: Abdoul Hossain
authors: AH
authors: Madani
authors: Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Pune University, Pune, India.
authors: Madhurima
authors: M
authors: Dikshit
authors: Morbai Naraindas Budhrani Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Inlaks & Budhrani Hospital, Pune, India.
authors: Debanshu
authors: D
authors: Bhaduri
authors: Department of Public Health, Research Center for Social Determinants in Health Promotion, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, IR Iran.
authors: Teamur
authors: T
authors: Aghamolaei
authors: Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, IR Iran.
authors: Seyed Hamid
authors: SH
authors: Moosavy
authors: Department of Public Health, Research Center for Social Determinants in Health Promotion, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, IR Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Azarpaykan
keywords: Alcohols; Mouth Neoplasms; Smoking