title: Protective effect of ellagic acid on healing alveolar bone after tooth extraction in rat--a histological and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study has attempted to evaluate the effects of ellagic acid (EA) on alveolar bone healing after tooth extraction in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Sprague Dawley (SD) male rats (200-250g) were selected and were anaesthetised for the extraction of upper left incisor. Then, the rats were divided into two groups, comprising 12 rats each; the first group has been considered as a control group and was given only normal saline, whereas, the second group (treated group) was intragastrically administrated with EA daily once, for 28 days. Then three rats from each group had been selected on 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days to dissect their maxilla tissue either for histological observation and homogenisation purposes. The tissues fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections of 5μm thickness were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for the histological study. Similar sections were taken for immunohistochemical analysis to assess osteocalcin (OSC) and osteopontin (OPN). Furthermore, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in homogenated gingival maxilla tissue of rat by commercial kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the histological analysis we have identified that, EA treatment has induced earlier trabecular bone deposition in the treated group, resulting in more organised bone matrix on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days after tooth extraction, as against the control group. In comparison to control group, the positive labelling of OSC and OPN of the treated group have been highly expressed in the alveolar socket on 14th, and 21st days, which has indicated a the possibility of formation of new bone trabeculae at the beginning of the mineralisation process, after tooth extraction. In the EA treatment group, lipid per-oxidation (MDA) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), as opposed to the control group. However, the antioxidant defense enzyme (SOD) was significantly increased in the maxilla tissue treated with EA (P<0.05), compared to control group, which suggests that, after tooth extraction, EA plays an important role in the protection against the induction of lipid per-oxidation, particularly after 28 days of treatment with EA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has concluded that, EA may accelerated the healing process in teeth socket of rats. Furthermore, the EA treated group showed a stronger positive immunolabelling for OSC and OPN, when compared with the control group.
authors: Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia.
authors: Mazen M Jamil
authors: MM
authors: Al-Obaidi
authors: Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia. Electronic address: fouad@salam.uitm.edu.my.
authors: Fouad Hussain
authors: FH
authors: Al-Bayaty
authors: Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia.
authors: Rami
authors: R
authors: Al Batran
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors: Pouya
authors: P
authors: Hassandarvish
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
authors: Elham
authors: E
authors: Rouhollahi
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007180:Incisor; D008297:Male; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000187:drug effects*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D004610:Ellagic Acid
keywords: Alveolar bone; Antioxidant; Ellagic acid; Osteocalcin; Osteopontin; Teeth socket