title: Reorganization of visual processing in age-related macular degeneration depends on foveal loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When individuals with central vision loss due to macular degeneration (MD) view stimuli in the periphery, most of them activate the region of retinotopic cortex normally activated only by foveal stimuli-a process often referred to as reorganization. Why do some show this reorganization of visual processing whereas others do not? We reported previously that six individuals with complete bilateral loss of central vision showed such reorganization, whereas two with bilateral central vision loss but with foveal sparing did not, and we hypothesized that the effect occurs only after complete bilateral loss of foveal vision. Here, we conduct a stronger test of the dependence of reorganization of visual processing in MD on complete loss of foveal function, by bringing back one (called MD6) of the two participants who previously did not show reorganization and who showed foveal sparing. MD6 has now lost all foveal function, and we predicted that if large-scale reorganization of visual processing in MD individuals depends on complete loss of foveal input, then we will now see such reorganization in this individual.
  
  
  METHODS
  MD6 and two normally sighted control subjects were scanned. Stimuli were gray-scale photographs of objects presented at either the fovea or a peripheral retinal location (i.e., the MD participant's preferred retinal locus or the control participants' matched peripheral location).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MD6, visual stimulation at the preferred retinal locus significantly activated not only the expected "peripheral" retinotopic cortex but also the deprived "foveal" cortex. Crucially, MD6 exhibited no such large-scale reorganization 5 years earlier when she had some foveal sparing. By contrast, in the control participants, stimulation at the matched peripheral location produced significant activation in peripheral retinotopic cortex only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that complete loss of foveal function may be a necessary condition for large-scale reorganization of visual processing in individuals with MD.
authors: *PhD †BS ‡MSc, OD, FAAO Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (DDD); Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (JBJ); Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (EP); and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts (NK).
authors: Daniel D
authors: DD
authors: Dilks
authors: Joshua B
authors: JB
authors: Julian
authors: Eli
authors: E
authors: Peli
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Kanwisher
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D012607:Scotoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*