title: Depressive symptoms in first-episode psychosis: a 10-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined if any patient characteristics at baseline predicted depressive symptoms at 10 years and whether patients prone to depressive symptoms in the first year of treatment had a different prognosis in the following years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 299 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were assessed for depressive symptoms with PANSS depression item (g6) at baseline, and 1, 2, 5 and 10 years of follow up. At 10 years, depressive symptoms were also assessed with Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). A PANSS g6 ≥ 4 and CDSS score ≥ 6 were used as a cut-off score for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 122 (41%) patients were scored as depressed at baseline, 75 (28%) at 1 year, 50 (20%) at 2 years, 33 (16%) at 5 years, and 35 (19%) at 10 years of follow up. Poor childhood social functioning and alcohol use at baseline predicted depression at 10 years of follow up. Thirty-eight patients were depressed at both baseline and 1 year follow up. This group had poorer symptomatic and functional outcome in the follow-up period compared to a group of patients with no depression in the first year of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are frequent among FEP patients at baseline but decrease after treatment because their general symptoms have been initiated. Patients with poor social functioning in childhood and alcohol use at baseline are more prone to have depressive symptoms at 10 years of follow up. Patients struggling with depressive symptoms in the first year of treatment should be identified as having poorer long-term prognosis.
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Nasrettin
authors: N
authors: Sönmez
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Jan Ivar
authors: JI
authors: Røssberg
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Evensen
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Departments of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Helene Eidsmo
authors: HE
authors: Barder
authors: Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Psychiatry Roskilde, Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: Ulrik
authors: U
authors: Haahr
authors: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors: Wenche
authors: W
authors: Ten Velden Hegelstad
authors: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.|Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
authors: Inge
authors: I
authors: Joa
authors: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.|Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.
authors: Jan Olav
authors: JO
authors: Johannessen
authors: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Langeveld
authors: Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Psychiatric Division, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.|Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Tor Ketil
authors: TK
authors: Larsen
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Melle
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Stein
authors: S
authors: Opjordsmoen
authors: Departments of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.
authors: Bjørn Rishovd
authors: BR
authors: Rund
authors: Psychiatric Research Unit, Zealand Region, Psychiatry Roskilde, Roskilde University and University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Simonsen
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Vaglum
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Psychiatric Research at Congress Place, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: McGlashan
authors: Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Svein
authors: S
authors: Friis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: depressive symptom; longitudinal study; psychosis