title: Prevalence and clinical correlates of co-occurring insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms in depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to examine the prevalence and consequences of co-occurring insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms in depressed adults drawn from a representative sample of the U.S. population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 687 National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) respondents meeting criteria for a major depressive episode (MDE) in the past year were included. Respondents completed clinical interviews that assessed 12-month DSM-IV disorders, impairment, mental health treatment, and depressive symptom severity. Outcomes were compared between respondents who experienced insomnia symptoms-only (N=404), hypersomnia symptoms-only (N=44), both insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms (N=184) and no sleep problems (N=55) during an MDE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms co-occurred in 27.7% of respondents with past-year MDEs, most frequently in bipolar spectrum disorders and major depressive disorder with dysthymia. Similar to the insomnia-only group, respondents with co-occurring sleep disturbances had more severe depression, and higher rates of past-year impulse control disorders and suicide planning. Similar to the hypersomnia-only group, respondents with co-occurring sleep disturbances had higher rates of past-year drug use disorders and suicide attempts. Compared to the insomnia-only and no sleep problem groups, respondents with both sleep disturbances were more frequently in mental health treatment, seeing a general practitioner, and taking antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NCS-R is cross-sectional and did not evaluate sleep disorder diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-occurring insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms were associated with a more severe MDE. Further research is warranted to more fully understand the joint presentation of insomnia and hypersomnia in depression.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA.
authors: Adriane M
authors: AM
authors: Soehner
authors: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stanford University Medical Center, USA.
authors: Katherine A
authors: KA
authors: Kaplan
authors: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA. Electronic address: aharvey@berkeley.edu.
authors: Allison G
authors: AG
authors: Harvey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Depression; Hypersomnia; Insomnia; Mood disorders