title: The association of gender to cardiovascular outcomes after coronary artery revascularization in patients with end-stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inadequate recruitment of women and an exclusion of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in coronary revascularization trials have led to knowledge gaps of gender-based outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Women have equivalent cardiovascular outcomes when compared to men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective observational study utilizing Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) databases and identified 1015 adults with ESRD who underwent coronary revascularization between 1996 and 2008. We ascertained baseline characteristics, primary (mortality at 5 years) and secondary (myocardial infarction [MI] and repeat revascularization) outcomes from KPNC databases, state death certificates, and Social Security Administration files. A multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association of gender to the prespecified outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men and women were similar in age (P = 0.23). The mean number of baseline comorbidities was higher in women (2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-2.9) compared to men (2.3, 95% CI: 2.1-2.4, P = 0.0002). The risk-adjusted odds ratios (OR) of female gender to death at 5 years (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.83-1.52), MI (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.86-1.64), and repeat revascularization (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.70-1.45) were similar to men. Age modified the effect of gender for the primary outcome death (Pinteraction < 0.048), with a trend toward worse outcomes in younger women and improved outcomes in older women. This effect was noted more in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the overall relative risk of cardiovascular outcomes after coronary revascularization in ESRD was equivalent between men and women, age had a significant interaction with gender on overall mortality.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center, San Jose, California.
authors: Ashok
authors: A
authors: Krishnaswami
authors: Tara I
authors: TI
authors: Chang
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Jang
authors: Thomas K
authors: TK
authors: Leong
authors: Alan S
authors: AS
authors: Go
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002140:California; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome