title: Cortical activation following chronic passive implantation of a wide-field suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The research goal is to develop a wide-field retinal stimulating array for prosthetic vision. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a suprachoroidal electrode array in evoking visual cortex activity after long term implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A planar silicone based electrode array (8 mm × 19 mm) was implanted into the suprachoroidal space in cats (ntotal = 10). It consisted of 20 platinum stimulating electrodes (600 μm diameter) and a trans-scleral cable terminated in a subcutaneous connector. Three months after implantation (nchronic = 6), or immediately after implantation (nacute = 4), an electrophysiological study was performed. Electrode total impedance was measured from voltage transients using 500 μs, 1 mA pulses. Electrically evoked potentials (EEPs) and multi-unit activity were recorded from the visual cortex in response to monopolar retinal stimulation. Dynamic range and cortical activation spread were calculated from the multi-unit recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean electrode total impedance in vivo following 3 months was 12.5 ± 0.3 kΩ. EEPs were recorded for 98% of the electrodes. The median evoked potential threshold was 150 nC (charge density 53 μC cm(-2)). The lowest stimulation thresholds were found proximal to the area centralis. Mean thresholds from multiunit activity were lower for chronic (181 ± 14 nC) compared to acute (322 ± 20 nC) electrodes (P < 0.001), but there was no difference in dynamic range or cortical activation spread.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suprachoroidal stimulation threshold was lower in chronic than acute implantation and was within safe charge limits for platinum. Electrode-tissue impedance following chronic implantation was higher, indicating the need for sufficient compliance voltage (e.g. 12.8 V for mean impedance, threshold and dynamic range). The wide-field suprachoroidal array reliably activated the retina after chronic implantation.
authors: Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Villalobos
authors: James B
authors: JB
authors: Fallon
authors: David A X
authors: DA
authors: Nayagam
authors: Mohit N
authors: MN
authors: Shivdasani
authors: Chi D
authors: CD
authors: Luu
authors: Penelope J
authors: PJ
authors: Allen
authors: Robert K
authors: RK
authors: Shepherd
authors: Chris E
authors: CE
authors: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002829:Choroid / Q000502:physiology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D057488:Visual Prosthesis