title: Adherence of human oral keratinocytes and gingival fibroblasts to nano-structured titanium surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A key element for long-term success of dental implants is integration of the implant surface with the surrounding host tissues. Modification of titanium implant surfaces can enhance osteoblast activity but their effects on soft-tissue cells are unclear. Adherence of human keratinocytes and gingival fibroblasts to control commercially pure titanium (CpTi) and two surfaces prepared by anodic oxidation was therefore investigated. Since implant abutments are exposed to a bacteria-rich environment in vivo, the effect of oral bacteria on keratinocyte adhesion was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The number of adhered cells and binding strength, as well as vitality of fibroblasts and keratinocytes were evaluated using confocal scanning laser microscopy after staining with Live/Dead Baclight. To evaluate the effect of bacteria on adherence and vitality, keratinocytes were co-cultured with a four-species streptococcal consortium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEM analysis showed the two anodically oxidized surfaces to be nano-structured with differing degrees of pore-density. Over 24 hours, both fibroblasts and keratinocytes adhered well to the nano-structured surfaces, although to a somewhat lesser degree than to CpTi (range 42-89% of the levels on CpTi). The strength of keratinocyte adhesion was greater than that of the fibroblasts but no differences in adhesion strength could be observed between the two nano-structured surfaces and the CpTi. The consortium of commensal streptococci markedly reduced keratinocyte adherence on all the surfaces as well as compromising membrane integrity of the adhered cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the vitality and level of adherence of soft-tissue cells to the nano-structured surfaces was similar to that on CpTi. Co-culture with streptococci reduced the number of keratinocytes on all the surfaces to approximately the same level and caused cell damage, suggesting that commensal bacteria could affect adherence of soft-tissue cells to abutment surfaces in vivo.
authors: Marjan
authors: M
authors: Dorkhan
authors: Tülay
authors: T
authors: Yücel-Lindberg
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Hall
authors: Gunnel
authors: G
authors: Svensäter
authors: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö SE-205 06, Sweden. Julia.Davies@mah.se.
authors: Julia R
authors: JR
authors: Davies
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000502:physiology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D054773:Streptococcus gordonii / Q000502:physiology; D034361:Streptococcus mitis / Q000502:physiology; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000502:physiology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium