title: Evaluation of pain associated with chronic venous insufficiency in Spanish postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Menopause status has been associated with an increase in venous diseases and lower limb-related symptoms. The purpose of our study was to evaluate pain associated with chronic venous insufficiency and its risk factors in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A controlled cross-sectional study was performed in 139 postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency and 40 control women. Pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Pain Matcher (Cefar Medical AB, Lund, Sweden). The influence of several demographic and clinical risk factors was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women in the chronic venous insufficiency group had significantly higher pain intensity and significantly lower pain threshold (P = 0.001) than the control group. The level of pain was independently and significantly associated with venous refill time and osteoarthritis index scores. It was not associated with other risk factors or with disease severity according to the clinical, etiological, anatomical, and pathophysiological classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous pain is a consistent symptom in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency, in whom nociceptive thresholds are generally decreased. Reduced physical activity, venous reflux, and osteoarthritis seem to influence pain level in chronic venous insufficiency.
authors: From the 1Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; 2Department of Nursing and Physical Therapy, University of Almería, Almeria, Spain; 3Andalusian Health Service, Health District Jaen-Northeast, Jaen, Spain; and 4Department of Statistics, and 5Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: María Encarnación
authors: ME
authors: Aguilar-Ferrándiz
authors: Adelaida María
authors: AM
authors: Castro-Sánchez
authors: Guillermo A
authors: GA
authors: Matarán-Peñarrocha
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: de Dios Luna
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Moreno-Lorenzo
authors: Esperanza
authors: E
authors: Del Pozo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*