title: Immuno-enhancement effects of ethanol extract from Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in BALB/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa has been traditionally used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases such as tapeworm infestation, colds, and viral diseases. However, no systematic study of the immunity of Cyrtomium macrophyllum ethanol extracts (CM) has yet been reported. The present work evaluates these traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  120 male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups of 20 mice each: (1) normal group (sterile physiological saline), which served as a blank control; (2) model group (Cyclophosphamide, CY) group (sterile physiological saline), which served as a negative control; (3) low-dose CM (50 mg/kg BW); (4) intermediate-dose CM (100 mg/kg BW); (5) high-dose CM (200 mg/kg BW); (6) CM group (200 mg/kg BW). CY (0.2 ml) was administered via intraperitoneal injection. The other regimens were administered via gavage in 0.2 ml solution. Phytochemical of CM was characterized by HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap. The acute toxicity effect of the ethanol extract of Cyrtomium macrophyllum was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spleen and thymus indices of mice receiving low, intermediate, and high doses of CM recovered more quickly than those of CY mice, and they did so in a dose-dependent manner. These mice also showed higher T cell and B cell proliferation responses and macrophage function than those of CY mice, and their serum levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ had become normal. In acute toxicity test, CM exhibited no mortality and behavioral changes in mice. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins to be the major compounds present in the extract, at 27.64%, 30.87%, and 11.22%, respectively. We found that 16 compounds were characterized by the interpretation of their mass spectra obtained by the MS/MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study demonstrates that Cyrtomium macrophyllum ethanol extract improved immune function in CY-treated mice.
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Zhe
authors: Z
authors: Ren
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Chenghua
authors: C
authors: He
authors: Wujiang Agricultural Commission, Wujiang 215200, China.
authors: Yanhong
authors: Y
authors: Fan
authors: College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
authors: Liwei
authors: L
authors: Guo
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Huimin
authors: H
authors: Si
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Yuwei
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Zhiyu
authors: Z
authors: Shi
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Electronic address: haibinzhang12@163.com.
authors: Haibin
authors: H
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D032491:Dryopteridaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
keywords: 3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone,7-O-Glucuronopyranoside (PubChem CID: 42607977); CM; Citric acid (PubChem CID: 311); Cytokine; Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); Ginnalin B (PubChem CID: 44512370); HPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap; Hamamelonic acid (PubChem CID: 25202685); Immunosuppression; Kaempferol (PubChem CID: 5280873); Kaempferol 3-rutinoside (PubChem CID: 5323552); Lymphocyte proliferation; Macrophage; Procyanidin B4 (PubChem CID: 147299); Quercetin 7-O-L-Rhamnopyranoside (PubChem CID: 5748601); Resorcylic acid (PubChem CID: 1491)