title: The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis.
abstract: Cutaneous leishmaniases have persisted for centuries as chronically disfiguring parasitic infections affecting millions of people across the subtropics. Symptoms range from the more prevalent single, self-healing cutaneous lesion to a persistent, metastatic disease, where ulcerations and granulomatous nodules can affect multiple secondary sites of the skin and delicate facial mucosa, even sometimes diffusing throughout the cutaneous system as a papular rash. The basis for such diverse pathologies is multifactorial, ranging from parasite phylogeny to host immunocompetence and various environmental factors. Although complex, these pathologies often prey on weaknesses in the innate immune system and its pattern recognition receptors. This review explores the observed and potential associations among the multifactorial perpetrators of infectious metastasis and components of the innate immune system.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
authors: Mary-Anne
authors: MA
authors: Hartley
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Drexler
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Ronet
authors: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Beverley
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland. Electronic address: Nicolas.Fasel@unil.ch.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Fasel
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D057232:Global Warming; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D010802:Phylogeny; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Leishmania RNA virus; Toll-like receptor; cutaneous leishmaniasis; metastatic leishmaniasis; pattern recognition receptor; post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis