title: Environmental and health impacts of fine and ultrafine metallic particles: assessment of threat scores.
abstract: This study proposes global threat scores to prioritize the harmfulness of anthropogenic fine and ultrafine metallic particles (FMP) emitted into the atmosphere at the global scale. (Eco)toxicity of physicochemically characterized FMP oxides for metals currently observed in the atmosphere (CdO, CuO, PbO, PbSO(4), Sb(2)O(3), and ZnO) was assessed by performing complementary in vitro tests: ecotoxicity, human bioaccessibility, cytotoxicity, and oxidative potential. Using an innovative methodology based on the combination of (eco)toxicity and physicochemical results, the following hazard classification of the particles is proposed: CdCl2~CdO>CuO>PbO>ZnO>PbSO(4)>Sb(2)O(3). Both cadmium compounds exhibited the highest threat score due to their high cytotoxicity and bioaccessible dose, whatever their solubility and speciation, suggesting that cadmium toxicity is due to its chemical form rather than its physical form. In contrast, the Sb(2)O(3) threat score was the lowest due to particles with low specific area and solubility, with no effects except a slight oxidative stress. As FMP physicochemical properties reveal differences in specific area, crystallization systems, dissolution process, and speciation, various mechanisms may influence their biological impact. Finally, this newly developed and global approach could be widely used in various contexts of pollution by complex metal particles and may improve risk management.
authors: Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Av. Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d׳écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l׳Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors: Sylvaine
authors: S
authors: Goix
authors: Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Av. Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d׳écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l׳Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy Management), 20 Avenue du Grésillé, BP 90406, 49004 Angers Cedex 01, France.
authors: Thibaut
authors: T
authors: Lévêque
authors: Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Av. Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d׳écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l׳Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors: Tian-Tian
authors: TT
authors: Xiong
authors: Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Schreck
authors: Laboratoire des Réponses Moléculaires et Cellulaires aux Xénobiotiques, Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France.
authors: Armelle
authors: A
authors: Baeza-Squiban
authors: GEODE, UMR CNRS 5602, University of Toulouse, Centre universitaire d׳Albi, Place de Verdun, 81012 Albi, France.
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Geret
authors: Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, LTHE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors: Gaëlle
authors: G
authors: Uzu
authors: Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Av. Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d׳écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l׳Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; Institut Ecocitoyen, Centre de vie la Fossette RD 268, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France.
authors: Annabelle
authors: A
authors: Austruy
authors: Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Av. Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; UMR 5245 CNRS-INP-UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d׳écologie fonctionnelle), Avenue de l׳Agrobiopôle, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France. Electronic address: camille.dumat@ensat.fr.
authors: Camille
authors: C
authors: Dumat
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000592:standards; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000633:toxicity*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014131:Trace Elements; C029663:cadmium oxide; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide; D003300:Copper; D015034:Zinc Oxide; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: (Eco)toxicity; Bioaccessibility; Fine and ultrafine metallic particles; Metal(loid)s; Threat scores