title: Impact of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on upper esophageal sphincter dynamics: a high-resolution manometry study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Beside traditional dysphagia therapy, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been proposed to treat patients with dysphagia. Considering the complexity of the nerve-muscle interaction during swallowing, the underlying physiology of NMES remains unclear. Here, we addressed the question of whether NMES can modify upper esophageal sphincter (UES) dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study, 26 healthy volunteers performed water swallows with and without NMES. The stimulus was applied in a participant- and operator-initiated stimulation above, near, and below the motor threshold. Swallowing parameters were measured using high-resolution manometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UES relaxation time was found to be extended by 10%, indicating a modification in UES dynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chosen NMES paradigm influenced the involuntary swallowing phase by extending relaxation time, providing more time for bolus passage into the esophagus. Future studies will have to evaluate if this effect can be found in patients with dysphagia and whether it is beneficial for treatment.
authors: Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany jungheim.michael@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Jungheim
authors: Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Alexander Matthias
authors: AM
authors: Janhsen
authors: Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Miller
authors: Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Ptok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: deglutition; dysphagia; high-resolution manometry; neuromuscular electrical stimulation; upper esophageal sphincter