title: Radiographic Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle. Part 1: The Distal Leg.
abstract: Abstract BACKGROUND: Normal radiographic anatomy of the foot and ankle, aside from this author's previous work, has only been addressed superficially or sparingly in the medical literature. This project correlates detailed radiographic anatomy of the entire adult foot and ankle (two-dimensional) to osteology (three-dimensional).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each bone's position was determined after meticulous examination and correlation to an articulated skeleton relative to the image receptor and direction of the x-ray beam, with correlation to the radiograph for confirmation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Images of each foot and distal leg bone ("front" and "back" perspectives) are presented alongside a corresponding radiographic image for comparison. The normal gross and radiographic anatomy is correlated and described for each radiographic positioning technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foundational knowledge is provided that (1) future researchers can use as a baseline ("normal"), and (2) both students and practitioners can use for comparison when interpreting radiographs and distinguishing abnormal findings.
authors: Western University of Health Sciences, College of Podiatric Medicine.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Christman