title: The influence of anorectal malformations on fertility: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aims to give an overview of available evidence concerning the influence of anorectal malformations (ARM) on fertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a search in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library conformed to the PRISMA standards. All studies reporting on fertility and ARM were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2,905 studies were identified. Based on title, abstract and full text, nine articles on 429 patients remained to answer the research question. Childbirth rate was the only reported outcome parameter to describe fertility. An overall childbirth rate of 27 % (range 0-57 %) was found. Mean age at time of study ranged from 23 to 35 years. There was no statistical significant difference in childbirth rate between female and male patients, based on seven studies (p = 0.45). Patients with a more complex type of ARM (imperforated anus without fistula, rectourethral bulbar and prostatic fistulas, rectobladderneck fistulas and cloacal malformations) had a lower childbirth rate compared to healthy controls, whereas in patients with a less complex ARM (rectoperineal or rectovestibular fistula) the childbirth rate was similar to healthy controls. Patients with a more complex type of ARM had a significant lower childbirth rate than patients with a less complex type of ARM (18 vs 47 %, respectively) (p = 0.0001). When further dividing these patients by gender, this difference was only seen in female patients (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with a more complex type of ARM a lower childbirth rate was found compared to healthy controls and patients with a less complex type of ARM. The latter was only seen in female patients. However, conclusions concerning fertility in ARM patients have to be taken with caution due to limited quality of the studies. Further investigation is recommended.
authors: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: E C P
authors: EC
authors: Huibregtse
authors: J M Th
authors: JM
authors: Draaisma
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Hofmeester
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kluivers
authors: I A L M
authors: IA
authors: van Rooij
authors: I
authors: I
authors: de Blaauw
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities*; D000071056:Anorectal Malformations; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007246:Infertility / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities*; D012307:Risk Factors