title: Physical models of renal malignancies using standard cross-sectional imaging and 3-dimensional printers: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct high-fidelity, patient customized, physical, 3-dimensional (3D) models of renal units with enhancing renal lesions identified on cross-sectional imaging, which may aid patients, trainees, and clinicians in their comprehension, characterization, localization, and extirpation of suspicious renal masses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specialized software was used to import patient's diagnostic computerized tomography cross-sectional imaging into 3D printers and create physical 3D models of renal units with enhancing in situ lesions. Patients and trainees had the opportunity to manipulate the individualized model before surgical resection. Sterolithography additive manufacturing, a technique in which an ultraviolet laser is used to cure a photosensitive resin in sequential horizontally oriented layers, was used to build the models (Medical Modeling Inc., Golden, CO). Normal renal parenchyma was printed with a clear translucent resin, and red translucent resin delineated suspicious lesions. Renal vasculature and the proximal collecting system were printed in some models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We constructed 5 physical models of renal units with suspected malignancies before surgery. All patients successfully underwent partial nephrectomy (4 robotic and 1 open). Average ischemia time was 21 minutes, nephrometry score was 6.8, and all margins were negative. Anecdotally, patients, their families, and trainees consistently stated that the models enhanced their comprehension of the renal tumor in relation to surrounding normal renal parenchyma and hilar structures and improved understanding of the goals of the surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative physical 3D models using available printing techniques can be constructed and may potentially influence both patients' and trainees' understanding of renal malignancies.
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. Electronic address: jsilbers@tulane.edu.
authors: Jonathan L
authors: JL
authors: Silberstein
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: Maddox
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Phillip
authors: P
authors: Dorsey
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Feibus
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Raju
authors: R
authors: Thomas
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Benjamin R
authors: BR
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011327:Printing; D055815:Young Adult