title: Optimal techniques for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver using a respiratory navigator-gated three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize the navigator-gating technique for the acquisition of high-quality three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled echo (3D SPGR) images of the liver during free breathing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers underwent 3D SPGR magnetic resonance imaging of the liver using a conventional navigator-gated 3D SPGR (cNAV-3D-SPGR) sequence or an enhanced navigator-gated 3D SPGR (eNAV-3D-SPGR) sequence. No exogenous contrast agent was used. A 20-ms wait period was inserted between the 3D SPGR acquisition component and navigator component of the eNAV-3D-SPGR sequence to allow T1 recovery. Visual evaluation and calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio were performed to compare image quality between the imaging techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eNAV-3D-SPGR sequence provided better noise properties than the cNAV-3D-SPGR sequence visually and quantitatively. Navigator gating with an acceptance window of 2mm effectively inhibited respiratory motion artifacts. The widening of the window to 6mm shortened the acquisition time but increased motion artifacts, resulting in degradation of overall image quality. Neither slice tracking nor incorporation of short breath holding successfully compensated for the widening of the window.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The eNAV-3D-SPGR sequence with an acceptance window of 2mm provides high-quality 3D SPGR images of the liver.
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan. Electronic address: inoueys34@gmail.com.
authors: Yusuke
authors: Y
authors: Inoue
authors: Department of Radiology, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: Hirofumi
authors: H
authors: Hata
authors: Department of Radiology, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: Ai
authors: A
authors: Nakajima
authors: Global Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Iwadate
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
authors: Gou
authors: G
authors: Ogasawara
authors: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
authors: Keiji
authors: K
authors: Matsunaga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000737:chemistry; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C073590:gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA
keywords: Liver; Magnetic resonance imaging; Navigator; Respiration