title: Exploring adolescent cognitive control in a combined interference switching task.
abstract: Cognitive control enables individuals to flexibly adapt to environmental challenges. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated 185 adolescents at the age of 14 with a combined response interference switching task measuring behavioral responses (reaction time, RT and error rate, ER) and brain activity during the task. This task comprises two types of conflict which are co-occurring, namely, task switching and stimulus-response incongruence. Data indicated that already in adolescents an overlapping cognitive control network comprising the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is recruited by conflicts arising from task switching and response incongruence. Furthermore our study revealed higher blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses elicited by incongruent stimuli in participants with a pronounced incongruence effect, calculated as the RT difference between incongruent and congruent trials. No such correlation was observed for switch costs. Furthermore, increased activation of the default mode network (DMN) was only observed in congruent trials compared to incongruent trials, but not in task repetition relative to task switch trials. These findings suggest that even though the two processes of task switching and response incongruence share a common cognitive control network they might be processed differentially within the cognitive control network. Results are discussed in the context of a novel hypothesis concerning antagonistic relations between the DMN and the cognitive control network.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Mennigen
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Rodehacke
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors: Kathrin U
authors: KU
authors: Müller
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Ripke
authors: Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Goschke
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Str. 35, 01187 Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: michael.smolka@tu-dresden.de.
authors: Michael N
authors: MN
authors: Smolka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Adolescence; Cognitive control; Functional MRI; Incongruence; Task switching; brain–behavior correlations