title: FLS skill acquisition: a comparison of blocked vs interleaved practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) certification is required for general surgery. The recommended practice for learning FLS is to practice tasks one at a time until proficient (blocked practice). Learning theory suggests that interleaved practice, a method in which tasks are rotated rather than learned one at a time, may result in superior learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents were randomized into 1 of 2 groups: blocked practice or interleaved practice. We compared the performance of residents across groups over 20 trials of each of 4 FLS tasks (peg transfer, pattern cut, extracorporeal suture, and intracorporeal suture). Four weeks later, participants returned to the laboratory and completed 2 additional trials of each of the 4 tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance on each of the tasks improved with increased practice. The interleaved group showed significantly better performance on the peg transfer task; trends favoring the interleaved group resulted for the other tasks. Standardized mean differences in favor of the interleaved group were substantial both at the end of practice and at follow-up (with the exception of the pattern cut).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interleaved practice appears to have advantages over blocked practice in developing and retaining FLS skills. We encourage others to experiment with the method to confirm our findings.
authors: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Steven B
authors: SB
authors: Goldin
authors: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Gregory T
authors: GT
authors: Horn
authors: Morsani College of Medicine Scholarly Concentrations Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Schnaus
authors: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Grichanik
authors: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Adam J
authors: AJ
authors: Ducey
authors: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Nofsinger
authors: Department of Urology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Hernandez
authors: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Murray L
authors: ML
authors: Shames
authors: Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors: Raman P
authors: RP
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. Electronic address: mbrannick@usf.edu.
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Brannick
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: FLS; Medical Knowledge; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; practice; proficiency