title: Anterior gradient protein 2 promotes survival, migration and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Through a transcriptome microarray analysis, we have isolated Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) as a gene up-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). AGR2 is a disulfide isomerase over-expressed in several human carcinomas and recently linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we analyzed the expression of AGR2 in PTC and its functional role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of AGR2 was studied by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR in normal thyroids and in PTC samples. The function of AGR2 was studied by knockdown in PTC cells and by ectopic expression in non-transformed thyroid cells. The role of AGR2 in the ER stress was analyzed upon treatment of cells, expressing or not AGR2, with Bortezomib and analyzing by Western blot the expression levels of GADD153.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTC over-expressed AGR2 at mRNA and protein levels. Knockdown of AGR2 in PTC cells induced apoptosis and decreased migration and invasion. Ectopic expression of AGR2 in non-transformed human thyroid cells increased migration and invasion and protected cells from ER stress induced by Bortezomib.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AGR2 is a novel marker of PTC and plays a role in thyroid cancer cell survival, migration, invasion and protection from ER stress.
authors: Gennaro
authors: G
authors: Di Maro
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Salerno
authors: Kristian
authors: K
authors: Unger
authors: Francesca Maria
authors: FM
authors: Orlandella
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Monaco
authors: Gennaro
authors: G
authors: Chiappetta
authors: Gerry
authors: G
authors: Thomas
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Oczko-Wojciechowska
authors: Mariorosario
authors: M
authors: Masullo
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Jarzab
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Santoro
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Universita' "Parthenope", Via Medina 40, Naples 80133, Italy. giuliana.salvatore@uniparthenope.it.
authors: Giuliana
authors: G
authors: Salvatore
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D009088:Mucoproteins; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C502296:AGR2 protein, human; D001897:Boronic Acids; D009088:Mucoproteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D011719:Pyrazines; D000069286:Bortezomib; D019704:Protein Disulfide-Isomerases