title: Synergistic antitumor effect of NVP-BEZ235 and sunitinib on docetaxel-resistant human castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.
abstract: According to recent studies, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) can be used as combinational agents to enhance the antitumor effect or overcome resistance to one of the agents. In the present study, we investigated the synergistic interaction between NVP-BEZ235, a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/mTOR dual inhibitor, and sunitinib, a TKI, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells with docetaxel resistance. Prostate cancer cells with different sensitivities to hormones and docetaxel levels were exposed to escalating doses of NVP-BEZ235 alone and in combination with sunitinib. The synergy between NVP-BEZ235 and sunitinib was determined by the combination index, three-dimensional model, and clonogenic assays. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis of proteins related to apoptosis and cell survival axis were performed. The combination of NVP-BEZ235 and sunitinib caused a significant synergistic antitumor effect over a wide range of doses in docetaxel-resistant CRPC cells. Furthermore, the IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of NVP-BEZ235 and sunitinib was reduced by 7.8-fold and 6.6-fold, respectively. The three-dimensional synergy analysis resulted in a synergy volume of 182.47 μM/ml2%, indicating a strong synergistic effect of combination therapy. Combination therapy caused an induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in docetaxel-resistant CRPC cells. Adding sunitinib did not produce any additional effect on the NVP-BEZ235-mediated inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR phosphorylation. In conclusion, combining NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, with sunitinib can synergistically potentiate the antitumor effect in CRPC cells after docetaxel failure though induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea Korea University Center of Regenerative Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hong Seok
authors: HS
authors: Park
authors: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung Kyu
authors: SK
authors: Hong
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea Korea University Center of Regenerative Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Mi Mi
authors: MM
authors: Oh
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea Korea University Center of Regenerative Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea yoonyong@korea.ac.kr.
authors: Cheol Yong
authors: CY
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seong Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seok Soo
authors: SS
authors: Byun
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Cheon
authors: Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sang Eun
authors: SE
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea Korea University Center of Regenerative Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Du Geon
authors: du G
authors: Moon
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077210:Sunitinib; D043823:Taxoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D011804:Quinolines; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; C000588866:KDR protein, human; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020169:Caspases; C531198:dactolisib; D000077210:Sunitinib
keywords: NVP-BEZ235; Prostate; carcinoma; docetaxel; resistance; sunitinib