title: Behavioral and neural correlates of increased self-control in the absence of increased willpower.
abstract: People often exert willpower to choose a more valuable delayed reward over a less valuable immediate reward, but using willpower is taxing and frequently fails. In this research, we demonstrate the ability to enhance self-control (i.e., forgoing smaller immediate rewards in favor of larger delayed rewards) without exerting additional willpower. Using behavioral and neuroimaging data, we show that a reframing of rewards (i) reduced the subjective value of smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards, (ii) increased the likelihood of choosing the larger delayed rewards when choosing between two real monetary rewards, (iii) reduced the brain reward responses to immediate rewards in the dorsal and ventral striatum, and (iv) reduced brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (a correlate of willpower) when participants chose the same larger later rewards across the two choice frames. We conclude that reframing can promote self-control while avoiding the need for additional willpower expenditure.
authors: Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and dweck@stanford.edu eranm@upenn.edu.
authors: Eran
authors: E
authors: Magen
authors: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
authors: Bokyung
authors: B
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 dweck@stanford.edu eranm@upenn.edu.
authors: Carol S
authors: CS
authors: Dweck
authors: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Gross
authors: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
authors: Samuel M
authors: SM
authors: McClure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male
keywords: judgment and decision-making; neuroeconomics; reward reframing; temporal discounting