title: Adjuvant therapy for renal cell carcinoma: past, present, and future.
abstract: At the present time, the standard of care for patients who have received nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is radiographic surveillance. With a number of novel targeted agents showing activity in the setting of metastatic RCC, there has been great interest in exploring the potential of the same agents in the adjuvant setting. Herein, we discuss the evolution of adjuvant trials in RCC, spanning from the immunotherapy era to the targeted therapy era. Pitfalls of current studies are addressed to provide a context for interpreting forthcoming results. Finally, we outline avenues to incorporate promising investigational agents, such as PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibitors and MNNG transforming gene inhibitors, in future adjuvant trials.
authors: Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Sumanta K
authors: SK
authors: Pal
authors: Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA naomi.haas@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors: Naomi B
authors: NB
authors: Haas
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000235:genetics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D008769:Methylnitronitrosoguanidine; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: ASSURE; Adjuvant; EVEREST; PROTECT; Renal cell carcinoma; S-TRAC; SORCE