title: Time-Dependent Effects of Anesthetic Isoflurane on Reactive Oxygen Species Levels in HEK-293 Cells.
abstract: The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane has been reported to induce caspase activation and apoptosis, which may lead to learning and memory impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are largely unknown. Isoflurane has been shown to induce elevation of cytosol calcium levels, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, reduction in mitochondria membrane potential, and release of cytochrome c. The time course of these effects, however, remains to be determined. Therefore, we performed a pilot study to determine the effects of treatment with isoflurane for various times on ROS levels in HEK-293 cells. The cells were treated with 2% isoflurane plus 21% O2 and 5% CO2 for 15, 30, 60, or 90 min. We then used fluorescence imaging and microplate fluorometer to detect ROS levels. We show that 2% isoflurane for 60 or 90 min, but not 15 or 30 min, induced ROS accumulation in the cells. These data illustrated that isoflurane could cause time-dependent effects on ROS levels. These findings have established a system to further determine the time course effects of isoflurane on cellular and mitochondria function. Ultimately, the studies would elucidate, at least partially, the underlying mechanisms of isoflurane-induced cellular toxicity.
authors: Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., 4310H, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. 8793705@163.com
authors: Yongxing
authors: Y
authors: Sun
authors: Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., 4310H, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. cbqharvard@gmail.com.
authors: Baiqi
authors: B
authors: Cheng
authors: Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., 4310H, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ydong@partners.org.
authors: Yuanlin
authors: Y
authors: Dong
authors: Department of Anesthesia, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China. trmzltz@126.com.
authors: Tianzuo
authors: T
authors: Li
authors: Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., 4310H, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. ZXIE@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Zhongcong
authors: Z
authors: Xie
authors: Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., 4310H, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. yzhang37@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Yiying
authors: Y
authors: Zhang