title: Participation of the elderly population in clinical trials: barriers and solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the fact that cancer disproportionately affects the elderly, most participants of clinical cancer trials are relatively young. This misrepresentation greatly affects the oncology treatment of the elderly population (> 65 years of age). Few studies have attempted to identify the problems related to discrepancy based on age for clinical trial participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed to identify barriers and solutions to enrollment of elderly persons for clinical cancer trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physician-related barriers include perception about treatment tolerance, drug metabolism, a lack of evidence for efficacy, and age bias. Lack of autonomy, concerns about quality of life and toxicities, accessibility to clinical trials, and logistical and financial difficulties are common patient-related barriers. Trial-related barriers include eligibility criteria based on performance status, organ dysfunction, and the presence of comorbidities. Solutions, such as improved communication, and coordinating logistical challenges may help overcome some of these challenges. Studies designed for the geriatric population could modify the perception and behavior of health care professionals and improve patient participation in clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing some of these solutions and increased research may help overcome shortfalls in elderly enrollment, thus allowing for more effective treatment of older patients.
authors: Clinical Research Unit, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Amit.Mahipal@Moffitt.org.
authors: Aaron C
authors: AC
authors: Denson
authors: Amit
authors: A
authors: Mahipal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010358:Patient Participation; D016896:Treatment Outcome