title: Spatial characterization of proteolytic enzyme activity in the foregut region of the adult necrophagous fly, Protophormia terraenovae.
abstract: The spatial distribution of proteolytic enzymes in the adult foregut of Protophormia terraenovae was studied in the context of protein digestion and regurgitation. Based on substrate specificity, pH optima, and use of specific protease inhibitors, all adults tested displayed enzyme activity in the foregut consistent with pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like enzyme activity were detected in all gut fluids and tissues tested, with chymotrypsin displaying the highest activity in saliva and salivary gland tissue, whereas maximal trypsin activity was evident in the crop. Pepsin-like activity was only evident in crop fluids and tissues. The activity of all three enzymes was low or undetectable (pepsin) in the fluids and tissue homogenates derived from the esophagus and cardia of any of the adults assayed. Fed adult females displayed higher enzyme activities than fed males, and the activity of all three enzymes were much more prevalent in fed adults than starved. The pH optimum of the trypsin-like enzyme was between pH 7.0 and 8.0; chymotrypsin was near pH 8.0; and maximal pepsin-like activity occurred between pH 1.0 and 2.0. Regurgitate from fed adult females displayed enzyme activity consistent with the proteolytic enzymes detected in crop gut fluids. Enzymes in regurgitate were not derived from food sources based on assays of bovine liver samples. These latter observations suggest that adult flies release fluids from foregut when encountering dry foods, potentially as a means to initiate extra-oral digestion.
authors: Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. Electronic address: drivers@loyola.edu.
authors: David B
authors: DB
authors: Rivers
authors: Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors: Gillian
authors: G
authors: Acca
authors: Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Fink
authors: Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Brogan
authors: Department of Biology, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Schoeffield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D004175:Diptera / Q000201:enzymology*; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000201:enzymology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D012463:Saliva / Q000201:enzymology*; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D010450:Endopeptidases; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases
keywords: Adult crop; Calliphoridae; Fly regurgitate; Proteases; Protein digestion