title: Biomechanical stability of lateral interbody implants and supplemental fixation in a cadaveric degenerative spondylolisthesis model.
abstract: METHODS
  In vitro cadaveric biomechanical study of lateral interbody cages and supplemental fixation in a degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in shear and flexion-extension stability of lateral interbody fusion constructs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Instability associated with DS may increase postoperative treatment complications. Several groups have investigated DS in cadaveric spines. Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) cages with supplemental fixation have not previously been examined using a DS model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven human cadaveric L4-L5 motion segments were evaluated using flexion-extension moments to ±7.5 N·m and anterior-posterior (A-P) shear loading of 150 N with a static axial compressive load of 300 N. Conditions were: (1) intact segment, (2) DS simulation with facet resection and lateral discectomy, (3) standalone XLIF cage, (4) XLIF cage with (1) lateral plate, (2) lateral plate and unilateral pedicle screws contralateral to the plate (PS), (3) unilateral PS, (4) bilateral PS, (5) spinous process plate, and (6) lateral plate and spinous process plate. Flexion-extension range of motion (ROM) data were compared between conditions and with results from a previous study without DS simulation. A-P shear displacements were compared between conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flexion-extension ROM after DS destabilization increased significantly by 181% of intact ROM. With the XLIF cage alone, ROM decreased to 77% of intact. All conditions were less stable than corresponding conditions with intact posterior elements except those including the spinous process plate. Under shear loading, A-P displacement with the XLIF cage alone increased by 2.2 times intact. Bilateral PS provided the largest reduction of A-P displacement, whereas the spinous process plate alone provided the least.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first in vitro shear load testing of XLIF cages with supplemental fixation in a cadaveric DS model. The variability in sagittal plane construct stability, including significantly increased flexion-extension ROM found with most fixation conditions including bilateral PS may explain some clinical treatment complications in DS with residual instability.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors: *Spinepainbegone, San Antonio, TX; and †NuVasive Inc., San Diego, CA.
authors: Guy R
authors: GR
authors: Fogel
authors: Alexander W L
authors: AW
authors: Turner
authors: Zachary A
authors: ZA
authors: Dooley
authors: G Bryan
authors: GB
authors: Cornwall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001860:Bone Plates; D001863:Bone Screws; D019245:Compressive Strength; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007593:Joint Instability; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D033081:Shear Strength; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing