title: Spill-proof beverage container usage among young WIC-enrolled children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, research is lacking regarding the use of spill-proof beverage containers (SPBCs). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between daytime SPBCs use for sugared beverages, caries, socioeconomic status, and other covariates in high-caries risk 12- to 49-month-old children attending a Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed using baseline information from 415 Iowa WIC-enrolled children who participated in a psychoeducational study. Mothers completed a series of detailed questionnaires regarding their SES and their child's beverage consumption. Dental examinations using d1d2.3 (noncavitated and cavitated carious lesions) criteria were completed for the children. Bivariate relationships for consumption of any sugared beverage using SPBCs were assessed and followed by multivariable modeling using logistic regression (alpha=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 18 children (four percent) reported using SPBCs for any sugared beverage during the night versus 290 (70 percent) during the day. Daytime consumption of sugared beverages from SPBCs was less likely to be reported in older children (P<.001) and in African American children when compared to both Hispanics (P>.001) and Caucasians (P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iowa WIC children primarily consume sugared beverages using spill-proof beverage containers during the day; children who were younger and Hispanic or Caucasian were more likely to use SPBCs to consume sugared beverages.
authors: Pediatric dentist in private practice, Windsor, Colo., USA. jillfreestyle11@yahoo.com.
authors: Jill M
authors: JM
authors: Shonka
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Weber-Gasparoni
authors: Colleges of Public Health and Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Katherine W O
authors: KW
authors: Kramer
authors: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Warren
authors: Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Teresa A
authors: TA
authors: Marshall
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Deborah V
authors: DV
authors: Dawson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils / Q000145:classification*; D004245:DMF Index; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007484:Iowa; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D011203:Poverty; D012923:Social Class; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose