title: Anatomic considerations for spinal cord stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While generally knowledgeable about spinal cord anatomy and physiology, most interventional pain physicians do not often use this information to improve the safety and efficacy of spinal neuromodulation procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomy and physiology of the spinal canal and spinal cord are reviewed and interpreted through the context of spinal neuromodulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based upon common features of global spinal anatomy and significant regional local differences, recommendations that may impact the choice of neuromodulation procedures and the devices and approaches for administering such procedures are suggested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By carefully considering differences in regional spinal anatomy and physiology, interventional pain physicians may be able to improve both the safety and efficacy of spinal neuromodulation for intractable pain.
authors: Robert M
authors: RM
authors: Levy
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Anatomy; chronic pain; intractable pain; neuromodulation; spinal cord stimulation