title: Differences in the susceptibility to cadmium-induced renal tubular damage and osteoporosis according to sex.
abstract: This study aimed to estimate the risks for renal tubular damage and osteoporosis in individuals with long-term environmental Cd exposure. This cross-sectional study comprised 1086 residents living in the vicinity of a copper refinery plant. As the urinary Cd levels increased, the proportion of female subjects with β₂-MG ≥300 μg/g creatinine also increased significantly, but this was not observed in the male subjects. The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly higher in men with urinary Cd >5 μg/g creatinine than in those with urinary Cd ≤5 μg/g creatinine. This difference was not observed in the corresponding female groups. The association between increased urinary excretion of β₂-MG and decreased BMD was statistically significant only in the female subjects. We suggest that an increased Cd body burden directly decreases the BMD in male subjects; however, in female subjects, it first induces renal microtubular damage, which can lead to osteoporosis.
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong-Dae
authors: YD
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
authors: Dong-Hyuk
authors: DH
authors: Yim
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sang-Yong
authors: SY
authors: Eom
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sun-In
authors: SI
authors: Moon
authors: Environmental Health Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors: Choong-Hee
authors: CH
authors: Park
authors: Environmental Health Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors: Guen-Bae
authors: GB
authors: Kim
authors: Environmental Health Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung-Do
authors: SD
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors: Byung-Sun
authors: BS
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jung-Duck
authors: JD
authors: Park
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kimheon@cbu.ac.kr.
authors: Heon
authors: H
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Cadmium; Osteoporosis; Sex difference; Tubular damage; β(2)-Microglobulin