title: Respiratory symptoms, lung function and particulate matter pollution in residential indoor environment in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Particulate air pollution is associated with increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and decreased pulmonary, function but the relative impact of pollution from different domestic energy sources is not well-known or studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was aimed at assessing the association between particulate concentrations, respiratory symptoms and lung function.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was a cross-sectional study comprised of randomly selected residents of three communities. These communities were selected according to the predominant type of fuel used for household cooking which were: firewood, kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Assessment of the indoor PM10 levels was done by filtration using the Gent stacked filter unit sampler for collection of atmospheric aerosol in two size fractions (PM2.5 and PM10). The Medical Research Council (MRC) questionnaire was administered followed by spirometry test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean PM10 concentration in participants using LPG, kerosene and firewood was 80.8 ± 9.52 μg/m(3), 236.9 ± 26.5 μg/m(3) and 269 ±93.7 μg/m(3), respectively. The mean age and height-adjusted percent predicted forced expiratory volumes in 1 s (FEV1) for men were 127 ± 7, 109 ± 40 and 91 ± 20 and for women were 129 ± 13, 115 ± 14, 100 ± 14 in users of LPG, kerosene and firewood, respectively. A similar trend was found in the forced vital capacity (FVCs). Users of firewood had significantly lower FEV1 and FVC compared with LPG users (P < 0.05). The participants using firewood had the highest prevalence of pulmonary and non-pulmonary symptoms (57.1%), whereas subjects using LPG had the lowest (23.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are high levels of particulate matter pollutions with respiratory effects in residential indoor environments in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Environmental Management, Triple E Systems Associates Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors: Lawrence I
authors: LI
authors: Ibhafidon
authors: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Daniel O
authors: DO
authors: Obaseki
authors: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Gregory E
authors: GE
authors: Erhabor
authors: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Alexander A
authors: AA
authors: Akor
authors: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Iziegbe
authors: I
authors: Irabor
authors: Centre for Energy and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors: Ib
authors: I
authors: Obioh
keywords: Ile-Ife; lung function; particulate; particulate matter; respiratory