title: Imaging the lymphatic system.
abstract: Visualization of the lymphatic system is clinically necessary during diagnosis or treatment of many conditions and diseases; it is used for identifying and monitoring lymphedema, for detecting metastatic lesions during cancer staging and for locating lymphatic structures so they can be spared during surgical procedures. Imaging lymphatic anatomy and function also plays an important role in experimental studies of lymphatic development and function, where spatial resolution and accessibility are better. Here, we review technologies for visualizing and imaging the lymphatic system for clinical applications. We then describe the use of lymphatic imaging in experimental systems as well as some of the emerging technologies for improving these methodologies.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: lmunn@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Lance L
authors: LL
authors: Munn
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: tpadera@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors: Timothy P
authors: TP
authors: Padera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000502:physiology*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000473:pathology*; D008220:Lymphography; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Clinical; Fluorescence; Imaging; Lymph node; Lymphatic function; Lymphatic metastasis; Lymphatic vessels; Lymphography; Models; Technologies