title: Femtosecond X-ray-induced explosion of C60 at extreme intensity.
abstract: Understanding molecular femtosecond dynamics under intense X-ray exposure is critical to progress in biomolecular imaging and matter under extreme conditions. Imaging viruses and proteins at an atomic spatial scale and on the time scale of atomic motion requires rigorous, quantitative understanding of dynamical effects of intense X-ray exposure. Here we present an experimental and theoretical study of C60 molecules interacting with intense X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser, revealing the influence of processes not previously reported. Our work illustrates the successful use of classical mechanics to describe all moving particles in C60, an approach that scales well to larger systems, for example, biomolecules. Comparisons of the model with experimental data on C60 ion fragmentation show excellent agreement under a variety of laser conditions. The results indicate that this modelling is applicable for X-ray interactions with any extended system, even at higher X-ray dose rates expected with future light sources.
authors: 1] Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA [2].
authors: B F
authors: BF
authors: Murphy
authors: 1] Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA [2].
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Osipov
authors: 1] Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3].
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Jurek
authors: Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Fang
authors: 1] Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors: S-K
authors: SK
authors: Son
authors: Gothenburg University, Department of Physics Origovägen 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mucke
authors: 1] Gothenburg University, Department of Physics Origovägen 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden [2] Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
authors: J H D
authors: JH
authors: Eland
authors: Gothenburg University, Department of Physics Origovägen 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Zhaunerchyk
authors: Gothenburg University, Department of Physics Origovägen 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Feifel
authors: Instituto di Metodologie Inorganiche e dei Plasmi, C.N.R., Rome 00133, Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Avaldi
authors: Instituto di Metodologie Inorganiche e dei Plasmi, C.N.R., Rome 00133, Italy.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bolognesi
authors: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Bostedt
authors: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Bozek
authors: PULSE, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Grilj
authors: PULSE, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Guehr
authors: Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Frasinski
authors: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Glownia
authors: Department of Physics, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors: D T
authors: DT
authors: Ha
authors: Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hoffmann
authors: Department of Physics, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Kukk
authors: PULSE, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: McFarland
authors: Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Miron
authors: PULSE, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sistrunk
authors: 1] Gothenburg University, Department of Physics Origovägen 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden [2] Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Squibb
authors: Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ueda
authors: 1] Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3] Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Santra
authors: Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Berrah
mesh_terms: D005107:Explosions; D037741:Fullerenes; D007834:Lasers; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; C069837:fullerene C60