title: Emodin up-regulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and attenuates inflammation in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emodin, the major bioactive component of Rheum palmatum, has many different activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetes effects. Recently, emodin was reported to regulate energy metabolism. In the present study, we further explored the effects of emodin on glucose and lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differentiated C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with or without different concentrations of emodin (6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 μmol/L) for different time (1 h, 3 h, 12 h, 24 h or 48 h). Glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption, lactic acid levels, glycerol levels, and inflammation pathways were then evaluated. Cells were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emodin upregulated glucose uptake and consumption in both C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with glycolysis increased. Furthermore, emodin inhibited lipolysis under basal conditions (as well as in the presence of 10 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and significantly decreased phosphorylated perilipin. Moreover, emodin inhibited the nuclear factor-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emodin upregulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and inhibits inflammation in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
authors: Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Zhang
authors: Pengfei
authors: P
authors: Lv
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Yujie
authors: Y
authors: Deng
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Xu
authors: Rongfeng
authors: R
authors: Zhu
authors: Di
authors: D
authors: Zhang
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004642:Emodin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005947:Glucose; D004642:Emodin
keywords: emodin; glucose metabolism; inflammation; lipolysis; 关键词：大黄素，糖代谢，炎症，脂解。