title: Delirium, subsyndromal delirium, and cognitive changes in individuals undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The course of incident delirium and subsyndromal delirium (SSD) after cardiac surgery is not well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of incident delirium and SSD, their risk factors, and impact on patients' cognitive function after elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients scheduled for an isolated CABG at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan were enrolled if they had no preoperative delirium symptoms. Delirium was assessed daily for 1 week after surgery using the Confusion Assessment Method. Subsyndromal delirium was defined as presenting with any core symptom below the diagnostic threshold for delirium. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-mental State Examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 38 participants, 7 had incident (first-time) delirium (18.4% incidence) and 13 had incident SSD (34.2% incidence). Whereas SSD usually lasted 1 day, delirium changed gradually to SSD to recovery and its symptomatology lasted longer. We identified 6 delirium risk factors: older age, more comorbidities, cardiac pulmonary bypass, blood transfusion, larger transfusion volume, and longer duration of intraoperative blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. The frequencies of these risk factors for SSD were often intermediate between those of risk factors in groups with and without delirium. By hospital discharge, participants with delirium had the longest hospital stays and lowest cognitive scores, those with SSD had intermediate stays and scores, and those without delirium had the lowest stays and scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delirium and SSD after CABG are common. Greater number and severity of risk factors for delirium may predict increasingly poor outcomes, with the dose-response relationship between risk factors and outcomes for SSD intermediate between that for no symptoms and full delirium. Intervention trials are indicated, particularly for patients with a greater number and severity of predisposing and precipitating risk factors.
authors: Hsiu-Ching Li, RN, MSN Head Nurse, Department of Nursing, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Yih-Sharng Chen, MD, PhD Professor, Director, Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei. Ming-Jang Chiu, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei. Mei-Chiung Fu, RN, MSN Nursing Director, Department of Nursing, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Guan-Hua Huang, PhD Professor, Director, Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Cheryl Chia-Hui Chen, RN, DNSc Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital.
authors: Hsiu-Ching
authors: HC
authors: Li
authors: Yih-Sharng
authors: YS
authors: Chen
authors: Ming-Jang
authors: MJ
authors: Chiu
authors: Mei-Chiung
authors: MC
authors: Fu
authors: Guan-Hua
authors: GH
authors: Huang
authors: Cheryl Chia-Hui
authors: CC
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003693:Delirium / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors