title: The toxic effect of permethrin and cypermethrin on engorged Ixodes ricinus females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ixodes ricinus tick is of great medical and veterinary importance and has a wide range of geographical distribution. The study presents the effect of permethrin (Per) and cypermethrin (CM) on engorged I. ricinus females.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of perythroids studied on engorged I. ricinus females was assessed on the basis of the pre-oviposition and oviposition period. Remote effects of Per and CM application were assessed by investigation of the length and course of embryonic development and larval hatching from eggs laid by pyrethroid-treated females. Per (Copex WP) was used at doses of 0.78125-25.0 µg/1 specimen, and CM (Kordon 10WP) was applied at 0.3125-10.0 µg/1 specimen. Immediately after the feeding period, I. ricinus females were sprayed with 20 µl of a pyrethroid solution and kept at 28 °C and 75%RH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experiments demonstrated that CM exerted a stronger toxic effect on I. ricinus females than Per. The lowest doses of CM doubled the length of the pre-oviposition period while its highest doses prolonged the period nearly three times compared with the control. The pyrethroids applied reduced the number and weight of eggs and changed the parameters of the oviposition process. Application of the tested pyrethroid doses led to disturbances in the embryonic development of I. ricinus, i.e. the development was prolonged, few normal larvae hatched, numerous eggs and embryos at various developmental stages died, and larval hatch was inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about the sensitivity of engorged females to different doses of the tested pyrethroids and the remote effects of their action can be used in practice for tick control among livestock animals, and the reduction of tick population abundance in the environment.
authors: Chair and Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Alicja
authors: A
authors: Buczek
authors: Chair and Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Bartosik
authors: Chair and Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Paweł
authors: P
authors: Kuczyński
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D018884:Ixodes; D026023:Permethrin; D011044:Poland; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin; D026023:Permethrin