title: Knowledge-based reconstruction of right ventricular volumes using real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic as well as cardiac magnetic resonance images: comparison with a cardiac magnetic resonance standard.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right ventricular volume quantification using real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic (RT3DE) imaging is limited by technical shortcomings of acquisition and quantification. In this study, a two-step approach was used to overcome these limitations. First, a modified acquisition technique for RT3DE imaging was applied, and second, a software tool using knowledge-based reconstruction (KBR) was used. The approach was validated against the gold standard, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, using CMR and RT3DE data sets from healthy children and from patients with congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty individuals (20 healthy persons, 40 with congenital heart defects; age range, 2.3-43.9 years; median age, 11.3 years) consecutively underwent investigation by CMR and RT3DE imaging. CMR data sets were first quantified by the method of disks (MOD) as the standard. Then CMR and RT3DE data sets were quantified using KBR software and compared with the MOD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMR was more feasible than echocardiography (100% vs 88%). Compared with the MOD (CMRMOD), there were trivial volume overestimations of KBR for CMR data (CMRKBR), of end-diastolic volume (EDV) (-1.3 ± 8.6%, r = 0.984) and end-systolic volume (ESV) (-3.4 ± 13.3%, r = 0.985), resulting in a 0.7 ± 8.7% difference in ejection fraction (EF) (r = 0.882). Comparing CMRMOD and RT3DE imaging, EDV (1.1 ± 7.4%, r = 0.990) and EF (0.8 ± 9.2%, r = 0.871) were slightly underestimated by RT3DE imaging, with a slight overestimation of ESV (-1.5 ± 13.3%, r = 0.977). Intraobserver variability was excellent for KBR of CMR and RT3DE data, with interclass coefficients of correlation of 0.995 and 0.997 for EDV, 0.995 and 0.994 for ESV, and 0.915 and 0.912 for EF. Interobserver variability provided intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.992 and 0.990 for EDV, 0.997 and 0.992 for ESV, and 0.953 and 0.933 for EF. The KBR analysis required a mean time of 5 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  KBR is an accurate, versatile, and time-saving method for right ventricular three-dimensional volumetry; it shows excellent reproducibility for RT3DE and CMR data sets. These results suggest that this tool is clinically valuable.
authors: Center for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany. Electronic address: tlaser@hdz-nrw.de.
authors: Kai Thorsten
authors: KT
authors: Laser
authors: Center for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Jan-Pit
authors: JP
authors: Horst
authors: Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Barth
authors: Klinik Bad Oexen, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Kelter-Klöpping
authors: Center for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Nikolaus Alexander
authors: NA
authors: Haas
authors: Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Burchert
authors: Center for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Deniz
authors: D
authors: Kececioglu
authors: Institute for Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Heart and Diabetes Center Northrhine-Westphalia, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Körperich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D038622:Internationality; D051188:Knowledge Bases; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D; Congenital heart disease; Echocardiography; Knowledge-based reconstruction; Right ventricle; Volumetry