title: Occult risk of broken instruments for endoscopy-assisted surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of broken sophisticated surgical instruments on the safety of surgery has yet to be determined, in spite of an assumption that breakage of surgical instruments is not associated with critical incidents. The purpose of the present study was to delineate the risk from breakage of surgical instruments used in surgery assisted by endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the frequency of breakage of instruments used in 39,817 operations from 2007 to 2011. Data of breakage were collected using incident/near-incident reports and the request forms for repair of broken instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 441 instruments were reported to be broken intraoperatively, and 7,541 were found to be broken on inspection. The incidence of breakage adjusted by the number of operations and the number of uses suggested that instruments for endoscopy-assisted surgery are broken more frequently intraoperatively than are any other type of instruments (visceral surgery: 0.039 versus 0.017, P = 0.0002, RR = 2.318; obstetrics/gynecology: 0.023 versus 0.0067, P < 0.0001, RR = 3.461; thoracic surgery: 0.019 versus 0.004, P = 0.0772, RR = 5.212). Inappropriate use and wearing out were two major possible causes of breakage of instruments. The predominant adverse events were suggested to be attributable to parts falling off broken instruments because of inappropriate use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that surgery assisted by endoscopy has its own occult risk, which has not been previously highlighted. Minimally invasive surgery is not necessarily safe with respect to breakage of surgical instruments. Our data provide substantial evidence for higher risk of instrument breakage in endoscopy-assisted surgery, as well as its possible detrimental effect on patient safety.
authors: Surgical Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan, yasuhart-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Yasuhara
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Fukatsu
authors: Takami
authors: T
authors: Komatsu
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Murakoshi
authors: Yuhei
authors: Y
authors: Saito
authors: Yushi
authors: Y
authors: Uetera
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D061214:Patient Safety; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013525:Surgical Instruments / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D014041:Tokyo / Q000453:epidemiology