title: The immune response to anesthesia: part 2 sedatives, opioids, and injectable anesthetic agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the immune response to injectable anesthetics and sedatives and to compare the immunomodulatory properties between inhalation and injectable anesthetic protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review.
  Multiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from March 2012 through November 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sedatives, injectable anesthetics, opioids, and local anesthetics have immunomodulatory effects that may have positive or negative consequences on disease processes such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, tumor growth and metastasis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, anesthetists should consider the immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic drugs when designing anesthetic protocols for their patients.
authors: Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors: Stacy L
authors: SL
authors: Anderson
authors: Tanya
authors: T
authors: Duke-Novakovski
authors: Baljit
authors: B
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007267:Injections / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000777:Anesthetics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: anesthesia; anti-inflammatory; immunomodulation; immunosuppression; injectable anesthetic; sedative