title: Cross-national evidence for the clustering and psychosocial correlates of adolescent risk behaviours in 27 countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to Jessor's Problem Behaviour Theory (PBT) and Moffitt's theory of adolescence-limited antisocial behaviour, adolescent risk behaviours cluster and can be predicted by various psychosocial factors including parent, peer and school attachment. This study tested the potential influence of the sociocultural, or macro-level, environment on the clustering and correlates of adolescent risk behaviour across 27 European and North American countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses were based on data from the 2009-10 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Participants compromised 56,090 adolescents (M(age) = 15.5 years) who self-reported on substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and early sexual activity as well as on psychosocial factors (parent, peer and school attachment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (with country as grouping variable) showed that substance use and early sexual activity loaded on a single underlying factor across countries. In addition, multiple group path analyses (with country as grouping variable) showed that associations between this factor and parent, peer and school attachment were identical across countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-national consistencies exist in the clustering and psychosocial correlates of substance use and early sexual activity across western countries. While Jessor's PBT stresses the problematic aspects of adolescent risk behaviours, Moffitt emphasizes their normative character. Although the problematic nature of risk behaviours overall receives more attention in the literature, it is important to consider both perspectives to fully understand why they cluster and correlate with psychosocial factors. This is essential for the development and implementation of prevention programmes aimed at reducing adolescent risk behaviours across Europe and North America.
authors: 1 Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands M.E.deLooze@uu.nl.
authors: Margaretha
authors: M
authors: de Looze
authors: 1 Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Tom F M
authors: TF
authors: Ter Bogt
authors: 2 Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors: Quinten A W
authors: QA
authors: Raaijmakers
authors: 3 Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Pickett
authors: 4 Research Institute, Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland 5 Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Kuntsche
authors: 1 Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Wilma A M
authors: WA
authors: Vollebergh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003469:Culture; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012574:Schools; D057566:Self Report; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology