title: Natural D-glucose as a biodegradable MRI relaxation agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Demonstrate applicability of natural D-glucose as a T2 MRI contrast agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  D-glucose solutions were prepared at multiple concentrations and variable pH. The relaxation rate (R2  = 1/T2 ) was measured at 3, 7, and 11.7 T. Additional experiments were performed on blood at 11.7 T. Also, a mouse was infused with D-glucose (3.0 mmol/kg) and dynamic T2 weighted images of the abdomen acquired.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transverse relaxation rate depended strongly on glucose concentration and solution pH. A maximum change in R2 was observed around physiological pH (pH 6.8-7.8). The transverse relaxivities at 22°C (pH 7.3) were 0.021, 0.060, and 0.077 s(-1) mM(-1) at 3.0, 7.0, and 11.7 T, respectively. These values showed good agreement with expected values from the Swift-Connick equation. There was no significant dependence on glucose concentration or pH for T1 and the diffusion coefficient for these solutions. The transverse relaxivity in blood at 11.7 T was 0.09 s(-1) mM(-1) . The dynamic in vivo experiment showed a 10% drop in signal intensity after glucose infusion followed by recovery of the signal intensity after about 50-100 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose can be used as a T2 contrast agent for MRI at concentrations that are already approved for human use.
authors: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors: Nirbhay N
authors: NN
authors: Yadav
authors: Jiadi
authors: J
authors: Xu
authors: Amnon
authors: A
authors: Bar-Shir
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Qin
authors: Kannie W Y
authors: KW
authors: Chan
authors: Ksenija
authors: K
authors: Grgac
authors: Wenbo
authors: W
authors: Li
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: McMahon
authors: Peter C M
authors: PC
authors: van Zijl
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000737:chemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003847:Deoxyglucose
keywords: MRI contrast agent; T2; T2-exchange; glucose; transverse relaxation