title: Parents' perspectives on safety in neonatal intensive care: a mixed-methods study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about how parents think about neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) safety. Due to their physiologic immaturity and small size, infants in NICUs are especially vulnerable to injury from their medical care. Campaigns are underway to integrate patients and family members into patient safety. This study aimed to describe how parents of infants in the NICU conceptualise patient safety and what kinds of concerns they have about safety.
  
  
  METHODS
  This mixed-methods study employed questionnaires, interviews and observation with parents of infant patients in an academic medical centre NICU. Measures included parent stress, family-centredness and types of safety concerns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  46 parents completed questionnaires and 14 of these parents also participated in 10 interviews (including 4 couple interviews). Infants had a range of medical and surgical problems, including prematurity, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and congenital cardiac disease. Parents were positive about their infants' care and had low levels of concern about the safety of procedures. Parents reporting more stress had more concerns. We identified three overlapping domains in parents' conceptualisations of safety in the NICU, including physical, developmental and emotional safety. Parents demonstrated sophisticated understanding of how environmental, treatment and personnel factors could potentially influence their infants' developmental and emotional health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents have safety concerns that cannot be addressed solely by reducing errors in the NICU. Parent engagement strategies that respect parents as partners in safety and address how clinical treatment articulates with physical, developmental and emotional safety domains may result in safety improvements.
authors: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Lyndon
authors: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Carrie H
authors: CH
authors: Jacobson
authors: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Kelly M
authors: KM
authors: Fagan
authors: Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital, Salinas, California, USA.
authors: Kirsten
authors: K
authors: Wisner
authors: Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors: Linda S
authors: LS
authors: Franck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D019370:Observation; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D061214:Patient Safety; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Clinical microsystem; Critical care; Paediatrics; Patient safety; Patient-centred care