title: A prospective, multi-institutional study of pediatric all-terrain vehicle crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric all-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries have been increasing annually for more than a decade. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate crash circumstances and clinical outcomes resulting from pediatric ATV crashes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three pediatric trauma centers prospectively collected data from patients during their hospitalization for injuries sustained in ATV crashes from July 2007 through June 2012. Patients completed a 35-item questionnaire describing the crash circumstances (ATV engine size, safety equipment use, and training/experience). Clinical data (injuries, surgical procedures, etc.) were collected for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-four patients were enrolled, with a mean (SD) age of 13.0 (3.1) years, and were predominantly male (n = 55, 65%). Injuries were musculoskeletal (42%), central nervous system (39%), abdominal (20%), thoracic (16%), and genitourinary (4%). Multisystem injuries were prevalent (27%), and two patients died. Thirty-three patients (43%) required operative intervention. Most children were riding for recreation (96%) and ignored ATV manufacturers' recommendation that children younger than 16 years ride ATVs with smaller (≤90 cc) engines (71%). Dangerous riding practices were widespread: no helmet (70%), no adult supervision (56%), double riding (50%), riding on paved roads (23%), and nighttime riding (16%). Lack of helmet use was significantly associated with head injury (53% vs. 25%, p = 0.03). Rollover crashes were most common (44%), followed by collision with a stationary object (25%) or another vehicle (12%). Half (51%) of children said that they would ride an ATV again.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate a relationship between dangerous ATV riding behaviors and severe injuries in children who crash. Children younger than 16 years should not operate ATVs, and legislation that effectively restricts ATV use in children is urgently needed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiologic study, level III.
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Surgery (I.M., M.T., K.B., H.S., G.L., G.B., S.T., B.T.C.), Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Arkansas Children's Hospital (A.L.H., D.C.), Little Rock, Arkansas; and University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care System (P.D.D., A.D.), Worcester, Massachusetts.
authors: Ioanna
authors: I
authors: Mazotas
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Toal
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Borrup
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Saleheen
authors: Allison L
authors: AL
authors: Hester
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Copeland
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Danielson
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: DeRoss
authors: Garry
authors: G
authors: Lapidus
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Bentley
authors: Shefali
authors: S
authors: Thaker
authors: Brendan T
authors: BT
authors: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control