title: A parent questionnaire for developmental screening in infants born late and moderately preterm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised (PARCA-R) is a questionnaire for assessing cognitive and language development in very preterm infants. Given the increased risk of developmental delay in infants born late and moderately preterm (LMPT; 32-36 weeks), this study aimed to validate this questionnaire as a screening tool in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 219 children born LMPT completed the PARCA-R questionnaire and the Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment when children were 24 months corrected age (range, 24 months-27 months). The children were subsequently assessed by using the cognitive and language scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average Bayley-III, cognitive and language (CB-III) score and a total PARCA-R Parent Report Composite (PRC) score were computed. There was a large association between PRC and CB-III scores (r = 0.66, P < .001) indicating good concurrent validity. Using Youden index, the optimum PARCA-R cutoff for identifying children with moderate/severe developmental delay (CB-III scores < 80) was PRC scores < 73. This gave sensitivity 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.00) and specificity 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.70-0.82), indicating good diagnostic utility. Approximately two-thirds of the children who had a PRC score < 73 had false-positive screens. However, these children had significantly poorer cognitive and behavioral outcomes than children with true negative screens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PARCA-R has good concurrent validity with a gold standard developmental test and can be used to identify LMPT infants who may benefit from a clinical assessment. The PARCA-R has potential for clinical use as a first-line cognitive screening tool for this sizeable population of infants in whom follow-up may be beneficial.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and.
authors: Samarita
authors: S
authors: Blaggan
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and.
authors: Alexa
authors: A
authors: Guy
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and.
authors: Elaine M
authors: EM
authors: Boyle
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and.
authors: Enti
authors: E
authors: Spata
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and.
authors: Bradley N
authors: BN
authors: Manktelow
authors: Department of Psychology and Health Sciences Research Institute and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Wolke
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and sjj19@le.ac.uk.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007233:Infant, Postmature; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: developmental delay; follow-up; outcomes; parent report; preterm; screening