title: Schistosoma haematobium detection in snails by DraI PCR and Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR: further evidence of the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Morocco.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is the first study in Morocco to estimate snail infection rates at the last historic transmission sites of schistosomiasis, known to be free from new infection among humans since 2004. Screening of large numbers of snails for infection is one way to confirm that Schistosoma haematobium transmission has stopped and does not resurge.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2703 Bulinus truncatus snails were collected from 24 snail habitats in five provinces of Morocco: Errachidia, El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata, Beni Mellal, and Chtouka Ait Baha. All visible snails were collected with a scoop net or by hand. We used waders and gloves as simple precautions. Snails were morphologically identified according to Moroccan Health Ministry guide of schistosomiasis (1982).All snails were analyzed in pools by molecular tool, using primers from the newly identified repeated DNA sequence, termed DraI, in the S. haematobium group. To distinguish S. bovis and S. haematobium, the snails were analyzed by Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR that was specific of S. haematobium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that snails from Errachidia, Chtouka Ait Baha, sector of Agoujgal in Tata and sector of Mbarkiya in El kelaa des Sraghna were negative for DraI PCR; but, snails from remaining snail habitats of El Kelaa des Sraghna, Tata and Beni Mellal were positive. This led to suggest the presence of circulating schistosome species (S. haematobium, S. bovis or others) within these positive snail habitats. Subsequently, confirmation with S. haematobium species specific molecular assay, Sh110/Sm-Sl PCR, showed that none of the collected snails were infected by S. haematobium in all historic endemic areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of S. haematobium infection in snails supports the argument of S. haematobium transmission interruption in Morocco.
authors: Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Hygiene, Agdal, Rabat, Morocco. Fatima_inh@yahoo.fr.
authors: Fatima
authors: F
authors: Amarir
authors: Faiza
authors: F
authors: Sebti
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Abbasi
authors: Abderrahim
authors: A
authors: Sadak
authors: Hajiba
authors: H
authors: Fellah
authors: Haddou
authors: H
authors: Nhammi
authors: Btissam
authors: B
authors: Ameur
authors: Abderrahman Laamrani
authors: AL
authors: El Idrissi
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Rhajaoui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology*