title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) root bark.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Root bark of mulberry (Morus alba L.) has been used in herbal medicine as anti-phlogistic, liver protective, kidney protective, hypotensive, diuretic, anti-cough and analgesic agent. However, the anti-cancer activity and the potential anti-cancer mechanisms of mulberry root bark have not been elucidated. We performed in vitro study to investigate whether mulberry root bark extract (MRBE) shows anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In anti-inflammatory activity, NO was measured using the griess method. iNOS and proteins regulating NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling were analyzed by Western blot. In anti-cancer activity, cell growth was measured by MTT assay. Cleaved PARP, ATF3 and cyclin D1 were analyzed by Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In anti-inflammatory effect, MRBE blocked NO production via suppressing iNOS over-expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, MRBE inhibited NF-κB activation through p65 nuclear translocation via blocking IκB-α degradation and ERK1/2 activation via its hyper-phosphorylation. In anti-cancer activity, MRBE deos-dependently induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, SW480. MRBE treatment to SW480 cells activated ATF3 expression and down-regulated cyclin D1 level. We also observed that MRBE-induced ATF3 expression was dependent on ROS and GSK3β. Moreover, MRBE-induced cyclin D1 down-regulation was mediated from cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation, which was dependent on ROS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that mulberry root bark exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.
authors: Hyun Ji
authors: HJ
authors: Eo
authors: Jae Ho
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: Gwang Hun
authors: GH
authors: Park
authors: Man Hyo
authors: MH
authors: Lee
authors: Jeong Rak
authors: JR
authors: Lee
authors: Jin Suk
authors: JS
authors: Koo
authors: Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760749, South Korea. jjb0403@anu.ac.kr.
authors: Jin Boo
authors: JB
authors: Jeong
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C490449:ATF3 protein, human; D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C530104:CCND1 protein, human; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019938:Cyclin D1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3