title: Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights.
abstract: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium and cause a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve terminals, which is known as botulism. Neurotoxigenic clostridia belong to six phylogenetically distinct groups and produce more than 40 different BoNT types, which inactivate neurotransmitter release owing to their metalloprotease activity. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that have improved our understanding of the genetics and structure of BoNT complexes. We also describe recent insights into the mechanisms of BoNT entry into the general circulation, neuronal binding, membrane translocation and neuroparalysis.
authors: 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [3].
authors: Ornella
authors: O
authors: Rossetto
authors: 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [3].
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Pirazzini
authors: 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors: Cesare
authors: C
authors: Montecucco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001906:Botulism / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010243:Paralysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport
chemical_list: D009498:Neurotoxins