title: Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in urban beaches in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to assess rotavirus A (RV-A), genogroup II (GII) norovirus (NoV), and human adenovirus (HAdV) dissemination in recreational water in an urban beach located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and their persistence during rainfall events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses, including bacteriophage (PP7), used as internal control, were concentrated, reverse transcribed and quantified by a low-cost method based on organic flocculation with skimmed milk coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocols. The analysis of 74 superficial water samples obtained during 6 months of monitoring detected HAdV (66%), RV-A (37%) and GII NoV (14%), with a mean viral load of 4·1 log10 genome copies l(-1) (g.c. l(-1) ), 4·3 log10 g.c l(-1) and 3·8 log10 g.c. l(-1) , respectively. Investigation of those viruses during two rainfall events showed a longer permanence after rainfall events compared with bacterial indicators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the need for further monitoring using viral parameters to determine the microbiological quality of recreational waters to allow bath in these waters, especially during rainy events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides data on virus contamination in recreational waters on tourist beaches frequented throughout the year, emphasizing the importance of viral parameters for assessing microbiological quality of water, as well as the potential risk of waterborne infections.
authors: Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Regional Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Victoria
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Fumian
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Rocha
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Dalmao
authors: J P G
authors: JP
authors: Leite
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Girones
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Miagostovich
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011891:Rain / Q000821:virology*; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology*; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods*
keywords: beach; gastroenteric viruses; quantification; rainfall; recreational water