title: Association of PARP-1, NF-κB, NF-κBIA and IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α with Graves Disease and Graves Ophthalmopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Graves Disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder affected by an interaction of multiple genes such as Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), Nuclear Factor-κB Inhibitor (NF-κBIA), Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and cytokines like Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and mostly accompanied by an ocular disorder, Graves Ophthalmopathy (GO). We hypothesize that there is a relationship between GD, GO, polymorphisms of inflammatory related genes and their association with cytokines, which may play important roles in autoimmune and inflammatory processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To confirm our hypothesis, we studied the polymorphisms and cytokine levels of 120 patients with GD and GO using PCR-RFLP and ELISA methods, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that patients with GG genotype and carriers of G allele of PARP-1 G1672A polymorphism are at risk in the group having GD (p=0.0007) while having GA genotype may be protective against the disease. PARP-1 C410T polymorphism was found to be associated with GO by increasing the risk by 1.7 times (p=0.004). Another risk factor for development of GO was the polymorphism of del/ins of NFkB1 gene (p=0.032) that increases the risk by 39%. Levels of cytokines were also elevated in patients with GD, but no association was found between levels of cytokines and the development of GO as there was no change in levels of cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that, PARP-1 and NFkB1 gene polymorphisms may be risk factors for developing Graves Disease and Ophthalmopathy.
authors: Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mutluniyaz@hotmail.com.
authors: Mutlu
authors: M
authors: Niyazoglu
authors: Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: obaykara@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors: Onur
authors: O
authors: Baykara
authors: Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: akoc87@gmail.com.
authors: Arzuhan
authors: A
authors: Koc
authors: Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: aydogdupinar@gmail.com.
authors: Pinar
authors: P
authors: Aydoğdu
authors: Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: ilonaran@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors: Ilhan
authors: I
authors: Onaran
authors: Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: drdellal@yahoo.com.
authors: Fatma Dilek
authors: FD
authors: Dellal
authors: Bezmialem Vakif University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: etasan@hotmail.com.
authors: Ertuğrul
authors: E
authors: Tasan
authors: Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: kanigur@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors: Gönül Kanigur
authors: GK
authors: Sultuybek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
keywords: Cytokine; Graves Disease; Graves Ophthalmopathy; PARP-1; Polymorphism