title: Disinfection by-product formation from the chlorination and chloramination of amines.
abstract: This study investigated the relative effect of chlorination and chloramination on DBP formation from seven model amine precursor compounds, representative of those commonly found in natural waters, at pH 6, 7 and 8. The quantified DBPs included chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) and chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane). The aggregate formation (i.e. the mass sum of the formation from the individual precursors) of chloroform, DCAN and TCAN from all precursors was reduced by respectively 75-87%, 66-90% and 89-93% when considering pre-formed monochloramine compared to chlorine. The formation of both haloacetonitriles decreased with increasing pH following chlorination, but formation after chloramination was relatively insensitive to pH change. The highest formation of chloropicrin was from chloramination at pH 7. These results indicate that, while chloramination is effective at reducing the concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles in drinking water compared with chlorination, the opposite is true for the halonitromethanes.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.bond@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Bond
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Nurul Hana
authors: NH
authors: Mokhtar Kamal
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Bonnisseau
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Templeton
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D004203:Disinfection; D054879:Halogenation; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D000588:Amines; D002700:Chloramines; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000096:Acetone; D002713:Chlorine; C029549:trichloroacetonitrile; D002725:Chloroform; C100187:chloropicrin; C030816:chloramine; C051717:1,1-dichloroacetone; C058072:1,1,1-trichloroacetone; C051716:dichloroacetonitrile
keywords: Amino acid; Chloropicrin; Dichloroacetonitrile; Trichloroacetonitrile; Trihalomethane