title: Effect of trunk-restraint training on function and compensatory trunk, shoulder and elbow patterns during post-stroke reach: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effect of trunk restraint (TR) training on post-stroke compensatory trunk movements during functional reach, and to identify functional gains of TR within the context of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six databases were searched prior to 20 February 2013. Randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of a post-stroke reaching intervention with and without TR in the adult post-stroke population were included in this review. Data related to study inclusion/exclusion criteria, methodology, study participants and between-group outcomes (p < 0.05) were extracted. All outcomes were categorized according to functional domains defined within the ICF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. TR groups demonstrated significant between-group differences (p < 0.05) for decreased compensatory trunk displacement (4/5 RCTs), increased elbow extension (3/5 RCTs) and increased shoulder flexion (2/5 RCTs). All significant between-group differences fell within the Body Structure/Function domain of the ICF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trunk restraint is a simple, cost-effective technique that may help to reduce compensatory trunk/shoulder/elbow movements in the post-stroke adult population. Synthesis of study outcomes also highlights applications of TR to clinical practice and areas for further research. Implications for Rehabilitation The ability to use the shoulder and elbow to perform functional reach is a primary goal in post-stroke recovery; however, compensatory trunk movements are often used to achieve the reaching goal. Long-term use of compensatory strategies may contribute to secondary impairments, such as learned non-use, joint contractures and pain. Trunk restraint enables functional reach practice, while limiting compensatory strategies in the moderately to severely impaired stroke population.
authors: Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toronto , ON , Canada .
authors: Liza M
authors: LM
authors: Pain
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Baker
authors: Denyse
authors: D
authors: Richardson
authors: Anne M R
authors: AM
authors: Agur
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Compensatory movement; constraint induced therapy; kinematics; postural control; stroke