title: Genomic pneumococcal load and CSF cytokines are not related to outcome in Malawian adults with meningitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bacterial meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa is predominantly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is often associated with HIV co-infection and mortality rates are double those seen in better resourced settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the cause of this excessive mortality we quantified the pneumococcal DNA load and six common pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Malawian adults with culture proven pneumococcal meningitis and correlated the results to clinical parameters and outcome. There are currently no published data relating bacterial load to outcome in adults with pneumococcal meningitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 32 years, 82% were HIV infected and 49% had died by day 40. CSF bacterial loads were high (median 6.5 × 10(5) copies/ml CSF) and there was no significant variation in bacterial load between survivors and non-survivors. All pro-inflammatory CSF cytokines were elevated in the CSF, with no clinically important differences between survivors and non-survivors. HIV status did not affect the CSF bacterial load or cytokine response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis in adults in sub-Saharan Africa is not related to pneumococcal bacterial load. More research is needed to understand the very high mortality from meningitis in this region.
authors: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi. Electronic address: emma.wall@doctors.org.uk.
authors: Emma C
authors: EC
authors: Wall
authors: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors: Jenna F
authors: JF
authors: Gritzfeld
authors: John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Scarborough
authors: The University of Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, North Manchester General Hospital, UK.
authors: Katherine M B
authors: KM
authors: Ajdukiewicz
authors: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors: Mavuto
authors: M
authors: Mukaka
authors: Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Corless
authors: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Lalloo
authors: Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors: Stephen B
authors: SB
authors: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D058491:Bacterial Load; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008586:Meningitis, Pneumococcal / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Africa; Bacterial load; Bacterial meningitis; Cerebrospinal fluid; Cytokine response; Mortality; Streptococcus pneumoniae