title: Is torso soft tissue motion really an artefact within breast biomechanics research?
abstract: For rigid body POSE estimation, any relative movement of the tracking markers on a segment is often referred to as an artefact; however this may be an important part of the signal within breast biomechanics. This study aimed to quantify differences in breast range of motion when calculated relative to the torso segment using either direct or segment optimised POSE estimation algorithms. Markers on the torso and right nipple were tracked using infrared cameras (200 Hz) during five running gait cycles in three breast support conditions (no bra, everyday bra and sports bra). Multiplanar breast range of motion was calculated relative to the torso segment using two POSE estimation algorithms. First, the torso segment was defined using direct POSE estimation (direct). Second, while standing stationary in the anatomical position; the positional data of the torso markers were used to construct the torso using segment optimised POSE estimation (optimised). The torso segment length defined using direct POSE estimation changed significantly by 3.4 cm compared to that of the segment optimisation POSE estimation in the no bra condition. Subsequently, superioinferior breast range of motion was significantly greater (p<0.017) when calculated using direct POSE estimation, within each of the three breast support conditions. Segment optimisation POSE estimation is recommended to minimise any differences in breast motion associated with intra segment deformation between physical activity types. However, either algorithm is recommended when evaluating different breast support garments, as a correctly fitted bra does not cause the torso markers to move relative to each other.
authors: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom. Electronic address: chris.mills@port.ac.uk.
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Mills
authors: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Loveridge
authors: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Milligan
authors: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
authors: Debbie
authors: D
authors: Risius
authors: Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Spinnaker Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Scurr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001940:Breast / Q000502:physiology*; D003020:Clothing; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012420:Running; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Displacement; Kinematics; POSE; Running; Trunk