title: Metabolic risk factors, coping with stress, and psychological well-being in patients with age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the risk factors (age, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, consumption of alchohol and drugs, positive family history, and exposure to sunlight), coping with stress, psychological well-being and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Forty patients with ARMD (case group) and 63 presbyopes (control group) participated in the study. Patient data were collected through general information questionnaire including patient habits, the COPE questionnaire that showed the way the patients handling stress, and the GHQ that analyzed the psychological aspects of their quality of life. These questionnaires were administered to the patients during ophthalmologic examination. The study involved 46 (44.66%) men and 57 (55.33%) women. Statistical analysis showed that the major risks for the development of ARMD were elevated cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in plasma. A significantly higher number ofARMD patients had a positive family history when compared with presbyopes. This study showed presbyopes to cope with emotional problems significantly better and to have a lower level of social dysfunction when compared with ARMD patients. However, it is necessary to conduct further studies in a large number of patients to determine more accurately the pathophysiological mechanisms of metabolic factors as well as the impact of the disease on the quality of life in patients with ARMD.
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Cavar
authors: Sanjin
authors: S
authors: Lovrić
authors: Mladenka
authors: M
authors: Vukojević
authors: Irena
authors: I
authors: Sesar
authors: Ivanka
authors: I
authors: Petric-Vicković
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Sesar
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects