title: Comparison of tongue muscle characteristics of preterm and full term infants during nutritive and nonnutritive sucking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Independent oral feeding requires coordination of suck, swallow and breathe and the lingual musculature plays a significant role in this coordinative action. However, clinical benchmarks of lingual function fundamental to successful feeding have not been explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study tests our model for quantifying infant lingual force and size and compares the muscle measures of interest in two cohorts: healthy full-term infants (FT) (N=5) and healthy preterm infants (PT) (N=6).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an instrumented pacifier and bottle nipple, we determined the resultant compressive forces applied to the nipple by the tongue during nutritive (NS) and nonnutritive sucking (NNS). Muscle size was estimated from measures of posterior tongue thickness using ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for weight and post menstrual age, statistically significant differences were found between FT and PT infants beginning to feed for NNS frequency and NS tongue force. Clinically significant differences were detected for NNS tongue force and posterior tongue thickness. Additionally, PT infants demonstrated a significant difference in mean tongue force between NS and NNS and FT infants did not. FT infants demonstrated a significant difference in mean frequency between NS and NNS and PT infants did not. Linear regression indicated that mean posterior tongue thickness alone predicted 55% of the variance in NS force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and suggest that infant tongue muscle characteristics necessary for successful feeding differ between healthy full term infants and preterm infants who are beginning oral feeding.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA. Electronic address: gjcapi2@uky.edu.
authors: G J
authors: GJ
authors: Capilouto
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Cunningham
authors: Department of Applied Health Sciences, Murray State University, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Frederick
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Dupont-Versteegden
authors: Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Desai
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA.
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Butterfield
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Infant feeding; Preterm infants; Tongue force