title: Detection of gunshot residues using mass spectrometry.
abstract: In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for their ability to detect OGSR. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to a chromatographic system is a powerful tool due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Further, modern MS instruments can detect and identify a number of explosives and additives which may require different ionization techniques. Finally, MS has been applied to the analysis of both OGSR and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR), although the "gold standard" for analysis is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (SEM-EDX). This review presents an overview of the technical attributes of currently available MS and ionization techniques and their reported applications to GSR analysis.
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Regina Verena
authors: 0000-0003-4617-6063
authors: RV
authors: Taudte
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Alison
authors: 0000-0001-6259-7699
authors: A
authors: Beavis
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Lucas
authors: L
authors: Blanes
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Nerida
authors: N
authors: Cole
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Doble
authors: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors: Claude
authors: C
authors: Roux
mesh_terms: D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents