title: Health risk assessment related to dermal exposure of chlorpyrifos: a case study of rice growing farmers in Nakhon Nayok Province, Central Thailand.
abstract: To date, pesticides, especially organophosphate pesticide such as chlorpyrifos, have been frequently applied to paddy fields over time to maintain product quality, protect agricultural crops from various pests, and increase yield. This study evaluates dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos in rice farmers along with providing a health risk assessment. Thirty-five rice farmers participated and completed an in-person interview, and patch technique was used to evaluate dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos. The chlorpyrifos residue was extracted from the gauze patches and quantified by gas chromatography equipped with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). The results showed that chlorpyrifos concentrations were greater in males (526.34 ± 478.84 mg/kg) than females (500.75 ± 595.15 mg/kg). Average daily dose sampled from seven points on male and female farmers were 31.72 × 10(-4), 193.32 × 10(-4), 5.38 × 10(-4), 190.48 × 10(-4), 170.47 × 10(-4), 465.91 × 10(-4), and 43.04 × 10(-4) mg/kg-day. The hazard quotient (HQ) at the mean and 95th percentile level was found to be greater than acceptable (HQ > 1). Rice-growing farmers in this area may be at risk for adverse health effects due to continuous dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos from their improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
authors: a International Postgraduate Programs in Environmental Management, Graduate School , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.
authors: Sattamat
authors: S
authors: Lappharat
authors: Wattasit
authors: W
authors: Siriwong
authors: Nutta
authors: N
authors: Taneepanichskul
authors: Marija
authors: M
authors: Borjan
authors: Héctor
authors: H
authors: Maldonado Perez
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Robson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D012275:Oryza; D011482:Protective Devices; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Chlorpyrifos; dermal exposure; health risk assessment; patch technique