title: Molecular mechanisms of reduced nerve toxicity by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the phoxim-exposed brain of Bombyx mori.
abstract: Bombyx mori (B. mori), silkworm, is one of the most important economic insects in the world, while phoxim, an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, impact its economic benefits seriously. Phoxim exposure can damage the brain, fatbody, midgut and haemolymph of B. mori. However the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates in phoxim-exposed B. mori can be improved by Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). In this study, we explored whether TiO2 NPs treatment can reduce the phoxim-induced brain damage of the 5th larval instar of B. mori. We observed that TiO2 NPs pretreatments significantly reduced the mortality of phoxim-exposed larva and relieved severe brain damage and oxidative stress under phoxim exposure in the brain. The treatments also relieved the phoxim-induced increases in the contents of acetylcholine (Ach), glutamate (Glu) and nitric oxide (NO) and the phoxim-induced decreases in the contents of norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and reduced the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase activities and the activation of total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS) in the brain. Furthermore, digital gene expression profile (DGE) analysis and real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed that TiO2 NPs pretreatment inhibited the up-regulated expression of ace1, cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bm109 and down-regulated expression of BmIap caused by phoxim; these genes are involved in nerve conduction, oxidative stress and apoptosis. TiO2 NPs pretreatment also inhibited the down-regulated expression of H+ transporting ATP synthase and vacuolar ATP synthase under phoxim exposure, which are involved in ion transport and energy metabolism. These results indicate that TiO2 NPs pretreatment reduced the phoxim-induced nerve toxicity in the brain of B. mori.
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Xie
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Binbin
authors: B
authors: Wang
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Fanchi
authors: F
authors: Li
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Lie
authors: L
authors: Ma
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Ni
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Weide
authors: W
authors: Shen
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Fashui
authors: F
authors: Hong
authors: School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D012831:Bombyx / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D062025:Organophosphate Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000506:poisoning*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; C009495:titanium dioxide; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C003135:phoxim; D014025:Titanium