title: Prevalence and early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18-36 month-old children of Tianjin in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18-36 month old children in the Tianjin Municipality of China, and to identify early signs of autistic children and the predictability of each individual symptom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 8 000 children were screened to do a questionnaire based on CHAT modified to include more early signs of autism at the age of 18-36 months. Then the at-risk children were reexamined 1.5 years later and ASD children were identified based on DSM-IV. Early signs of autism were analyzed retrospectively by using discriminant function analysis performed among ASD children, children not followed up and children followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and sixty seven children were screened as being at-risk to ASD, and 22 of them were identified as having ASD in the subsequent diagnosis. The prevalence of ASD was 27.5 per 10 000 in Tianjin of China with a male to female ratio of 4:1. Items addressing social interactions and communications had higher predictability than other items to distinguish autistic children from non-autistic ones. Pretend play, functional play, showing and reading parents' facial expressions distinguished autistic children from those not followed up, nevertheless those followed up but failing to meet ASD criteria were not included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of ASD found in our study was lower than that reported in some studies by western researchers. Autism has its specific symptoms, such as deficits in social awareness, social relatedness, and social referencing.
authors: School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors: Jun Ping
authors: JP
authors: Huang
authors: School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors: Shan Shan
authors: SS
authors: Cui
authors: School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Han
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: Hertz-Picciotto
authors: HP
authors: Irva
authors: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: Li Hong
authors: LH
authors: Qi
authors: School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Discriminant function analysis; Early signs; Prevalence