title: Bacteriophages as vehicles for gene delivery into mammalian cells: prospects and problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of more efficient gene delivery vehicles (GDVs) is essential to fulfill the expectations of clinical gene therapy. Bacteriophages, due to their excellent safety profile, extreme stability under a variety of harsh environmental conditions and the capability for being genetically manipulated, have drawn a flurry of interest to be applied as a newly arisen category of gene delivery platforms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incessant evolutionary interaction of bacteriophages with human cells has turned them into a part of our body's natural ecosystem. However, these carriers represent several barriers to gene transduction of mammalian cells. The lack of evolvement of specialized machinery for targeted cellular internalization, endosomal, lysosomal and proteasomal escape, cytoplasmic entry, nuclear localization and intranuclear transcription poses major challenges to the expression of the phage-carried gene. In this review, we describe pros and cons of bacteriophages as GDVs, provide an insight into numerous barriers that bacteriophages face for entry into and subsequent trafficking inside mammalian cells and elaborate on the strategies used to bypass these barriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tremendous genetic flexibility of bacteriophages to undergo numerous surface modifications through phage display technology has proven to be a turning point in the uncompromising efforts to surmount the limitations of phage-mediated gene expression. The revelatory outcomes of the studies undertaken within the recent years have been promising for phage-mediated gene delivery to move from concept to reality.
authors: Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors: Babak
authors: B
authors: Bakhshinejad
authors: Majid
authors: M
authors: Sadeghizadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans
keywords: bacteriophage; gene delivery; gene therapy; intracellular barriers; phage display; targeting