title: Screening pelvic examinations in asymptomatic, average-risk adult women: an evidence report for a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pelvic examination is often included in well-woman visits even when cervical cancer screening is not required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, benefits, and harms of pelvic examination in asymptomatic, nonpregnant, average-risk adult women. Cervical cancer screening was not included.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE and Cochrane databases through January 2014 and reference lists from identified studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  52 English-language studies, 32 of which included primary data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted on study and sample characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. Quality of the diagnostic accuracy studies was evaluated using a published instrument, and quality of the survey studies was evaluated with metrics assessing population representativeness, instrument development, and response rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positive predictive value of pelvic examination for detecting ovarian cancer was less than 4% in the 2 studies that reported this metric. No studies that investigated the morbidity or mortality benefits of screening pelvic examination for any condition were identified. The percentage of women reporting pelvic examination-related pain or discomfort ranged from 11% to 60% (median, 35%; 8 studies [n = 4576]). Corresponding figures for fear, embarrassment, or anxiety ranged from 10% to 80% (median, 34%; 7 studies [n = 10 702]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only English-language publications were included; the evidence on diagnostic accuracy, morbidity, and mortality was scant; and the studies reporting harms were generally low quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No data supporting the use of pelvic examination in asymptomatic, average-risk women were found. Low-quality data suggest that pelvic examinations may cause pain, discomfort, fear, anxiety, or embarrassment in about 30% of women.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Department of Veterans Affairs.
authors: Hanna E
authors: HE
authors: Bloomfield
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Olson
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Greer
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Cantor
authors: Roderick
authors: R
authors: MacDonald
authors: Indulis
authors: I
authors: Rutks
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Wilt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058869:Gynecological Examination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011902:Rape; D012307:Risk Factors