title: Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis.
abstract: Immune homeostasis is a host characteristic that maintains biological balance within a host. Humans have evolved many host defence mechanisms that ensure the survival of individuals upon encountering a pathogenic infection, with recovery or persistence from a viral infection being determined by both viral factors and host immunity. Chronic viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV, often result in chronic fluctuating viraemia in the face of host cellular and humoral immune responses, which are dysregulated by multi-faceted mechanisms that are incompletely understood. This review attempts to illuminate the mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on immune homeostasis in the setting of persistent viral infection from the aspects of host defence mechanism, including interferon-stimulated genes, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3), autophagy and interactions of various immune cells, cytokines and regulatory molecules.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Jonathan P
authors: JP
authors: Moorman
authors: Zhi Q
authors: ZQ
authors: Yao
authors: Zhan S
authors: ZS
authors: Jia
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000276:immunology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D019562:Viral Load; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: HIV; hepatitis C virus; immune homeostasis; viral persistence