title: Recovery of consciousness in hogs stunned with CO2: physiological responses.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of recovering consciousness on physiological responses in hogs stunned with different concentrations of CO2. A total of 1336 pigs were moved into a CO2 anaesthesia chamber for 90s. The remaining pigs were assigned to 3 groups according to the CO2 concentration used for stunning: 85, 90 or 95%. Each group was then further divided into 2 sub-groups: those exsanguinated during the first 60s after leaving the chamber without recovering consciousness (WRC); and those exsanguinated after more than 60s that recovered consciousness (RC). The blood pH of the RC pigs decreased below 7.08, but their blood levels of Ca(2+) (>1.59mmol/L), glucose (>159.79mg/dL), and lactate (>103.52mg/dL) all increased when compared to reference values (RV) (P<0.05). Therefore, a greater metabolic and energy imbalance occurs during exsanguination when pigs recover consciousness. In conclusion, exsanguination should be performed immediately upon the pigs leaving the CO2 chamber.
authors: Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa-Xochimilco-Cuajimalpa, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Mexico, D.F. 04960, Mexico.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Bolaños-López
authors: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco (UAM-X), Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, D.F. Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico. Electronic address: dmota100@yahoo.com.mx.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Mota-Rojas
authors: Laboratorio de Bioquímica de Macromoléculas, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. 09340, Mexico.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Guerrero-Legarreta
authors: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Department of Livestock Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México 54714, Mexico; Department of Swine Health, Mexico.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Flores-Peinado
authors: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Department of Livestock Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México 54714, Mexico.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mora-Medina
authors: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco (UAM-X), Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, D.F. Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico; Universidad del Valle de México, Animal Welfare Area, Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus Coyoacán, Calzada de Tlalpan No. 3058, Col. Santa Ursula Coapa, Delegación Coyoacán, México, D.F., Mexico.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Roldan-Santiago
authors: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco (UAM-X), Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, D.F. Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Borderas-Tordesillas
authors: División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Universidad s/n, Zona de la Cultura, C.P. 86040 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: García-Herrera
authors: Department of Swine Health, Mexico.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Trujillo-Ortega
authors: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Campus Xochimilco (UAM-X), Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Production and Agriculture, D.F. Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F. 04960, Mexico.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ramírez-Necoechea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002118:Calcium
keywords: CO(2) chamber; Consciousness; Pig welfare; Stress; Stunning