title: The multilingual nature of dopamine neurons.
abstract: The ability of dopamine (DA) neurons to release other transmitters in addition to DA itself has been increasingly recognized, hence the concept of their multilingual nature. A subset of DA neurons, mainly found in the ventral tegmental area, express VGLUT2, allowing them to package and release glutamate onto striatal spiny projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons. Some dopaminergic axon terminals release GABA. Glutamate release by DA neurons has a developmental role, facilitating axonal growth and survival, and may determine in part the critical contribution of the ventral striatum to psychostimulant-induced behavior. Vesicular glutamate coentry may have synergistic effects on vesicular DA filling. The multilingual transmission of DA neurons across multiple striatal domains and the increasing insight into the role of glutamate cotransmission in the ventral striatum highlight the importance of analyzing DA neuron transmission at the synaptic level.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: louis-eric.trudeau@umontreal.ca.
authors: Louis-Eric
authors: LE
authors: Trudeau
authors: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors: Thomas S
authors: TS
authors: Hnasko
authors: Unit of Functional Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Asa
authors: A
authors: Wallén-Mackenzie
authors: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Neuronal Networks Section, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Marisela
authors: M
authors: Morales
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Rayport
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Sulzer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059290:Dopaminergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: GABA; cotransmission; dopamine; glutamate; vesicular