title: Parental-adolescent drug use discussions: physiological responses and associated outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although talking to youth about drugs is often recommended to parents, we know little about how parents actually discuss drugs with their children in the moment and how parental advice is linked to youth arousal and substance use. This study examined observed parental drug use advice and parenting behaviors during parent-adolescent drug use discussions and associations with adolescent physiological responses and substance use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight 12-17 year olds and their primary caregivers participated in a laboratory session in which parents and youth discussed the topic of alcohol and/or drug use for 10 minutes. This discussion was videotaped and coded for drug use advice (rules against drug use, information on drug use consequences, scenarios or learning advice [discussing drug use scenarios and what the child has learned about drugs]) and general parenting behaviors (parental warmth and/or support, negative and/or critical parenting). Before, during, and after the discussions, adolescents' heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and salivary cortisol levels were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental discussion of scenarios and/or learning was associated with lower adolescent BP responses to the discussions and lower likelihood of substance use. Parental discussion of rules against drug use was associated with higher heart rate and BP responses and greater likelihood of substance use. Criticism and/or negative parenting was associated with higher cortisol responses and greater likelihood of substance use at a trend level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenting characterized by greater discussion of drug use scenarios and less stating of rules against drug use and criticism may make youth feel more comfortable and be linked to lower substance use.
authors: Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. Electronic address: tchaplin@gmu.edu.
authors: Tara M
authors: TM
authors: Chaplin
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Amysue
authors: A
authors: Hansen
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Simmons
authors: Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Mayes
authors: Emotion and Development Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Rebecca E
authors: RE
authors: Hommer
authors: Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Crowley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010829:Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescence; Cortisol; Drug use discussions; Parenting; Parent–adolescent interactions; Substance use