title: Membrane characterization by microscopic and scattering methods: multiscale structure.
abstract: Several microscopic and scattering techniques at different observation scales (from atomic to macroscopic) were used to characterize both surface and bulk properties of four new flat-sheet polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (10, 30, 100 and 300 kDa) and new 100 kDa hollow fibers (PVDF). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with "in lens" detection was used to obtain information on the pore sizes of the skin layers at the atomic scale. White Light Interferometry (WLI) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) using different scales (for WLI: windows: 900 × 900 µm2 and 360 × 360 µm2; number of points: 1024; for AFM: windows: 50 × 50 µm2 and 5 × 5 µm2; number of points: 512) showed that the membrane roughness increases markedly with the observation scale and that there is a continuity between the different scan sizes for the determination of the RMS roughness. High angular resolution ellipsometric measurements were used to obtain the signature of each cut-off and the origin of the scattering was identified as coming from the membrane bulk.
authors: Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France. rahma.tamime@etu.univ-cezanne.fr.
authors: Rahma
authors: R
authors: Tamime
authors: Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France. yvan.wyart@univ-cezanne.fr.
authors: Yvan
authors: Y
authors: Wyart
authors: Institut FRESNEL (UMR 6133), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France. laure.siozade@fresnel.fr.
authors: Laure
authors: L
authors: Siozade
authors: Suez Environnement, CIRSEE, Pôle Qualité Eau, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France. isabelle.baudin@suez-env.com.
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Baudin
authors: Institut FRESNEL (UMR 6133), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France. carole.deumie@fresnel.fr.
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Deumie
authors: Suez Environnement, CIRSEE, Pôle Qualité Eau, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France. karl.glucina@suez-env.com.
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Glucina
authors: Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2-CNRS UMR 6181), Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille, Europôle de l'Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 04, France. philippe.moulin@univ-cezanne.fr.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Moulin