title: Effects of maxillary expansion and placebo effect of appliances on nocturnal enuresis - preliminary results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nocturnal enuresis has been found a common symptom among children with breathing problems and sleep apnea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and placebo effects of slow maxillary expansion on nocturnal enuresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four children with enuresis aged 7-12 years were selected. Rigid acrylic expansion appliances were fabricated and delivered to them. Frequency of enuresis was recorded by the parents during three stages: 1) before appliance delivery; 2) after appliance insertion without expansion; and 3) during expansion and retention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of wetting decreased significantly during the period of appliance use without expansion. During the expansion and retention phase, two patients became completely dry, and two patients improved significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maxillary expansion can have a positive effect on the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Also, the placebo effect of the expansion appliance has significant effects on enuresis.
authors: Orthodontist, Private Practice, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Morteza
authors: M
authors: Oshagh
authors: Post Graduate Student of Orthodontics, Orthodontics Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Fateme
authors: F
authors: Bahramnia
authors: Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Ali Reza
authors: AR
authors: Aminsharifi
authors: Shiraz Nephrourology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Hossein
authors: MH
authors: Fallahzadeh
authors: Dentist, Private Practice, Shiraz, Iran.
authors: Parisa
authors: P
authors: Ghodrati
keywords: frequency; nocturnal enuresis; slow maxillary expansion