title: Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and is advanced by severe viral hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV) as well as alcoholic liver disease. Many patients with early disease are asymptomatic therefore HCC is frequently diagnosed late requiring costly surgical resection or transplantation. The available non-invasive detections systems are based on the clinical utility of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) measurement, together with ultrasound and other more sensitive imaging techniques. The hallmark of liver disease and its propensity to develop into fully blown HCC is depended on several factors including the host genetic make-up and immune responses. While common symptoms involve diarrhea, bone pain, dyspnea, intraperitoneal bleeding, obstructive jaundice, and paraneoplastic syndrome, the evolution of cell and immune markers is important to understand viral induced liver cancers in humans. The circulating miRNA, cell and immune based HCC biomarkers are imperative candidates to successfully develop strategies to restrain liver injury. The current molecular genetics and proteomic analysis have lead to the identification of number of key biomarkers for HCC for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment of HCC patients. In this review article, we provide latest updates on the biomarkers of HBV or HCV-associated HCC and their co-evolutionary relationship with liver cancer.
authors: Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020, India; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India.
authors: Shilu
authors: S
authors: Mathew
authors: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ashraf
authors: A
authors: Ali
authors: University of Colorado Denver AMC, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors: Hany
authors: H
authors: Abdel-Hafiz
authors: IQ-Institute of Infection and Immunity, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Kaneez
authors: K
authors: Fatima
authors: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohd
authors: M
authors: Suhail
authors: Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India.
authors: Govindaraju
authors: G
authors: Archunan
authors: Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020, India.
authors: Nargis
authors: N
authors: Begum
authors: Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020, India.
authors: Syed
authors: S
authors: Jahangir
authors: Post Graduate Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Ilyas
authors: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Adeel G A
authors: AG
authors: Chaudhary
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Al Qahtani
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Salem
authors: S
authors: Mohamad Bazarah
authors: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: ishtiaq80262@yahoo.com.
authors: Ishtiaq
authors: I
authors: Qadri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000502:physiology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000502:physiology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Biomarkers; Hepatitis viruses; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Prognosis