title: Three-dimensional imaging improves surgical skill performance in a laparoscopic test model for both experienced and novice laparoscopic surgeons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the impact of three-dimensional (3D) imaging system on the performance of basic laparoscopic tasks in a test model by novice and experienced surgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three tasks were performed in a test model by 30 surgeons, 15 experienced surgeons, and 15 with minimal laparoscopic experience. The tasks were performed using 2D and 3D vision systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian Task Force II-1.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen experienced laparoscopic surgeons and fifteen novices with minimal laparoscopic experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance times were recorded using both two-dimensional and 3D imaging system for each task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance time for all skills was significantly (P < 0.02) shorter when using 3D imaging system. Performance times were reduced by 18-31% using 3D imaging for all participants. Experienced surgeons performed the tasks faster and showed similar improvement while using 3D imaging system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D vision systems allow for significant improvement in performance times of basic laparoscopic tasks in a test model for both inexperienced and advanced laparoscopic surgeons. Experienced surgeons benefit as much as novices from 3D imaging system. This benefit should be weighed against the disadvantages of the 3D vision systems, mainly cost, decreased light, eye strain, headaches, and shorter focal lengths.
authors: The Israel Center for Medical Simulation (MSR), Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel, roy.mashiach@gmail.com.
authors: Roy
authors: R
authors: Mashiach
authors: Vadym
authors: V
authors: Mezhybovsky
authors: Avinoam
authors: A
authors: Nevler
authors: Mordechai
authors: M
authors: Gutman
authors: Amitai
authors: A
authors: Ziv
authors: Marat
authors: M
authors: Khaikin
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D066231:Surgeons / Q000592:standards*