title: Effects of duodenal switch alone or in combination with sleeve gastrectomy on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A combined procedure of sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch (SG+DS) has been applied to the treatment of super obesity. The aim of the present study was to test whether duodenal switch alone (DS) leads to similar weight loss and changes in lipid metabolism as SG+DS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham surgery (Sham, N=7), duodenal switch alone (DS, N=5) or sleeve gastrectomy followed by duodenal switch (SG+DS, N=5). Body weight, feed and water intakes, and ambulatory activity were recorded 2 months post surgery. Tissue and faecal lipids, faecal bile acids, plasma cytokines and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in adipose tissue and liver were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily energy intake, relative feed uptake, ambulatory activity and body weight reduction were similar between DS and SG+DS rats. The hepatic triacylglycerol content was higher and faecal secretion of triacylglycerol was lower after SG+DS compared to DS (P<0.05). Faecal bile acid secretion was higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05) despite similar hepatic CYP7A1mRNA level. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor alpha were higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although DS and SG+DS had similar efficacy in terms of body weight loss, SG+DS resulted in a poorer regulation of lipid metabolism than DS.
authors: 1] Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: O A
authors: OA
authors: Gudbrandsen
authors: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kodama
authors: 1] Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Nofima BioLab, Fyllingsdalen, Norway.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Mjøs
authors: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: C-M
authors: CM
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Johannessen
authors: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: H-R
authors: HR
authors: Brattbakk
authors: 1] Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway [3] KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Haugen
authors: 1] Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway [2] Department of Surgery, St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Kulseng
authors: 1] Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway [2] Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway [3] KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mellgren
authors: 1] Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway [2] Department of Surgery, St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Chen