title: It's not what you think, it's how you relate to it: dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between psychological distress and the cortisol awakening response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a natural metabolic response that can be potentiated by negative cognitive-emotional processes, including stress appraisals, negative affect, and rumination. Psychological distress and the CAR are not consistently related, however. Individual differences in aspects of dispositional mindfulness which reflect how people relate to negative thoughts and emotions may help explain such inconsistencies. We tested whether the tendency to (1) label and describe inner experiences and (2) accept negative thoughts and feelings without judgment moderated the association between psychological distress and the CAR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported dispositional mindfulness, perceived stress, anxiety, negative affect, rumination, and the CAR were assessed among overweight/obese women. Regression analyses were conducted to examine whether dispositional mindfulness moderated the relationship between indicators of psychological distress and the CAR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While psychological distress was consistently positively related to the CAR, these associations were qualified by significant interactions with both components of dispositional mindfulness. Psychological distress was associated with the CAR at lower levels of dispositional mindfulness but not at higher levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the idea that the tendency to describe and accept experiences may buffer the impact of psychological distress on physiological arousal. These metacognitive processes may be important moderators in unraveling the complex relationship between psychological distress and physiological stress reactivity. Further research is recommended to replicate this approach in other populations.
authors: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States. Electronic address: Jennifer.Daubenmier@ucsf.edu.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Daubenmier
authors: The Wright Institute, Berkeley, California, United States. Electronic address: drdarahayden@gmail.com.
authors: Dara
authors: D
authors: Hayden
authors: Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
authors: Vickie
authors: V
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
authors: Elissa
authors: E
authors: Epel
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D064866:Mindfulness; D010465:Perception; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Acceptance; Cortisol; Cortisol awakening response; Dispositional mindfulness; Meditation; Negative affect; Perceived stress; Rumination