title: The pharmacology of electrical stimulation in the heart: Where devices meet drugs.
abstract: Both cardiac electrical stimulation and cardiac pharmacological agents exert effects by acting upon ion channels, secondary messengers and autonomic nerve terminals. Defining the common substrates between devices and drugs provides the evaluation tools to warn of unsafe interactions with pacemakers, defibrillators or detection of cardiac arrhythmias. This review describes substrates of drug-device interaction, reviews research on drug-like effects of devices, and provides a framework for how the physiology of interaction translates to streamlined clinical trials.:
authors: Office of Science and Engineering Labs, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Electronic address:victor.krauthamer@fda.hhs.gov.
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Krauthamer