title: Anti-Propionibacterium acnes assay-guided purification of brazilin and preparation of brazilin rich extract from Caesalpinia sappan heartwood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caesalpinia sappan L. (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) heartwood has been used as a coloring agent, with antibacterial activity in food, beverages, cosmetics, and garments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To purify brazilin from C. sappan heartwood and use it as a standard marker for the preparation and standardization of an active constituent-rich extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crude ethanol extracts of C. sappan heartwood (CSE) were fractionated to isolate brazilin by an anti-P. acnes assay-guided isolation. Quantitative analysis was performed by HPLC. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brazilin isolated from CSE possessed antibacterial activity against P. acnes with MIC and MBC values of 15.6 and 31.2 µg/mL, respectively. Brazilin was, therefore, used as a standard marker for standardization and preparation of a brazilin rich extract (BRE). BRE was prepared from CSE using a simple one-step purification using a macroporous resin column eluted with 35% v/v ethanol. This method increased the brazilin content in the BRE up to 39.9% w/w. The antibacterial activity of the standardized BRE against acne involved bacteria was higher than for the CSE but lower than brazilin. However, for industrial applications, a large-scale one-step preparation of BRE has more advantages than the use of pure brazilin in terms of convenience and a low-cost production process. Therefore, BRE is considered as a potential coloring agent with antibacterial activity which is used for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical applications.
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany and.
authors: Nilesh Prakash
authors: NP
authors: Nirmal
authors: Pharkphoom
authors: P
authors: Panichayupakaranant
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011425:Propionibacterium acnes / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001578:Benzopyrans; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; C044362:brazilin
keywords: Antibacterial; HPLC; acne; standardization