title: Indirect genetic effects and inbreeding: consequences of BLUP selection for socially affected traits on rate of inbreeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social interactions often occur among living organisms, including aquatic animals. There is empirical evidence showing that social interactions may genetically affect phenotypes of individuals and their group mates. In this context, the heritable effect of an individual on the phenotype of another individual is known as an Indirect Genetic Effect (IGE). Selection for socially affected traits may increase response to artificial selection, but also affect rate of inbreeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simulation study was conducted to examine the effect of Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) selection for socially affected traits on the rate of inbreeding. A base scenario without IGE and three alternative scenarios with different magnitudes of IGE were simulated. In each generation, 25 sires and 50 dams were mated, producing eight progeny per dam. The population was selected for 20 generations using BLUP. Individuals were randomly assigned to groups of eight members in each generation, with two families per group, each contributing four individuals. "Heritabilities" (for both direct and indirect genetic effects) were equal to 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5, and direct-indirect genetic correlations were -0.8, -0.4, 0, 0.4, or 0.8. The rate of inbreeding was calculated from generation 10 to 20.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the base scenario, the rates of inbreeding were 4.09, 2.80 and 1.95% for "heritabilities" of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. Overall, rates of inbreeding for the three scenarios with IGE ranged from 2.21 to 5.76% and were greater than for the base scenarios. The results show that social interaction within groups of two families increases the resemblance between estimated breeding values of relatives, which, in turn, increases the rate of inbreeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BLUP selection for socially affected traits increased the rate of inbreeding. To maintain inbreeding at an acceptable rate, a selection algorithm that restricts the increase in mean kinship, such as optimum contribution selection, is required.
authors: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708WD Wageningen, The Netherlands. h.khaw@cgiar.org.
authors: Hooi Ling
authors: HL
authors: Khaw
authors: Raul W
authors: RW
authors: Ponzoni
authors: Piter
authors: P
authors: Bijma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D007178:Inbreeding; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012919:Social Behavior