title: Molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review research progress on the molecular mechanisms of low dose ionizing radiation (LDIR)-induced hormesis, adaptive responses, radioresistance, bystander effects, and genomic instability in order to provide clues for therapeutic approaches to enhance biopositive effects (defined as radiation-induced beneficial effects to the organism), and control bionegative effects (defined as radiation-induced harmful effects to the organism) and related human diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental studies have indicated that Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospho-c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and protein 53 (P53)-related signal transduction pathways may be involved in LDIR-induced hormesis; MAPK, P53 may be important for adaptive response; ATM, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), ERK, JNK, reactive oxygen species (ROS), P53 for radioresistance; COX-2, ERK, MAPK, ROS, tumor necrosis factor receptor alpha (TNFα) for LDIR-induced bystander effect; whereas ATM, ERK, MAPK, P53, ROS, TNFα-related signal transduction pathways are involved in LDIR-induced genomic instability. These results suggest that different manifestations of LDIR-induced cellular responses may have different signal transduction pathways. On the other hand, LDIR-induced different responses may also share the same signal transduction pathways. For instance, P53 has been involved in LDIR-induced hormesis, adaptive response, radioresistance and genomic instability. Current data therefore suggest that caution should be taken when designing therapeutic approaches using LDIR to induce beneficial effects in humans.
authors: Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore.
authors: Feng Ru
authors: FR
authors: Tang
authors: Weng Keong
authors: WK
authors: Loke
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000818:Animals; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D042822:Genomic Instability / Q000528:radiation effects*; D059165:Hormesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000528:radiation effects*
keywords: Molecular mechanism; bioresponses; human diseases; low dose radiation