title: A randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of manufacturers' recommended doses of omega-3 fatty acids from different sources in facilitating cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Omega-3 fatty acids confer beneficial health effects, but North Americans are lacking in their dietary omega-3-rich intake. Supplementation is an alternative to consumption of fish; however, not all omega-3 products are created equal. The trial objective was to compare the increases in blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids after consumption of four different omega-3 supplements, and to assess potential changes in cardiovascular disease risk following supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an open-label, randomized, cross-over study involving thirty-five healthy subjects. Supplements and daily doses (as recommended on product labels) were:Concentrated Triglyceride (rTG) fish oil: EPA of 650 mg, DHA of 450 mgEthyl Ester (EE) fish oil: EPA of 756 mg, DHA of 228 mgPhospholipid (PL) krill oil: EPA of 150 mg, DHA of 90 mgTriglyceride (TG) salmon oil: EPA of 180 mg, DHA of 220 mg.Subjects were randomly assigned to consume one of four products, in random order, for a 28-day period, followed by a 4-week washout period. Subsequent testing of the remaining three products, followed by 4-week washout periods, continued until each subject had consumed each of the products. Blood samples before and after supplementation were quantified for fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography, and statistically analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the prescribed dosage, the statistical ranking of the four products in terms of increase in whole blood omega-3 fatty acid levels was concentrated rTG fish oil > EE fish oil > triglyceride TG salmon oil > PL krill oil. Whole blood EPA percentage increase in subjects consuming concentrated rTG fish oil was more than four times that of krill and salmon oil. Risk reduction in several elements of cardiovascular disease was achieved to a greater extent by the concentrated rTG fish oil than by any other supplement. Krill oil and (unconcentrated) triglyceride oil were relatively unsuccessful in this aspect of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the general population, the form and dose of omega-3 supplements may be immaterial. However, given these results, the form and dose may be important for those interested in reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01960660.
authors: Nutrasource Diagnostic Inc,, 120 Research Lane, University of Guelph Research Park, Suite 203, Guelph N1G0B4, Ontario, Canada. mlaidlaw@nutrasource.ca.
authors: Maggie
authors: M
authors: Laidlaw
authors: Carla A
authors: CA
authors: Cockerline
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Rowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; C030341:salmon oil