title: Alpha-phellandrene, a natural active monoterpene, influences a murine WEHI-3 leukemia model in vivo by enhancing macrophague phagocytosis and natural killer cell activity.
abstract: α-phellandrene (α-PA), a cyclic monoterpene, is a natural compound reported to promote immune responses in normal BALB/c mice. The effects of α-PA on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model were examined. Mice were injected with mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells and subsequently treated orally with or without α-PA (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and olive oil as positive control for two weeks. Leukocytes and splenocytes were isolated and cell markers for CD3, CD19, CD11b and Mac-3, phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytoxicity effects were analyzed by flow cytometry. α-PA increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker) and MAC3 (macrophages) markers but reduced the percentage of CD11b (monocytes) cell surface markers. α-PA (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples and treatment promoted natural killer cell activity at 25 mg/kg from splenocytes. α-PA at 25 mg/kg also increased B- and T-cell proliferation.
authors: Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Jen-Jyh
authors: JJ
authors: Lin
authors: School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Kung-Wen
authors: KW
authors: Lu
authors: School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Yi-Shih
authors: YS
authors: Ma
authors: School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Nou-Ying
authors: NY
authors: Tang
authors: School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Ping-Ping
authors: PP
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Chih-Chung
authors: CC
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors: Hsu-Feng
authors: HF
authors: Lu
authors: Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. jgchung@mail.cmu.edu.tw jglin@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors: Jaung-Geng
authors: JG
authors: Lin
authors: Departments of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. jgchung@mail.cmu.edu.tw jglin@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors: Jing-Gung
authors: JG
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D007938:Leukemia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C005403:alpha phellandrene
keywords: WEHI-3 leukemia cells; leukemia Balb/c mice; natural killer cells; phagocytosis; α-phellandrene