title: What is the trouble with trunnions?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have attributed adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) in patients with total hip arthroplasties (THAs) to tribocorrosion debris generated by modular femoral stems. The presentations of ALTR are diverse, as are the causes of it, and the biological responses can be important reasons for failure after THA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) What clinical problems have been reported in patients with modular stems since 1988? (2) What THA design features are associated with tribocorrosion in taper junctions? (3) What are the microscopic and tribological characteristics of the debris produced at the taper junctions? (4) What are the cellular and immunological traits of the biological response to taper tribocorrosion debris?
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review using MEDLINE and EMBASE-cited articles to summarize failure modes associated with modular femoral stems. One hundred sixty-two of 1043 articles reported on the clinical performances or failure modes attributed to modular femoral stems. There were 10 laboratory studies, 26 case reports, 13 Level IV, 94 Level III, 18 Level II, and one Level I of Evidence papers. To address the remaining questions, we did a second review of 524 articles. One hundred twenty-seven articles met the eligibility criteria, including 81 articles on design features related to tribocorrosion, 15 articles on corrosion debris characteristics, and 31 articles on the biological response to tribocorrosion debris.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight of 162 studies reported failure attributed to modular femoral stems for one of these four modularity-related failure modes: tribocorrosion-associated ALTR, dissociation of a taper junction, stem fracture, and mismatch of a femoral head taper attached to a stem with a different trunnion size. The remaining 94 studies found no clinical consequences related to the presence of a taper junction. THA component features associated with tribocorrosion included trunnion geometry and large-diameter femoral heads. Solid tribocorrosion debris is primarily chromium-orthophosphate material of variable size and may be more biologically reactive than wear debris.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been an increase in publications describing ALTR around modular hip prostheses in the last 3 years. Implant design changes, including larger femoral heads and smaller trunnions, have been implicated, but there may also be more recognition of the problem by the orthopaedic community. Analyzing retrieved implants to understand the history of taper-related problems, designing clinically relevant in vitro corrosion tests to test modular junctions, and identifying biomarkers to recognize patients at risk of ALTR should be the focus of ongoing research to help surgeons avoid and detect tribocorrosion-related problems in joint replacements.
authors: Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA, espositoc@hss.edu.
authors: Christina I
authors: CI
authors: Esposito
authors: Timothy M
authors: TM
authors: Wright
authors: Stuart B
authors: SB
authors: Goodman
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Berry
mesh_terms: D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003343:Corrosion; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000209:etiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012307:Risk Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008670:Metals