title: Structure of the gut microbiome following colonization with human feces determines colonic tumor burden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing body of evidence indicates that the gut microbiome plays a role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with CRC harbor gut microbiomes that are structurally distinct from those of healthy individuals; however, without the ability to track individuals during disease progression, it has not been possible to observe changes in the microbiome over the course of tumorigenesis. Mouse models have demonstrated that these changes can further promote colonic tumorigenesis. However, these models have relied upon mouse-adapted bacterial populations and so it remains unclear which human-adapted bacterial populations are responsible for modulating tumorigenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We transplanted fecal microbiota from three CRC patients and three healthy individuals into germ-free mice, resulting in six structurally distinct microbial communities. Subjecting these mice to a chemically induced model of CRC resulted in different levels of tumorigenesis between mice. Differences in the number of tumors were strongly associated with the baseline microbiome structure in mice, but not with the cancer status of the human donors. Partitioning of baseline communities into enterotypes by Dirichlet multinomial mixture modeling resulted in three enterotypes that corresponded with tumor burden. The taxa most strongly positively correlated with increased tumor burden were members of the Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Akkermansia, all of which are Gram-negative. Members of the Gram-positive Clostridiales, including multiple members of Clostridium Group XIVa, were strongly negatively correlated with tumors. Analysis of the inferred metagenome of each community revealed a negative correlation between tumor count and the potential for butyrate production, and a positive correlation between tumor count and the capacity for host glycan degradation. Despite harboring distinct gut communities, all mice underwent conserved structural changes over the course of the model. The extent of these changes was also correlated with tumor incidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the initial structure of the microbiome determines susceptibility to colonic tumorigenesis. There appear to be opposing roles for certain Gram-negative (Bacteroidales and Verrucomicrobia) and Gram-positive (Clostridiales) bacteria in tumor susceptibility. Thus, the impact of community structure is potentially mediated by the balance between protective, butyrate-producing populations and inflammatory, mucin-degrading populations.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Nielson T
authors: NT
authors: Baxter
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Joseph P
authors: JP
authors: Zackular
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Grace Y
authors: GY
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Patrick D
authors: PD
authors: Schloss
keywords: Colorectal cancer; Community structure; Germ-free; Gut microbiome; Humanized mice; Microbiota