title: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with domestic sewage: estimation of bathing-associated disease risks.
abstract: Sewage is a major contributor to pollution problems involving human pathogens in tropical coastal areas. This study investigated the occurrence of intestinal protozoan parasites (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) in tropical recreational marine waters contaminated with sewage. The potential risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection from recreational water exposure were estimated from the levels of viable (oo) cysts (DIC+, DAPI+, PI-) found in near-shore swimming areas using an exponential dose response model. A Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis was performed in order to determine the probability distribution of risks. Microbial indicators of recreational water quality (enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and genetic markers of sewage pollution (human-specific Bacteroidales marker [HF183] and Clostridium coccoides) were simultaneously evaluated in order to estimate the extent of water quality deterioration associated with human wastes. The study revealed the potential risk of parasite infections via primary contact with tropical marine waters contaminated with sewage; higher risk estimates for Giardia than for Cryptosporidium were found. Mean risks estimated by Monte Carlo were below the U.S. EPA upper bound on recreational risk of 0.036 for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis for both children and adults. However, 95th percentile estimates for giardiasis for children exceeded the 0.036 level. Environmental surveillance of microbial pathogens is crucial in order to control and eradicate the effects that increasing anthropogenic impacts have on marine ecosystems and human health.
authors: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology and Cell Biology Center, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Km 11 Carretera Panamericana, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Electronic address: walter.betancourt@fulbrightmail.org.
authors: Walter Q
authors: WQ
authors: Betancourt
authors: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology and Cell Biology Center, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Km 11 Carretera Panamericana, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
authors: Diana C
authors: DC
authors: Duarte
authors: Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology and Cell Biology Center, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Km 11 Carretera Panamericana, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.
authors: Rosa C
authors: RC
authors: Vásquez
authors: Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Electronic address: plg28@drexel.edu.
authors: Patrick L
authors: PL
authors: Gurian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001493:Bathing Beaches; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology; D005843:Geography; D005872:Giardia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005873:Giardiasis; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011998:Recreation; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage; D014687:Venezuela; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
keywords: Marine waters; Parasites; Recreation; Risks; Sewage; Tropics