title: Triple negative breast cancer in a poor resource setting in North-Western Tanzania: a preliminary study of 52 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the second leading cancer worldwide. In Tanzania, though it ranks as the second leading cancer in women after cervical cancer, hormonal receptor status is not carried out routinely in patients. Adjuvant hormonal therapy is given without prior knowledge of hormonal receptors status and patients can incur unnecessary costs and side effects. This study was performed to investigate the expression of hormonal receptors, epidermal growth factor receptors (HER-2) and proliferation index of the breast cancer by Ki-67 in a few selected patients with breast cancer at referral hospital in North-Western Tanzania. The study classified breast cancer subtypes based on hormonal receptors status and the expression of epidermal growth factor receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 52 cases of breast cancer were investigated. Patients' mean age at diagnosis was 49 years. The majority of the tumors was invasive ductal carcinoma 47 (90.4%) and 40 (76.9%) were of histological grade III. Thirty-eight (73.1%) of the patient had lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis and 36 (69.2%) were at clinical stage III. Only 3 (5.8%) patients were in clinical stage I. There was a tendency of a low level of expression of the receptors, whereby Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive tumors were 17 (32.7%), progesterone receptor (PR) positive tumors were 22 (42.3%), and HER-2 positive tumors were 12 (23.1%). Triple negative tumors constituted 20 (38.4%) of the patients. Most of the tumors (75%) showed high proliferation by Ki-67. Lymph node metastasis was more common in Triple Negative and HER enriched tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a tendency for a low level of expression of hormonal receptors. There was a significant proportion of Triple Negative breast cancers. Routine testing for hormonal receptors in breast cancer is recommended before the initiation of adjuvant hormonal therapy.
authors: Pathology Department, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences-Bugando, Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania. prambau@bugando.ac.tz.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Rambau
authors: Nestory
authors: N
authors: Masalu
authors: Kahima
authors: K
authors: Jackson
authors: Philipo
authors: P
authors: Chalya
authors: Patrizia
authors: P
authors: Serra
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Bravaccini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013636:Tanzania; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone