title: Role of negative affects in pathophysiology and clinical expression of irritable bowel syndrome.
abstract: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is regarded as a multifactorial disease in which alterations in the brain-gut axis signaling play a major role. The biopsychosocial model applied to the understanding of IBS pathophysiology assumes that psychosocial factors, interacting with peripheral/central neuroendocrine and immune changes, may induce symptoms of IBS, modulate symptom severity, influence illness experience and quality of life, and affect outcome. The present review focuses on the role of negative affects, including depression, anxiety, and anger, on pathogenesis and clinical expression of IBS. The potential role of the autonomic nervous system, stress-hormone system, and immune system in the pathophysiology of both negative affects and IBS are taken into account. Psychiatric comorbidity and subclinical variations in levels of depression, anxiety, and anger are further discussed in relation to the main pathophysiological and symptomatic correlates of IBS, such as sensorimotor functions, gut microbiota, inflammation/immunity, and symptom reporting.
authors: Maria Rosaria A Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Giuseppe Scimeca, Gianluca Pandolfo, Rocco A Zoccali, Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors: Maria Rosaria A
authors: MR
authors: Muscatello
authors: Maria Rosaria A Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Giuseppe Scimeca, Gianluca Pandolfo, Rocco A Zoccali, Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Bruno
authors: Maria Rosaria A Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Giuseppe Scimeca, Gianluca Pandolfo, Rocco A Zoccali, Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Scimeca
authors: Maria Rosaria A Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Giuseppe Scimeca, Gianluca Pandolfo, Rocco A Zoccali, Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Pandolfo
authors: Maria Rosaria A Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Giuseppe Scimeca, Gianluca Pandolfo, Rocco A Zoccali, Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
authors: Rocco A
authors: RA
authors: Zoccali
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000294:innervation*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Anger; Anxiety; Brain-gut axis; Depression; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Irritable bowel syndrome; Microbiota; Mood disorders; Neuroticism; Stress