title: Population pharmacokinetics of methadone hydrochloride after a single intramuscular administration in adult Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the population pharmacokinetics of methadone in deer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective non-randomized experimental trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy adult sika deer (nine males and three females).
  
  
  METHODS
  Deer received intramuscular administration of racemic methadone hydrochloride at 0.5 mg kg(-1) or 1 mg kg(-1) . Plasma methadone and its metabolite 2-Ethylidene-1,5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenyl-Pyrolidine (EDDP) concentrations were determined by validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods, at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was undertaken using a non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A two-compartment linear disposition model best described observed time-concentration profiles of methadone and EDDP. Population parameter estimates of methadone were elimination clearance (17.3 L hour(-1) ), metabolic clearance (34.6 L hour(-1) ), volume of distribution of compartment 1 (216.0 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 2 (384.0 L). Population parameter estimates of EDDP were elimination clearance (121.0 L hour(-1) ), volume of distribution of compartment 3 (1.08 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 4 (499.5 L). The total clearance and total volume of distribution of methadone and EDDP were 51.9 L hour(-1) , 121.0 L hour (-1) , 600.0 L and 500.6 L, respectively. The methadone terminal elimination half-life was 8.19 hours. No adverse effects were observed after methadone administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following intramuscular injection, methadone was characterized by a large total volume of distribution, high systemic clearance and intermediate terminal half-life in sika deer.
authors: Réserve de la Haute-Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Obterre, France.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Scala
authors: Amélie
authors: A
authors: Marsot
authors: Marie-Josée
authors: MJ
authors: Limoges
authors: Yann
authors: Y
authors: Locatelli
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Simon
authors: Jean-Claude
authors: JC
authors: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer; D005260:Female; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone
keywords: Cervus nippon nippon; Japanese sika deer; methadone; opioid analgesia; population pharmacokinetics