title: Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Patient Perceptions of Empowerment Scale (PPES).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Patient Perceptions of Empowerment Scale (PPES) and to perform a cross-cultural validity assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional survey, 554 inpatients in three general hospitals in northern Taiwan were recruited. Principal component analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the measurement model of the Chinese version of the PPES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analyses supported the presence of a second-order four-factor model (information, decision, individual, and self-management) of the Chinese version of the PPES when used with a Taiwanese inpatient population. The results indicate that the 11-item, second-order, four-factor Chinese version of the PPES provided best goodness-of-fit for the data in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 11-item four-factor Chinese version of the PPES is a self-completion scale. This study demonstrated that the Chinese version of the PPES is a reliable and valid self-report instrument for the assessment of patient perceptions of empowerment in clinical practice. Further adaptation and evaluation of the scale will hopefully stimulate further studies on PPES in the fields of psychometrics in Taiwan.
authors: Graduate Institute of Health Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
authors: Mei-Yu
authors: 0000-0002-3965-5368
authors: MY
authors: Yeh
authors: Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan.
authors: Sieh-Hwa
authors: SH
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Research and Education, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan.
authors: Tao-Hsin
authors: 0000-0003-2097-8375
authors: TH
authors: Tung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult