title: Expression of ProEx C in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ProEx C is an antibody cocktail targeting the expression of topoisomerase IIα and minichromosome maintenance protein-2. Both these proteins are over-expressed in the cell nucleus during aberrant S-phase induction of neoplastic cells, which leads to cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine whether ProEx C expression can detect primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty one fine needle aspiration cell blocks (CB) with metastatic UC were identified. Immunohistochemical staining for ProEx C and thrombomodulin was performed. Additionally, staining for Pro Ex C was also performed in tissue microarrays (TMA) of 46 cases of primary UC and carcinomas from colon (80), stomach (31), pancreas (33), liver (92), ovary (24), endometrium (25), breast (60), lung (27), kidney (32), and prostate (44), as well as melanoma (22). Nuclear staining of ProEx C and membrane staining of thrombomodulin in at least 10% tumor cells was considered a positive result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both ProEx C and thrombomodulin have similar sensitivity for metastatic UC (84% vs. 77%, p=0.75; whereas ProEx C yielded a higher sensitivity of 93% for primary UC than thrombomodulin (72%, p=0.01). In addition to UC, ProEx C is also expressed in most of the malignant neoplasms tested in our TMA study, and has the highest sensitivity in colon and stomach carcinomas (94%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ProEx C has high sensitivity for UC. However, it is also expressed in carcinomas of colon, stomach, breast, and lung carcinomas and may not be a useful marker for workup of metastatic UC.
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Lian
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Cynthia
authors: C
authors: Cohen
authors: Momin T
authors: MT
authors: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009928:Organ Specificity; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C084859:MCM2 protein, human; D064111:Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II
keywords: ProEx C; thrombomodulin; tissue microarray; urine; urothelial carcinoma