title: Serum sCD163 levels are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and are influenced by coffee and wine consumption: results of the Di@bet.es study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum levels of soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and its scavenger receptor CD163 (sCD163) have been linked to insulin resistance. We analysed the usefulness of these cytokines as biomarkers of type 2 diabetes in a Spanish cohort, together with their relationship to food consumption in the setting of the Di@bet.es study.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional, matched case-control study of 514 type 2 diabetes subjects and 517 controls with a Normal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (NOGTT), using data from the Di@bet.es study. Study variables included clinical and demographic structured survey, food frequency questionnaire and physical examination. Serum concentrations of sTWEAK and sCD163 were measured by ELISA. Linear regression analysis determined which variables were related to sTWEAK and sCD163 levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odd ratios of presenting type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sCD163 concentrations and sCD163/sTWEAK ratio were 11.0% and 15.0% higher, respectively, (P<0.001) in type 2 diabetes than in controls. Following adjustment for various confounders, the OR for presenting type 2 diabetes in subjects in the highest vs the lowest tertile of sCD163 was [(OR), 2,01 (95%CI, 1,46-2,97); P for trend <0.001]. Coffee and red wine consumption was negatively associated with serum levels of sCD163 (P = 0.0001 and; P = 0.002 for coffee and red wine intake, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High circulating levels of sCD163 are associated with type 2 diabetes in the Spanish population. The association between coffee and red wine intake and these biomarkers deserves further study to confirm its potential role in type 2 diabetes.
authors: UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Gemma
authors: G
authors: Rojo-Martínez
authors: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Elsa
authors: E
authors: Maymó-Masip
authors: CIBERObn Fisiopatología, Obesidad y Nutrición, Institut D'investigacio Biomedica De Girona Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
authors: M Mar
authors: MM
authors: Rodríguez
authors: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Solano
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Goday
authors: UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Soriguer
authors: UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Valdés
authors: Genotyping and Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Fundación de Investigación del Hospital Clínico de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Felipe Javier
authors: FJ
authors: Chaves
authors: Departamento de Medicina-Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors: Elías
authors: E
authors: Delgado
authors: UGCI de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Natalia
authors: N
authors: Colomo
authors: Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Hernández
authors: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Vendrell
authors: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors: Matilde R
authors: MR
authors: Chacón
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood*; D003069:Coffee; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D012995:Solubility; D013030:Spain; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000097:blood; D014920:Wine; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D003069:Coffee; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors