title: Turned windrow composting of cow manure as appropriate technology for zero discharge of mulberry pulp wastewater.
abstract: Turned windrow composting was investigated as appropriate technology for recycling the wastewater (excluding black liquor) from mulberry pulp and paper handicrafts. Two exterior turned windrows (1.5 m width x 1.5 m height x 2.0 m length) with dry leaves/cow manure/sawdust wet weight ratios of 60:40:0 (Pile A) and 55:40:5 (Pile B) were used for the investigation. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of the compost were examined and a phytotoxicity analysis was performed. A soil incubation test and an informal focus group discussion were also conducted. The results revealed that while both piles met the regulatory processing requirements for further reduced pathogens (>or= 55 degrees C for 15 days or longer), the operation without sawdust (Pile A) not only significantly enhanced the thermophilic temperature regime (P < 0.05) but also yielded the highest amount (1.4 m3 ton-1 pile) of wastewater elimination during the first 2 months of composting. It was found that the constant rates of degradation were 0.006 day- 1 (Pile A) and 0.003 day-1 (Pile B), and no pronounced statistically significant difference in N losses was found (P > 0.05). The germination index of two plant species in both piles varied between 126% and 230% throughout the experiment, and no pronounced differences (P > 0.05) among the samples were found. Addition of the compost significantly improved soil organic matter and pH (7-8), as well as reduced the loss of NO3-N. Local discussion groups were initiated to evaluate the cost-benefits, the potential of wastewater removal, the cooperation of community users and supporters, the compost quality and the potential compost market.
authors: Banjarata
authors: B
authors: Jolanun
authors: Chompoonuch
authors: C
authors: Kaewkam
authors: Orapin
authors: O
authors: Bauoon
authors: Chart
authors: C
authors: Chiemchaisri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D008372:Manure; D031625:Morus; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D059027:Recycling; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D009584:Nitrogen; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater