title: Racial disparities in urologist visits among elderly men with prostate cancer: a cohort analysis of patient-related and county of residence-related factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors contributing to the lower likelihood of urologist follow-up among African American (AA) men diagnosed with prostate cancer may not be strictly related to patient factors. The authors investigated the relationship between crime, poverty, and poor housing, among others, and postdiagnosis urologist visits among AA and white men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used linked cancer registry and Medicare claims data from 1999 through 2007 for men diagnosed with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I to III prostate cancer. The USA Counties and County Business Patterns data sets provided county-level data. Variance components models reported the percentage of variation attributed to county of residence. Postdiagnosis urologist visits for AA and white men were investigated using logistic and modified Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65,635 patients were identified; 87% of whom were non-Hispanic white and 9.3% of whom were non-Hispanic AA. Approximately 16% of men diagnosed with stage I to III prostate cancer did not visit a urologist within 1 year after diagnosis (22% of AA men and 15% of white men). County of residence accounted for 10% of the variation in the visit outcome (13% for AA men and 10% for white men). AA men were more likely to live in counties ranked highest in terms of poverty, occupied housing units with no telephone, and crime. AA men were less likely to see a urologist (odds ratio, 0.65 [95% confidence interval, 0.6-0.71]; rate ratio, 0.94 [95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.95]). The sign and magnitude of the coefficients for the county-level measures differed across race-specific regression models of urologist visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among older men diagnosed with stage I to III prostate cancer, the social environment appears to contribute to some of the disparities in postdiagnosis urologist visits between AA and white men.
authors: Pharmaceutical Health Services Research Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Eberechukwu
authors: E
authors: Onukwugha
authors: Phillip
authors: P
authors: Osteen
authors: Jinani
authors: J
authors: Jayasekera
authors: C Daniel
authors: CD
authors: Mullins
authors: Christine A
authors: CA
authors: Mair
authors: Arif
authors: A
authors: Hussain
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003415:Crime; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D011203:Poverty; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
keywords: disparities; prostate cancer; social environment; urologist