title: Cooperation and conflict in host manipulation: interactions among macro-parasites and micro-organisms.
abstract: Several parasite species are known to manipulate the phenotype of their hosts in ways that enhance their own transmission. Co-occurrence of manipulative parasites, belonging to the same species or to more than one species, in a single host has been regularly observed. Little is known, however, on interactions between co-occurring manipulative parasites with same or different transmission routes. Several models addressing this problem have provided predictions on how cooperation and conflict between parasites could emerge from multiple infections. Here, we review the empirical evidence in favor of the existence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions between co-occurring parasites, and highlight the neglected role of micro-organisms. We particularly discuss the actual importance of selective forces shaping the evolution of interactions between manipulative parasites in relation to parasite prevalence in natural populations, efficiency in manipulation, and type of transmission (i.e., horizontal versus vertical), and we emphasize the potential for future research.
authors: Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Strasbourg, France.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Cézilly
authors: Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France.
authors: Marie-Jeanne
authors: MJ
authors: Perrot-Minnot
authors: Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne Dijon, France.
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Rigaud
keywords: extended phenotype; horizontal transmission; host manipulation; multidimensionality; trophic transmission; vertical transmission