title: Infections after reconstructions of anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions are rare, but, on the other hand, they are difficult to be treated. The aim of this study was to analyze causes of infections, risk factors, diagnostics, and possibilities of their prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen deep infections (1.2%) were found in 1425 patients who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Fifteen patients were males and two were females. Out of 475 professional athletes nine (1.9%) had this postoperative complication. Eleven patients with septic arthritis were allergic to penicillin. Three of them had immunosuppressive diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in eleven cases (65%), other Staphylococcus and Streptococcus groups were found in four and three patients, respectively; while one patient had infection although the punctate was negative. Out of 965 patients with the patellar tendon grafts, ten (1.03%) had this complication, while the incidence was 1.52% (7/460) in those with the hamstring grafts. Fifteen infections were acute with obvious symptoms within 14 days after surgery. Severe pain, limited range of motion, swelling of the knee joint and fever were the most common symptoms, while rubor and pus developed rarely. The infection was three times more frequent in the patients who had undergone surgery lasting more than 1.5 hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The following population groups are at risk of developing septic arthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: professional athletes, those who are allergic to penicillin, and those with immunosuppressive diseases. Staphyllococus aureus is the most common cause of infection. The patients with the hamstring autografts have a higher risk than those with the patellar tendon grafts. Preventive measures that should be performed include aseptic conditions in operative rooms, irrigation of the graft before its placement into the bone tunnels, experience of surgeon and proper antibiotics.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Ristić
authors: Mirsad
authors: M
authors: Maljanović
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Harhaji
authors: Miroslav
authors: M
authors: Milankov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010406:Penicillins / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D010406:Penicillins