title: Effect of time pressure on attentional shift and anticipatory postural control during unilateral shoulder abduction reactions in an oddball-like paradigm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of time pressure on attentional shift and anticipatory postural control was investigated during unilateral shoulder abduction reactions in an oddball-like paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cue signal (S1) - imperative signal (S2) sequence was repeated with various S2-S1 intervals (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 s). S2 comprised target and non-target stimuli presented at the position (9° to the left or the right) indicated by S1. Right shoulder abduction was performed only in response to target stimuli, which were presented with a 30% probability. The P1, N1, N2, and P3 components of event-related potentials were analyzed, and onset times of postural muscles (electromyographic activity of erector spinae and gluteus medius) were quantified with respect to middle deltoid activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant effect of S2-S1 interval on the latency or amplitude of P1, N1, or N2. The percentage of subjects with bimodal P3 peaks was significantly smaller and the slope of the P3 waveform in the 100 ms after the first peak was significantly steeper with a 1.0-s S2-S1 interval than with a 1.5- or 2.0-s S2-S1 interval. The onset of postural muscle activity was significantly later in the shorter interval conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that with a shorter S2-S1 interval, that is, higher time pressure, attention was allocated to hasten the latter part of cognitive processing that may relate to attentional shift from S2 to next S1, which led to insufficient postural preparation associated with arm movement and anticipatory attention directed to S2.
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Anan
authors: Department of Human Movement and Health, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. fujikatu@med.m.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Katsuo
authors: K
authors: Fujiwara
authors: Chie
authors: C
authors: Yaguchi
authors: Naoe
authors: N
authors: Kiyota
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult