title: The evolutionary dynamics of influenza A and B viruses in the tropical city of Managua, Nicaragua.
abstract: Despite mounting evidence of the high disease burden of influenza in tropical regions, relatively little viral sequence data is available from tropical countries in the Western hemisphere. To understand the evolutionary dynamics of influenza A and B viruses in Managua, Nicaragua, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 1956 influenza viruses, including 335 collected for this study during 2007-2010 from a population-based cohort in Managua. North America was consistently identified as the most significant source of influenza virus diversity in Managua, although South America and Mexico were important viral sources during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic. The low number of viral introductions of Central American origin may reflect differences in the seasonality of influenza in Nicaragua versus neighboring countries, and underscores the need for additional data in this understudied region.
authors: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, 16 Center Drive, Building 16, Room 202, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: nelsonma@mail.nih.gov.
authors: Martha I
authors: MI
authors: Nelson
authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua.
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Balmaseda
authors: Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua.
authors: Guillermina
authors: G
authors: Kuan
authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua.
authors: Saira
authors: S
authors: Saborio
authors: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors: Xudong
authors: X
authors: Lin
authors: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors: Rebecca A
authors: RA
authors: Halpin
authors: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors: Timothy B
authors: TB
authors: Stockwell
authors: J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Wentworth
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, USA.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Harris
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, USA; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Electronic address: aubreegordon@berkeley.edu.
authors: Aubree
authors: A
authors: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009527:Nicaragua / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Central America; Evolution; Influenza; Molecular epidemiology