title: Severity of birth defects after propylthiouracil exposure in early pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propylthiouracil (PTU) used in the treatment of maternal hyperthyroidism in early pregnancy may be associated with a higher prevalence of birth defects in the face and neck region and in the urinary system but the severity of these complications remains to be elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of hospital-registered cases of birth defects in the face and neck region and in the urinary system after PTU exposure in early pregnancy. We obtained information on maternal redeemed prescription of PTU and child diagnosis of birth defect from nationwide registers for all children born in Denmark between 1996 and 2008 (n=817,093). The children were followed until December 31, 2010 (median age, 8.3 years) and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for having a birth defect after PTU exposure versus nonexposed children (n=811,730).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen cases of birth defects were identified in the face and neck region and in the urinary system after PTU exposure in early pregnancy; 11 children were exposed to PTU only (n=564), whereas 3 children were born to mothers who switched from methimazole (MMI)/carbimazole (CMZ) to PTU in early pregnancy (n=159). Among children exposed to PTU only, the adjusted HR for having a birth defect in the face and neck region was 4.92 (95% CI 2.04-11.86) and in the urinary system 2.73 (1.22-6.07). Looking into details of the 14 cases, 7 children were diagnosed with a birth defect in the face and neck region (preauricular and branchial sinus/fistula/cyst) and 7 children had a birth defect in the urinary system (single cyst of kidney and hydronephrosis). Surgical treatment was registered in 6 of the cases with a birth defect in the face and neck region and 3 of the cases with a birth defect in the urinary system. Two of the children with a birth defect in the urinary system also had other birth defects (genital organs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report details on possible PTU-associated birth defects. They tend to be less severe than the defects observed after MMI/CMZ exposure. Yet, the majority of affected children had to undergo surgery.
authors: 1 Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg, Denmark .
authors: Stine Linding
authors: SL
authors: Andersen
authors: Jørn
authors: J
authors: Olsen
authors: Chun Sen
authors: CS
authors: Wu
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Laurberg
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013956:Antithyroid Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011441:Propylthiouracil / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D013956:Antithyroid Agents; D011441:Propylthiouracil