title: Antimicrobial preservatives induce aggregation of interferon alpha-2a: the order in which preservatives induce protein aggregation is independent of the protein.
abstract: Antimicrobial preservatives (APs) are included in liquid multi-dose protein formulations to combat the growth of microbes and bacteria. These compounds have been shown to cause protein aggregation, which leads to serious immunogenic and toxic side-effects in patients. Our earlier work on a model protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) demonstrated that APs cause protein aggregation in a specific manner. The aim of this study is to validate the conclusions obtained from our model protein studies on a pharmaceutical protein. Interferon α-2a (IFNA2) is available as a therapeutic treatment for numerous immune-compromised disorders including leukemia and hepatitis C, and APs have been used in its multi-dose formulation. Similar to Cyt c, APs induced IFNA2 aggregation, demonstrated by the loss of soluble monomer and increase in solution turbidity. The extent of IFNA2 aggregation increased with the increase in AP concentration. IFNA2 aggregation also depended on the nature of AP, and followed the order m-cresol>phenol>benzyl alcohol>phenoxyethanol. This specific order exactly matched with that observed for the model protein Cyt c. These and previously published results on antibodies and other recombinant proteins suggest that the general mechanism by which APs induce protein aggregation may be independent of the protein.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors: Regina L
authors: RL
authors: Bis
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E Montview Blvd, C238, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. Electronic address: Krishna.mallela@ucdenver.edu.
authors: Krishna M G
authors: KM
authors: Mallela
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058491:Bacterial Load; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D003408:Cresols / Q000737:chemistry; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000737:chemistry*; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066329:Protein Aggregates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003408:Cresols; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D000077190:Interferon alpha-2; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D066329:Protein Aggregates; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C032538:4-cresol; D019800:Phenol; C005398:phenoxyethanol; D019905:Benzyl Alcohol
keywords: Aggregation; Antimicrobial preservatives; Benzyl alcohol; Formulation; Interferon alpha-2a; Phenol; Phenoxyethanol; Preservatives; m-Cresol