title: Optimization of culture conditions (sucrose, pH, and photoperiod) for in vitro regeneration and early detection of somaclonal variation in ginger lime (Citrus assamensis).
abstract: Various explants (stem, leaf, and root) of Citrus assamensis were cultured on MS media supplemented with various combinations and concentrations (0.5-2.0 mg L(-1)) of NAA and BAP. Optimum shoot and root regeneration were obtained from stem cultures supplemented with 1.5 mg L(-1) NAA and 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP, respectively. Explant type affects the success of tissue culture of this species, whereby stem explants were observed to be the most responsive. Addition of 30 gL(-1) sucrose and pH of 5.8 was most optimum for in vitro regeneration of this species. Photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness was most optimum for shoot regeneration, but photoperiod of 24 hours of darkness was beneficial for production of callus. The morphology (macro and micro) and anatomy of in vivo and in vitro/ex vitro Citrus assamensis were also observed to elucidate any irregularities (or somaclonal variation) that may arise due to tissue culture protocols. Several minor micromorphological and anatomical differences were observed, possibly due to stress of tissue culture, but in vitro plantlets are expected to revert back to normal phenotype following full adaptation to the natural environment.
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Jamilah Syafawati
authors: JS
authors: Yaacob
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Noraini
authors: N
authors: Mahmad
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Rosna
authors: R
authors: Mat Taha
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Normadiha
authors: N
authors: Mohamed
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Anis Idayu
authors: AI
authors: Mad Yussof
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Faculty of Applied Science, MARA University of Technology, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Azani
authors: A
authors: Saleh
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002957:Citrus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008027:Light; D017440:Photoperiod; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013395:Sucrose