title: Numerical evaluation of image homogeneity, signal-to-noise ratio, and specific absorption rate for human brain imaging at 1.5, 3, 7, 10.5, and 14T in an 8-channel transmit/receive array.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To predict signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) trends and absorbed energy in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain up to 14T.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human head in an eight-channel transmit/receive coil was simulated with Maxwell and Bloch equations to determine excitation homogeneity with radiofrequency (RF) shimming, image homogeneity, SNR, and absorbed energy in MRI from 1.5 to 14T considering realistic field distributions and relaxation properties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF shimming alone achieved a standard deviation in excitation flip angle less than 10° in mid-brain up to 14T, but produced a small region with low excitation on a lower slice. Current reconstruction methods may produce shading artifacts at 14T. SNR increases with a greater-than-linear rate for gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences having short (2 msec) echo time (TE) and long relaxation time (TR) (∼2.3-fold increase from 7T to 14T), but a less-than-linear rate if TE is 10 msec (∼1.6-fold increase from 7T to 14T). Depending on the sequence, SNR per square root of imaging time may produce a less-than-linear increase with B0 . Whole-head absorbed energy shows a less-than-quadratic increase with B0 (1.7-fold increase from 7T to 14T).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerical simulations indicate that with proper preparation and precautions, imaging of the human brain at up to 14T could be performed safely, with advantages in SNR.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors: Zhipeng
authors: Z
authors: Cao
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Zang-Hee
authors: ZH
authors: Cho
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Collins
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
keywords: Bloch simulation; FDTD; RF heating; SAR; high-field MRI; signal-to-noise ratio