title: PEEK surface treatment effects on tensile bond strength to veneering resins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) can be used as a framework material for fixed dental prostheses. However, information about the durable bond to veneering resins is still scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical treatments of PEEK on tensile bond strength (TBS) to veneering resins with special emphasis on surface free energy (SFE) and surface roughness (SR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-hundred fifty PEEK specimens were fabricated and divided into the following 3 pretreatment groups (n=250/group): etching with sulfuric acid for 60 seconds, etching with piranha acid for 30 seconds, and an unetched control. After pretreatment, SFE was determined by using contact angle measurements and SR with a profilometer (n=10/group). The topography of pretreated PEEK surfaces was examined with scanning electron microscopy. Remaining specimens (n=240 per group) were conditioned with visio.link or Signum PEEK Bond, or were left untreated as the control group. Half of each group was veneered with Sinfony or VITA VM LC (n=40/group), and TBS was measured after storage in distilled water at 37°C for either 24 hours or 60 days. Data were analyzed by 4-way and 1-way ANOVA followed by the Scheffé post hoc test and chi-square test (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PEEK specimens etched with sulfuric acid resulted in higher SFE and SR than specimens without pretreatment or etching with piranha acid. Etching with sulfuric acid or piranha acid led to no general recommendations with respect to TBS. Conditioning with visio.link or Signum PEEK Bond significantly increased the TBS (P<.001). PEEK veneered with Sinfony showed significantly higher TBS values than those veneered with VITA VM LC (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sufficient TBS for bonding to veneering resin can only be achieved when additional adhesive materials were applied.
authors: Senior Materials Scientist, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: bogna.stawarczyk@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors: Bogna
authors: B
authors: Stawarczyk
authors: Dentist, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Jordan
authors: Head of Discipline of Periodontology, Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Patrick R
authors: PR
authors: Schmidlin
authors: Senior Statistician, Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Malgorzata
authors: M
authors: Roos
authors: Dental Technician, Department of Prosthodontics, Munich Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Marlis
authors: M
authors: Eichberger
authors: Professor and Chairman of Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Gernet
authors: Dentist, Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Keul
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D001577:Benzophenones; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000295:instrumentation; D003801:Dental Veneers; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D020366:Methylmethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C477352:Sinfony composite resin; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; D014867:Water; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D020366:Methylmethacrylate; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C033158:sulfuric acid; C022088:silicon carbide