title: Intramuscular connective tissue differences in spastic and control muscle: a mechanical and histological study.
abstract: Cerebral palsy (CP) of the spastic type is a neurological disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks. Secondary to the spasticity, muscle adaptation is presumed to contribute to limitations in the passive range of joint motion. However, the mechanisms underlying these limitations are unknown. Using biopsies, we compared mechanical as well as histological properties of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) from CP patients (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 10). The sarcomere slack length (mean 2.5 µm, SEM 0.05) and slope of the normalized sarcomere length-tension characteristics of spastic fascicle segments and single myofibre segments were not different from those of control muscle. Fibre type distribution also showed no significant differences. Fibre size was significantly smaller (1933 µm2, SEM 190) in spastic muscle than in controls (2572 µm2, SEM 322). However, our statistical analyses indicate that the latter difference is likely to be explained by age, rather than by the affliction. Quantities of endomysial and perimysial networks within biopsies of control and spastic muscle were unchanged with one exception: a significant thickening of the tertiary perimysium (3-fold), i.e. the connective tissue reinforcement of neurovascular tissues penetrating the muscle. Note that this thickening in tertiary perimysium was shown in the majority of CP patients, however a small number of patients (n = 4 out of 23) did not have this feature. These results are taken as indications that enhanced myofascial loads on FCU is one among several factors contributing in a major way to the aetiology of limitation of movement at the wrist in CP and the characteristic wrist position of such patients.
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Marije
authors: M
authors: de Bruin
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Smeulders
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands.
authors: Michiel
authors: M
authors: Kreulen
authors: Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Huijing
authors: Laboratory for Myology, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Richard T
authors: RT
authors: Jaspers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009129:Muscle Tonus; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical