title: Design, development and implementation of a surgical simulation pathway curriculum for biliary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The initial focus of simulation in surgical education was to provide instruction in procedural tasks and technical skills. Recently, the importance of instruction in nontechnical areas, such as communication and teamwork, was realized. On rotation, the surgical resident requires proficiency in both technical and non-technical skills through the entire patient care pathway, i.e., pre-, intra- and postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  The focus was upon implementation of a biliary disease-based surgical simulation curriculum. The cornerstones of this module were clinical care pathway simulation sessions, at the commencement and conclusion of the 3 days. Each resident completed a simulated outpatient encounter with a standardized patient (SP) presenting with biliary colic, performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a porcine model in a simulated operating room and completed an uncomplicated follow-up visit with the same SP. Assessments of resident performance were collected for every pathway scenario using standardized assessment forms approved by the American Board of Surgery. Additional formative sessions included hands-on, didactic and SP encounter sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biliary surgical simulation pathway curriculum was successful implemented over the course of a 3-day, immersive module. The curriculum was delivered within the Penn Medicine Clinical Simulation Center and accommodated six junior surgical resident learners. The curriculum was divided into 4-h sessions, each led by a department faculty member. The cost of the implementation approximated $17,500 (USD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is imperative that surgical residents undergo simulation training directly linked to their hospital responsibilities so as to provide immediate performance improvement and reduce errors in the clinical environment. This pathway curriculum has successfully shown the feasibility to implement this novel approach to surgical simulation for junior resident training at an academic medical center. Such a patient-focused approach to surgical simulation should lead to higher-quality training for residents and supports the use of this pathway curriculum in the future.
authors: Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 4 Silverstein Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA, joseph.buchholz@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Buchholz
authors: Charles M
authors: CM
authors: Vollmer
authors: Kiyoyuki W
authors: KW
authors: Miyasaka
authors: Denise
authors: D
authors: Lamarra
authors: Rajesh
authors: R
authors: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D013552:Swine