title: Development and evaluation of a sensitive mycotoxin risk assessment model (MYCORAM).
abstract: The differential risk of exposure to fumonisin (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxins to the South African population, residing in the nine Provinces was assessed during a cross-sectional grain consumer survey. The relative per capita maize intake (g/day) was stratified by gender, ethnicity, and Province and the probable daily intake (PDI) for each mycotoxin (ng/kg body weight/day) calculated utilizing SPECIAL and SUPER dry milled maize fractions representing different exposure scenarios. Men consumed on an average more maize (173 g/day) than women (142 g/day) whereas the black African ethnic group had the highest intake (279 g/day) followed by the Colored group (169 g/day) with the Asian/Indian and White groups consuming lower quantities of 101 and 80 g/day, respectively. The estimated mean PDIs for the various subgroups and Provinces, utilizing the different dry milled maize fractions, were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for each mycotoxin. A distinct and more sensitive mycotoxin risk assessment model (MYCORAM) for exposure, stratified by Province and ethnicity were developed utilizing specific maize intake increments (g/kg body weight/day) that provides information on the percentage of the population exposed above the PMTDI for each mycotoxin. Evaluation of the MYCORAM utilizing commercial and EXPERIMENTALLY DERIVED: SPECIAL milling fractions, containing predefined mycotoxins levels, predicts the percentage of maize consumers exposed above the respective PMTDI. Safety modeling using the MYCORAM could also predict a maximum tolerated level adequate to safeguard all South African maize consumers including the most vulnerable groups.
authors: Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa burgerh@cput.ac.za.
authors: Hester-Mari
authors: HM
authors: Burger
authors: School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences: Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors: Martani J
authors: MJ
authors: Lombard
authors: Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
authors: Gordon S
authors: GS
authors: Shephard
authors: Department Agricultural and Food Sciences, Programme: Consumer Sciences: Food and Nutrition, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
authors: Natasha
authors: N
authors: Danster-Christians
authors: Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
authors: Wentzel C A
authors: WC
authors: Gelderblom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D005516:Food Microbiology; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013020:South America; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D037341:Fumonisins; D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: South Africa; maize consumers; mycotoxins exposure; probable daily intakes; risk assessment model