title: Influenza vaccination accelerates recovery of ferrets from lymphopenia.
abstract: Ferrets are a useful animal model for human influenza virus infections, since they closely mimic the pathogenesis of influenza viruses observed in humans. However, a lack of reagents, especially for flow cytometry of immune cell subsets, has limited research in this model. Here we use a panel of primarily species cross-reactive antibodies to identify ferret T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), B cells, and granulocytes in peripheral blood. Following infection with seasonal H3N2 or H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses, these cell types showed rapid and dramatic changes in frequency, even though clinically the infections were mild. The loss of B cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the increase in neutrophils, were especially marked 1-2 days after infection, when about 90% of CD8+ T cells disappeared from the peripheral blood. The different virus strains led to different kinetics of leukocyte subset alterations. Vaccination with homologous vaccine reduced clinical symptoms slightly, but led to a much more rapid return to normal leukocyte parameters. Assessment of clinical symptoms may underestimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in restoring homeostasis.
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Nedzad
authors: N
authors: Music
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Adrian J
authors: AJ
authors: Reber
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Aleksandr S
authors: AS
authors: Lipatov
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Ram P
authors: RP
authors: Kamal
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Kristy
authors: K
authors: Blanchfield
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Jason R
authors: JR
authors: Wilson
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Ruben O
authors: RO
authors: Donis
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Jacqueline M
authors: JM
authors: Katz
authors: Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
authors: Ian A
authors: IA
authors: York
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D005289:Ferrets / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines