title: Evaluating the hematoma block as an adjunct to procedural sedation for closed reduction of distal forearm fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although procedural sedation using intravenous agents is highly effective for forearm fracture reduction, the process is both resource and time intensive. Our objective was to determine whether the use of a hematoma block as an adjunct to procedural sedation with ketamine and midazolam reduces (1) pain during the procedure (scored using the Observational Score for Behavioral Distress-Revised score) or (2) the excess sedation time, defined by the time between procedure completion and discharge from sedation. Our secondary outcome measure was total ketamine dose administered during the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Before fracture reduction, children 3 to 17 years of age randomly received 2% lidocaine (L) or normal saline (NS) into the hematoma of their fracture site during sedation with intravenous ketamine and midazolam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety patients were randomized: 50 to L and 40 to NS. The groups were similar with regard to age, sex, type of fracture, and prior administration of pain medication. Median Observational Score for Behavioral Distress-Revised scores were 1.11 and 1.69 for the L and NS groups, respectively (P = 0.23). Excess sedation time was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.36), with a median excess sedation time of 33.0 and 36.0 minutes for the L and NS groups, respectively. Mean ketamine dose administered was not different between the groups (P = 0.42). The mean total dose administered was 1.00 mg/kg and 1.07 mg/kg in the L and NS groups, respectively. Mean midazolam dose was 0.05 mg/kg for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a hematoma block as an adjunct to procedural sedation with ketamine and midazolam for forearm fracture reduction conferred no additional benefit and did not decrease observed pain scores, excess sedation time, or total ketamine dose administered.
authors: From the *Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI; †Department of Pediatrics and Division of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY; Departments of ‡Orthopedics, §Surgery, and ∥Pediatric Orthopedics and Scoliosis, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI.
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Constantine
authors: Daniel S
authors: DS
authors: Tsze
authors: Jason T
authors: JT
authors: Machan
authors: Craig P
authors: CP
authors: Eberson
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Linakis
authors: Dale W
authors: DW
authors: Steele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006406:Hematoma; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008874:Midazolam