title: Expected lifetime numbers and costs of fractures in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis in Germany: a discrete event simulation model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoporotic fractures cause a large health burden and substantial costs. This study estimated the expected fracture numbers and costs for the remaining lifetime of postmenopausal women in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  A discrete event simulation (DES) model which tracks changes in fracture risk due to osteoporosis, a previous fracture or institutionalization in a nursing home was developed. Expected lifetime fracture numbers and costs per capita were estimated for postmenopausal women (aged 50 and older) at average osteoporosis risk (AOR) and for those never suffering from osteoporosis. Direct and indirect costs were modeled. Deterministic univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expected fracture numbers over the remaining lifetime of a 50 year old woman with AOR for each fracture type (% attributable to osteoporosis) were: hip 0.282 (57.9%), wrist 0.229 (18.2%), clinical vertebral 0.206 (39.2%), humerus 0.147 (43.5%), pelvis 0.105 (47.5%), and other femur 0.033 (52.1%). Expected discounted fracture lifetime costs (excess cost attributable to osteoporosis) per 50 year old woman with AOR amounted to € 4,479 (€ 1,995). Most costs were accrued in the hospital € 1,743 (€ 751) and long-term care sectors € 1,210 (€ 620). Univariate sensitivity analysis resulted in percentage changes between -48.4% (if fracture rates decreased by 2% per year) and +83.5% (if fracture rates increased by 2% per year) compared to base case excess costs. Costs for women with osteoporosis were about 3.3 times of those never getting osteoporosis (€ 7,463 vs. € 2,247), and were markedly increased for women with a previous fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that osteoporosis causes a substantial share of fracture costs in postmenopausal women, which strongly increase with age and previous fractures.
authors: Department for Health Economics and Health Service Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr, 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. f.bleibler@uke.de.
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Bleibler
authors: Kilian
authors: K
authors: Rapp
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Jaensch
authors: Clemens
authors: C
authors: Becker
authors: Hans-Helmut
authors: HH
authors: König
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors