title: Metals for bone implants. Part 1. Powder metallurgy and implant rendering.
abstract: New metal alloys and metal fabrication strategies are likely to benefit future skeletal implant strategies. These metals and fabrication strategies were looked at from the point of view of standard-of-care implants for the mandible. These implants are used as part of the treatment for segmental resection due to oropharyngeal cancer, injury or correction of deformity due to pathology or congenital defect. The focus of this two-part review is the issues associated with the failure of existing mandibular implants that are due to mismatched material properties. Potential directions for future research are also studied. To mitigate these issues, the use of low-stiffness metallic alloys has been highlighted. To this end, the development, processing and biocompatibility of superelastic NiTi as well as resorbable magnesium-based alloys are discussed. Additionally, engineered porosity is reviewed as it can be an effective way of matching the stiffness of an implant with the surrounding tissue. These porosities and the overall geometry of the implant can be optimized for strain transduction and with a tailored stiffness profile. Rendering patient-specific, site-specific, morphology-specific and function-specific implants can now be achieved using these and other metals with bone-like material properties by additive manufacturing. The biocompatibility of implants prepared from superelastic and resorbable alloys is also reviewed.
authors: Department of Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 312, North Engineering 2045, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Mohsen Taheri
authors: MT
authors: Andani
authors: Department of Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 312, North Engineering 2045, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Narges
authors: N
authors: Shayesteh Moghaddam
authors: Department of Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 312, North Engineering 2045, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Haberland
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Dean
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Miller
authors: Department of Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 312, North Engineering 2045, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. Electronic address: mohammad.elahinia@utoledo.edu.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Elahinia
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium; D008334:Mandible; D008669:Metallurgy; D016062:Porosity; D011474:Prosthesis Design
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Additive manufacturing; Magnesium (Mg); Mandible; Nitinol (NiTi); Stress shielding