title: Induction of hairy roots by various strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes in different types of Capsicum species explants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens, also known as "chilies", belong to the Solanaceae family and have tremendous beneficial properties. The application of hairy root culture may become an alternative method for future development of these species by adding value, such as by increasing secondary metabolites and improving genetic and biochemical stability compared with normal Capsicum plants. Therefore, in this research, different types of explants of both species were infected with various Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains to provide more information about the morphology and induction efficiency of hairy roots. After 2 weeks of in vitro seed germination, young seedling explants were cut into three segments; the cotyledon, hypocotyl, and radical. Then, the explants were co-cultured with four isolated A. rhizogenes strains in Murashige & Skoog culture media (MS) containing decreasing carbenicillin disodium concentrations for one month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this experiment, thick and short hairy roots were induced at all induction sites of C. annuum while thin, elongated hairy roots appeared mostly at wound sites of C. frutescens. Overall, the hairy root induction percentages of C. frutescens were higher compared with C. annuum. Hairy root initiation was observed earliest using radicles (1st week), followed by cotyledons (2nd week), and hypocotyls (3rd week). Cotyledon explants of both species had the highest induction frequency with all strains compared with the other explants types. Strains ATCC 13333 and ATCC 15834 were the most favourable for C. frutescens while ATCC 43056 and ATCC 43057 were the most favourable for C. annuum. The interactions between the different explants and strains showed significant differences with p-values < 0.0001 in both Capsicum species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both Capsicum species were amenable to A. rhizogenes infection and hairy root induction is recommended for use as an alternative explants in future plant-based studies.
authors: Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. nursuriasetamam@yahoo.com.
authors: Nursuria
authors: N
authors: Md Setamam
authors: Norrizah
authors: N
authors: Jaafar Sidik
authors: Zainon
authors: Z
authors: Abdul Rahman
authors: Che Radziah
authors: CR
authors: Che Mohd Zain
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium / Q000502:physiology*; D002212:Capsicum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology