title: The pharmacist role in predicting and improving medication adherence in heart failure patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure is one of the most common reasons for hospital admissions in patients aged 65 years and older, with an estimated 1 million hospitalizations annually. In 2010, health care expenditures for heart failure were estimated to be $32 billion. Nonadherence to medications and lifestyle contributes to hospital admissions in up to one-third of patients. Efforts to reduce readmissions are of critical importance. Pharmacist involvement in the management of heart failure patients has been shown to reduce heart failure hospitalizations, with trends towards a reduction in mortality. Literature is scarce on instruments that clinicians can use to identify patients at risk for medication nonadherence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) describe factors that predict medication adherence for patients with heart failure, (b) evaluate the impact and value of pharmacist interventions on adherence and outcomes, and (c) assess tools to predict medication nonadherence in heart failure patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  From inception to September 2013, a search was conducted in the databases MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies for 3 separate searches, identifying predictors of medication adherence in heart failure patients, pharmacist involvement to impact medication adherence, and tools to predict medication nonadherence in this population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many significant predictors of both medication adherence and nonadherence have been identified in heart failure patients. Studies evaluating the effect of pharmacist involvement in the management of heart failure demonstrated improvements in medication adherence that dissipated once the intervention was withdrawn. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and the Merck Adherence Estimator are simple and practical tools that may be useful for identifying nonadherence in heart failure patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be cognizant of factors that may affect medication adherence in heart failure patients and be aware of instruments available to predict the risk for medication nonadherence. Pharmacist interventions should be part of a multidisciplinary system of care initiated at discharge that involve personal contact and are continued indefinitely in order to sustain these benefits.
authors: Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178. edavis@creighton.edu.
authors: Estella M
authors: EM
authors: Davis
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Packard
authors: Cynthia A
authors: CA
authors: Jackevicius
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D012306:Risk