title: Botulinum toxin and blink rate in patients with blepharospasm and increased blinking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of botulinum toxin (BoNT) on blink rate (BR) in patients with blepharospasm (BSP) and increased blinking (IB).
  
  
  METHODS
  37 patients with a clinical diagnosis of primary BSP (19 patients had tonic orbicularis oculi (OO) spasms and 18 patients had clonic OO spasms) and 8 patients with IB were included in this case-control study. All subjects underwent a standardised video protocol and clinical evaluation with a validated questionnaire designed to identify eye symptoms and Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI) before and 1 month after BoNT injection. BR was measured from the video recording before and after BoNT. BR in BSP and IB patients was compared with that from a group of healthy subjects and from a group of patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS). BR in HFS was also measured before and after BoNT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BR was increased in patients with IB and in BSP patients with clonic spasms but not in BSP patients with tonic spasms. BoNT reduced BR in patients with IB and in patients with clonic spasms, but not in patients with tonic spasms. BoNT left BR in patients with HFS unchanged. Changes in BR after BoNT were also independent of the presence of ocular symptoms. Despite the differential response of BR, BoNT significantly reduced BSDI in patients with BSP and IB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BoNT differentially modulates BR in patients with BSP and IB depending on the baseline BR. BoNT injection reduces BR only when the blink generator is overactive, possibly influencing tear film retention.
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors: Gina
authors: G
authors: Ferrazzano
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
authors: Antonella
authors: A
authors: Conte
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Fabbrini
authors: IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Bologna
authors: Department of Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors: Antonella
authors: A
authors: Macerollo
authors: Department of Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, 'Aldo Moro' University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Defazio
authors: Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hallett
authors: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Berardelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001767:Blinking / Q000187:drug effects*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: BOTULINUM TOXIN; DYSTONIA; MOVEMENT DISORDERS