title: [Surveillance of norovirus-associated diarrhea in children in Shanghai, 2009-2011].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor the epidemiology of norovirus infection in diarrheal children in Shanghai between 2009 and 2011 and characterize the genotypes of norovirus strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stool samples were collected from children visiting outpatient clinic for acute non-dysenteric diarrhea between 2009 and 2011.One step real-time RT-PCR was used for screening norovirus genogroups GI and GII. The genotypes of norovirus genogroup GII were classified based on the nucleotide sequences of both partial capsid and polymerase fragments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2 288 outpatient children with acute diarrhea were included in this study, out of whom, 531 (23.1%) were positive for norovirus in the fecal specimens based on real-time RT-PCR test.Norovirus was prevalent throughout the year and an increased activity of norovirus infection was usually observed between July and October. Children <4 years of age accounted for 95.2% of norovirus-infected cases, and the detection rate of norovirus was significantly higher in diarrheal children <4 years than in those ≥ 4 years (24.4% vs. 10.7%,χ(2) = 10.66, P < 0.05).Of 531 norovirus-positive specimens, 4 (1.7%) were positive for genogroup GI and 527 (98.3%) positive for genogroup GII. Seven distinct capsid genotypes were identified in 234 norovirus strains, including 153 (64.4%) GII.4 (9 belonging to 2010 variants and 145 belonging to 2006b variants), 66 (27.6%) GII.3, 7 (2.9%) GII.2, 6 (2.5%) GII.6, 4 (1.7%) GII.12, 1 (0.4%) GII.7 and GII.14 in each. Seven polymerase genotypes were identified in 244 norovirus strains, including 189 (77.5%) GII.4 (14 belonging to 2010 variants and 175 belonging to 2006b variants), 47 (19.3%) GII.12, 2 (0.8%) GII.16, GII.b and GII.g in each, 1 (0.4%) GII.2 and GII.6 in each. A new GII.4-2010 (New Orleans) variant was first detected in June 2010 and sporadically circulated afterwards.Of 198 norovirus strains in which both polymerase and capsid genotypes were determined, 56 showed discordant results, indicating potential norovirus recombinants. The common discordant combinations of the polymerase and capsid genotypes were GII.12/GII.3 (69.6%) and GII.4/GII.3 (8.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Norovirus is a common causative agent responsible for diarrhea in Shanghai children over the three years and norovirus-associated diarrhea was epidemic year round with high activity in late summer and autumn in Shanghai.Infants and young children are susceptible to norovirus infection. The circulating norovirus showed genetic diversity. The GII.4-2006b variant continued to predominate in Shanghai during the period of 2009-2011 despite the emergence of the novel GII.4-2010 (New Orleans) variant.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
authors: Weilei
authors: W
authors: Yao
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
authors: Jiehao
authors: J
authors: Cai
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
authors: Xiangshi
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
authors: Yanling
authors: Y
authors: Ge
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
authors: Qirong
authors: Q
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China. Email: zengmeigao@aliyun.com.
authors: Mei
authors: M
authors: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D012367:RNA, Viral