title: Oxidative stress and antioxidants in disease and cancer: a review.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), highly reactive molecules, are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environmental factors, and can damage nucleic acids and proteins, thereby altering their functions. The human body has several mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress by producing antioxidants. A shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed as "oxidative stress". Paradoxically, there is a large body of research demonstrating the general effect of oxidative stress on signaling pathways, less is known about the initial and direct regulation of signaling molecules by ROS, or what we term the "oxidative interface." This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which ROS directly interact with critical signaling molecules to initiate signaling in a broad variety of cellular processes, such as proliferation and survival (MAP kinases and PI3 kinase), ROS homeostasis, and antioxidant gene regulation (Ref-1 and Nrf-2). This review also deals with classification as well as mechanisms of formation of free radicals, examining their beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular activities and focusing on the potential role of antioxidants in preventing and repairing damage caused by oxidative stress. A discussion of the role of phytochemical antioxidants in oxidative stress, disease and the epigenome is included.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal E-mail : rakeshkg_biochemistry@yahoo.com.
authors: Rakesh Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Gupta
authors: Amit Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Patel
authors: Niranjan
authors: N
authors: Shah
authors: Arun Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Chaudhary
authors: Uday Kant
authors: UK
authors: Jha
authors: Uday Chandra
authors: UC
authors: Yadav
authors: Pavan Kumar
authors: PK
authors: Gupta
authors: Uttam
authors: U
authors: Pakuwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species