title: Interactions of pharmacokinetic profile of different parts from Ginkgo biloba extract in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracts from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves confer their therapeutic effects through the synergistic actions of flavonoid and terpenoid components, but some non-flavonoid and non-terpenoid components also exist in this extract. In the study of this paper, an investigation was carried out to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of fourteen compounds to clarify the influences of non-flavonoid and non-terpenoid fraction (WEF) on the pharmacokinetics profile of the flavonoid fraction (FF) and the terpene lactone fraction (TLF) from Ginkgo biloba extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A selective and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the plasma concentrations of the fourteen compounds to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters after orally administration of FF, TLF, FF-WEF, FF-TLF, TLF-WEF and FF-TLF-WEF with approximately the same dose. At different time points, the concentration of rutin (1), isoquercitrin (2), quercetin 3-O-[4-O-(-β-D-glucosyl)-α-L-rhamnoside] (3), ginkgolide C (4), bilobalide (5), quercitrin (6), ginkgolide B (7), ginkgolide A (8), luteolin (9), quercetin (10), apigenin (11), kaempferol (12), isorhamnetin (13), genkwanin (14) in rat plasma were determined and main pharmacokinetic parameters including T1/2, Tmax, Cmax and AUC were calculated using the DAS 3.2 software package. The statistical analysis was performed using the Student׳s t-test with P<0.05 as the level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FF and WEF had no effect on the pharmacokinetic behaviors and parameters of the four terpene lactones, but the pharmacokinetic profiles and parameters of flavonoids changed while co-administered with non-flavonoid components. It was found that Cmax and AUC of six flavonoid aglycones in group FF-WEF, FF-TLF and FF-TLF-WEF had varying degrees of reduction in comparison with group FF, especially in group FF-TLF-WEF. On the contrary, the values of Cmax, Tmax and AUC of four flavonoid glycosides in group FF-TLF-WEF were significantly increased compared with those in group FF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that non-flavonoid components in Ginkgo biloba extracts could increase the absorption and improve the bioavailability of flavonoid glycosides but decrease the absorption and reduce the bioavailability of flavonoid aglycones.
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: HanLiang
authors: H
authors: Guan
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: qiandwnj@126.com.
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Qian
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Ren
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Nie
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Erxing
authors: E
authors: Shang
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: dja@njutcm.edu.cn.
authors: Jinao
authors: J
authors: Duan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013729:Terpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes
keywords: Apigenin (PubChem CID: 5280443); Bilobalide (PubChem CID: 12308750); Flavonoids; Genkwanin (PubChem CID: 5281617); Ginkgo biloba extract; Ginkgolide A (PubChem CID: 115221); Ginkgolide B (PubChem CID: 65243); Ginkgolide C (PubChem CID: 161120); Isoquercitrin (PubChem CID: 5280804); Isorhamnetin (PubChem CID: 5281654); Kaempferol (PubChem CID: 5280863); Luteolin (PubChem CID: 5280445); Other coexisting components; Pharmacokinetics influence; Quercitrin (PubChem CID: 5280459); Rutin (PubChem CID: 5280805); Terpene lactones; UPLC–TQ/MS