title: Ocular Manifestations in Infants Resulted from Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nowadays, many infertile couples can have child by assistant reproductive technology (ART). Always the undesirable effects of these methods on newborn are considered and are evaluated. The aim of this study is to describe the impact of ART on ocular and visual performances of infants born by these methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 479 infants aged three-nine months presented to an optometry clinic of Child Health and Development Research Department (CHDRD), Tehran, Iran. Static retinoscopy, qualitative fixation evaluation, Hirschberg test, red reflex assessment and external eye examination were carried out. Other information such as birth weight and maturity of the infants was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was possible to assess only 320 out of 479 infants due to general condition of some participants. Comparison of mean refractive error in infants' right and left eyes did not show any significant difference. Our findings confirmed that 20.3% had poor fixation, while 2.9% revealed manifest strabismus. The results also revealed the prevalences of myopia, hyperopia and emmetropia are 2.9%, 87%, and 10.1%, respectively. Red reflex abnormalities were significantly found in boys and in preterm infants (p < 0.05). Failure of fixation control was seen more frequently with increasing refractive error, which significantly developed in preterm infants (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reflect the necessity of more comprehensive assessments and further follow-up of infants born by ART, especially for premature male ART infants. These results also suggest the probability of fixation condition and visual deficiencies in these infants. It is recommended to pay close attention to this preliminary report about the refractive and fixation condition of the infants born after ART.
authors: Department of Optometry, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ebrahim
authors: E
authors: Jafarzadehpur
authors: Department of Child Health and Development Research, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ramin Mozafari
authors: RM
authors: Kermani
authors: Department of Child Health and Development Research, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali Reza
authors: AR
authors: Mohhamadi
authors: Department of Child Health and Development Research, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Reza
authors: MR
authors: Nateghi
authors: Department of Genetics, Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Abolhasan Shahzade
authors: AS
authors: Fazeli
authors: Department of Optometry, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Khashayar Mehdizadeh
authors: KM
authors: Kashi
keywords: Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART); Infants; Optometry; Visual Acuity