title: Exertional rhabdomyolysis in the athlete: a clinical review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a relatively uncommon but potentially fatal condition affecting athletes that requires prompt recognition and appropriate management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the PubMed database from 2003 to 2013 using the term exertional rhabdomyolysis was performed. Further evaluation of the bibliographies of articles expanded the evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a relatively uncommon condition with an incidence of approximately 29.9 per 100,000 patient years but can have very serious consequences of muscle ischemia, cardiac arrhythmia, and death. The athlete will have pain, weakness, and swelling in the muscles affected as well as significantly elevated levels of creatine kinase (CK). Hydration is the foundation for any athlete with ER; management can also include dialysis or surgery. Stratifying the athlete into high- or low-risk categories can determine if further workup is warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exertional rhabdomyolysis evaluation requires a history, physical examination, and serology for definitive diagnosis. Treatment modalities should include rest and hydration. Return to play and future workup should be determined by the risk stratification of the athlete.
  C.
authors: Department of Sports Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio ; Texas Metroplex Institute for Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Arlington, Texas.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Tietze
authors: Department of Sports Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Borchers
keywords: athlete; exertional rhabdomyolysis; review