title: Differential effects of dry eye disorders on metabolomic profile by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: We used (1)H NMR spectroscopy to analyze the metabolomic profile of reflex tears from patients with dry eye disorders (DEDs). 90 subjects were divided into 2 groups: (1) patients with DEDs (DEDG; n = 55) and (2) healthy subjects (CG; n = 35). Additionally, the DEDG was subdivided into 2 subgroups based on DED severity: mild-to-moderate and moderate (n = 22 and n = 33, resp.). Personal interviews and systematized ophthalmologic examinations were carried out. Reflex tears (20-30  μL) were collected by gently rubbing in the inferior meniscus of both eyelids with a microglass pipette and stored at -80°C until analysis. NMR spectra were acquired using a standard one-dimensional pulse sequence with water suppression. Data were processed and transferred to MATLAB for further chemometric analysis. Main differences in tear composition between DEDG and CG were found in cholesterol, N-acetylglucosamine, glutamate, creatine, amino-n-butyrate, choline, acetylcholine, arginine, phosphoethanolamine, glucose, and phenylalanine levels. This metabolic fingerprint helped also to discriminate between the three additional subgroups of DEDG. Our results suggest that tear metabolic differences between DEDG and CG identified by NMR could be useful in understanding ocular surface pathogenesis and improving biotherapy.
authors: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Doctor Peset, Avenue Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; Ophthalmic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Carmen
authors: 0000-0003-4814-6626
authors: C
authors: Galbis-Estrada
authors: University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Sebastián
authors: S
authors: Martinez-Castillo
authors: Central Unit of Research in Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Morales
authors: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Doctor Peset, Avenue Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; Ophthalmic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Bárbara
authors: B
authors: Vivar-Llopis
authors: Clinical Hospital Research Foundation (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Monleón
authors: Ophthalmic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Díaz-Llopis
authors: Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía", University Hospital Doctor Peset, Avenue Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017 Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; Ophthalmic Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors: María Dolores
authors: MD
authors: Pinazo-Durán
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*