title: Ultra-low-cost urine filtration for Schistosoma haematobium diagnosis: a proof-of-concept study.
abstract: Simple, efficient, and cost-effective strategies are needed for urine sample preparation in the field diagnosis of infection with Schistosoma haematobium. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated inexpensive and widely available paper products (paper towels, school workbook paper, and newspaper) to gravity-filter urine containing 60 eggs/mL of Schistosoma haematobium. Eggs were reliably visualized by light microscopy by using single-ply paper towels as urine filters. This filtration method has broad applicability in clinical and public health settings in resource-constrained environments.
authors: Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Richard K D
authors: RK
authors: Ephraim
authors: Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Evans
authors: E
authors: Duah
authors: Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Jason R
authors: JR
authors: Andrews
authors: Division of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Divisions of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada isaac.bogoch@uhn.ca.
authors: Isaac I
authors: II
authors: Bogoch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005374:Filtration / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D010209:Paper; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000166:cytology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine