title: Associations between intakes of individual nutrients or whole food groups and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary factors are closely associated with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Asian and Western diets differ in energy-nutrient composition, fatty-acid composition, and main nutritional sources; therefore, the implications would be limited if the Western-oriented study results were applied to Asian patients. We aimed to identify the nutrient and food group intakes of a typical Asian diet and assess their effects on NAFLD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 348 subjects were recruited from 5 participating hospitals. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and health-related behaviors were obtained through face-to-face interviews. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasound. Dietary intakes were assessed with a 24-h recall applying a multiple-pass approach and 4-day food records that included 1 or 2 weekend days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in health-related behaviors between the cases and controls except for smoking behavior. The cases had elevated triacylglycerol, fasting glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with the controls. In men, after adjusting for variables, low intakes of vitamin C (odds ratio [OR], 4.23), vitamin K (OR, 3.93), folate (OR, 3.37), omega-3 fatty acids (OR, 2.16), and nuts and seeds (OR, 3.66) were associated with a significantly higher risk for developing NAFLD. In women, vitamin K (OR, 2.54) and vegetable (OR, 4.11) intakes showed a significant beneficial effect for lowering NAFLD risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate intakes of vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, omega-3 fatty acids, nuts and seeds, and vegetables may help in preventing NAFLD in Korean adults.
authors: Jung Mi
authors: JM
authors: Han
authors: An Na
authors: AN
authors: Jo
authors: Seung Min
authors: SM
authors: Lee
authors: Hyun Suk
authors: HS
authors: Bae
authors: Dae Won
authors: DW
authors: Jun
authors: Yong Kyun
authors: YK
authors: Cho
authors: Ki Tae
authors: KT
authors: Suk
authors: Jai Hoon
authors: JH
authors: Yoon
authors: Sang Bong
authors: SB
authors: Ahn
authors: Yong Jin
authors: YJ
authors: Cho
authors: Seong Woo
authors: SW
authors: Kim
authors: Eun Chul
authors: EC
authors: Jang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009754:Nuts; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012639:Seeds; D014675:Vegetables; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014812:Vitamin K; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid