title: Quantitative texture analysis of brain white matter lesions derived from T2-weighted MR images in MS patients with clinically isolated syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigates the application of texture analysis methods on brain T2-white matter lesions detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the prognosis of future disability in subjects diagnosed with clinical isolated syndrome (CIS) of multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain lesions and normal appearing white matter (NAWM) from 38 symptomatic untreated subjects diagnosed with CIS as well as normal white matter (NWM) from 20 healthy volunteers, were manually segmented, by an experienced MS neurologist, on transverse T2-weighted images obtained from serial brain MR imaging scans (0 and 6-12 months). Additional clinical information in the form of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), a scale from 0 to 10, which provides a way of quantifying disability in MS and monitoring the changes over time in the level of disability, were also provided. Shape and most importantly different texture features including GLCM and laws were then extracted for all above regions, after image intensity normalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that: (i) there were significant differences for the texture futures extracted between the NAWM and lesions at 0 month and between NAWM and lesions at 6-12 months. However, no significant differences were found for all texture features extracted when comparing lesions temporally at 0 and 6-12 months with the exception of contrast (gray level difference statistics-GLDS) and difference entropy (spatial gray level dependence matrix-SGLDM); (ii) significant differences were found between NWM and NAWM for most of the texture features investigated in this study; (iii) there were significant differences found for the lesion texture features at 0 month for those with EDSS≤2 versus those with EDSS>2 (mean, median, inverse difference moment and sum average) and for the lesion texture features at 6-12 months with EDSS>2 and EDSS≤2 for the texture features (mean, median, entropy and sum average). It should be noted that whilst there were no differences in entropy at time 0 between the two groups, significant change was observed at 6-12 months, relating the corresponding features to the follow-up and disability (EDSS) progression. For the NAWM, significant differences were found between 0 month and 6-12 months with EDSS≤2 (contrast, inverse difference moment), for 6-12 months for EDSS>2 and 0 month with EDSS>2 (difference entropy) and for 6-12 months for EDSS>2 and EDSS≤2 (sum average); (iv) there was no significant difference for NAWM and the lesion texture features (for both 0 and 6-12 months) for subjects with no change in EDSS score versus subjects with increased EDSS score from 2 to 5 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study provide evidence that texture features of T2 MRI brain white matter lesions may have an additional potential role in the clinical evaluation of MRI images in MS and perhaps may provide some prognostic evidence in relation to future disability of patients. However, a larger scale study is needed to establish the application in clinical practice and for computing shape and texture features that may provide information for better and earlier differentiation between normal brain tissue and MS lesions.
authors: Department of Computer Science, School of Sciences, Intercollege, 92, Ayias Phylaxeos Street, PO Box 51604, 3507 Limassol, Cyprus. Electronic address: loizou.c@lim.intercollege.ac.cy.
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Loizou
authors: Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: styliani@ucy.ac.cy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Petroudi
authors: Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, Democritus University, Alexandroupolis, Greece. Electronic address: yseimen@phys.uoa.gr.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Seimenis
authors: Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: pantzari@cing.ac.cy.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pantziaris
authors: Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. Electronic address: pattichi@ucy.ac.cy.
authors: C S
authors: CS
authors: Pattichis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: EDSS; MRI; Multiple sclerosis; Shape features; Texture analysis