title: Solid-phase zirconium and fluoride species in alkaline zircaloy cladding waste at Hanford.
abstract: The United States Department of Energy Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, USA, processed plutonium between 1944 and 1987. Fifty-six million gallons of waste of various origins remain, including waste from removing zircaloy fuel cladding using the so-called Zirflex process. The speciation of zirconium and fluoride in this waste is important because of the corrosivity and reactivity of fluoride as well as the (potentially) high density of Zr-phases. This study evaluates the solid-phase speciation of zirconium and fluoride using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Two waste samples were analyzed: one waste sample that is relatively pure zirconium cladding waste from tank 241-AW-105 and another that is a blend of zirconium cladding wastes and other high-level wastes from tank 241-C-104. Villiaumite (NaF) was found to be the dominant fluoride species in the cladding waste and natrophosphate (Na7F[PO4]2 · 19H2O) was the dominant species in the blended waste. Most zirconium was present as a sub-micron amorphous Na-Zr-O phase in the cladding waste and a Na-Al-Zr-O phase in the blended waste. Some zirconium was present in both tanks as either rounded or elongated crystalline needles of Na-bearing ZrO2 that are up to 200 μm in length. These results provide waste process planners the speciation data needed to develop disposal processes for this waste.
authors: Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P.O. Box 850, MSIN H6-04, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Electronic address: Jacob_g_reynolds@rl.gov.
authors: Jacob G
authors: JG
authors: Reynolds
authors: Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P.O. Box 850, MSIN H6-04, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Electronic address: hhuber@rjleegroup.com.
authors: Heinz J
authors: HJ
authors: Huber
authors: Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P.O. Box 850, MSIN H6-04, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Electronic address: Gary_a_cooke@rl.gov.
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Cooke
authors: Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P.O. Box 850, MSIN H6-04, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Electronic address: John.pestovich@urs-ps.com.
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Pestovich
mesh_terms: D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011850:Radioactive Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014861:Washington; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011850:Radioactive Waste; D015040:Zirconium; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Hanford; Nuclear waste; Villiaumite; Zircaloy; Zirconium dioxide