title: Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX(®) ) into Bengali.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a translated and culturally adapted Bengali version of the WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX(®) ) and to test its feasibility, content validity and reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English FRAX was translated and culturally adapted for use in Bangladeshi populations following established forward-backward translation methods and being extensively field-tested. The final version was interviewer-administered to 130 consecutive osteoporotic patients between 40 and 90 years of age. For test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was re-administered after 14 days in 60 odd serial-numbered patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To better match with the Bengali culture, several adaptations were made to the FRAX items, including replacements and additions for tobacco, prednisolone and alcohol use. The response rate of the pre-final Bengali version of FRAX was 100% and all patients could understand the questions. Test-retest reliability (Pearson's r) in osteoporotic patients was > 0.93 for all items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The culturally adapted Bengali version of the FRAX appears to be an acceptable and reliable instrument. Further studies are needed to confirm the ability of the tool to accurately predict the 10-year probability of hip and major osteoporotic fractures in the Bengali population.
authors: Department of Rheumatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Modern One Stop Arthritis Care and Research Center® (MOAC&RC®), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Md Nazrul
authors: MN
authors: Islam
authors: Nira
authors: N
authors: Ferdous
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Ten Klooster
authors: M Sheikh Giash
authors: MS
authors: Uddin
authors: Salma
authors: S
authors: Nasrin
authors: Bipasha
authors: B
authors: Pal
authors: Johannes J
authors: JJ
authors: Rasker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001459:Bangladesh; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating
keywords: Bangladesh; Bengali; FRAX fracture risk assessment tool; cross-cultural adaptation; osteoporosis