title: Maternal lower urinary tract injury at the time of Cesarean delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence of lower urinary tract (LUT) injury at the time of Cesarean delivery (CD) and to identify factors associated with LUT injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of LUT injury at delivery between 2001 and 2012, were identified by ICD-9 code. Chart review was utilized for verification and descriptive data collection. LUT injury incidence rates were calculated using annual delivery totals and trends over time were calculated using simple linear regression. LUT injury was classified as full-thickness bladder injury (including ureteral injury) or partial-thickness bladder injury based on degree of injury and post-operative intervention. Each case was year-matched to generate two CD controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed using maternal, delivery, and health system characteristics to identify factors associated with full or partial injury. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed with significance at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall delivery and CD rates increased during the study time period, but despite the increase in CD rates, annual rates of LUT injury did not vary significantly (p = 0.658). Of the 72 LUT injuries reported, 39 (54 %) were full-thickness bladder, 2 (3 %) ureteral, and 31 (43 %) were partial-thickness bladder injuries. Full injury, controlling for repeat CD, was associated with increasing maternal age, transfusion, and active second stage of labor. Partial injury, was associated with increasing maternal age and delivery in the first half of the academic year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite an increasing volume of CDs, LUT injury remained relatively uncommon (0.3 % of all CDs). Full and partial bladder injuries have unique risk profiles.
authors: Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors: Sallie S
authors: SS
authors: Oliphant
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Bochenska
authors: Madeline E
authors: ME
authors: Tolge
authors: Janet M
authors: JM
authors: Catov
authors: Halina M
authors: HM
authors: Zyczynski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059019:Clinical Coding; D003558:Cystoscopy; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000293:injuries*