title: Co-administration of ketoconazole and tacrolimus to kidney transplant recipients: cost minimization and potential metabolic benefits.
abstract: To evaluate the effects of the co-administration of tacrolimus and ketoconazole to a group of kidney transplant recipients, we studied 30 kidney transplant recipients with stable kidney function who were maintained on tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. They were prescribed ketoconazole (100 mg/day) with a concomitant reduction in daily tacrolimus dose to maintain its level within the therapeutic range. The study included 19 males and 11 females with a mean age of 36 ± 12 years. All patients were at least three months post-transplant and had tacrolimus trough levels within the therapeutic range of 5-7 ng/mL. Desired tacrolimus trough levels could be achieved in 29/30 patients after the addition of ketoconazole. This resulted in a significant reduction of the median tacrolimus dose from 5 mg/day (range 3-20 mg/day) at baseline to 2 mg/day (range 1-4 mg/day) (P = 0.00). The median reduction in the tacrolimus dose was 63% (range 50-83%). The median monthly tacrolimus cost dropped from 375 US$ per patient (range 225-1440 US$) to 150 US$ per patient (range 120-300 US$). There were no reported adverse drug effects during the study period. After one year of follow-up, there was a small but significant improvement in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (72 ± 18 versus 78 ± 20 mL/min, P = 0.01) and a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels (7.7 ± 1.7 versus 5.9 ± 0.8 mg/dL, P = 0.003). The co-administration of ketoconazole and tacrolimus to kidney trans-plant recipients is safe and significantly reduces the cost of immunosuppression. In addition, this combination appears to have a beneficial effect on kidney function.
authors: Renal Unit, Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Surgery and Kidney Transplant Center, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors: Sarra
authors: S
authors: Elamin
authors: Abdul-Rahman A
authors: AR
authors: El-Magzoub
authors: Najat
authors: N
authors: Dablouk
authors: Fatma
authors: F
authors: Mahmoud
authors: Manal
authors: M
authors: Abbas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014527:Uric Acid; D007654:Ketoconazole; D016559:Tacrolimus