title: Health assessment of gasoline and fuel oxygenate vapors: developmental toxicity in mice.
abstract: CD-1 mice were exposed to baseline gasoline vapor condensate (BGVC) alone or to vapors of gasoline blended with methyl tertiary butyl ether (G/MTBE). Inhalation exposures were 6h/d on GD 5-17 at levels of 0, 2000, 10,000, and 20,000mg/m(3). Dams were evaluated for evidence of maternal toxicity, and fetuses were weighed, sexed, and evaluated for external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies. Exposure to 20,000mg/m(3) of BGVC produced slight reductions in maternal body weight/gain and decreased fetal body weight. G/MTBE exposure did not produce statistically significant maternal or developmental effects; however, two uncommon ventral wall closure defects occurred: gastroschisis (1 fetus at 10,000mg/m(3)) and ectopia cordis (1 fetus at 2000mg/m(3); 2 fetuses/1 litter at 10,000mg/m(3)). A second study (G/MTBE-2) evaluated similar exposure levels on GD 5-16 and an additional group exposed to 30,000mg/m(3) from GD 5-10. An increased incidence of cleft palate was observed at 30,000mg/m(3) G/MTBE. No ectopia cordis occurred in the replicate study, but a single observation of gastroschisis was observed at 30,000mg/m(3). The no observed adverse effect levels for maternal/developmental toxicity in the BGVC study were 10,000/2000mg/m(3), 20,000/20,000 for the G/MTBE study, and 10,000/20,000 for the G/MTBE-2 study.
authors: Chevron Energy Technology Company, 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road, San Ramon, CA 94583, United States. Electronic address: LRoberts@chevron.com.
authors: L G
authors: LG
authors: Roberts
authors: American Petroleum Institute (retired), 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, United States. Electronic address: tmgray@reagan.com.
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Gray
authors: RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States. Electronic address: mcm@rti.org.
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Marr
authors: RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States. Electronic address: rwt@rti.org.
authors: R W
authors: RW
authors: Tyl
authors: ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc.(Retired), 1545 US Highway 22, East Annandale, NJ 08801-3059, United States. Electronic address: hermit55@prodigy.net.
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Trimmer
authors: Huntingdon Life Sciences, Princeton Research Center, 100 Mettlers Road, East Millstone, NJ 08873, United States. Electronic address: hoffmang@princeton.huntingdon.com.
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Hoffman
authors: Murray & Associates, 5529 Perugia Circle, San Jose, CA 95138, United States. Electronic address: jmurray2@sbcglobal.net.
authors: F J
authors: FJ
authors: Murray
authors: Phillips 66 (Retired), 5901 Woodland Road, Bartlesville, OK 74006, United States. Electronic address: okietox@gmail.com.
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Clark
authors: C&C Consulting in Toxicology, 1950 Briarcliff Ave, Meadowbrook, PA 19046, United States. Electronic address: castox@comcast.net.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Schreiner
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000633:toxicity*; D001239:Inhalation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline
keywords: Developmental toxicity; Ectopia cordis; Evaporative emissions; Fuel oxygenates; Gasoline vapor condensates; Gastroschisis; Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)