title: Extensive vascular mineralization in the brain of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
abstract: Spontaneous vascular mineralization (deposition of iron or calcium salts) has been observed in marble brain syndrome, mineralizing microangiopathy, hypothyroidism, Fahr syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, and calciphylaxis in humans and as an aging or idiopathic lesion in the brains of horses, cats, nonhuman primates, mice, rats, cattle, white-tailed deer, and dogs. Here we present a 27-y-old, adult male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) with spontaneous, extensive vascular mineralization localized solely to the brain. The chimpanzee exhibited tremors and weakness of the limbs, which progressed to paralysis before euthanasia. Magnetic resonance brain imaging in 2002 and 2010 (immediately before euthanasia) revealed multiple hypointense foci, suggestive of iron- and calcium-rich deposits. At necropsy, the brain parenchyma had occasional petechial hemorrhage, and microscopically, the cerebral, cerebellar and brain stem, gray and white matter had moderate to severe mural aggregates of a granular, basophilic material (mineral) in the blood vessels. In addition, these regions often had moderate to severe medial to transmural deposition of mature collagen in the blood vessels. We ruled out common causes of brain mineralization in humans and animals, but an etiology for the mineralization could not be determined. To our knowledge, mineralization in brain has been reported only once to occur in a chimpanzee, but its chronicity in our case makes it particularly interesting.
authors: Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Fawn R
authors: FR
authors: Connor-Stroud
authors: Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: William D
authors: WD
authors: Hopkins
authors: Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Todd M
authors: TM
authors: Preuss
authors: Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Zachary
authors: Z
authors: Johnson
authors: Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors: Xiaodong
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. psharm9@emory.edu.
authors: Prachi
authors: P
authors: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018420:Ape Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes