title: The influence of water pH on the genesis of cadmium-induced cancer in a rat model.
abstract: Cadmium is a heavy metal that is widely used in industry and can cause tumours in multiple organs. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of water pH in the genesis of cadmium-induced cancer. We divided 98 male Wistar rats into 7 groups: group A - 15 rats that received cadmium chloride (CdCl₂- 400 mg/L) in their drinking water at a neutral pH of 7.0; group B - 15 rats that received CdCl₂(400 mg/L) in their drinking water at an acidic pH of 5.0; group C - 15 rats that received CdCl₂(400 mg/L) in their drinking water at a basic pH of 8.0; group D - 15 rats that received water at an acidic pH of 5.0; group E - 15 rats that received water at a basic pH of 8.0; group F - 15 rats that received water at a neutral pH of 7.0; and group G - 8 rats that were subcutaneously injected with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg). Groups A through F were euthanised 6 months after the start of the experiment and group G was euthanised 24 hours after cyclophosphamide injection. We collected the liver, kidneys, pancreas, prostate, seminal vesicles and testes for histopathological analysis and the bone marrow for micronuclei testing. In all of the groups, neither neoplastic lesions nor an increase in micronuclei (p>0.05) were observed in the liver, kidney, pancreas, seminal vesicles and testes. We found that animals exposed to cadmium had grade one prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, but this was found more frequently in animals from group B (p<0.05). The acidic pH increased the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions in the prostate glands of cadmium-exposed animals.
authors: Department of Pathology, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. gica@muranet.com.br, patologia@unoeste.br.
authors: Gisele
authors: G
authors: Alborghetti Nai
authors: Medical College, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: Gisele Maria
authors: GM
authors: Soria Golghetto
authors: Medical College, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: Mariani Paulino
authors: MP
authors: Soriano Estrella
authors: Medical College, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: Larissa
authors: L
authors: Di Santi Teixeira
authors: Medical College, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: Felipe
authors: F
authors: do Carmo Moura
authors: Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Bremer Neto
authors: Department of Pathology, Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors: José Luiz
authors: JL
authors: Santos Parizi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012669:Seminal Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D019256:Cadmium Chloride