title: Temporomandibular disorders. Part 1: anatomy and examination/diagnosis.
abstract: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of diagnoses affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and surrounding tissues. A variety of methods for evaluating and managing TMD have been proposed within the physical therapy profession but these sources are not peer-reviewed and lack updates from scientific literature. The dental profession has provided peer-reviewed sources that lack thoroughness with respect to the neuromusculoskeletal techniques utilized by physical therapists. The subsequent void creates the need for a thorough, research informed, and peer-reviewed source regarding TMD evaluation and management for physical therapists. This paper is the first part in a two-part series that seeks to fill the current void by providing a brief but comprehensive outline for clinicians seeking to provide services for patients with TMD. Part one focuses on anatomy and pathology, arthro- and osteokinematics, epidemiology, history taking, and physical examination as they relate to TMD. An appreciation of the anatomical and mechanical features associated with the TMJ can serve as a foundation for understanding a patient's clinical presentation. Performance of a thorough patient history and clinical examination can guide the clinician toward an improved diagnostic process.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, USA.
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Shaffer
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, USA.
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Brismée
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, USA.
authors: Phillip S
authors: PS
authors: Sizer
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
authors: Carol A
authors: CA
authors: Courtney
keywords: Diagnosis; Physical examination; Review; Temporomandibular joint disorders