title: Inter- and intra-individual variation in urinary biomarker concentrations over a 6-day sampling period. Part 2: personal care product ingredients.
abstract: An intensive study was conducted to provide data on intra- and inter-individual variation in urinary excretion of a series of ingredients in personal care products (parabens, triclosan, benzophenones) and bisphenol A (BPA, not expected to be an ingredient) in 8 volunteers over 6 days. Exposure diaries recorded use of personal care products with identified target analytes as ingredients. Participants' usual products were replaced with products without the target analytes for 2 of the 6 days. Urine void volumes and times were recorded. Methyl, ethyl, and n-propylparabens, triclosan, benzophenone-3, and BPA were frequently detected (≥70% of samples). Urinary concentrations of the parabens and triclosan were lower on product replacement days. First morning void concentrations correlated moderately to highly with 24-h composite concentrations for all analytes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for spot samples collected on days with usual product use were low for BPA (0.15), moderate for n-propylparaben and methylparaben (0.39 and 0.56, respectively), and high for ethylparaben, benzophenone-3, and triclosan (0.76, 0.81, and 0.934, respectively); ICCs were consistently higher on the basis of cr-adjusted concentrations. Hydration status adjustment methods were assessed by comparing unadjusted and adjusted concentrations to urinary excretion rates (ER, ng/kg-h) for all analytes and samples. Specific gravity-adjusted concentrations correlated slightly better with ER than creatinine-adjusted concentrations. Within-individual variation in biomarker concentrations was highest for methyl and ethylparabens (2 orders of magnitude variation in spot sample concentrations) and lower for the other analytes (1-1.5 orders of magnitude). This dataset provides insight into the design and interpretation of urinary biomonitoring studies for non-persistent chemicals.
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors: Holger M
authors: HM
authors: Koch
authors: Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA, USA. Electronic address: laylward@summittoxicology.com.
authors: Lesa L
authors: LL
authors: Aylward
authors: Summit Toxicology, LLP, Allenspark, CO, USA.
authors: Sean M
authors: SM
authors: Hays
authors: VITO, Mol, Belgium.
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Smolders
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Germany.
authors: Rebecca K
authors: RK
authors: Moos
authors: Health Safety Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Cocker
authors: Health Safety Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors: Kate
authors: K
authors: Jones
authors: Health Safety Laboratory, United Kingdom.
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Warren
authors: Cranfield University, United Kingdom.
authors: Len
authors: L
authors: Levy
authors: Cranfield University, United Kingdom.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Bevan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006795:Household Products; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001577:Benzophenones; D015415:Biomarkers; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; D014260:Triclosan; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Benzophenones; Biomonitoring; Bisphenol A; Hydration status; Parabens; Triclosan; Urine; Variability