title: Management of obstructive calcular anuria with acute renal failure in children less than 4 years in age: a protocol for initial urinary drainage in relation to planned definitive stone management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and evaluate our protocol for management of children≤4years old with obstructive calcular anuria (OCA) and acute renal failure (ARF) to improve selection of initial urinary drainage (ID) method and to facilitate subsequent definitive stone management (DSM) as studies discussing this special group of patients are still few.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a contraindication to any method of ID were excluded. Decision (percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) or double J (JJ) stent) was based on degree of hydronephrosis and planned DSM. We used 4.8-5Fr JJ or 6-8Fr PCN under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance. According to our protocol, JJ is inserted for hydronephrosis≤grade 1. When the hydronephrosis is >grade 1, patients with radiolucent stones were treated by JJ whatever the site of the stone. When the stones were radiopaque, PCN was reserved for stones in a solitary functioning kidney and bilateral ureteric stones prepared for subsequent bilateral ureterolithotomy (or stone prepared for ureterolithotomy in a solitary kidney). After normalization of renal functions, DSM was staged attacking only one side before discharge. Both sides were cleared at the same session in cases with bilateral ureterolithotomy. Renal or ureteric stones suitable for SWL in a solitary kidney were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) or ureteroscopy. This was followed also in patients with bilateral stones suitable for SWL by clearing one side using ureteroscopy or PNL before discharge. Open surgery (OS) was reserved for cases with failed ureteroscopy or PNL, for ureteric stones>2.5 cm in size or very large volume complex renal stones. Stone free rate (SFR) was evaluated by CT. Our protocol was evaluated as regard recovery of renal functions, complications, and number of interventions to clear stones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study included 62 boys and 22 girls presented with anuria for 1-4 days. JJ and PCN were inserted in 105 and 30 ureterorenal units (URU), respectively. Creatinine returns normal within 72 h. JJ insertion formed a part of DSM in 78/159 (49%) URU (stones prepared for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or oral chemolytic dissolution therapy). PCN was the ideal tract for subsequent PNL in 11/159 (6.9%) URU. Accordingly, ID participated by 55.97% in DSM. Both operative and imaging times were slightly longer with PCN than JJ. There was no statistically significant difference in the insertion success or mean period to return to normal chemistry. Complications of both methods were mild and without any significant difference. Endourologic procedures constituted the majority of our interventions. Open surgical and endoscopic interventions for clearance of stones (including ID, treatment conversion and 2ry procedures) were done once for 25 patients, twice for 43 patients while it was needed three times for 16 patients. Total number of interventions was 149 procedures. SFR was 94%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our protocol ensures adequate ID with minimal complications when using our selection criteria in children≤4 years in age with OCA and ARF. It also minimizes number of subsequent procedures to clear stones. Complications and success in insertion and drainage were equivalent in PCN and JJ groups.
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: mohammedshemy@hotmail.com.
authors: Mohammed S
authors: MS
authors: ElSheemy
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Ahmed I
authors: AI
authors: Shoukry
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Ahmed M
authors: AM
authors: Shouman
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: ElShenoufy
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Waseem
authors: W
authors: Aboulela
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Kareem
authors: K
authors: Daw
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Ahmed A
authors: AA
authors: Hussein
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Aboul-Riche Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Hany A
authors: HA
authors: Morsi
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000601:surgery*; D001002:Anuria / Q000601:surgery; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000002:abnormalities; D008297:Male; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Anuria; Children; Nephrostomy; Stents; Urinary calculi