title: Case report: stimulation of the right amygdala induces transient changes in affective bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sensitive outcome measures are needed to quantify the effects of neuromodulation in mood disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the utility of a novel affective bias (AB) task in identifying transient mood changes induced by amygdala stimulation in a single rare participant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Localized, pulsed electrical stimulation was delivered for 8 min during measures of AB and self-reported mood. Responses were compared with those gathered without stimulation on the same day in the same setting, using paired t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the right amygdala at 50 Hz, 15 V, and 200 μs pulse-width produced a significant positive shift in AB (t = -2.864, df = 53, P = .006), despite equivocal findings on self-reported mood (t = -.184, df = 12, P = .857).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Affective bias may be more sensitive to stimulation-induced fluctuations in mood than subjective report, suggesting utility as an outcome measure in neuromodulation studies.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA. Electronic address: kelly-rowe@uiowa.edu.
authors: Kelly R
authors: KR
authors: Bijanki
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Christopher K
authors: CK
authors: Kovach
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Laurie M
authors: LM
authors: McCormick
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Hiroto
authors: H
authors: Kawasaki
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Brian J
authors: BJ
authors: Dlouhy
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA; Laureate Institute for Brain Research, USA.
authors: Justin
authors: J
authors: Feinstein
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Robert D
authors: RD
authors: Jones
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, USA.
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Bioassay; Deep brain stimulation; Depression; Emotion; Mood