title: Subjective depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome among the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The evidence of the association between depression and metabolic syndrome is increasing, but the existence of sex differences in this association remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between subjective depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome and each of its components by sex in the Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample comprised 15,073 men and 15,034 women who underwent routine health examinations. They completed the Beck Depression Inventory for depressive symptoms, and medical examinations provided data regarding metabolic syndrome. Adjustments for age, marriage, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, exercise, education, cancer, stroke, angina, and thyroid disease were performed. The association between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome and each of its components was analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In women, depressive symptoms were associated with metabolic syndrome (OR=1.35, 95% CI=1.11-1.64, p=0.002) and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol component (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.09-1.46, p=0.002) of metabolic syndrome. There was also an association between the severity of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in women (OR=1.046, 95% CI=1.002-1.091, p=0.039). In men, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with the hypertension component of metabolic syndrome (OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.58-0.91, p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjective depressive symptoms were associated with metabolic syndrome only in women. Further research should consider sex differences and dyslipidemia.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sang Jin
authors: SJ
authors: Rhee
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Eun Young
authors: EY
authors: Kim
authors: Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Se Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun Jeong
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
authors: Bora
authors: B
authors: Kim
authors: Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Mood Disorders Clinic and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-707, Republic of Korea.
authors: Kyooseob
authors: K
authors: Ha
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-984, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhyoon@snuh.org.
authors: Dae Hyun
authors: DH
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: aym@snu.ac.kr.
authors: Yong Min
authors: YM
authors: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL
keywords: Depression; Depressive symptoms; Gender; Lipid; Metabolic syndrome