title: Effect of tepoxalin on renal function and hepatic enzymes in dogs exposed to hypotension with isoflurane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the possible renal and hepatic toxicity of tepoxalin in dogs exposed to hypotension during isoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adult mixed-breed dogs, weighing 18.8 ± 2.8 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  The animals received 10 mg kg(-1) tepoxalin orally 2 hours before the anesthetic procedure (PRE; n = 6), or 30 minutes after anesthesia (POST; n = 6), along with a control group (CON; n = 8), which were only anesthetized. The PRE and POST groups also received the same dose of tepoxalin for 5 days post-procedure. All dogs were anesthetized with propofol and maintained with isoflurane and the end-tidal isoflurane (Fe'Iso) was increased until mean arterial pressure decreased to 50-60 mmHg. These pressures were maintained for 60 minutes. Heart rate, arterial pressures and Fe'Iso were recorded at 0, 10 and every 10 minutes up to 60 minutes of hypotension. Blood gases, pH, electrolytes and bleeding time were analyzed before and at 30 and 60 minutes of hypotension. Renal and hepatic changes were quantified by serum and urinary biochemistry and creatinine clearance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum concentrations of alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr), and urinary output, urinary Cr, Cr clearance, and GGT:Cr ratio remained stable throughout the evaluations. During the anesthetic procedure there were no important variations in the physiological parameters. No side effects were observed in any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tepoxalin did not cause significant effects on renal function or cause hepatic injury in healthy dogs exposed to hypotension with isoflurane, when administered pre- or postanesthetic and continued for five consecutive days.
authors: Rural Science Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors: Carlize
authors: C
authors: Lopes
authors: Adriano B
authors: AB
authors: Carregaro
authors: Gabrielle C
authors: GC
authors: Freitas
authors: Vanessa S
authors: VS
authors: Padilha
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Lukarsewski
authors: Francine C
authors: FC
authors: Paim
authors: Sônia TdA
authors: ST
authors: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011720:Pyrazoles; D007530:Isoflurane; C073135:tepoxalin
keywords: hepatotoxicity; inhalation anesthesia; nephrotoxicity; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs