title: A genetic variant of PPARA modulates cardiovascular risk biomarkers after milk consumption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association of dairy food consumption with the risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been investigated in many studies, but results often have been contradictory. The aim of the present study was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms are associated with interindividual variation in the response of CVD risk biomarker values after milk consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes related to lipid metabolism were examined in 161 volunteers randomly allocated to consume either 500 mL/d of skimmed (S) or semi-skimmed (SS) milk for 1 year in addition to their usual diets. Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein/HDL-C ratios were used as biomarkers of CVD risk. Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effect of time, treatment (S or SS), and genotype on these biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A TT genotype for the proliferator-activated receptor alpha polymorphism (PPARA rs135549 SNP) was significantly associated with a reduction in the TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios after 12 mo of S milk intake (mean reduction -0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.63 to 0.05; P = 0.0015 and -0.31, 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.03; P = 0.0005, respectively). However, no differences were observed after consuming either S or SS milk in the C allele carriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saturated fatty acid consumption has long been linked to an increased risk for CVD; indeed, the consumption of saturated fat-free products is recommended as a means of reducing this risk. However, the present results suggest that many individuals might not benefit from such general recommendations. Genetic analysis of PPARA rs135549 might help identify those individuals who are more likely to benefit from reducing the saturated fatty acid content of their diet.
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Viviana
authors: V
authors: Loria-Kohen
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Espinosa-Salinas
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: Ana.ramirez@imdea.org.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Ramirez de Molina
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Casas-Agustench
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Jesús
authors: J
authors: Herranz
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Molina
authors: Research Department, Biosearch SA, Granada, Spain.
authors: Juristo
authors: J
authors: Fonollá
authors: Research Department, Biosearch SA, Granada, Spain.
authors: Mónica
authors: M
authors: Olivares
authors: Research and Development Department, Lactalis Puleva, Granada, Spain.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Lara-Villoslada
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Guillermo
authors: G
authors: Reglero
authors: IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Jose M
authors: JM
authors: Ordovas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Lipid profile; Milk; Nutrigenetics; PPARA; rs135549