title: Healthy lifestyle change and subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benefits of healthy habits are well established, but it is unclear whether making health behavior changes as an adult can still alter coronary artery disease risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) prospective cohort study (n=3538) assessed 5 healthy lifestyle factors (HLFs) among young adults aged 18 to 30 years (year 0 baseline) and 20 years later (year 20): not overweight/obese, low alcohol intake, healthy diet, physically active, nonsmoker. We tested whether change from year 0 to 20 in a continuous composite HLF score (HLF change; range, -5 to +5) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis (coronary artery calcification and carotid intima-media thickness) at year 20, after adjustment for demographics, medications, and baseline HLFs. By year 20, 25.3% of the sample improved (HLF change ≥+1); 40.4% deteriorated (had fewer HLFs); 34.4% stayed the same; and 19.2% had coronary artery calcification (>0). Each increase in HLFs was associated with reduced odds of detectable coronary artery calcification (odds ratio=0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.98) and lower intima-media thickness (carotid bulb β=-0.024, P=0.001), and each decrease in HLFs was predictive to a similar degree of greater odds of coronary artery calcification (odds ratio=1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.33) and greater intima-media thickness (β=+0.020, P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthy lifestyle changes during young adulthood are associated with decreased risk and unhealthy lifestyle changes are associated with increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age.
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.). bspring@northwestern.edu.
authors: Bonnie
authors: B
authors: Spring
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Arlen C
authors: AC
authors: Moller
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Laura A
authors: LA
authors: Colangelo
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Juned
authors: J
authors: Siddique
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Roehrig
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Martha L
authors: ML
authors: Daviglus
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Joseph F
authors: JF
authors: Polak
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Jared P
authors: JP
authors: Reis
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Sidney
authors: From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (B.S., A.C.M., L.A.C., J.S., M.R., M.L.D., K.L.); Department of Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (J.F.P.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.P.R.); and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (S.S.).
authors: Kiang
authors: K
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: behavior modification; behavioral medicine; cardiovascular diseases; epidemiology; follow-up study; prevention; risk factors