title: Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator compounds in the urban water cycle.
abstract: The contamination of the urban water cycle (UWC) with a wide array of emerging organic compounds (EOCs) increases with urbanization and population density. To produce drinking water from the UWC requires close examination of their sources, occurrence, pathways, and health effects and the efficacy of wastewater treatment and natural attenuation processes that may occur in surface water bodies and groundwater. This paper researches in details the structure of the UWC and investigates the routes by which the water cycle is increasingly contaminated with compounds generated from various anthropogenic activities. Along with a thorough survey of chemicals representing compound classes such as hormones, antibiotics, surfactants, endocrine disruptors, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, X-ray contrast media, pesticides and metabolites, disinfection-by-products, algal toxins and taste-and-odor compounds, this paper provides a comprehensive and holistic review of the occurrence, fate, transport and potential health impact of the emerging organic contaminants of the UWC. This study also illustrates the widespread distribution of the emerging organic contaminants in the different aortas of the ecosystem and focuses on future research needs.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors: Amrita
authors: A
authors: Pal
authors: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors: Yiliang
authors: Y
authors: He
authors: Technical University of Berlin, Department of Water Quality Control, Strasse des 17. Juni, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Jekel
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Reinhard
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
authors: Karina Yew-Hoong
authors: KY
authors: Gin
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012846:Singapore; D058438:Water Cycle; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D060766:Drinking Water; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010575:Pesticides; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Emerging organic contaminants; Health impacts; Pesticides; Review; Urban water cycle; Water reuse