title: Self-administration of cocaine and remifentanil by monkeys under concurrent-access conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine and opioids are often co-abused. Laboratory research has focused largely on the reinforcing effects of mixtures of drugs relative to the drugs alone. Less research has examined drug mixing by the subject under concurrent-access conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Self-administration of various doses of cocaine and remifentanil was examined under concurrent-access conditions. It was hypothesized that if cocaine and opioid combinations were more effective reinforcers than the single drugs, subjects would mix the two drugs by adjusting their responding to cocaine and an opioid alternative to maintain an optimal ratio of cocaine/remifentanil intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three male rhesus monkeys were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.05-0.2 mg/kg/inj) or saline on one lever and remifentanil (0.05-0.4 μg/kg/inj) or saline on the other lever under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 10 schedules. Daily sessions lasted 2 h, and there was a 1-s timeout after every 10-s injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When saline and drug were concurrently available, responding on the saline-associated lever was low relative to the drug alternative. When cocaine and remifentanil were concurrently available, both drugs were self-administered above saline levels. Cocaine intake decreased, and remifentanil intake increased as a function of the remifentanil dose that was available. Conversely, cocaine intake and remifentanil intake did not change systematically as a function of the cocaine dose that was available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Monkeys will mix cocaine and an opioid when the two drugs are available concurrently. However, there was no indication that monkeys titrated drug intake to maintain an optimal ratio of intake of the two compounds.
authors: Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA, shuskinson@umc.edu.
authors: Sally L
authors: SL
authors: Huskinson
authors: Kevin B
authors: KB
authors: Freeman
authors: William L
authors: WL
authors: Woolverton
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000882:Haplorhini; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012646:Self Administration; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D003042:Cocaine; D000077208:Remifentanil