title: Influence of self-efficacy and coping on quality of life and social participation after acquired brain injury: a 1-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relations linking self-efficacy and coping to quality of life (QOL) and social participation and what effect self-efficacy, changes in self-efficacy, and coping style have on long-term QOL and social participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  General hospitals, rehabilitation centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with newly acquired brain injury (ABI) (N=148) were assessed at baseline (start outpatient rehabilitation or discharge hospital/inpatient rehabilitation; mean time since injury, 15wk) and 1 year later (mean time since injury, 67wk).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  QOL was measured with the EuroQuol 5D (the EQ-5D index and the EQ-5D visual analog scale [EQ VAS]) and the 9-item Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LiSat-9), social participation with the modified Frenchay Activities Index, coping with the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and self-efficacy with the Traumatic Brain Injury Self-efficacy Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, self-efficacy moderated the effect of emotion-oriented coping on the EQ-5D index and of avoidance coping on the EQ VAS. Self-efficacy mediated the relation between emotion-oriented coping and LiSat-9. An increase in self-efficacy over time predicted better scores on the EQ-5D index (β=.30), the EQ VAS (β=.49), and LiSat-9 (β=.44) at follow-up. In addition, higher initial self-efficacy (β=.40) predicted higher LiSat-9 scores at follow-up; higher initial emotion-oriented coping (β=-.23) predicted lower EQ VAS scores at follow-up. Higher modified Frenchay Activities Index scores at follow-up were predicted by higher self-efficacy (β=.19) and higher task-oriented coping (β=.14) at baseline (combined R(2)=5.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-efficacy and coping predict long-term QOL but seem less important in long-term social participation. High self-efficacy protects against the negative effect of emotion-oriented coping. Enhancing self-efficacy in the early stage after ABI may have beneficial long-term effects.
authors: Department of Neurorehabilitation, Libra Rehabilitation Medicine & Audiology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: i.brands@libranet.nl.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Brands
authors: Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Köhler
authors: Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Stapert
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Oxford Center for Enablement, Oxford, UK.
authors: Derick
authors: D
authors: Wade
authors: Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: van Heugten
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D058992:Social Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain injuries; Coping; Quality of life; Rehabilitation; Self-efficacy; Social participation