title: A pilot study of depression among older people in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is common among elderly in developed countries and it is more pronounced in institutional settings. In Pakistan there is a lack of empirical data on depression among this segment of the population particularly with reference to their living arrangements.The objectives of the present study are to report the magnitude of depression among elderly having two different residential arrangements and to examine the association of depression and its established demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected from 141 respondents. 108 were community residents (m = 57 and f = 51) and 33 were living in the care homes (m = 29 and f = 4).Prevalence of depression as assessed by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) among community and Care Homes (CHs) participants was 31.5 percent and 60.6 percent, respectively.On Centre of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), 42.6 percent of the community and 69.7 percent of the CH respondents were deemed depressed. Before adjusting for any other potential risk factors the odds of being depressed was significantly increased if the study participants were living in CH, relatively older, female, not currently married, had low educational level, had lower Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and reported lower perceived emotional and practical support. In a partially adjusted logistic regression model an increased risk of depression was not confounded by any of the above mentioned risk factors.However, the risk associated was not significant when it was adjusted for social support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the current study are consistent with previous research and throws light on the dire need for interventions to address mental health needs of Pakistani elderly.Implications for improving the mental health status of elderly are also presented.
authors: Department of Behavioural Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. drfarahqadir@yahoo.co.uk.
authors: Farah
authors: F
authors: Qadir
authors: Sabahat
authors: S
authors: Haqqani
authors: Amna
authors: A
authors: Khalid
authors: Zille
authors: Z
authors: Huma
authors: Girmay
authors: G
authors: Medhin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires