title: Thresholds for conventional and home blood pressure by sex and age in 5018 participants from 5 populations.
abstract: Whether blood pressure thresholds for hypertension should differ according to sex or age remains debated. We did a subject-level meta-analysis of 5018 people untreated for hypertension and randomly recruited from 5 populations (women, 56.7%; ≥60 years, 42.3%). We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression and a bootstrap procedure to determine home blood pressure (HBP) levels yielding 10-year cardiovascular risks similar to those associated with established systolic/diastolic thresholds (140-160/80-100 mm Hg) for the conventional blood pressure (CBP). Conversely, we estimated CBP thresholds providing 10-year cardiovascular risks similar to those associated established HBP levels (125-135/80-85 mm Hg). All analyses were stratified for sex and age (<60 versus ≥60 years). During 8.3 years (median), 414 participants experienced a cardiovascular event. The sex differences between HBP thresholds derived from CBP and between CBP thresholds derived from HBP were all nonsignificant (P≥0.24), ranging from -4.6 to 3.6 mm Hg systolic and from -4.3 to 2.1 mm Hg diastolic. The age differences between HBP thresholds derived from CBP and between CBP thresholds derived from HBP ranged from -6.7 to 8.4 mm Hg systolic and from -1.9 to 1.7 mm Hg diastolic and were nonsignificant (P≥0.08), except for HBP thresholds derived from CBP levels of 140 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic (P≤0.04). Sensitivity analyses based on cardiac or cerebrovascular complications were confirmatory. In conclusion, our findings based on outcome-driven criteria support contemporary guidelines that propose single blood pressure thresholds that can be indiscriminately applied in both sexes and across the age range.
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Nomura
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Asayama
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Lutgarde
authors: L
authors: Thijs
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Teemu J
authors: TJ
authors: Niiranen
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Inés
authors: I
authors: Lujambio
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Boggia
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Hozawa
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Takayoshi
authors: T
authors: Ohkubo
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Azusa
authors: A
authors: Hara
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Jouni K
authors: JK
authors: Johansson
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Edgardo
authors: E
authors: Sandoya
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Anastasios
authors: A
authors: Kollias
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: George S
authors: GS
authors: Stergiou
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Tsuji
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Antti M
authors: AM
authors: Jula
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.).
authors: Yutaka
authors: Y
authors: Imai
authors: From the Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.N., K.A., T.O.); Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (K.A., L.T., A. Hara, J.A.S.); Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.A., Y.I.), Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (A. Hozawa), and Graduate School of Medicine (I.T.), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Population Studies Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland (T.J.N., J.K.J., A.M.J.); Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (T.J.N.); Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (I.L., J.B.); the Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay (E.S.); Hypertension Center, Third Department of Medicine, University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece (A.K., G.S.S.); and Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.A.S.). jan.staessen@med.kuleuven.be.
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: Staessen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aged; classification; home blood pressure monitoring; population; self blood pressure monitoring; women