title: Phytotoxicity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) allelochemicals on standard target species and weeds.
abstract: Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a native plant to the Iberian Peninsula and the European Atlantic coast and invasive in American environments. Different solvents were used to perform cardoon extracts that were tested in phytotoxic bioassays. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibitory activity so this was tested on the germination and growth of standard target species (lettuce, watercress, tomato, and onion) and weeds (barnyardgrass and brachiaria). The ethyl acetate extract was very active on root growth in both standard target species and weeds and it was therefore fractionated by chromatography. The spectroscopic data showed that the major compounds were sesquiterpene lactones. Aguerin B, grosheimin, and cynaropicrin were very active on etiolated wheat coleoptile, standard target species, and weed growth. The presence of these compounds explains the bioactivity of the ethyl acetate extract. The strong phytotoxicity of these compounds on important weeds shows the potential of these compounds as natural herbicide models.
authors: Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, INBIO Institute of Biomolecules, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cádiz , Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz Spain.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Rial
authors: Paula
authors: P
authors: Novaes
authors: Rosa M
authors: RM
authors: Varela
authors: José M G
authors: JM
authors: Molinillo
authors: Francisco A
authors: FA
authors: Macias
mesh_terms: D031942:Cynara / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029686:Lepidium / Q000187:drug effects; D018545:Lactuca / Q000187:drug effects; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000187:drug effects; D019697:Onions / Q000187:drug effects; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D057685:Plant Weeds / Q000187:drug effects; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010675:Pheromones; D010936:Plant Extracts