title: Prevalence and associated factors of corneal blindness in Ningxia in northwest China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and demographic characteristics of corneal blindness in an urban and rural region of Ningxia, located in the northwest part of China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified, randomized sampling procedure was employed in the study, including urban and rural area of all age group. Visual acuity, anterior segment and ocular fundus were checked. Related factor of corneal disease, including age, gender, education status, ethnic group, location and occupation, were identified according to uniform customized protocol. An eye was defined to be corneal blindness if the visual acuity was <20/400 due to a corneal disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand individuals (1290 from urban area and 1710 from rural area) participated in the investigation, with a response rate of 80.380%. The prevalence of corneal blindness was 0.023% in both eyes and 0.733% in at least one eye. The blindness in at least one eye with varied causes was present in 106 participants (3.533%) and in bilateral eyes in 34 participants (1.133%). The corneal diseases accounted for 20.754% of blindness in at least one eye and 20.588% of bilateral blindness. The prevalence of corneal disease was higher in older and Han ethnic group, especially those who occupied in agriculture and outdoor work. People with corneal blindness were more likely to be older and lower education. Rural population were more likely to suffer from bilateral corneal blindness than the urban population in ≥59-year group (χ (2)=6.716, P=0.019). Infectious, trauma and immune corneal disease were the three leading causes of corneal disease. Trauma corneal disease was more likely leading to blindness in one eye. However, infectious and immune corneal diseases make more contribution to the bilateral corneal blindness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corneal blindness is a significant burden of in Ningxia population, encompassing a variety of corneal infections and trauma; the majority of those were avoidable. Health promotion strategies and good hygienic conditions have to be developed.
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Xun-Lun
authors: XL
authors: Sheng
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Hui-Ping
authors: HP
authors: Li
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Qing-Xia
authors: QX
authors: Liu
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Wei-Ning
authors: WN
authors: Rong
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Tongxin Hospital, Tongxin 751300, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Wen-Zhang
authors: WZ
authors: Du
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Guang-Hui
authors: GH
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Run-Qing
authors: RQ
authors: Ma
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Jian-Ling
authors: JL
authors: Zhang
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Hui-Fang
authors: HF
authors: Xu
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Wen-Qing
authors: WQ
authors: Zou
authors: Ningxia Eye Hospital, Ningxia People's Hospital, Yinchuan 750011, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
authors: Xiao-Jun
authors: XJ
authors: Bi
keywords: blindness; corneal disease; epidemiology; infectious keratitis; trauma