title: Aromatic organosulfates in atmospheric aerosols: synthesis, characterization, and abundance.
abstract: Aromatic organosulfates are identified and quantified in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from Lahore, Pakistan, Godavari, Nepal, and Pasadena, California. To support detection and quantification, authentic standards of phenyl sulfate, benzyl sulfate, 3-and 4-methylphenyl sulfate and 2-, 3-, and 4-methylbenzyl sulfate were synthesized. Authentic standards and aerosol samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to negative electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometry. Benzyl sulfate was present in all three locations at concentrations ranging from 4 - 90 pg m-3. Phenyl sulfate, methylphenyl sulfates and methylbenzyl sulfates were observed intermittently with abundances of 4 pg m-3, 2-31 pg m-3, 109 pg m-3, respectively. Characteristic fragment ions of aromatic organosulfates include the sulfite radical (•SO3-,m/z80) and the sulfate radical (•SO4-,m/z96). Instrumental response factors of phenyl and benzyl sulfates varied by a factor of 4.3, indicating that structurally-similar organosulfates may have significantly different instrumental responses and highlighting the need to develop authentic standards for absolute quantitation organosulfates. In an effort to better understand the sources of aromatic organosulfates to the atmosphere, chamber experiments with the precursor toluene were conducted under conditions that form biogenic organosulfates. Aromatic organosulfates were not detected in the chamber samples, suggesting that they form through different pathways, have different precursors (e.g. naphthalene or methylnaphthalene), or are emitted from primary sources.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Staudt
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
authors: Shuvashish
authors: S
authors: Kundu
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors: Hans-Joachim
authors: HJ
authors: Lehmler
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors: Xianran
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors: Tianqu
authors: T
authors: Cui
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors: Ying-Hsuan
authors: YH
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Kasper
authors: K
authors: Kristensen
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Glasius
authors: School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors: Xiaolu
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors: Rodney J
authors: RJ
authors: Weber
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors: Jason D
authors: JD
authors: Surratt
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Stone1
keywords: atmospheric aerosol; mass spectrometry; sulfate ester synthesis; toluene