title: Assessment of a fully automated, high-throughput mammographic density measurement tool for use with processed digital mammograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ImageJ model is a recently developed automated breast density measurement tool based on analysis of Cumulus outcomes. It has been validated on digitized film-screen mammograms. In this study, the ImageJ model was assessed on processed full-field digital mammograms and correlated with the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) density classification. Also, the association with breast cancer risk factors is observed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with mammographies between 2001 and 2011 at the University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands were included. We composed a training set, read with Cumulus, for building the ImageJ model [n = 100 women, 331 images; craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views, left and right] and a validation set for model assessment and correlation with the BI-RADS classification [n = 530 women, 1,977 images; average of available CC and MLO views, left and right]. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to compare Cumulus with ImageJ, Spearman correlation coefficient for ImageJ with BI-RADS density, and generalized linear models for association with breast cancer risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation between ImageJ and Cumulus in the training set was 0.90 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.86-0.93]. After application to the validation set, we observed a high correlation between ImageJ and the BI-RADS readings (Spearman r = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.84-0.88). Women with higher density were significantly younger, more often premenopausal, had lower parity, more often a benign breast lesion or family history of breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ImageJ model can be used on processed digital mammograms. The measurements strongly correlate with Cumulus, the BI-RADS density classification, and breast cancer risk factors.
authors: University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands, alice.couwenberg@gmail.com.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Couwenberg
authors: H M
authors: HM
authors: Verkooijen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Pijnappel
authors: K R
authors: KR
authors: Charaghvandi
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hartman
authors: C H
authors: CH
authors: van Gils
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001331:Automation; D000071060:Breast Density; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D005260:Female; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000002:abnormalities; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results