title: Rapid detection of convallatoxin using five digoxin immunoassays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac glycosides of plant origin are implicated in toxic ingestions that may result in hospitalization and are potentially lethal. The utility of commonly available digoxin serum assays for detecting foxglove and oleander ingestion has been demonstrated, but no studies have evaluated the structurally similar convallatoxin found in Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley) for rapid laboratory screening, nor has digoxin immune Fab been tested as an antidote for this ingestion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to (1) evaluate multiple digoxin assays for cross-reactivity to convallatoxin, (2) identify whether convallatoxin could be detected in vivo at clinically significant doses, and (3) determine whether digoxin immune Fab could be an effective antidote to convallatoxin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-reactivities of purified convallatoxin and oleandrin with five common digoxin immunoassays were determined. Serum from mice challenged with convallatoxin was tested for apparent digoxin levels. Binding of convallatoxin to digoxin immune Fab was determined in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both convallatoxin and oleandrin were detectable by a panel of commonly used digoxin immunoassays, but cross-reactivity was variable between individual assays. We observed measurable apparent digoxin levels in serum of convallatoxin intoxicated mice at sublethal doses. Convallatoxin demonstrated no binding by digoxin immune Fab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple digoxin immunoassays detect botanical cardiac glycosides including convallatoxin and thus may be useful for rapid determination of severe exposures, but neutralization of convallatoxin by digoxin immune Fab is unlikely to provide therapeutic benefit.
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA.
authors: S L
authors: SL
authors: Fink
authors: T E
authors: TE
authors: Robey
authors: A F
authors: AF
authors: Tarabar
authors: M E
authors: ME
authors: Hodsdon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D002298:Cardenolides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D031405:Convallaria / Q000506:poisoning; D003429:Cross Reactions; D004077:Digoxin / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007118:Immunoassay; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051379:Mice; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D011041:Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D013328:Strophanthins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002298:Cardenolides; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D007140:Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; D013328:Strophanthins; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004077:Digoxin; C021065:oleandrin; C000505:convallatoxin
keywords: Convallotoxin; Digoxin; Digoxin immunoassays; Lily of the valley; Oleandrin