title: Vitamin D status and risk of metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low vitamin D status has been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to explore the nature and strength of the relationship between vitamin D and metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a campus-based cross-sectional study of 355 non-diabetic young adult graduate students (233 males and 132 females; mean age, 23.5 ± 2.4 years) in Northern Taiwan. We measured and tested the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with metabolic syndrome and cardio-metabolic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 (6.8%) recruited young adults had metabolic syndrome. There were decreasing trends of body mass index (BMI), Homeostasis Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and prevalence of metabolic syndrome across increasing tertiles of vitamin D levels irrespective of age and sex (P for trend <0.05). Without adjusting for BMI or HOMA-IR, the odds of having metabolic syndrome decreased across increasing tertiles of vitamin D levels (P for trend 0.021). The odds ratio of having metabolic syndrome was 0.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.85, P = 0.025) for the highest vs. the lowest tertile of vitamin D levels. However, further adjustments for BMI and HOMA-IR largely removed the inverse association of vitamin D status with metabolic syndrome and its individual components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among non-diabetic young adults, the potential inverse relationship between vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome may be attributable to the conjunctive effects of individual obesity and insulin resistance.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chiao-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Hao-Hsiang
authors: HH
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Wen
authors: CW
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Fen-Yu
authors: FY
authors: Tseng
authors: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Long-Teng
authors: LT
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: bretthuang@ntu.edu.tw.
authors: Kuo-Chin
authors: KC
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Vitamin D