title: Phagocytosis of nano-sized titanium dioxide triggers changes in protein acetylation.
abstract: Nano-sized titanium dioxide (nTiO2) is one of the most produced engineered nanomaterials and therefore carries a high risk for workplace exposure. In several nanosafety studies, exposure to nTiO2 has been shown to trigger inflammation in mice lung and to cause oxidative stress. Here, cytoplasmic proteome changes in human monocyte derived macrophages were investigated with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry to evaluate the adverse cellular effects after exposure to different types of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Both studied TiO2 NPs (rutile TiO2 with or without silica coating) evoked similar proteome alterations. The identified proteins were linked to metabolic homeostasis, cytoskeleton remodeling and oxidative stress. The abundances of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 and cathepsin D changed only after exposure to nTiO2 as compared to a coarse particle analog. Enrichment analysis revealed that 70% of the proteins with changed intensities contained known acetylation sites, and it was possible to confirm a significant induction of cytoplasmic protein acetylation after nTiO2 exposure. The course of the events during phagocytosis could account for the observed membrane maintenance, metabolic and cytoskeletal protein expression changes. Lysine acetylation of cytoplasmic proteins in macrophages is emerging as a major cell regulation mechanism after nTiO2 exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the amount of nanosafety research conducted in recent years has been constantly increasing, proteomics has not yet been utilized widely in this field. In addition, reversible protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as acetylation and phosphorylation have not been investigated in-depth in nanomaterial exposed cells. Proteome changes observed in nanomaterial exposed macrophages revealed active phagocytosis of the particles and provided new insights into underlying mechanisms of biological responses to nTiO2 exposures. Moreover, reversible protein acetylation might be a major cellular regulation event occurring in nanomaterial exposed cells.
authors: Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Sund
authors: Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jaana
authors: J
authors: Palomäki
authors: Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Niina
authors: N
authors: Ahonen
authors: Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Savolainen
authors: Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Harri
authors: H
authors: Alenius
authors: Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland; Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a b, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: anne.puustinen@ttl.fi.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Puustinen
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Acetylation; DIGE; Nano; Nanosafety; Proteomics; Titanium dioxide