title: Oligochitosan stimulated phagocytic activity of macrophages from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) associated with respiratory burst coupled with nitric oxide production.
abstract: The immunostimulating effects of oligochitosan have been proven in several fish, however, the mechanisms underlying the stimulation are not characterized. In the present study, the effects of oligochitosan were investigated using macrophages isolated from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). The results showed that the phagocytic activity of the macrophages was enhanced by the addition of oligochitosan in vitro and in vivo. The two of the most important antimicrobial pathways of macrophages, NADPH oxidase and iNOS pathways were included for further studies. The amounts of superoxide anion and the mRNAs of the five subunits of NADPH oxidase genes were significantly enhanced in the oligochitosan-treated macrophages and macrophages isolated from fish fed with feed containing oligochitosan. In addition, the NO production, iNOS activity and iNOS gene expression were all significantly increased in the presence of oligochitosan. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β were also significantly increased in the macrophages derived from fish fed with oligochitosan. In conclusion, the stimulation effects of oligochitosan on the phagocytic activity of the fish macrophages were associated with respiratory burst coupled with nitric oxide production.
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Lichun
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Xiaoheng
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Gailing
authors: G
authors: Yuan
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Asim
authors: Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors: Weimin
authors: W
authors: Wang
authors: Division of Fish Pathology, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
authors: Lingbing
authors: L
authors: Zeng
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: liuxl@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Xiaoling
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: linli@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002686:Chitin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D048271:Chitosan; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010587:Phagocytosis; D016897:Respiratory Burst
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides; C493484:oligochitosan; D002686:Chitin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D048271:Chitosan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D019255:NADPH Oxidases
keywords: Macrophage; Megalobrama amblycephala; Nitric oxide production; Oligochitosan; Phagocytosis; Respiratory burst