title: Dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in Danish postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cadmium is a human lung carcinogen and possesses estrogen-like activity. This combination of carcinogenic and estrogenic activity makes cadmium a contaminant of high concern for hormone-related cancers. Diet and smoking are the main sources of cadmium exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in Danish postmenopausal woman.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated dietary cadmium intake in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort at enrolment 1993-97. The estimates were based on food frequency questionnaires and cadmium contents in all foods. Among 23,815 postmenopausal women we identified 1390 breast, 192 endometrial, and 146 ovarian cancer cases from enrolment through December 31, 2010 using the Danish Cancer Registry. Cox regression was used to analyse the association between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean dietary cadmium intake was 14 µg/day. Cadmium was not associated with breast cancer, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-1.13 per 10 µg higher dietary cadmium intake/day; endometrial cancer, IRR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.76-1.53; or ovarian cancer, IRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.78-1.70. We found a positive association between cadmium and endometrial cancer for the women with BMI<25 (IRR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.94-2.39), whereas an inverse association was seen for the women with BMI≥25 (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.42-1.12); p value for interaction = 0.02.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study does not indicate that our estimated dietary cadmium intake is associated with hormone-related cancers in women.
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Kirsten T
authors: KT
authors: Eriksen
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Jytte
authors: J
authors: Halkjær
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Mette
authors: M
authors: Sørensen
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Graduate Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
authors: Jaymie R
authors: JR
authors: Meliker
authors: Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Montana, United States of America.
authors: Jane A
authors: JA
authors: McElroy
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Tjønneland
authors: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Ole
authors: O
authors: Raaschou-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium