title: Ethics in occupational health: deliberations of an international workgroup addressing challenges in an African context.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  International codes of ethics play an important role in guiding professional practice in developing countries. In the occupational health setting, codes developed by international agencies have substantial import on protecting working populations from harm. This is particularly so under globalisation which has transformed processes of production in fundamental ways across the globe. As part of the process of revising the Ethical Code of the International Commission on Occupational Health, an Africa Working Group addressed key challenges for the relevance and cogency of an ethical code in occupational health for an African context through an iterative consultative process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Firstly, even in the absence of strong legal systems of enforcement, and notwithstanding the value of legal institutionalisation of ethical codes, guidelines alone may offer advantageous routes to enhancing ethical practice in occupational health. Secondly, globalisation has particularly impacted on health and safety at workplaces in Africa, challenging occupational health professionals to be sensitive to, and actively redress imbalance of power. Thirdly, the different ways in which vulnerability is exemplified in the workplace in Africa often places the occupational health professional in invidious positions of Dual Loyalty. Fourth, the particular cultural emphasis in traditional African societies on collective responsibilities within the community impacts directly on how consent should be sought in occupational health practice, and how stigma should be dealt with, balancing individual autonomy with ideas of personhood that are more collective as in the African philosophy of ubuntu. To address stigma, practitioners need to be additionally sensitive to how power imbalances at the workplace intersect with traditional cultural norms related to solidarity. Lastly, particularly in the African context, the inseparability of workplace and community means that efforts to address workplace hazards demand that actions for occupational health extend beyond just the workplace.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stronger articulation of occupational health practice with advocacy for prevention should be an ethical norm. Ethical codes should ideally harmonize and balance individual and community needs so as to provide stronger moral authority guidelines. There is a need to consider an African Charter on Bioethics as complementary and strengthening of existing codes for the region.
authors: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. leslie.london@uct.ac.za.
authors: Leslie
authors: L
authors: London
authors: Godfrey
authors: G
authors: Tangwa
authors: Reginald
authors: R
authors: Matchaba-Hove
authors: Nhlanhla
authors: N
authors: Mkhize
authors: Remi
authors: R
authors: Nwabueze
authors: Aceme
authors: A
authors: Nyika
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Westerholm
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001675:Bioethics; D032781:Codes of Ethics; D003469:Culture; D003906:Developing Countries; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D038622:Internationality; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000941:ethics*; D028723:Personhood; D057545:Social Stigma; D017132:Workplace