title: Management of stroke patients submitted to botulinum toxin type A therapy: a Delphi survey of an Italian expert panel of specialist injectors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spasticity is a common disabling symptom of several neurological conditions including stroke. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection represents the gold standard therapy for focal spasticity. Post-stroke management of patients receiving BTX-A therapy has been variously investigated, but general agreement on how and when to implement rehabilitation is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a national survey of experts on the most appropriate rehabilitation procedures after BTX-A therapy for the focal treatment of spasticity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study employed the Delphi technique through the COSMO project (Consensus on Post-Injection Management in Post-stroke Spasticity).
  
  
  METHODS
  Italian neurologists and physiatrists with experience in BTX-A therapy were selected to participate in the survey. Their anonymous opinions on key issues in treatment strategies in post-stroke spasticity were collected in three sequential rounds facilitated by a web platform. Consensus on a given issue was defined as agreed opinion by at least 66% of the survey participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 44 Italian experts were involved. Positive consensus was reached on the need to start rehabilitation during the first week after BTX-A injection therapy, with a rehabilitation program comprising both stretching combined with electrical stimulation and exercise therapy. Functional surgery may be considered only after 12-24 months in cases of BTX-A therapy failure. The use of commercial or custom-made orthoses in selected cases was recommended. The appropriate time interval between two BTX-A injections is 3-6 months, and clinical assessment should be performed 1 month after injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this national survey confirm that clinical experts on the use of BTX-A therapy for spasticity after stroke agree on the need to initiate rehabilitation treatment immediately after BTX-A injection: muscle stretching exercises, eventually combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation, may enhance the effect of BTX-A therapy. Outcome after BTX-A therapy should be assessed at repeated follow-up visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This expert panel survey can provide guidance for clinicians in the assessment of patients treated with BTX-A therapy.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation IRCCS San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy - andrea.santamato@unifg.it.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Franceschini
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Iocco
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Molteni
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Santamato
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Smania
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A