title: Rapid access to renal transplant waiting list in children: impact of patient and centre characteristics in France.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major inequalities in access to renal transplant waiting lists have been demonstrated among adult patients both in the USA and Europe. In this French nationwide study, we sought to ascertain the influence of patient and centre characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all children (<18 years) in the French End-Stage Renal Disease National Registry, who started renal replacement therapy (RRT) between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2011. The primary outcome was the probability of being listed within 6 months after starting RRT. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to study the association between the patient or the centre characteristics and the outcome. Centre effects were assessed by studying the centre-level residual variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 614 incident patients treated in 54 centres were included; 421 (68.6%) were listed within 6 months after starting RRT. A higher risk of not being listed was found in patients younger than 2 years or with a renal disease with a high risk of recurrence after transplantation [odds ratio (OR): 2.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-4.97]. We found a significant vintage effect: the probability of not being listed decreased over time (OR per 1 year +0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.94). Although we found no significant gender effect, a trend towards disfavouring girls persisted over the study period. We found a significant centre effect that remained after adjusting for patient characteristics. However, none of the centre characteristics that we studied (centre size, pre-emptive transplantation program, paediatric versus adult centres and the proportion of patients on the waiting list placed on inactive status during the first month after listing) explained this variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms inequalities among children in rapid access to the renal transplant waiting list and shows that patient and centre characteristics play a role in these inequalities. Further studies focusing on the organization and practices of the centres are needed to explain the remaining variability.
authors: REIN Registry, Agence de la Biomédecine, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, France.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Hogan
authors: REIN Registry, Agence de la Biomédecine, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, France.
authors: Emilie
authors: E
authors: Savoye
authors: REIN Registry, Agence de la Biomédecine, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, France Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
authors: Marie-Alice
authors: MA
authors: Macher
authors: HFME, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France.
authors: Justine
authors: J
authors: Bachetta
authors: La Timone, Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France.
authors: Florentine
authors: F
authors: Garaix
authors: Jeanne de Flandre, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Lahoche
authors: Trousseau University Hospital, Paris, France.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Ulinski
authors: REIN Registry, Agence de la Biomédecine, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, France Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Harambat
authors: REIN Registry, Agence de la Biomédecine, La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, France.
authors: Cécile
authors: C
authors: Couchoud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D012042:Registries; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014850:Waiting Lists; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: children; clinical epidemiology; paediatric kidney transplantation; renal transplantation