title: Sensor arrays based on nanoparticles for early detection of kidney injury by breath samples.
abstract: The outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) could be severe and even lethal, if not diagnosed in its early stages and treated appropriately. Blood and urine biomarkers, currently in use as indicators for kidney function, are either inaccurate in various cases or not timely. We report on dramatic changes in exhaled breath composition, associated with kidney dysfunction after ischemic insult in rat models. Gas chromatography linked mass spectrometry examination of breath samples indicated significant elevations in the concentration of three exhaled volatile organic compounds, two to six hours after AKI was surgically induced. Relying on these findings, we introduce an array of sensors, based on organic-layer capped gold nanoparticles, sensitive to odor changes. The ability of the array to detect AKI via breath testing was examined and scored a sensitivity of 96%, only one hour after disease induction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In this study, organic-layer capped gold nanoparticle-based biosensors are used to analyse breath samples in an acute kidney injury model, capitalizing on the observation that specific volatile organic compounds are present in breath samples in that condition. The authors report excellent sensitivity in as little as one hour after acute kidney injury. This method, if commercialized, may replace the current blood and urine sample analysis-based tests with a more convenient, rapid and accurate nanotechnology-based method.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Morad K
authors: MK
authors: Nakhleh
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Haitham
authors: H
authors: Amal
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Hoda
authors: H
authors: Awad
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: A'laa
authors: A
authors: Gharra
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Niroz
authors: N
authors: Abu-Saleh
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: Raneen
authors: R
authors: Jeries
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: hhossam@technion.ac.il.
authors: Hossam
authors: H
authors: Haick
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Research Unit, Rambam Health Campus, Hiafa, Israel.
authors: Zaid
authors: Z
authors: Abassi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D007668:Kidney / Q000293:injuries*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D006046:Gold
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Breath test; Detection; Gold nanoparticles; Volatile organic compound