title: Desktop-based computer-assisted orthopedic training system for spinal surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation and surgical training has moved on since its inception during the end of the last century. The trainees are getting more exposed to computers and laboratory training in different subspecialties. More needs to be done in orthopedic simulation in spinal surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a training system for pedicle screw fixation and validate its effectiveness in a cohort of junior orthopedic trainees.
  Fully simulated computer-navigated training system is used to train junior orthopedic trainees perform pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine. Real patient computed tomography scans are used to produce the real-time fluoroscopic images of the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The training system was developed to simulate pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine. A total of 12 orthopedic senior house officers performed pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine before and after the training on training system. The results were assessed based on the scoring system, which included the amount of time taken, accuracy of pedicle screw insertion, and the number of exposures requested to complete the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result shows a significant improvement in amount of time taken, accuracy of fixation, and the number of exposures after the training on simulator system. This was statistically significant using paired Student t test (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fully simulated computer-navigated training system is an efficient training tool for young orthopedic trainees. This system can be used to augment training in the operating room, and trainees acquire their skills in the comfort of their study room or in the training room in the hospital. The system has the potential to be used in various other orthopedic procedures for learning of technical skills in a manner aimed at ensuring a smooth escalation in task complexity leading to the better performance of procedures in the operating theater.
authors: Department of Computer Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedics, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom. Electronic address: rohit@rambani.com.
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Rambani
authors: Department of Computer Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Ward
authors: Department of Computer Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.
authors: Warren
authors: W
authors: Viant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; computer navigation; simulation; spinal fractures; training system