title: Neurosurgical virtual reality simulation metrics to assess psychomotor skills during brain tumor resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual reality simulator technology together with novel metrics could advance our understanding of expert neurosurgical performance and modify and improve resident training and assessment. This pilot study introduces innovative metrics that can be measured by the state-of-the-art simulator to assess performance. Such metrics cannot be measured in an operating room and have not been used previously to assess performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three sets of performance metrics were assessed utilizing the NeuroTouch platform in six scenarios with simulated brain tumors having different visual and tactile characteristics. Tier 1 metrics included percentage of brain tumor resected and volume of simulated "normal" brain tissue removed. Tier 2 metrics included instrument tip path length, time taken to resect the brain tumor, pedal activation frequency, and sum of applied forces. Tier 3 metrics included sum of forces applied to different tumor regions and the force bandwidth derived from the force histogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results outlined are from a novice resident in the second year of training and an expert neurosurgeon. The three tiers of metrics obtained from the NeuroTouch simulator do encompass the wide variability of technical performance observed during novice/expert resections of simulated brain tumors and can be employed to quantify the safety, quality, and efficiency of technical performance during simulated brain tumor resection. Tier 3 metrics derived from force pyramids and force histograms may be particularly useful in assessing simulated brain tumor resections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our pilot study demonstrates that the safety, quality, and efficiency of novice and expert operators can be measured using metrics derived from the NeuroTouch platform, helping to understand how specific operator performance is dependent on both psychomotor ability and cognitive input during multiple virtual reality brain tumor resections.
authors: Neurosurgical Simulation Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, 2nd Floor, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University, Suite W201, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada, hamed.azarnoush@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors: Hamed
authors: H
authors: Azarnoush
authors: Gmaan
authors: G
authors: Alzhrani
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Winkler-Schwartz
authors: Fahad
authors: F
authors: Alotaibi
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Gelinas-Phaneuf
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Pazos
authors: Nusrat
authors: N
authors: Choudhury
authors: Jawad
authors: J
authors: Fares
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: DiRaddo
authors: Rolando F
authors: RF
authors: Del Maestro
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014584:User-Computer Interface