title: Efficacy of continuation/maintenance electroconvulsive therapy for the prevention of recurrence of a major depressive episode in adults with unipolar depression: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Divergent opinion surrounds the use of continuation/maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (c/mECT) as a recurrence prevention strategy in depression because of limited data on efficacy and adverse effects. In an effort to synthesize what is known about its efficacy, a systematic review of controlled studies reporting efficacy of c/mECT for the prevention of relapse or recurrence of a depressive episode in adults with unipolar major depression was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven electronic databases were searched with a 3-stage screening process conducted by the author with an independent review. Quality assessments and data extractions were performed on selected studies using preselected tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies met the inclusion criteria; these are as follows: 3 randomized controlled trials, 1 small nonrandomized controlled trial, and 2 retrospective chart reviews. All participants had undergone an index course of electroconvulsive therapy with positive effects before receiving c/mECT or control/comparison interventions. One randomized controlled trial and retrospective chart review showed no significant difference between c/mECT and control/comparison interventions; the remaining 4 studies showed a significantly superior effect of c/mECT for the prevention of recurrence of depression. Monotherapy of c/mECT was less efficacious than c/mECT in combination with antidepressant medication, as was c/mECT delivered on a schedule, which was unresponsive to early signs of recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that c/mECT is efficacious for the prevention of relapse/recurrence of major depression and that efficacy is increased when c/mECT is provided in combination with antidepressant medication and at flexible treatment intervals, responsive to early signs of recurrence.
authors: From the *Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta; and †Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: E Denise
authors: ED
authors: Brown
authors: How
authors: H
authors: Lee
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Scott
authors: Greta G
authors: GG
authors: Cummings
mesh_terms: D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence; D055502:Secondary Prevention