title: Human enteroendocrine cell responses to infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: a microarray study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) are highly specialized cells producing signalling molecules vital to the normal functions of the gut. Recently, we showed altered protein distribution in Chlamydia infected EEC in vitro. The aim of this study was to perform a microarray analysis of the response pattern of EEC from both large and small bowel to infection in vitro, using Chlamydia trachomatis infection as a model.
  
  
  METHODS
  TWO HUMAN EEC LINES: LCC-18, derived from a neuroendocrine colonic tumour, and CNDT-2, derived from a small intestinal carcinoid, were infected using cultured C. trachomatis serovar LGV II strain 434 (ATCC VR-902B). Penicillin G was used to induce persistent infection. We used microarray analysis (Affymetrix GeneChip®) for studying changes in gene expression at different stages of infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four hours after active and persistent infection, 66 and 411 genes in LCC-18 and 68 and 170 genes in CNDT-2 cells, respectively showed mean expression ratios >2-fold compared to non-infected cells. These genes encoded factors regulating apoptosis, cell differentiation, transcription regulation, cytokine activity, amine biosynthesis and vesicular transport. We found significant differences in gene transcription levels between persistently infected and non-infected cells in 10 genes coding for different solute carrier transporters (SLC) and in 5 genes related to endocrine function (GABARAPL1, GRIP1, DRD2, SYT5 and SYT7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infected EEC cells exhibit cell-type specific patterns related to vesicular transport, secretion and neurotransmitters. EEC play a pivotal role in regulation of gut motility and an impairment of enteroendocrine function can contribute to motility disorders.
authors: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Gastrocentrum Huddinge K63, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Aldona
authors: A
authors: Dlugosz
authors: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Muschiol
authors: Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Katherina
authors: K
authors: Zakikhany
authors: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Ghazaleh
authors: G
authors: Assadi
authors: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: D'Amato
authors: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Gastrocentrum Huddinge K63, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Greger
authors: G
authors: Lindberg
keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis; Enteroendocrine cells; Infection; Microarray