title: Impact of combinations of EGF, TGFβ, 17β-oestradiol, and inhibitors of corresponding pathways on proliferation of breast cancer cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of combinations of anti-cancer drugs and growth factors on tumour cells may differ from the assumed sum of the effects of each factor separately. Therefore it is important to study the effects of different combinations of various drugs and treatments. Our aim was to study the effects on breast cancer cell proliferation of EGF, TGFβ and 17β-oestradiol, three important regulators of breast tumourigenesis, and their respective inhibitors in different combinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened the effects on proliferation of MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells of ninety different combinations of EGF, TGFβ and 17β-oestradiol, Iressa, SB431542 and Tamoxifen. Meta-data analysis of available clinical data was performed to validate observed proliferation data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In MDA-MB-231 cells, TGFβ1 was found inhibitory when cells were simultaneously treated with EGF and 17β-oestradiol, with the effect potentiated by addition of all inhibitors combined. In the same cells, Iressa when combined with EGF was paradoxically stimulatory. Tamoxifen inhibited MCF7 cells co-treated with EGF or oestrogen, and enhanced the inhibitory effect of TGFβ in MDA-MB-231 cells. Meta-analysis of clinical gene expression studies confirmed several of these points, showing enhanced TGFβ and EGF expression in Tamoxifen-treated patients to correlate with decreased tumour size and grade respectively, and combined TGFβ-EGF expression to decrease the risk of metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows significant differences in proliferation response to drugs and growth factors between MCF7 cells which do not have propensity to form metastases in animal models and MDA-MB-231 cells which may form metastases upon inoculation into animals. Several of these differences are unexpected and confirmed by clinical observations.
authors: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mints
authors: OCD-AB, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Souchelnytskyi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D004958:Estradiol; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor