title: Effect measure modification of blood lead-air lead slope factors.
abstract: There is abundant literature finding that susceptibility factors, including race and ethnicity, age, and housing, directly influence blood lead levels. No study has explored how susceptibility factors influence the blood lead-air lead relationship nationally. The objective is to evaluate whether susceptibility factors act as effect measure modifiers on the blood lead-air lead relationship. Participant level blood lead data from the 1999 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were merged with air lead data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Linear mixed effects models were run with and without an air lead interaction term for age group, sex, housing age, or race/ethnicity to determine whether these factors are effect measure modifiers for all ages combined and for five age brackets. Age group and race/ethnicity were determined to be effect measure modifiers in the all-age model and for some age groups. Being a child (1-5, 6-11, and 12-19 years) or of Mexican-American ethnicity increased the effect estimate. Living in older housing (built before 1950) decreased the effect estimate for all models except for the 1-5-year group, where older housing was an effect measure modifier. These results are consistent with the peer-reviewed literature of time-activity patterns, ventilation, and toxicokinetics.
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Richmond-Bryant
authors: School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors: Qingyu
authors: Q
authors: Meng
authors: ICF International, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Cohen
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: J Allen
authors: JA
authors: Davis
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Svendsgaard
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: James S
authors: JS
authors: Brown
authors: School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Tuttle
authors: ICF International, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
authors: Heidi
authors: H
authors: Hubbard
authors: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Joann
authors: J
authors: Rice
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Kirrane
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Vinikoor-Imler
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Kotchmar
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Hines
authors: National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Ross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007854:Lead