title: Radical prostatectomy and positive surgical margins: relationship with prostate cancer outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Positive surgical margins (PSMs) are an adverse factor that may predict a worse outcome in patients submitted to radical prostatectomy (RP). However, not all of these cases will evolve to biochemical (BCR) or clinical (CR) recurrence, therefore relationship between PSMs and these recurrent events has to be correlated with other clinical and pathologic findings to indicate complementary treatment for selected patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 1250 patients submitted to open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), between March 1991 and June 2008, the outcome of 161 patients with PSMs and of 67 without PSMs as a control group, comprising a total of 228 cases were retrospectively reviewed. A minimum follow-up time of 2 years after surgery was considered. BCR was determined when PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL. CR was determined whenever there was clinical evidence of tumor. Chi-square test was used to correlate clinical and pathologic variables with PSMs. Time interval to biochemical recurrence was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier product limit analysis using the log-rank test for comparison between groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox stepwise logistic regression models were used to identify significant predictors of risk of shorter intervals to BCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate circumference margin was the most common site with 78 cases (48.44%). Regarding the outcome of 228 cases from both groups, BCR occurred in 68 patients (29.82%), and CR in 10 (4.38%). Univariate analysis showed statistically significant associations (p < 0.001) between presence of PSMs with BCR, but not with CR (p = 0.05). At follow-up of the 161 patients with PSMs, only 61(37.8%) presented BCR, while 100 (62.8%) did not. BCR correlated with pathologic stage; Gleason score; preoperative PSA; tumor volume in the specimen; capsular and perineural invasion; presence and number of PSMs. CR correlated only with angiolymphatic invasion and Gleason score. Considering univariate analysis of clinical and pathologic factors predicting progression-free survival at 5 years, prostate weight; preoperative PSA; Gleason score; pathologic stage; tumor volume; PSMs; capsular and perineural invasion were correlated with BCR. At multivariate analysis, only Gleason score and percentage of tumor volume correlated as significant independent predictors of BCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At univariate analysis, presence, number and location of PSMs have consistent correlation with BCR after RRP, but at follow-up BCR occurred only in 37.8% of patients with PSMs. However at multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors for BCR were percentage of tumor volume (p = 0.022) and Gleason score (p < 0.005) in the surgical specimen. Angiolymphatic invasion and Gleason score were significantly correlated with CR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Fundação Antonio Prudente A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo L R Felts
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: De La Roca
authors.affiliation: Department of Pelvic Surgery and Department of Pathology, Fundação Antonio Prudente A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Werneck
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pelvic Surgery and Department of Pathology, Fundação Antonio Prudente A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stephania Martins
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Urology, Fundação Antonio Prudente A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Paulo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Da Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen