title: Effects of 4-hexylresorcinol on the phenoloxidase from Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): In vivo and in vitro studies.
abstract: Insecticidal effects of 4-hexylresorcinol, a phenoloxidase (PO) inhibitor, were determined on Hyphantria cunea (Drury) under laboratory conditions. The LC50 for the 15-d-old larvae was estimated to be 2.95 g/L after 96 h exposure. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and PO showed a decrease in larvae treated with 4-hexylresorcinol, and the IC50 of GST and PO were estimated to be 0.8 and 0.43 g/L, respectively, 24 h after treatment. The PO from the hemolymph of fall webworm was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel-filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography, and then enzymatic characteristics and the mechanism of inhibition were determined using L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as the substrate. The purified PO showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of about 70 kDa. The optimum pH for PO activity was observed at pH 7.0, optimum temperature was found to be 45 °C, and PO activity was strongly inhibited by Zn(2+) . IC50 values were estimated to be 8.2, 19.14, and 24.04 μmol/L for 4-hexylresorsinol, kojic acid, and quercetin, respectively. The inhibitory potencies (i.e., I50 of each compound/I50 of 4-hexylresorcinol) of kojic acid and quercetin on H. cunea PO were estimated to be 1.87 and 2.89, respectively. 4-hexylresorcinol was determined to be a competitive inhibitor, and kojic acid and quercetin were determined to be mixed inhibitors. PO is one of the most important enzymes in an insect's immune system, and the use of PO inhibitors seems to be a promising approach for pest control due to their potential safety for humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghadamyari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.
authors.forename: Reza H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sajedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Nosrat O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000201:enzymology; D006604:Hexylresorcinol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D011753:Pyrones; C011890:kojic acid; D011794:Quercetin; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D015032:Zinc; D006604:Hexylresorcinol
keywords: 4-hexylresorcinol; Hyphantria cunea; IC50; LC50; inhibition mechanisms; phenoloxidase