title: Environmental stressors influencing hormones and systems physiology in cattle.
abstract: Environmental stressors undoubtedly influence organismal biology, specifically the endocrine system that, in turn, impact cattle at the systems physiology level. Despite the significant advances in understanding the genetic determinants of the ideal dairy or beef cow, there is a grave lack of understanding of the systems physiology and effects of the environmental stressors that interfere with the endocrine system. This is a major problem because the lack of such knowledge is preventing advances in understanding gene-environment interactions and developing science-based solutions to these challenges. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge on the nature of the major environmental stressors, such as climate (heat, cold, wind, and humidity), nutrition (feeds, feeding systems, and endocrine disruptors) and management (housing density and conditions, transportation, weaning practices). We summarize the impact of each one of these factors on cattle at the systems level, and provide solutions for the challenges.
authors.forename: Toree L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bova
authors.forename: Ludovica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiavaccini
authors.forename: Garrett F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.forename: Caitlin G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matheny
authors.forename: Ashleigh M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Muth
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Voelz
authors.forename: Darrel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kesler
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. em149@ads.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: Erdoğan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Memili
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002980:Climate; D003612:Dairying; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary; D004702:Endocrine Glands / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D060434:Herbivory; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones