title: Acute management of stones: when to treat or not to treat?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stone management is often conservative due to a high spontaneous stone passage rate or non-symptomatic calyceal stones that do not necessarily require active treatment. However, stone disease may cause symptoms and complications requiring urgent intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, we update latest research and current recommendations regarding acute management of stones, with particular focus on imaging, pain management, active stone interventions, medical expulsive therapy, and urolithiasis in pregnancy and childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute stone management should be planned with careful consideration of stone size and location, symptoms, patient comorbidity and radiation dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In case of infective hydronephrosis, compromised renal function or persistent pain despite adequate analgesic treatment acute intervention is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Urological Research Center, Fredericia Hospital - a Part of Hospital Littlebelt, Fredericia, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Palle J S
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Osther
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D053018:Pyonephrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D064804:Urological Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D064804:Urological Agents