title: Characterization of phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of red radish brines during lactic acid fermentation.
abstract: Red radish (Raphanus L.) pickles are popular appetizers or spices in Asian-style cuisine. However, tons of radish brines are generated as wastes from industrial radish pickle production. In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes in colour properties, phenolics, anthocyanin profiles, phenolic acid composition, flavonoids, and antioxidant properties in radish brines during lactic acid fermentation. The results showed that five flavonoids detected were four anthocyanins and one kaempferol derivative, including pelargonidin-3-digluoside-5-glucoside derivatives acylated with p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric and manolic acids, or ferulic and malonic acids. Amounts ranged from 15.5-19.3 µg/mL in total monomeric anthocyanins, and kaempferol-3,7-diglycoside (15-30 µg/mL). 4-Hydroxy-benzoic, gentisic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic and salicylic acids were detected in amounts that varied from 70.2-92.2 µg/mL, whereas the total phenolic content was 206-220 µg/mL. The change in colour of the brine was associated with the accumulation of lactic acid and anthocyanins. The ORAC and Fe2+ chelation capacity of radish brines generally decreased, whereas the reducing power measured as FRAP values was increased during the fermentation from day 5 to day 14. This study provided information on the phytochemicals and the antioxidative activities of red radish fermentation waste that might lead to further utilization as nutraceuticals or natural colorants.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. pjcolumbus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. lihuas@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. ssq927@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shan-Qi
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. zshj_1012@126.com.
authors.forename: Shu-Juan
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China. pang3721941@163.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Urban Agriculture (South), Research Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. bjqianfd@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bing-Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005285:Fermentation; D005419:Flavonoids; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000737:chemistry; D031224:Raphanus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D012492:Salts; C017082:brine; D019344:Lactic Acid; C017616:phenolic acid