title: Genetic predisposition to prostate cancer: Update and future perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer in men worldwide and kills over 250,000 men worldwide every year. Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the clinical and the molecular level. The Scandinavian Twin Registry Study demonstrated that in contrast to most malignancies where environment was the overriding influence, heritable factors account for more than fifty percent of prostate cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the literature on prostate cancer risk variants (rare and common) including SNPs and Copy Number Variants (CNVs) and discuss the potential implications of significant variants for prostate cancer patient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes has included both family-based studies and case-control studies utilizing a variety of approaches from array-based to sequencing-based studies. A major challenge is to identify genetic variants associated with more aggressive, potentially lethal prostate cancer and to understand their role in the progression of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future risk models useful in the clinical setting will likely incorporate several risk loci rather than single variants and may be dependent on an individual patient's ethnic background.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY; Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY. Electronic address: demichelis@scienceunitn.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demichelis
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stanford
mesh_terms: D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: CNV; Common variants; Prostate cancer risk; Rare variants; SNP