title: The effectiveness of metoprolol versus atenolol on prevention of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large Chinese population: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing trials almost exclusively used atenolol to represent the entire β-blocker class, and it is unknown whether there are intra-class differences. We compared the incidence of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, blood pressure (BP) control and adherence levels between patients newly prescribed atenolol vs. metoprolol tartrate.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cohort study included all public, clinical settings in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2005, followed up till 2010. We compared outcomes between 22,479 new atenolol users and 29,972 new metoprolol tartrate users. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to evaluate the difference in mortality between drugs. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to compare the BP control rates and adherence levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  7.0% and 13.1% died of any causes among atenolol and metoprolol users, respectively (p<0.005). The incidence of cardiovascular mortality among atenolol users was lower than metoprolol users (1.4% vs. 3.7%, p<0.001). When compared with atenolol users, metoprolol users were 1.13-fold (95% C.I. 1.06-1.20) and 1.56-fold (95% C.I. 1.27-1.90), respectively, more likely to experience all-cause and cardiovascular mortality; less likely to be drug adherent (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 0.95, 95% C.I. 0.90-0.99, p=0.013); and less likely to achieve optimal overall BP control (aRR 0.94, 95% C.I. 0.90-0.99, p=0.023) and diastolic BP control (aRR 0.86, 95% C.I. 0.77-0.97, p=0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings imply an intra-class difference for beta-blockers when used as first-line antihypertensive prescriptions in real-life clinical settings which inform future clinical guidelines. More outcome studies on the effectiveness of different subtypes within other major antihypertensive drug classes are warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Electronic address: wong_martin@cuhk.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Martin C S
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Wilson W S
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: X Q
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Lao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Harry H X
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Mandy W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: Hospital Authority Information Technology Services, Health Informatics Section, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Clement S K
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Hospital Authority Information Technology Services, Health Informatics Section, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Ellen L H
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Hospital Authority Information Technology Services, Health Informatics Section, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: N T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Bryan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Sian M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001262:Atenolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D001262:Atenolol; D008790:Metoprolol
keywords: Adherence; Atenolol; Blood pressure control; First-line antihypertensive; Metoprolol; β-blockers