title: Profile of depressive symptoms in women in the perinatal and outside the perinatal period: similar or not?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze which Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Postpartum Depression Screening Scores (PDSS) total and dimensional scores, as well as symptomatic answers proportions significantly differ between women in the perinatal period (pregnant/postpartum) without major depression, with major depression and women outside the perinatal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  572 pregnant women in the third trimester completed Beck Depression Inventory-II and Postpartum Depression Screening Scale and were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. 417 of these were also assessed (with the same instruments) at three months postpartum. Ninety non-pregnant women or that did not have a child in the last year (mean age=29.42±7.159 years) also filled in the questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-depressed pregnant women showed lower scores than depressed pregnant women and higher scores than women outside the perinatal period in the BDI-II total score and in its Somatic-Anxiety dimension. Non-depressed postpartum women showed significantly higher scores than women outside the perinatal period only at Sleep/Eating Disturbances. Compared to women outside the perinatal period, pregnant women without depression presented higher scores only in the somatic items. Women with vs. without depression in the postpartum period did not significantly differ and both presented higher scores than women outside the perinatal period in the proportions of loss of energy and sleep changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women outside the perinatal period were not diagnosed for the presence of a depressive disorder, but their BDI-II mean score was similar to the figures reported worldwide regarding women in childbearing age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the perinatal period, most particularly at pregnancy, women experience significant somatic changes even if not clinically depressed. Cognitive-affective symptoms are more useful when assessing the presence of perinatal depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: apereira@fmed.uc.pt.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Miguel Torga Higher Institute, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Oporto Higher Institute of Social Work, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roque
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Madeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macedo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Non-perinatal women; Perinatal women