title: Oxidation of trichloroethylene, toluene, and ethanol vapors by a partially saturated permeable reactive barrier.
abstract: The mitigation of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors in the unsaturated zone largely relies on the active removal of vapor by ventilation. In this study we considered an alternative method involving the use of solid potassium permanganate to create a horizontal permeable reactive barrier for oxidizing VOC vapors. Column experiments were carried out to investigate the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and ethanol vapors using a partially saturated mixture of potassium permanganate and sand grains. Results showed a significant removal of VOC vapors due to the oxidation. We found that water saturation has a major effect on the removal capacity of the permeable reactive layer. We observed a high removal efficiency and reactivity of potassium permanganate for all target compounds at the highest water saturation (Sw=0.6). A change in pH within the reactive layer reduced oxidation rate of VOCs. The use of carbonate minerals increased the reactivity of potassium permanganate during the oxidation of TCE vapor by buffering the pH. Reactive transport of VOC vapors diffusing through the permeable reactive layer was modeled, including the pH effect on the oxidation rates. The model accurately described the observed breakthrough curve of TCE and toluene vapors in the headspace of the column. However, miscibility of ethanol in water in combination with produced water during oxidation made the modeling results less accurate for ethanol. A linear relationship was found between total oxidized mass of VOC vapors per unit volume of permeable reactive layer and initial water saturation. This behavior indicates that pH changes control the overall reactivity and longevity of the permeable reactive layer during oxidation of VOCs. The results suggest that field application of a horizontal permeable reactive barrier can be a viable technology against upward migration of VOC vapors through the unsaturated zone.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.gharehmahmoodlu@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Mojtaba G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mahmoodlu
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S Majid
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hassanizadeh
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hartog
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raoof
mesh_terms: D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000737:chemistry*; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D014050:Toluene; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Diffusion; Permeable reactive barrier; Solid potassium permanganate; Unsaturated zone; VOC vapors; Water saturation