title: Bilateral uterine vessel ligation as a model of intrauterine growth restriction in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies and is considered as a major risk to develop various diseases in adulthood, such as cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, hypertension or end stage kidney disease. Several IUGR models have been developed in order to understand the biological processes linked to fetal growth retardation, most of them being rat or mouse models and nutritional models. In order to reproduce altered placental flow, surgical models have also been developed, and among them bilateral uterine ligation has been frequently used. Nevertheless, this model has never been developed in the mouse, although murine tools display multiple advantages for biological research. The aim of this work was therefore to develop a mouse model of bilateral uterine ligation as a surgical model of IUGR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we describe the set up and experimental data obtained from three different protocols (P1, P2, P3) of bilateral uterine vessel ligation in the mouse. Ligation was either performed at the cervical end of each uterine horn (P1) or at the central part of each uterine horn (P2 and P3). Time of surgery was E16 (P1), E17 (P2) or E16.5 (P3). Mortality, maternal weight and abortion parameters were recorded, as well as placentas weights, fetal resorption, viability, fetal weight and size. Results showed that P1 in test animals led to IUGR but was also accompanied with high mortality rate of mothers (50%), low viability of fetuses (8%) and high resorption rate (25%). P2 and P3 improved most of these parameters (decreased mortality and improved pregnancy outcomes; improved fetal viability to 90% and 27%, respectively) nevertheless P2 was not associated to IUGR contrary to P3. Thus P3 experimental conditions enable IUGR with better pregnancy and fetuses outcomes parameters that allow its use in experimental studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that bilateral uterine artery ligation according to the protocol we have developed and validated can be used as a surgical mouse model of IUGR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, University of Bern Medical School, Bern, Switzerland. m.janot@chu-nancy.fr.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janot
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cortes-Dubly
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Uyen
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Huynh-Do
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020567:Fetal Weight; D008026:Ligation; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply; D014680:Veins / Q000601:surgery