title: Prevalence of congenital anomalies in newborns with congenital heart disease diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a known association between congenital heart disease (CHD) and other congenital anomalies (CA). These associations have been altered by changes in prenatal factors in recent time. We reviewed the largest database of inpatient hospitalization information and analyzed the current association between common CHD diagnoses and other congenital anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study design. We reviewed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 1998 to 2008 and identified all live births with CHD diagnosis (case) and live births without CHD diagnosis (control). We compared prevalence of associated congenital anomalies between the case and control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cohort consisted of 97,154 and 12,078,482 subjects in the case and control groups, respectively. In the CHD population, prevalence of non-syndromic congenital anomaly (NSCA), genetic syndrome (GS), and overall extra-cardiac congenital anomaly (CA) were 11.4, 2.2, and 13.6%, respectively. In the control group, prevalence of NSCA, GS, and CA were 6.7, 0.3, and 7.0%, respectively. NSCA (odds ratio (OR): 1.88, confidence interval (CI): 1.73-1.94), GS (OR 2.52, CI 2.44-2.61), and overall CA (OR: 2.01, CI: 1.97-2.14) were strongly associated with CHD. Prevalence of GS and multiple organ-system CA decreased significantly over the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the largest and most comprehensive population-based study evaluating association between CHD and extra-cardiac malformation (ECM) in newborns. There was significant decrease in prevalence of GS and multiple CA over the study period.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Egbe
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uppu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Shubhika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
keywords: Congenital anomalies; epidemiology; extra cardiac; newborn; prevalence