title: Occipital nerve block prior to occipital nerve stimulation for refractory chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache: myth or prediction?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) results in beneficial outcomes, with marked pain relief, in otherwise intractable chronic migraine (CM) and chronic cluster headache (CCH). Some studies have reported that a positive response to occipital nerve block (ONB) administered prior to ONS predicts a positive response to ONS. However, other studies concerned with proper patient selection claimed no predictive value for ONB. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the usefulness and predictive value of ONB prior to ONS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches on the predictive value of ONB were performed in MEDLINE and PubMed. Patient data were extracted and a pooled analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature review revealed 133 patients with CM and seven patients with CCH who received preoperative ONB. To date, a randomized controlled study examining the relationship between ONB and ONS has not been conducted in patients with CM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current literature suggests that ONB does not sufficiently predict ONS responsiveness in patients with refractory CM and CCH; this important issue requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany thomas.kinfe@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kinfe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuss
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vatter
mesh_terms: D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D012886:Skull / Q000294:innervation; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Occipital nerve stimulation; chronic cluster headache; chronic migraine; intractable pain; occipital nerve block