title: Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the leaves of Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz) Willd.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The fruit decoction of Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz) Willd. is used toward increase sterility in woman intended birth control in some parts of Rajasthan, India. This plant is widely used in Turkish medicines as a potent sedative. One to two inches of the fresh stem bark of this species are chewed with 1-2 peppers, and the sap swallowed once a day for 5 days in the treatment of cough. Standardization is one of the challenges in herbal medicine. It is essential to evaluate the herbal plants scientifically and proper documentation should be made to know their medicinal properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leaf samples of Z. xylopyrus were studied as recommended by World Health Organization for morphological, microscopic, physicochemical, phytochemical, powder characteristics and other methods for standardization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphologically the leaves are obovate or orbicular in shape, pinnate venation having aromatic odour and pungent taste. Microscopically leaves showed the presence of ground tissue, vascular strand, xylem and phloem. The crystals are mostly rosette type. Microscopic examination of powder showed the presence of stomata, covering trichomes, sclerenchyma, collenchyma, epidermal cells and vascular strands. Phytochemical screening of the plant part with various solvents revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids and sterol, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids in it. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value extractive values were also determined and results showed that water soluble extractive value to be higher than alcohol soluble extractive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results may be helpful for further confirmation of selected species and in future these characters may be compared with the new batch of the same plant materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Upendra B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Gandagule
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duraiswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ashish S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zalke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Qureshi
keywords: Macroscopy; Pharmacognosy; Ziziphus xylopyrus; microscopy; powder microscopy