title: Optimizations of packed sorbent and inlet temperature for large volume-direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography to determine high boiling volatile organic compounds in water.
abstract: For the expanded application area, fast trace analysis of certain high boiling point (i.e., 150-250 °C) volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) in water, a large volume-direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography (LV-DAI-GC) method was optimized for the following parameters: packed sorbent for sample on-line pretreatment, inlet temperature and detectors configuration. Using the composite packed sorbent self-prepared with lithium chloride and a type of diatomite, the method enabled safe injection of an approximately 50-100 μL sample at an inlet temperature of 150 °C in the splitless mode and separated HVOCs from water matrix in 2 min. Coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID), an electron capture detector (ECD) and a flame photometric detector (FPD), the method could simultaneously quantify 27 HVOCs that belong to seven subclasses (i.e., halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorobenzenes, nitrobenzenes, anilines, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic sulfides) in 26 min. Injecting a 50 μL sample without any enrichment step, such as cryotrap focusing, the limits of quantification (LOQs) for the 27 HVOCs was 0.01-3 μg/L. Replicate analyses of the 27 HVOCs spiked source and river water samples exhibited good precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 11.3%) and accuracy (relative errors ≤ 17.6%). The optimized LV-DAI-GC was robust and applicable for fast determination and automated continuous monitoring of HVOCs in surface water.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Bofan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: songyh2003@126.com.
authors.forename: Yonghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Huibin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: liuhl2001@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Hongliang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D061006:Bays; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D057230:Limit of Detection; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D018021:Lithium Chloride
keywords: Direct aqueous injection; Gas chromatography; High boiling volatile organic compounds; Large volume; Packed sorbent