title: Autophagy: a housekeeper in cardiorenal metabolic health and disease.
abstract: Autophagy, literally translated means self-eating, is a primary degradative pathway and plays an important role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis through elimination of aggregated proteins, damaged organelles, and intracellular pathogens. Autophagy has been classified into microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, depending on the choice of the pathway by which the cellular material is delivered to lysosomes. Dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to the development of cardiorenal metabolic syndrome (CRS), including insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, maladaptive immune modulation, and associated cardiac and renal disease. Clarifying the pathways and mechanisms of autophagy under normal conditions is essential to understanding its dysregulation in the development of CRS. Here, we highlight a recent surge in autophagy research, such as the cellular quality control through the disposal and recycling of cellular components, and summarize our contemporary understanding of molecular mechanisms of autophagy in diverse organ or tissues involved in the pathogenesis of CRS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Guanghong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. Electronic address: sowersj@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: Autophagy; Cardiorenal metabolic syndrome; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Reactive oxygen species