title: Pharmacology of hallucinations: several mechanisms for one single symptom?
abstract: Hallucinations are complex misperceptions, that principally occur in schizophrenia or after intoxication induced by three main classes of drugs: psychostimulants, psychedelics, and dissociative anesthetics. There are at least three different pharmacological ways to induce hallucinations: (1) activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) with psychostimulants, (2) activation of serotonin 5HT2A receptors (HT2ARs) with psychedelics, and (3) blockage of glutamate NMDA receptors (NMDARs) with dissociative anesthetics. In schizophrenia, the relative importance of NMDAR and D2R in the occurrence of hallucinations is still debated. Slight clinical differences are observed for each etiology. Thus, we investigated whether the concept of hallucination is homogenous, both clinically and neurobiologically. A narrative review of the literature is proposed to synthesize how the main contributors in the field have approached and tried to solve these outstanding questions. While some authors prefer one explanatory mechanism, others have proposed more integrated theories based on the different pharmacological psychosis models. In this review, such theories are discussed and faced with the clinical data. In addition, the nosological aspects of hallucinations and psychosis are addressed. We suggest that if there may be common neurobiological pathways between the different pharmacological systems that are responsible for the hallucinations, there may also be unique properties of each system, which explains the clinical differences observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Addictionology, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France ; Department of Pharmacology, Univ Lille Nord de France, EA 1046, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4559, 59000 Lille, France ; Department of Pediatric Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4596-1502
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jardri
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4559, 59000 Lille, France ; Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amad
authors.affiliation: Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4559, 59000 Lille, France ; Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8459-7742
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Addictionology, CHU Lille, 59037 Lille, France ; Functional Neurosciences & Disorders Laboratory, Université Lille Nord de France, EA 4559, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cottencin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Univ Lille Nord de France, EA 1046, 59000 Lille, France.
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bordet
mesh_terms: D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D058830:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D058830:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists