title: Co-Occurrence of ODD and CD in Preschool Children With Symptoms of ADHD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patterns of co-occurrence between ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD) were examined in a sample of non-referred preschool children. ADHD subtypes and sex differences were also explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 3.5 years ( n = 1,048) with high scores on ADHD characteristics were recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and clinically assessed, including a semi-structured psychiatric interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In children with ADHD, concurrent ODD was present more often than CD (31% vs. 10%), but having ADHD gave higher increase in the odds of CD than of ODD (ODD: odds ratio [OR] = 6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [4.2, 10.8]; CD: OR = 17.6, 95% CI = [5.9, 52.9]). We found a greater proportion of children having the combined ADHD subtype as well as more severe inattentiveness among children with co-occurring CD compared with ODD. Sex differences were minor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are important differences in co-occurring patterns of ODD and CD in preschool children with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Oslo University Hospital, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bothild
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bendiksen
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: 4 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aase
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Oslo, Norway.|4 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.affiliation: 1 Oslo University Hospital, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.affiliation: 1 Oslo University Hospital, Norway.|2 University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.affiliation: 1 Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zeiner
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: ADHD; Conduct Disorder; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; co-occurring symptoms; preschool children; sex differences; subtypes