title: The biology and thermal requirements of the fennel aphid Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
abstract: The relationship between the insect development rate and temperature was established very early and represents an important ecological variable for modeling the population dynamics of insects. The accurate determination of thermal constant values and the lower and upper developmental thresholds of Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiales: Apiaceae)) crops would obviously benefit the effective application of control measures. This paper is a study of the biology and thermal requirements of H. foeniculi. Winged insects were collected from fennel crops at the Embrapa Algodão in Campina Grande, Paraíba. Nymphs (age ≤24 h) produced by winged insects were subjected to constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 28, 30 or 33°C, a photophase of 12 h and a relative humidity of 70±10%. The results of the study showed that at temperatures between 15 and 30°C, H. foeniculi nymphs were able to develop normally. The four instars were found at all temperatures tested. However, temperatures of 3 and 33°C were lethal to the nymphs. The nymph stage development time varied from 5 (30°C) to 19 (15°C) days. The influence of temperature on the development time is dependent on the instar. The base temperature (Tb) and the thermal constant (K) for the nymph stage were estimated at 11.2°C and 107.5 degree-days, respectively. The shortest nymph development stage was observed at 30°C, and the highest nymph viability (85.0%) was observed at 28°C. This information can be used for developing phenological models based on the temperature and development rate relationships so that outbreaks of H. foeniculi in the fennel crop can be predicted, therefore improving the application of control programs targeting this fennel pest.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Av. Osvaldo Cruz, Campina Grande-PB, CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Malaquias
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Av. Osvaldo Cruz, Campina Grande-PB, CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Av. Osvaldo Cruz, Campina Grande-PB, CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Av. Osvaldo Cruz, Campina Grande-PB, CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wesley A C
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Univiversidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zanuncio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000254:growth & development*; D001681:Biological Assay; D030001:Foeniculum; D007753:Laboratories; D010571:Pest Control; D013696:Temperature