title: Improving the adherence of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with pharmacy care: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral medication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus plays an important role in diabetes care and is associated with a high level self-care behavior and self-management. However, poor adherence to diabetes treatment is common which causes severe health complications and increased mortality. Barriers to adherence may consist of complex treatment regimens often along with long-term multi-therapies, side effects due to the medication as well as insufficient, incomprehensible or confusing information or instructions provided by the health care provider. Multidisciplinary approaches can support adherence success and can enable a more effective management of diabetes care. One approach in diabetes care can be the involvement of a pharmacist. The aim was to analyze the effectiveness of adherence-enhancing pharmacist interventions for oral medication in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The study quality was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 491 hits, six publications were included. Two studies mainly examining educational interventions showed a significant improvement in adherence. Moreover, the quality of the included studies was deficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although pharmacist interventions might potentially improve adherence to type 2 diabetes mellitus medication, high-quality studies are needed to assess effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research in Operative Medicine, Faculty of Health - School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Ostmerheimer Str, 200, Building 38, D- 51109 Cologne, Germany. Sunya-Lee.Antoine@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Sunya-Lee
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mathes
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eikermann
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D016903:Drug Monitoring