title: Masculinity and femininity in the divergence of male body image concerns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given recent assertions suggesting that gender role endorsement may be relevant in the divergence of male body image concerns, this study examined the self-reported gender role endorsement in opposing dimensional extremes of male body image disorders, namely, muscle dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa. This study further examined the relationship between gender role endorsement and eating disordered and muscle dysmorphia disorder pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 21 male muscle dysmorphia patients, 24 male anorexia nervosa patients, and 30 male gym-using controls from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. All participants completed multidimensional measures of masculinity and femininity, and measures of eating disorder and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with muscle dysmorphia reported significantly elevated adherence to masculine (but not feminine) norms relative to control gym-using men and men with anorexia nervosa, whereas patients with anorexia nervosa exhibited elevated feminine (but not masculine) gender role endorsement relative to control gym-using men and men with muscle dysmorphia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Masculine and feminine gender role endorsement appear to be associated with the divergence of body image concerns towards muscularity and thinness-oriented ideals respectively.
authors.affiliation: The Redleaf Practice, 5 Redleaf Ave, Wahroonga, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karlov
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Touyz
keywords: Anorexia nervosa; Gender role endorsement; Male eating disorders; Muscle dysmorphia