title: Pet fur or fake fur? A forensic approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In forensic science there are many types of crime that involve animals. Therefore, the identification of the species has become an essential investigative tool. The exhibits obtained from such offences are very often a challenge for forensic experts. Indeed, most biological materials are traces, hair or tanned fur. With hair samples, a common forensic approach should proceed from morphological and structural microscopic examination to DNA analysis. However, the microscopy of hair requires a lot of experience and a suitable comparative database to be able to recognize with a high degree of accuracy that a sample comes from a particular species and then to determine whether it is a protected one. DNA analysis offers the best opportunity to answer the question, 'What species is this?' In our work, we analyzed different samples of fur coming from China used to make hats and collars. Initially, the samples were examined under a microscope, then the mitochondrial DNA was tested for species identification. For this purpose, the genetic markers used were the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA, while the hypervariable segment I of the control region was analyzed afterwards, to determine whether samples belonged to the same individual.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic examination showed that the fibres were of animal origin, although it was difficult to determine with a high degree of confidence which species they belonged to and if they came from a protected species. Therefore, DNA analysis was essential to try to clarify the species of these fur samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macroscopic and microscopic analysis confirmed the hypothesis regarding the analyzed hair belonging to real animals, although it failed to prove with any kind of certainty which actual family it came from, therefore, the species remains unknown. Sequence data analysis and comparisons with the samples available in GenBank showed that the hair, in most cases, belonged to the Canidae family, and in one case only to Felidae.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pilli
authors.affiliation: Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Roma, Sezione di Chimica, viale Tor di Quinto 119, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casamassima
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vai
authors.affiliation: Istituto Superiore di Tecniche Investigative dei Carabinieri, viale Salvo D'Acquisto 2, 00049 Velletri (Roma), Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virgili
authors.affiliation: Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Roma, Sezione di Biologia, viale Tor di Quinto 119, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barni
authors.affiliation: Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Roma, Sezione di Biologia, viale Tor di Quinto 119, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Errico
authors.affiliation: Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Roma, Sezione di Biologia, viale Tor di Quinto 119, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berti
authors.affiliation: Reparto Carabinieri Investigazioni Scientifiche di Parma, Parco Ducale 3, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampietro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caramelli
keywords: Fur samples; High degraded samples; Microscopic analysis; Species identification; mtDNA