title: An ethyl acetate fraction derived from Houttuynia cordata extract inhibits the production of inflammatory markers by suppressing NF-кB and MAPK activation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethyl acetate fraction derived from a Houttuynia cordata extract (HCE-EA) on the production of inflammatory mediators and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure the effects of HCE-EA on pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammatory mediator's expression in RAW 264.7 cells, we used the following methods: cell viability assay, Griess reagent assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCE-EA downregulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL-6) production in the cells, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Furthermore, HCE-EA suppressed nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, which correlated with an inhibitory effect on IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) phosphorylation. HCE-EA also attenuated the activation of MAPKs (p38 and JNK).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of HCE-EA may stem from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators via suppression of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
authors.forename: Jin Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Kyoung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.forename: Hyo Seon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: A Yeong
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Byeong Cheol
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Herbal Medicine Resources Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseongdae-ro 1672, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea. hkkim@kiom.re.kr.
authors.forename: Ho Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052859:Houttuynia; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C442781:Houttuynia cordata extract; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007650:ethyl acetate; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases