title: The antimicrobial effects of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils on multi-species biofilms.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils (EOs) compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on multispecies biofilms formed by Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The biofilms were grown in acrylic disks immersed in broth, inoculated with microbial suspension (106 cells/mL) and incubated at 37°C / 48 h. After the biofilms were formed, they were exposed for 5 minutes to the solutions (n = 10): C. aurantium EO, C. limonum EO, 0.2% CHX, 1% NaOCl or sterile saline solution [0.9% sodium chloride NaCl)]. Next, the discs were placed in sterile 0.9% NaCl and sonicated to disperse the biofilms. Tenfold serial dilutions were performed and the aliquots were seeded onto selective agar and incubated at 37°C / 48 h. , the number of colony-forming units per milliliter was counted and analyzed statistically (Tukey test, p ≤ 0.05). C. aurantium EO and NaOCl inhibited the growth of all microorganisms in multi-species biofilms. C. limonum EO promoted a 100% reduction of C. albicans and E. coli, 49.3% of E. faecalis. CHX was less effective against C. albicans and E. coli, yielding a reduction of 68.8% and 86.7%, respectively. However, the reduction of E. faecalis using CHX (81.7%) was greater than that obtained using C. limonum EO. Both Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium EOs are effective in controlling multi-species biofilms; the microbial reductions achieved by EOs were not only similar to those of NaOCl, but even higher than those achieved by CHX, in some cases.
authors.forename: Sarah Almeida Coelho
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Jéssica Rabelo Mina
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zambrana
authors.forename: Fernanda Bispo Reis Di
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Iorio
authors.forename: Cristiane Aparecida
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Antonio Olavo Cardoso
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Jorge
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010938:Plant Oils; D012965:Sodium Chloride