title: Prostate cancer risk and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in the Finnish prostate cancer screening trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostate cancer risk remains controversial. We examined the risk among NSAID users in 78 615 men in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained information on NSAID prescription usage from Finnish nationwide prescription database and on over-the-counter use by a questionnaire. Prostate cancer cases were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prostate cancer risk was elevated among current NSAID prescription users irrespective of screening (hazard ratio (HR)=1.45, confidence interval (95% CI)=1.33-1.59 and HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.58-1.86 in the screening and control arm, respectively), but not for previous use of NSAIDs. The risk increase was similar among coxib and acetaminophen current users, and stronger for metastatic prostate cancer (HR=2.41, 95% CI=1.59-3.67 and HR=3.44, 95% CI=2.60-4.55 in the screening and control arm, respectively). Previous use of NSAIDs, aspirin use and over-the-counter NSAID usage were not associated with prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differing association for current and previous use suggests that the risk increase is unlikely to be directly caused by the medication, but may be due to the conditions indicating NSAID prescription usage, such as symptoms of undiagnosed prostate cancer. To reduce inconsistency between the study outcomes, future epidemiological studies on NSAID use and prostate cancer risk should assess the indications for NSAID usage.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veitonmäki
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Murtola
authors.affiliation: Finnish Cancer Registry, Pieni Roobertinkatu 9, 00130 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Määttänen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Sairaalakatu 1, 01400 Vantaa, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8 B, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taari
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: U-H
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Stenman
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie 35, 33521 Tampere, Finland [2] School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: T L J
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Medisiinarinkatu 3, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auvinen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal