title: Modulation of glucose metabolism by balanced deep-sea water ameliorates hyperglycemia and pancreatic function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. BDSW was prepared by mixing DSW mineral extracts and desalinated water to yield a final hardness of 1000-4000 ppm. Male ICR mice were assigned to 6 groups; mice in each group were given tap water (normal and STZ diabetic groups) or STZ with BDSW of varying hardness (0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm) for 4 weeks. The STZ with BDSW group exhibited lowered fasting plasma glucose levels than the STZ-induced diabetic group. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that BDSW improves impaired glucose tolerance in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas showed that BDSW restores the morphology of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and increases the secretion of insulin in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed that the expression of hepatic genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glucose oxidation, and glycogenolysis was suppressed, while the expression of the genes involved in glucose uptake, β-oxidation, and glucose oxidation in muscle were increased in the STZ with BDSW group. BDSW stimulated PI3-K, AMPK, and mTOR pathway-mediated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. BDSW increased AMPK phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes and improved impaired AMPK phosphorylation in the muscles of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that BDSW is a potential anti-diabetic agent, owing to its ability to suppress hyperglycemia and improve glucose intolerance by modulating glucose metabolism, recovering pancreatic islets of Langerhans and increasing glucose uptake.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ji
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D012623:Seawater
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D005947:Glucose