title: Barium hydrogen phosphate/gelatin composites versus gelatin-free barium hydrogen phosphate: synthesis and characterization of properties.
abstract: Recently, attention has been spent on crystal growth of phosphate compounds in gels for studying the mechanism of in vitro crystallization processes. Here, we present a gel-based approach for the synthesis of barium hydrogen phosphate (BHP) crystals using single and double diffusion techniques in gelatin. The composite crystals were compared with analytical grade BHP powder, single and polycrystalline BHP materials using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning pyroelectric microscopy (SPEM), optical microscopy (OM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR spectra showed surface adsorption of gelatin molecules by using BHP stacked sheets due to CH2 stretching, CH2 bending and amide I vibrations are found in a gelatin content of about 2% determined by dissolution. SEM shows various crystal morphologies of the BHP/gelatin composites forming bundled micro-flakes to irregular bundled needles and spheres different from gel-free crystals. The variety in morphology depends on the ion concentration, pH of gel as well as the method of crystal growth. SPEM investigation of BHP/gelatin aggregates revealed polar domains showing alteration of the polarization. Moreover, BHP/gelatin composite crystals showed a higher thermal stability in comparison with analytical grade BHP or/and BHP single crystals due to strong interactions between gelatin and BHP. The XRD diffraction analysis demonstrated that the single and double diffusion techniques in gelatin led to the formation of orthorhombic BHP. This study demonstrates that gelatin is a useful high molecular weight biomacromolecule for controlling the crystallization of a composite material by producing a variety of morphological forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland; Department of Textile, College of Engineering, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mparvinzadeh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mazeyar Parvinzadeh
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gashti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burgener
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stir
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland. Electronic address: juerg.hulliger@iac.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulliger
mesh_terms: D017609:Barium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017609:Barium Compounds; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: BHP; Composite crystals; Gelatin; X-ray diffraction