title: Rate of use and determinants of withdrawal of care among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of "withdrawal of care" and impact upon outcomes among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the rate and determinants of "withdrawal of care" among SAH patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the frequency of "withdrawal of care" and compared the demographic, clinical characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes among patients with SAH stratified by use of "withdrawal of care."
  
  
  RESULTS
  "Withdrawal of care" during hospitalization was instituted in 8912 (3.4%) of the 266,067 patients with SAH. In the stepwise logistic regression, age >65 (odds ratio [OR] 4.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.3-6.1), women (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.3), African American (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.8), Hispanic ethnicity (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.6), renal failure (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-1.9), intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7-2.4, All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups severity score of extreme loss of function (OR 40.1, 95% CI 6.0-270.7), All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups severity score of severe loss of function (OR 15.0, 95% CI 2.1-103.8), insurance status of private health maintenance organization (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9), and hospital region south United States (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.8), were significant predictors of "withdrawal of care" among patients with SAH. In-hospital mortality was significantly greater, but mean hospitalization charges and length of stay were significantly lower among those with "withdrawal of care."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although "withdrawal of care" was effective in limiting hospital charges and resource use, caution is needed to avoid disproportionately high mortality. The prominent relationship between race/ethnicity, insurance status, and hospital location with "withdrawal of care" raises concerns that factors other than severity of disease influence decision making.
authors.affiliation: Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Adnan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA. Electronic address: malikmuhammad.adil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Malik M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Adil
authors.affiliation: Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: M Fareed K
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Suri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D028761:Withholding Treatment / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Mortality; Palliative care; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Withdrawal of care