title: Serum total p-cresylsulfate level is associated with abnormal QTc interval in stable angina patients with early stage of renal failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  p-Cresylsulfate (PCS), a protein-bound uraemic retention solute, is known to cause endothelial dysfunction and possibly plays a role in coronary atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the association among serum total PCS, major adverse cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality were also found in previous studies. However, little is known about the relationship between total PCS level and prolonged QT interval. We assessed whether serum total PCS level is related with prolonged QT interval by measuring 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) recording in stable angina patients with early stage of renal failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum total PCS concentrations were measured by using the Ultra Performance LC System in 154 consecutive stable angina patients. A 12-lead ECG recording was obtained from each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with abnormal corrected QT (QTc) interval have higher median serum total PCS levels than patients with normal QTc interval. Statistically significant associations were observed between the serum total PCS levels and the QTc interval (r=0.217, P=0.007). Using multivariate and trend analyses, serum total PCS level was independently associated with QTc prolongation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that serum total PCS levels are significantly higher in the presence of abnormal QTc interval and are associated with the QTc prolongation. Whether total PCS plays a role in the pathogenesis of QTc prolongation requires future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Teng-Hung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chin
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fu-Mei
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lynn L H
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Lee's Endocrinologic Clinic, Pingtung 90000, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yau-Jiunn
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. Electronic address: kmuhep@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Ter
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060050:Angina, Stable / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003408:Cresols / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003408:Cresols; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C408690:4-cresol sulfate
keywords: QTc interval; Stable angina; Total p-cresylsulfate