title: Mobile phone brief intervention applications for risky alcohol use among university students: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brief interventions via the internet have been shown to reduce university students' alcohol intake. This study tested two smartphone applications (apps) targeting drinking choices on party occasions, with the goal of reducing problematic alcohol intake among Swedish university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students were recruited via e-mails sent to student union members at two universities. Those who gave informed consent, had a smartphone, and showed risky alcohol consumption according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were randomized into three groups. Group 1 had access to the Swedish government alcohol monopoly's app, Promillekoll, offering real-time estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) calculation; Group 2 had access to a web-based app, PartyPlanner, developed by the research group, offering real-time eBAC calculation with planning and follow-up functions; and Group 3 participants were controls. Follow-up was conducted at 7 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 28574 students offered participation, 4823 agreed to join; 415 were excluded due to incomplete data, and 1932 fulfilled eligibility criteria for randomization. Attrition was 22.7-39.3 percent, higher among heavier drinkers and highest in Group 2. Self-reported app use was higher in Group 1 (74%) compared to Group 2 (41%). Per-protocol analyses revealed only one significant time-by-group interaction, where Group 1 participants increased the frequency of their drinking occasions compared to controls (p = 0.001). Secondary analyses by gender showed a significant difference among men in Group 1 for frequency of drinking occasions per week (p = 0.001), but not among women. Among all participants, 29 percent showed high-risk drinking, over the recommended weekly drinking levels of 9 (women) and 14 (men) standard glasses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smartphone apps can make brief interventions available to large numbers of university students. The apps studied using eBAC calculation did not, however, seem to affect alcohol consumption among university students and one app may have led to a negative effect among men. Future research should: 1) explore ways to increase user retention, 2) include apps facilitating technical manipulation for evaluation of added components, 3) explore the effects of adapting app content to possible gender differences, and 4) offer additional interventions to high-risk users.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01958398.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm, Sweden. mikael.gajecki@ki.se.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajecki
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sinadinovic
authors.forename: Ingvar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D040421:Cell Phone; D003376:Counseling; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D012984:Software; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol