title: Ceftriaxone pretreatment protects rats against cerebral ischemic injury by attenuating microglial activation-induced IL-1β expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the neuroprotective effect of ceftriaxone (CTX) has been reported, the underlying mechanisms are still uncertain. In this study, we investigated if rats recover better from CTX pretreatment against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were pretreated with CTX (200 mg/kg, 1/day, i.p.) for 5 d. At 24 h after the end of the last CTX pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min in male Sprague Dawley rats. The neurological deficit scores (NDS) and infarct volumes were evaluated. Microglia cells were observed by immunofluorescence staining and IL-1β was assayed by ELISA and Western Blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that CTX pretreatment improved the neurological deficit scores and decreased the infarct volumes 24 h after reperfusion. The activation of microglia cells was reduced and the expression of IL-1β was partially inhibited 24 h after reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that CTX pretreatment may provide a neuroprotective effect against transient cerebral ischemic injury, partially inhibit in microglial activation and reduce the expression of IL-1β.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lujia
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.forename: Wang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shiquan
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shuzhuo
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012079:Renal Circulation; D015424:Reperfusion
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D002443:Ceftriaxone
keywords: ceftriaxone; cerebral ischemia; interleukin-1β; microglia; pretreatment