title: Antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of grape skin anthocyanin (GSA).
abstract: We aimed to investigate the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the anthocyanin rich extract of grape skin. Grape skin anthocyanin (GSA) neutralized free radicals in different test systems, such as 2,-2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, to form complexes with Fe2+ preventing 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced erythrocyte hemolysis and oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, GSA decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in isolated mitochondria thus inhibiting 2',-7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) oxidation. In an in vivo study, female BALB/c mice were administered GSA, at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg per kg per day orally for 30 consecutive days. Herein, we demonstrate that GSA administration significantly elevated the level of antioxidant enzymes in mice sera, livers, and brains. Furthermore, GSA inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the in vitro assay with an IC50 value of 363.61 µg/mL. Therefore, GSA could be an excellent source of antioxidants and its inhibition of cholinesterase is of interest with regard to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. mehnaz.pervin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehnaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pervin
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. noman33ju@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Abul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hasnat
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. leeyoonmi83@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yoon Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. junfeel@kku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Da Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. whwjddms90@kku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: College of Biomedical & Health Science, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea. beongou@kku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Beong Ou
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006461:Hemolysis; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase