title: Comparing lumbo-pelvic kinematics in people with and without back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians commonly examine posture and movement in people with the belief that correcting dysfunctional movement may reduce pain. If dysfunctional movement is to be accurately identified, clinicians should know what constitutes normal movement and how this differs in people with low back pain (LBP). This systematic review examined studies that compared biomechanical aspects of lumbo-pelvic movement in people with and without LBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, AMI, CINAHL, Scopus, AMED, ISI Web of Science were searched from inception until January 2014 for relevant studies. Studies had to compare adults with and without LBP using skin surface measurement techniques to measure lumbo-pelvic posture or movement. Two reviewers independently applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, and identified and extracted data. Standardised mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for group differences between people with and without LBP, and where possible, meta-analyses were performed. Within-group variability in all measurements was also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search identified 43 eligible studies. Compared to people without LBP, on average, people with LBP display: (i) no difference in lordosis angle (8 studies), (ii) reduced lumbar ROM (19 studies), (iii) no difference in lumbar relative to hip contribution to end-range flexion (4 studies), (iv) no difference in standing pelvic tilt angle (3 studies), (v) slower movement (8 studies), and (vi) reduced proprioception (17 studies). Movement variability appeared greater for people with LBP for flexion, lateral flexion and rotation ROM, and movement speed, but not for other movement characteristics. Considerable heterogeneity exists between studies, including a lack of detail or standardization between studies on the criteria used to define participants as people with LBP (cases) or without LBP (controls).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, people with LBP have reduced lumbar ROM and proprioception, and move more slowly compared to people without LBP. Whether these deficits exist prior to LBP onset is unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia. robert.laird@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Jayce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Keating
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D006801:Humans; D008141:Lordosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture; D011434:Proprioception; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular