title: The cry toxin operon of Clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia is highly toxic to Aedes Larval Mosquitoes.
abstract: The management and control of mosquito vectors of human disease currently rely primarily on chemical insecticides. However, larvicidal treatments can be effective, and if based on biological insecticides, they can also ameliorate the risk posed to human health by chemical insecticides. The aerobic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus have been used for vector control for a number of decades. But a more cost-effective use would be an anaerobic bacterium because of the ease with which these can be cultured. More recently, the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia has been reported to have high mosquitocidal activity, and a number of proteins were identified as potentially mosquitocidal. However, the cloned proteins showed no mosquitocidal activity. We show here that four toxins encoded by the Cry operon, Cry16A, Cry17A, Cbm17.1, and Cbm17.2, are all required for toxicity, and these toxins collectively show remarkable selectivity for Aedes rather than Anopheles mosquitoes, even though C. bifermentans subsp. malaysia is more toxic to Anopheles. Hence, toxins that target Anopheles are different from those expressed by the Cry operon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
authors.forename: Supaporn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Likitvivatanavong
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Han Lim
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California, USA sarjeet.gill@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Sarjeet S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D046971:Paraclostridium bifermentans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009876:Operon; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins