title: Hypercapnic hyperventilation shortens emergence time from Propofol and Isoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to compare the effects of hypercapnic hyperventilation and normocapnic normoventilation on emergence time from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this clinical trial, the differences in emergence time were evaluated in 80 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery in Alzahra University hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2011-2012. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (groups 1-4) receiving isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation, isoflurane normocapnic normoventilation, propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, and propofol normocapnic normoventilation, respectively. Hypercapnia was maintained by adding CO2 to the patient's inspired gas during hyperventilation. The emergence time and the duration of stay in recovery room in the four groups were measured and compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average emergence time in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were (11.3 ± 3.2), (15.2 ± 3.8), (9 ± 4.2) and (11.8 ± 5.3) min, respectively. These differences were significant (P = 0.001). In patients receiving propofol hypercapnic hyperventilation, the emergence time was faster than in other groups. There was also a significant difference in duration of stay in recovery room between the groups (P = 0.004). Patients who received isoflurane hypercapnic hyperventilation had a shortest length of stay in the recovery room.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The emergence time after intravenous anesthesia with propofol can be shortened significantly by using hyperventilation and hypercapnia, without any side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yaraghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golparvar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Reihanak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Talakoub
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sateie
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehrabi
keywords: Emergence; hypercapnia; hyperventilation; isoflurane; propofol