title: Electrical stimuli in the central nervous system microenvironment.
abstract: Electrical stimulation to manipulate the central nervous system (CNS) has been applied as early as the 1750s to produce visual sensations of light. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), cochlear implants, visual prosthetics, and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are being applied in the clinic to treat a wide array of neurological diseases, disorders, and injuries. This review describes the history of electrical stimulation of the CNS microenvironment; recent advances in electrical stimulation of the CNS, including DBS to treat essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and depression; FES for the treatment of spinal cord injuries; and alternative electrical devices to restore vision and hearing via neuroprosthetics (retinal and cochlear implants). It also discusses the role of electrical cues during development and following injury and, importantly, manipulation of these endogenous cues to support regeneration of neural tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; email: thompd4@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: Deanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Abigail N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Koppes
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000473:pathology; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology
keywords: brain; deep brain stimulation (DBS); electrode; functional electrical stimulation (FES); galvanotaxis; spinal cord