title: Blood donation, being Asian, and a history of iron deficiency are stronger predictors of iron deficiency than dietary patterns in premenopausal women.
abstract: This study investigated dietary patterns and nondietary determinants of suboptimal iron status (serum ferritin < 20 μg/L) in 375 premenopausal women. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, determinants were blood donation in the past year [OR: 6.00 (95% CI: 2.81, 12.82); P < 0.001], being Asian [OR: 4.84 (95% CI: 2.29, 10.20); P < 0.001], previous iron deficiency [OR: 2.19 (95% CI: 1.16, 4.13); P = 0.016], a "milk and yoghurt" dietary pattern [one SD higher score, OR: 1.44 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.93); P = 0.012], and longer duration of menstruation [days, OR: 1.38 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.68); P = 0.002]. A one SD change in the factor score above the mean for a "meat and vegetable" dietary pattern reduced the odds of suboptimal iron status by 79.0% [OR: 0.21 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.50); P = 0.001] in women with children. Blood donation, Asian ethnicity, and previous iron deficiency were the strongest predictors, substantially increasing the odds of suboptimal iron status. Following a "milk and yoghurt" dietary pattern and a longer duration of menstruation moderately increased the odds of suboptimal iron status, while a "meat and vegetable" dietary pattern reduced the odds of suboptimal iron status in women with children.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cathryn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rozanne
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2117-3237
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Anne-Louise M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1770-6862
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matthys
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9685-020X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore City 0745, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Welma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stonehouse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D016015:Logistic Models; D008460:Meat; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables