title: Clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer stem cells identified on the basis of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer displays varying molecular and clinical features. The ability to form breast tumors has been shown by several studies with aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) positive cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between ALDH1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics of invasive ductal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated breast cancer tissues for the prevalence of ALDH1(+) tumor cells and their prognostic value. The present study included paraffin-embedded tissues of 70 patients with or without recurrences. We applied immunohistochemical staining for the detection of ALDH1(+) cells. Analysis of the association of clinical outcomes and molecular subtype with marker status was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALDH1(+) and ALDH1(-) tumors were more frequent in triple-negative breast cancers and in luminal A breast cancers, respectively (p<0.01). ALDH1 expression was found to exert significant impact on disease free survival (DFS) (ALDH1(+) vs. ALDH1(-), 53.1±6.7 months vs. 79.2±4.7 months; p=0.03) and overall survival (OS) (ALDH1(+) vs. ALDH1(-), 68.5±4.7 months vs. 95.3±1.1 months; p<0.01). In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, DFS and OS showed no statistical differences according to ALDH1 expression (ALDH1(+) vs. ALDH1(-), 45.3±9.4 months vs. 81.3±7.4 months, p=0.52; 69.0±7.5 months vs. 91.3±6.3 months, p=0.67). However, non-TNBC patients showed significant OS difference between ALDH1(+) and ALDH1(-) tumors (ALDH1(+) vs. ALDH1(-), 77.6±3.6 months vs. 98.0±1.0 months; p=0.04) with no statistical difference of DFS (ALDH1(+) vs. ALDH1(-), 60.5±8.0 months vs. 81.8±4.6 months; p=0.27).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the expression of ALDH1 in breast cancer may be associated with TNBC and poor clinical outcomes. On the basis of our findings, we propose that ALDH1 expression in breast cancer could be correlated with poor prognosis, and may contribute to a more aggressive cancer phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Chung Han
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Aldehyde dehydrogenase; Breast neoplasms; Neoplastic stem cells