title: Acute hantavirus infection induces galectin-3-binding protein.
abstract: Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses that cause life-threatening diseases when transmitted to humans. Severe hantavirus infection is manifested by impairment of renal function, pulmonary oedema and capillary leakage. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we showed that galectin-3-binding protein (Gal-3BP) was upregulated as a result of hantavirus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Gal-3BP is a secreted glycoprotein found in human serum, and increased Gal-3BP levels have been reported in chronic viral infections and in several types of cancer. Our in vitro experiments showed that, whilst Vero E6 cells (an African green monkey kidney cell line) constitutively expressed and secreted Gal-3BP, this protein was detected in primary human cells only as a result of hantavirus infection. Analysis of Gal-3BP levels in serum samples of cynomolgus macaques infected experimentally with hantavirus indicated that hantavirus infection induced Gal-3BP also in vivo. Finally, analysis of plasma samples collected from patients hospitalized because of acute hantavirus infection showed higher Gal-3BP levels during the acute than the convalescent phase. Furthermore, the Gal-3BP levels in patients with haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome correlated with increased complement activation and with clinical variables reflecting the severity of acute hantavirus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hepojoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strandin
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hetzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sironen
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klingström
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sane
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mustonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meri
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lundkvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland.|Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vapalahti
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hilkka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lankinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland.|Department of Virology, Peptide and Protein Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaheri
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003167:Complement Activation; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D018778:Hantavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D006480:Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D029262:Puumala virus; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014709:Vero Cells; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D037502:Galectin 3; D006023:Glycoproteins; C081856:LGALS3BP protein, human; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins