title: Cytokine profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a mouse model of bronchial asthma during seasonal H1N1 infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies support the role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbation. However, several pediatricians believe that influenza virus infection does not exacerbate bronchial asthma, except for influenza A H1N1 2009 pandemic [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus infection. We previously reported that A(H1N1)pdm09 infection possibly induces severe pulmonary inflammation or severe asthmatic attack in a mouse model of bronchial asthma and in asthmatic children. However, the ability of seasonal H1N1 influenza (H1N1) infection to exacerbate asthmatic attacks in bronchial asthma patients has not been previously reported, and the differences in the pathogenicity profiles, such as cytokine profiles, remains unclear in bronchial asthma patients after A(H1N1)pdm09 and H1N1 infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytokine levels and viral titers in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from mice with and without asthma after H1N1 infection (A/Yamagata and A/Puerto Rico strains) were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-5, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the BAL fluids from the control/H1N1 mice than from the asthmatic/H1N1 mice. The viral titers in the BAL fluid were also significantly higher in the control/H1N1mice than in the asthmatic/H1N1 mice infected with either A/Yamagata or A/Puerto Rico.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, but not H1N1 infection, can induce severe pulmonary inflammation through elevated cytokine levels in a mouse model of asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan. Electronic address: shunji@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gui Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-011, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ainai
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atsuta
authors.affiliation: Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 2-5-67 Aoi, Yamaguchi 753-0821, Japan.
authors.forename: Komei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirabe
authors.affiliation: Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 2-5-67 Aoi, Yamaguchi 753-0821, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi-Takahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Asthma; Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Cytokine; Seasonal H1N1 influenza