title: Tailored unilobar and multilobar resections for orbitofrontal-plus epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery for frontal lobe epilepsy often has poor results, likely because of incomplete resection of the epileptogenic zone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present our experience with a series of patients manifesting 2 different anatomo-electro-clinical patterns of refractory orbitofrontal epilepsy, necessitating different surgical approaches for resection in each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with refractory epilepsy involving the orbitofrontal region were consecutively identified over 3 years in whom stereoelectroencephalography identified the epileptogenic zone. All patients underwent preoperative evaluation, stereoelectroencephalography, and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Demographic features, seizure semiology, imaging characteristics, location of the epileptogenic zone, surgical resection site, and pathological diagnosis were analyzed. Surgical outcome was correlated with type of resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients exhibited orbitofrontal plus frontal epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone consistently residing in the frontal lobe; after surgery, 4 patients were free of disabling seizures (Engel I) and 1 patient improved (Engel II). The remaining 6 patients had multilobar epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone located in the orbitofrontal cortex associated with the temporal polar region (orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy). After surgery, all 6 patients were free of disabling seizures (Engel I). Pathology confirmed focal cortical dysplasia in all patients. We report no complications or mortalities in this series.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings highlight the importance of differentiating between orbitofrontal plus frontal and orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy in patients afflicted with seizures involving the orbitofrontal cortex. For identified cases of orbitofrontal plus temporal polar epilepsy, a multilobar resection including the temporal pole may lead to improved postoperative outcomes with minimal morbidity or mortality.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; ‡Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Demitre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serletis
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bulacio
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Imad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bingaman
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: González-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult