title: Factors contributing to the rise of buprenorphine misuse: 2008-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to examine the motivations underlying the use of buprenorphine outside of therapeutic channels and the factors that might account for the reported rapid increase in buprenorphine misuse in recent years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used: (1) a mixed methods approach consisting of a structured, self-administered survey (N=10,568) and reflexive, qualitative interviews (N=208) among patients entering substance abuse treatment programs for opioid dependence across the country, centered on opioid misuse patterns and related behaviors; and (2) interviews with 30 law enforcement agencies nationwide about primary diverted drugs in their jurisdictions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results demonstrate that the misuse of buprenorphine has increased substantially in the last 5 years, particularly amongst past month heroin users. Our quantitative and qualitative data suggest that the recent increases in buprenorphine misuse are due primarily to the fact that it serves a variety of functions for the opioid-abusing population: to get high, manage withdrawal sickness, as a substitute for more preferred drugs, to treat pain, manage psychiatric issues and as a self-directed effort to wean themselves off opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-therapeutic use of buprenorphinehas risen dramatically in the past five years, particularly in those who also use heroin. However, it appears that buprenorphine is rarely preferred for its inherent euphorigenic properties, but rather serves as a substitute for other drugs, particularly heroin, or as a drug used, preferable to methadone, to self-medicate withdrawal sickness or wean off opioids.
authors.affiliation: Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box 8134, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: Cicerot@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.affiliation: Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Box 8134, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University, Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, 2 NE 40th Street, Suite 404, Miami, FL 33137, United States.
authors.forename: Hilary L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Surratt
authors.affiliation: Nova Southeastern University, Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, 2 NE 40th Street, Suite 404, Miami, FL 33137, United States.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kurtz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002047:Buprenorphine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D002047:Buprenorphine
keywords: Buprenorphine misuse, Heroin, Opioid misuse, Self-treatment of opioid dependence