title: Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine-midazolam combination in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare intranasal (INS) and intramuscular (IM) routes of administration of a ketamine-midazolam combination in cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized block design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve healthy mixed breed cats (six males and six females).
  
  
  METHODS
  The drug combination was ketamine (14 mg kg(-1) ) and midazolam (0.5 mg kg(-1) ). In the IM group, drugs were injected into quadratus femoris muscle; in the INS. group, the combination dropped equally into the two nostrils. Pulse and respiratory rates, peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and rectal temperature were monitored before and at intervals after drug administration. Time to onset and duration of sedation and, during recovery to head up, sternal recumbency and recovery were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the groups in any time measured except for recovery to sternal recumbency, where time was lower in the INS than in the IM (p = 0.034). Respiratory rate was greater in the INS than in the IM group (p = 0.029), but there was no difference between groups in other physiological parameters. In both groups SpO2 was low before and fell further during sedation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results substantiated that INS ketamine-midazolam can produce effective sedation in cats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal (INS) administration of ketamine-midazolam is atraumatic, and its use may avoid the pain of injection of ketamine combinations when this drug is used to induce sedation in cats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marjani
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Akbarinejad
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bagheri
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000662:veterinary; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam
keywords: cat; intranasal administration; ketamine; midazolam; sedation