title: Temporal labyrinths of eastern Eurasian Pleistocene humans.
abstract: One of the morphological features that has been identified as uniquely derived for the western Eurasian Neandertals concerns the relative sizes and positions of their semicircular canals. In particular, they exhibit a relatively small anterior canal, a relatively larger lateral one, and a more inferior position of the posterior one relative to the lateral one. These discussions have not included full paleontological data on eastern Eurasian Pleistocene human temporal labyrinths, which have the potential to provide a broader context for assessing Pleistocene Homo trait polarities. We present the temporal labyrinths of four eastern Eurasian Pleistocene Homo, one each of Early (Lantian 1), Middle (Hexian 1), and Late (Xujiayao 15) Pleistocene archaic humans and one early modern human (Liujiang 1). The labyrinths of the two earlier specimens and the most recent one conform to the proportions seen among western early and recent modern humans, reinforcing the modern human pattern as generally ancestral for the genus Homo. The labyrinth of Xujiayao 15 is in the middle of the Neandertal variation and separate from the other samples. This eastern Eurasian labyrinthine dichotomy occurs in the context of none of the distinctive Neandertal external temporal or other cranial features. As such, it raises questions regarding possible cranial and postcranial morphological correlates of Homo labyrinthine variation, the use of individual "Neandertal" features for documenting population affinities, and the nature of late archaic human variation across Eurasia.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China;
authors.forename: Xiu-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Unité Mixte de Recherche 5199 De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie des Populations Passées et Présentes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence, France; and.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crevecoeur
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China;
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China;
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130 trinkaus@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trinkaus
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D010163:Paleontology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012665:Semicircular Canals; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: China; cochlea; cranium; petrous