title: Detecting enzyme activities with exogenous MRI contrast agents.
abstract: This review focuses on exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that are responsive to enzyme activity. Enzymes can catalyze a change in water access, rotational tumbling time, the proximity of a (19)F-labeled ligand, the aggregation state, the proton chemical-exchange rate between the agent and water, or the chemical shift of (19)F, (31)P, (13)C or a labile (1)H of an agent, all of which can be used to detect enzyme activity. The variety of agents attests to the creativity in developing enzyme-responsive MRI contrast agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ (USA).
authors.forename: Dina V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: Byunghee
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pagel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055162:Biocatalysis; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057075:Enzyme Assays / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008958:Models, Molecular
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: CEST MRI; MR spectroscopy; enzymes; imaging agents; relaxation-based MRI