title: Universal design and the challenge of diversity: reflections on the principles of UD, based on empirical research of people's mobility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The author analyses some theoretical presuppositions of the Universal Design approach. She shows that it is based on two paradoxes: (1) it reduces diversity to the "universal", (2) it depends on an asymmetrical view of abilities and disabilities. The author suggests a way of changing this concept in order to take into account uniqueness and diversity, in order to allow the shaping of abilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data are taken from an ethnographical survey carried out between 2007 and 2009 made up of in-depth interviews with wheelchair users and their families. The interviews were analysed inductively using the Nvivo© programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mobility of people in wheelchairs, and their capacity to act, are linked to their particular experience and are the result of a process of adjustment and arrangement. This process involves specific and varied resources and leads to changes in the individuals, in their dis/abilites, but also in their perceptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis leads to a change in the question of policy. This question is no longer "how to include diversity using the definition of 'universal'", but "how to bring out and articulate this diversity, so as to vary the qualities of persons and the world in which they live". Implications for Rehabilitation "Inaccessibility" is analysed in terms of a discrepancy between the user and her/his environment and in terms of experience. Accessibility is analysed as a process of adjustment and practical arrangements between the person and her/his environment. The universalism of Universal Design is criticized in the way it tries to force the variety of users into the uniqueness of one materiality. Emphasis is put on diversity and the necessity of articulating this diversity in a plural world offering various resources that individuals can call upon to act, depending on what they are and on what they want to become.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U988 , Villejuif , France .
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winance
mesh_terms: D001107:Architectural Accessibility; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D036262:Empirical Research; D004779:Environment Design; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008124:Locomotion; D014910:Wheelchairs
keywords: Accessibility; experience; universal design; wheelchair user