title: Therapeutic vaccines for cancer: an overview of clinical trials.
abstract: The therapeutic potential of host-specific and tumour-specific immune responses is well recognized and, after many years, active immunotherapies directed at inducing or augmenting these responses are entering clinical practice. Antitumour immunization is a complex, multi-component task, and the optimal combinations of antigens, adjuvants, delivery vehicles and routes of administration are not yet identified. Active immunotherapy must also address the immunosuppressive and tolerogenic mechanisms deployed by tumours. This Review provides an overview of new results from clinical studies of therapeutic cancer vaccines directed against tumour-associated antigens and discusses their implications for the use of active immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA) and Clínica Universitaria (CUN), Universidad de Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melero
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Cancer Research Institute, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gaudernack
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, VUmc Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Winald
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology/Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: San Raffaele Foundation Scientific Institute, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parmiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, France.
authors.forename: Suzy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.affiliation: CRC Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thatcher
authors.affiliation: South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagstaff
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Centre Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.affiliation: International Medical Press, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.affiliation: Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mellstedt
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines