title: Formation of medical student professional identity: categorizing lapses of professionalism, and the learning environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acquiring the values of medical professionalism has become a critical issue in medical education. The purpose of this study was to identify lapses in professionalism witnessed by medical students during their four year MD curriculum, and to categorize, from the students' perspective, who was responsible and the settings in which these occurred.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic survey, developed by faculty and medical students, was sent to all students with two email reminders. It included quantitative responses and some open-ended opportunities for comments. All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 45.6% (255 of 559 students) for all four years of the medical school curriculum. Thirty six percent of students had witnessed or been part of an exemplary demonstration of professionalism; 64% responded that they had witnessed a lapse of professionalism. At the pre-clerkship level, the most frequent lapses involved students: arrogance (42.2%), impairment (24.2%), followed by cultural or religious insensitivity (20.5%). At the clerkship level of training, where students are exposed to real clinical situations, the lapses involved primarily faculty (including preceptor and clinician) or other staff; these included arrogance (55.3%), breach of confidentiality (28.3%), and cultural or religious insensitivity (26.6%); impairment involved mostly students (25.5%). These findings are analyzed from the perspective of role modeling by faculty and in the context of the learning environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical students witnessed a lapse of professionalism involving both fellow students as well as faculty and administrative staff, in several domains. Results from this study emphasize the importance of role modeling and the need for faculty development, to improve the learning environment. This study adds to the limited emerging literature on the forces that influence medical student professional identity formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada. whendelm@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hendelman
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byszewski
mesh_terms: D002982:Clinical Clerkship / Q000592:standards; D003479:Curriculum; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires