title: Neighborhood Income Matters: Disparities in Community Recreation Facilities, Amenities, and Programs.
abstract: Physical activity is important for children's development and their current and future health; national recommendations are for them to engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. Most of children's physical activity occurs outside of school hours; thus, access to and the quality of community recreation facilities and programming are particularly relevant. Researchers have identified strong links among socioeconomic disparities, physical inactivity, and poor health, but a limited number of studies have examined how access to community recreation facilities and physical activity programming are affected by local socioeconomic conditions. In many low-income communities, park and recreation facilities may be the only place for children to be physically active outside of school; thus, it is important to understand the connection between community environmental characteristics and child use of facilities. We were interested in determining whether the characteristics of community recreation center environments would be associated with neighborhood income and children's use of the centers. To do this we designed a study to identify whether neighborhood income disparities were associated with recreation center environmental characteristics and whether those characteristics were associated with young children's use of the center. We believed that findings to these questions could inform policy decisions within recreation centers and recreation departments to improve equity, facility use, and levels of physical activity. Thirty community recreation centers and 541 nearby families with children aged 5-8 years in five cities in Southern California participated in the study. To generate data we used multiple research instrumentation including (a) a structured physical activity survey of program offerings and barriers to children's participation in physical activity at the center [completed by recreation center supervisors], (b) direct observation of the presence and condition of recreation center facilities and amenities by trained assessors, and (c) a parent questionnaire on child use of the center. Results indicated that the condition of the community center facilities and amenities, but not their number, was positively related to neighborhood income (p < .05). As well, the number of cost-free, but not total, youth physical activity programs was inversely associated with neighborhood income (p < .05). Parent's report of their children using centers was positively associated with the number of amenities observed there (p < .05). The results suggest that policy makers and community recreation center staff should consider both neighborhood economic issues and environmental characteristics in their efforts to promote children's physical activity at recreation centers.
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University and Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH).
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH), San Diego State University.
authors.forename: Jamie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH), San Diego State University.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH), San Diego State University.
authors.forename: Nanette V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health (IBACH), San Diego State University.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Elder
keywords: Built environment; children; facilities; health; physical activity; recreation centers; socioeconomic status