title: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rituximab in Antibody-mediated Renal Allograft Rejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The standard treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) consists of antilymphocyte antibody, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis. This treatment is associated with a high rate of resistance and refractory AMR. Recent interest has focused on use of rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of RTX in AMR of the renal allograft.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combining two comprehensive search themes (AMR and RTX), we searched electronic databases from 1969 through 2010, supplemented by a manual review of abstracts from nephrology and transplant meetings, and reference lists of review articles. All studies evaluating explicit response of patients with AMR to RTX were included. The outcome was pooled odds ratio (OR) of response to RTX.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 114 studies were identified, 94 of which were excluded on initial screening. Analysis of the 10 studies (249 patients) showed an OR of 3.16 (95% CI: 1.75-5.70) for response to RTX. Reported adverse effects included BK virus nephropathy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia, pneumonia, herpes zoster, and septic shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that RTX is a reasonable therapeutic option in the treatment of AMR. Further randomized studies are necessary to establish its efficacy and safety.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hychko
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirhosseini
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parhizgar
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghahramani
keywords: Antibody-mediated rejection; CD20; Kidney; Meta-analysis; Rituximab; Systematic review; transplantation