title: Circulating leptin, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin, adipsin and ghrelin levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with and without the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure serum levels of adipsin, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, visfatin, ghrelin and insulin in postmenopausal women screened for the metabolic syndrome (METS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum of 100 postmenopausal women was analyzed using multiplex technology for the mentioned analytes. In addition, values for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Comparisons were performed in accordance to the presence or not of the METS and each of its components. Criteria of the American Heart Association were used to define the METS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and time since menopause onset were similar in women with the METS (n=57) as compared to those without the syndrome (n=43). METS women displayed significantly higher levels of adipsin, leptin, resistin, insulin and HOMA-IR values and lower adiponectin levels. These differences were mainly observed among women with abdominal obesity, independent of fulfilling METS criteria or not. In this same sense, lower adiponectin levels significantly related to low HDL-C and high triglyceride levels; and higher insulin and HOMA-IR values related to high triglyceride and glucose levels, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample, postmenopausal women with the METS displayed higher insulin and adipokine levels. These were mainly related to abdominal obesity and metabolic and lipid abnormalities. More research is warranted in this regard.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Research Area for Women's Health, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Electronic address: peter.chedraui@cu.ucsg.edu.ec.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chedraui
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Facultad de Medicina, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Faustino R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Research Area for Women's Health, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palla
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montt-Guevara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cecchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Genazzani
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simoncini
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D052242:Adiponectin; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011416:Complement Factor D / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood*; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D052243:Resistin; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D016207:Cytokines; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; C499624:RETN protein, human; D052243:Resistin; D014280:Triglycerides; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; C085455:nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, human; C493488:CFD protein, human; D011416:Complement Factor D
keywords: Adipokines; Insulin; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Postmenopause