title: Effect of specific psychotherapy for chronic depression on neural responses to emotional faces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurofunctional deficits in chronic depression (CD) have been understudied. Specifically there is no known published study of the effects of a specialized psychotherapy for CD (CBASP) on neurofunctional deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of CD received a 12 week specialised psychotherapy (CBASP). Controls were healthy matched volunteers. All subjects participated in a prospective study with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at baseline and after 12 weeks. During the fMRI scans, subjects performed an implicit and explicit emotional processing task while watching dynamic displays of neutral, positive (happy) and negative (fearful and sad) facial expressions. Effects of treatment were analyzed in a repeated measures design. The analysis was restricted to two anatomically defined regions of interest (ROI): the amygdala and the cingulum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60% of patients responded to treatment. Patients with CD reported increased arousal to negative emotional expressions. They also showed an increase in left amygdala reactivity during implicit processing of emotional expressions following psychotherapy. We found no significant effect for the cingulum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main limitation of our study is the small sample size. Due to the lack of a control group it is also unclear whether the demonstrated effect is specific to the psychotherapy used in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time our study demonstrates an effect of CBASP on neural processing of facial emotions in CD. It therefore adds to the growing evidence supporting this treatment.
authors.affiliation: Luebeck University,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany. Electronic address: philipp.klein@uksh.de.
authors.forename: Jan Philipp
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Bonn University, Germany. Electronic address: ben_becker@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Bonn University, Germany. Electronic address: r.hurlemann@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hurlemann
authors.affiliation: Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany. Electronic address: christina.scheibe@charite.de.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheibe
authors.affiliation: Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany. Electronic address: michael.colla@charite.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.affiliation: Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany. Electronic address: isabella.heuser@charite.de.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Heuser
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Amygdala; Chronic depression; Cognitive behavioural therapy; Dynamic facial expressions; Emotional processing; fMRI