title: Magnitude, distribution, and estimated level of underreporting of acute gastroenteritis in Jamaica.
abstract: Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean. The epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is important to Jamaica, particularly in the areas of health, tourism, and because of the potential impact on the local workforce and the economy. Data collected by the National Surveillance Unit on the prevalence of AGE transmitted by food are not accurate. To determine the true magnitude, risk factors, and the extent of underreporting of AGE in Jamaica, we conducted a cross-sectional, population-based retrospective survey during the periods of 21 February-7 March and 14-27 June 2009, corresponding to high- and low-AGE season respectively. Of the total 1,920 persons selected randomly by a multistage cluster-sampling process, 1,264 responded (response rate 65.8%). Trained interviewers administered a standardized, validated questionnaire during face-to-face interviews. The overall prevalence of self-reported AGE was 4.0% (95% CI 2.9-5.1) at a rate of 0.5 episodes/per person-year. The highest monthly prevalence of AGE (14.6%) was found among the 1-4 year(s) age-group and the lowest (2.1%) among the 25-44 years age-group. Of the 18 cases (36%) who sought medical care, 11% were hospitalized, 33% were treated with antibiotics, and 66.7% received oral rehydration fluids. Only 2 cases who sought medical care reportedly submitted stool specimens. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 3.1 days, which resulted in a mean loss of 4 productive days, with over half of the cases requiring someone to care for them. The burden of syndromic AGE for 2009 was extrapolated to be 122,711 cases, showing an underreporting factor of 58.9. For every laboratory-confirmed AGE case, it was estimated that 383 more cases were occurring in the population. This research confirms that the prevalence of AGE is underreported in Jamaica and not being adequately detected by the current surveillance system. The components of the integrated surveillance system for AGE in Jamaica, particularly the laboratory aspect, need to be strengthened.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lewis-Fuller
authors.forename: Hank
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Henroy P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Scarlett
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Kelly-Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gordon-Johnson
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Iyanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wellington
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thame
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Indar
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D007563:Jamaica / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult