title: African Dust Storms Reaching Puerto Rican Coast Stimulate the Secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 and Cause Cytotoxicity to Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (BEAS-2B).
abstract: African dust storm events (ADE) travel across the Atlantic Ocean (ADEAO) and reach the Puerto Rican coast (ADEPRC), potentially impacting air quality and human health. To what extent seasonal variations in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) size fractions, composition and sources trigger respiratory-adverse effects to Puerto Ricans is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of PM samples harvested during ADEAO (PM10), ADEPRC (PM2.5and PM10) and Non-ADE (Preand Post-ADEAO and Non-ADEPRC), using BEAS-2B cells. Endotoxins (ENX) in PM2.5and PM10extracts and traces of metals (TMET) in PM2.5extracts were also examined. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and cytotoxicity were used as endpoints. ADEAO and ADEPRC extracts were found to be more cytotoxic than Non-ADE and ADEAO were more toxic than ADEPRC extracts. PM10extracts from ADEAO and Post-ADEAO caused significant secretion of IL-8. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion was higher following treatment with PM10and PM2.5ADEPRC than with Non-ADEPRC extracts. ENX levels were found to be higher in PM10ADEAO than in the rest of the samples tested. TMET levels were higher in PM2.5ADEPRC than in Non-ADEPRC extracts. Deferoxamine significantly reduced cytotoxicity and IL-6 and IL-8 secretion whereas Polymyxin B did not. TMET in PM2.5fractions is a major determinant in ADEPRC-induced toxicity and work in conjunction with ENX to cause toxicity to lung cells in vitro. ENX and TMET may be responsible, in part, for triggering PM-respiratory adverse responses in susceptible and predisposed individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Rosa I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Evasomary
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rivera-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Science and Technology School, Eastern University, Carolina, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Loyda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Méndez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dávila
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico ; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Braulio D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Vélez
keywords: BEAS-2B cells; dust storm; endotoxins; metals; particulate matter