title: Profiling the physiological and molecular response to sulfonamidic drug in Procambarus clarkii.
abstract: Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) is one of the most widely employed sulfonamides. Because of the widespread use of SMZ, a considerable amount is indeed expected to be introduced into the environment. The cytotoxicity of SMZ relies mainly on arylhydroxylamine metabolites (S-NOH) of SMZ and it is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is limited information about the toxic potential of SMZ at the cellular and molecular levels, especially in aquatic and/or non-target organisms. In the present study, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), being tolerant to extreme environmental conditions and resistant to disease, was used as a model organism to profile the molecular and physiological response to SMZ. Haemolymphatic-immunological parameters such as glucose serum levels and total haemocyte counts were altered; moreover, a significant increase in Hsp70 plasma levels was detected for the first time. Variations at the transcriptional level of proinflammatory genes (cyclooxygenase-1, COX 1, and cyclooxygenase-2, COX 2), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, GST and manganese superoxide dismutase MnSOD), stress response and Fenton reaction inhibitor genes (heat-shock protein 70 HSP70, metallothionein, MT and ferritin, FT) were evaluated, and alterations in the canonical gene expression patterns emerged. Considering these results, specific mechanisms involved in maintaining physiological homeostasis and adaptation in response to perturbations are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero UOS Capo Granitola, Via del Faro n.3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicosia
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celi
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy. Electronic address: mirella.vazzana@unipa.it.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazzana
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Alessandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy.
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero UOS Capo Granitola, Via del Faro n.3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Avellone
authors.affiliation: Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, v.le delle Scienze 90128 Palermo Italy; Centro Grandi Apparecchiature, University of Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Indelicato
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero UOS Capo Granitola, Via del Faro n.3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero UOS Capo Granitola, Via del Faro n.3, 91021 Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuttitta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D017756:Aquaculture; D060829:Arthropod Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001772:Blood Cell Count / Q000662:veterinary; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D005293:Ferritins / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000819:agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D060829:Arthropod Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005293:Ferritins; D008668:Metallothionein; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Haemolymphatic parameters; Proinflammatory genes; Red swamp crayfish; Sulfamethoxazole