title: Racial and health insurance disparities of inpatient spine augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral fractures from 2005 to 2010.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are frequently utilized in the treatment of symptomatic vertebral body fractures. While prior studies have demonstrated disparities in the treatment of back pain and care for osteoporotic patients, disparities in spine augmentation have not been investigated. We investigated racial and health insurance status differences in the use of spine augmentation for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2010, we selected all discharges with a primary diagnosis of vertebral fracture (International Classification of Diseases-9 code 733.13). Patients who received spine augmentation were identified by using International Classification of Diseases-9 procedure code 81.65 for vertebroplasty and 81.66 for kyphoplasty. Patients with a diagnosis of cancer were excluded. We compared usage rates of spine augmentation by race/ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander) and insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, self-pay, and private). Comparisons among groups were made by using χ(2) tests. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was fit to determine variables associated with spine augmentation use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 228,329 patients were included in this analysis, of whom 129,206 (56.6%) received spine augmentation. Among patients with spine augmentation, 97,022 (75%) received kyphoplasty and 32,184 (25%) received vertebroplasty; 57.5% (92,779/161,281) of white patients received spine augmentation compared with 38.7% (1405/3631) of black patients (P < .001). Hispanic patients had significantly lower spine augmentation rates compared with white patients (52.3%, 3777/7222, P < .001) as did Asian/Pacific Islander patients (53.1%, 1784/3361, P < .001). The spine augmentation usage rate was 57.2% (114,768/200,662) among patients with Medicare, significantly higher than that of those with Medicaid (43.9%, 1907/4341, P < .001) and those who self-pay (40.2%, 488/1214, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate substantial racial and health insurance-based disparities in the inpatient use of spinal augmentation for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fracture.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (C.N.G., W.B., H.C., J.S.M., D.F.K.) gu.chris@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (C.N.G., W.B., H.C., J.S.M., D.F.K.).
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brinjikji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology (A.M.E.-S.), Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (C.N.G., W.B., H.C., J.S.M., D.F.K.) Neurosurgery (H.C., D.F.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cloft
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (C.N.G., W.B., H.C., J.S.M., D.F.K.).
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Radiology (C.N.G., W.B., H.C., J.S.M., D.F.K.) Neurosurgery (H.C., D.F.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kallmes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D058498:Kyphoplasty; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014481:United States; D054854:Vertebroplasty