title: Frequency, types, and direct related costs of medication errors in an academic nephrology ward in Iran.
abstract: Medication errors are ongoing problems among hospitalized patients especially those with multiple co-morbidities and polypharmacy such as patients with renal diseases. This study evaluated the frequency, types and direct related cost of medication errors in nephrology ward and the role played by clinical pharmacists. During this study, clinical pharmacists detected, managed, and recorded the medication errors. Prescribing errors including inappropriate drug, dose, or treatment durations were gathered. To assess transcription errors, the equivalence of nursery charts and physician's orders were evaluated. Administration errors were assessed by observing drugs' preparation, storage, and administration by nurses. The changes in medications costs after implementing clinical pharmacists' interventions were compared with the calculated medications costs if the medication errors were continued up to patients' discharge time. More than 85% of patients experienced medication error. The rate of medication errors was 3.5 errors per patient and 0.18 errors per ordered medication. More than 95% of medication errors occurred at prescription nodes. Most common prescribing errors were omission (26.9%) or unauthorized drugs (18.3%) and low drug dosage or frequency (17.3%). Most of the medication errors happened on cardiovascular drugs (24%) followed by vitamins and electrolytes (22.1%) and antimicrobials (18.5%). The number of medication errors was correlated with the number of ordered medications and length of hospital stay. Clinical pharmacists' interventions decreased patients' direct medication costs by 4.3%. About 22% of medication errors led to patients' harm. In conclusion, clinical pharmacists' contributions in nephrology wards were of value to prevent medication errors and to reduce medications cost.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran .
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharekhani
authors.forename: Negin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanani
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khalili
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dashti-Khavidaki
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006748:Hospital Departments; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009398:Nephrology; D010595:Pharmacists; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Clinical pharmacy services; cost; drug-related problems; medication errors; nephrology