title: [Effects of low molecular weight heparin on the inflammatory response and vascular injury in rat after electric burn].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on the inflammatory response and vascular injury in rat after electric burn.
  
  
  METHODS
  A homemade regulator and transformer apparatus was used to reproduce the model of electric burn (0.5 cm×0.5 cm in size) with depth from full-thickness to full-thickness skin plus muscle and bone on the middle of the inside of right hind limb in 60 Wistar rats. The open wounds were covered with 20 g/L sulfadiazine silver paste immediately after injury. The wound condition was observed every day. The injured rats were divided into group LMWH and control group (C) according to the random number table, with 30 rats in each group. Rats in group LMWH were given subcutaneous injection of LMWH (1 U/g) in abdominal wall, 2 times a day. No other treatment was given in rats in group C. On post burn day (PBD) 3, 5, and 10, 10 rats respectively of two groups were sacrificed. The damaged tissue of wound and that around the wound (1.0 cm×0.5 cm in size) were excised, and heart blood was obtained. The pathological changes and thrombosis in damaged tissue were observed with HE, Masson, and aldehyde fuchsin staining, and the thrombosis rate was calculated. Serum contents of TNF-α and endothelin-1 were determined with ELISA. The mRNA expression of TNF-α in damaged tissue was detected with RT-PCR. Data were processed with Levene homogeneity test, analysis of variance of factorial design, LSD- t test, SNK- q test, and Friedman M nonparametric test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The injured limb of rats was obviously swollen after electric burn, which reached deeply to the muscle and bone. Compared with those of group C, the swelling of rats subsided slightly faster and the inflammatory response was lighter in group LMWH at each time point. (2) The necrosis of damaged tissue and profuse infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. Dilatation of blood vessels, congestion and thrombosis, and swelling, necrosis, and desquamation of vascular endothelial cells were observed in the damaged tissue. Damaged blood vessel wall, ruptured elastic fiber, loss of internal elastic membrane, and other pathological changes were observed in the damaged tissue of rats in the two groups. Above lesions were improved gradually along with the passage of time, and the improvement was more obvious in rats of group LMWH compared with that of group C on PBD 5 and 10. (3) The thrombosis rates of rats in group LMWH were obviously lower than those of rats in group C (F = 4.921, P < 0.05). The thrombosis rates of rats in group LMWH on PBD 3 and 10 were respectively (0.07 ± 0.11)% and (0.03 ± 0.05)%, which were significantly lower than those of rats in group C [(0.16 ± 0.15)% and (0.13 ± 0.18)%, with t values respectively 2.17 and 2.07, P values below 0.05]. In group LMWH, the thrombosis rate of rats on PBD 10 was obviously lower than that on PBD 3 (t = 3.61, P < 0.05). (4) The serum contents of TNF-α and endothelin-1 of rats in group LMWH were significantly lower than those of rats in group C (F = 47.161, χ(2) = 81.46, P values below 0.01). In group LMWH, TNF-α contents were respectively (71 ± 24), (74 ± 14), (72 ± 20) pg/mL, and endothelin-1 contents were respectively (20.9 ± 3.2), (19.8 ± 5.2), (18.6 ± 1.1) ng/mL on PBD 3, 5, and 10, and they were significantly lower than those of rats in group C [(195 ± 148), (96 ± 20), (159 ± 46) pg/mL and (38.8 ± 15.4), (27.9 ± 3.6), (25.6 ± 7.6) ng/mL, with t values from 3.81 to 8.05, q values from 4.41 to 7.85, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01]. (5) The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α in damaged tissue of rats in group LMWH were significantly lower than those of rats in group C (F = 199.113, P < 0.01). The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α of rats in group LMWH were respectively 0.93 ± 0.10, 1.15 ± 0.12, 1.21 ± 0.11 on PBD 3, 5, and 10, and they were significantly lower than those of group C (1.68 ± 0.15, 1.43 ± 0.12, 1.50 ± 0.13, with t values from 3.75 to 6.12, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In group LMWH, the mRNA expression level of TNF-α of rats on PBD 10 was obviously higher than that on PBD 3 (t = 3.61, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LMWH intervention can ameliorate vascular injury and inflammatory response of electrically burned wounds in rats, and it decreases thrombosis rate in the vessels of injured limb.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
authors.forename: Nanhong
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China. Email: wgxie@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Burns, Wuhan City Hospital No.3 & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
authors.forename: Chaoli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002058:Burns, Electric / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D019332:Endothelin-1; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D057772:Vascular System Injuries / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D019332:Endothelin-1; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha