title: Olfactory stimulatory with grapefruit and lavender oils change autonomic nerve activity and physiological function.
abstract: This review summarizes the effects of olfactory stimulation with grapefruit and lavender oils on autonomic nerve activity and physiological function. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of grapefruit oil (GFO) increases the activity of sympathetic nerves that innervate white and brown adipose tissues, the adrenal glands, and the kidneys, decreases the activity of the gastric vagal nerve in rats and mice. This results in an increase in lipolysis, thermogenesis, and blood pressure, and a decrease in food intake. Olfactory stimulation with the scent of lavender oil (LVO) elicits the opposite changes in nerve activity and physiological variables. Olfactory stimulation with scent of limonene, a component of GFO, and linalool, a component of LVO, has similar effects to stimulation with GFO and LVO, respectively. The histamine H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, abolishes all GFO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables, and the hitstamine H3-receptor antagonist, thioperamide, eliminates all LVO-induced changes. Lesions to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and anosmic treatment with ZnSO4 also abolish all GFO- and LVO-induced changes. These findings indicate that limonene and linalool might be the active substances in GFO and LVO, and suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus and histamine are involved in mediating the GFO- and LVO-induced changes in nerve activity and physiological variables.
authors.affiliation: ANBAS Corporation, 4-12-17 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku, Osaka 531-0072, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan. Electronic address: knagai@anbas.co.jp.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Niigata University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niijima
authors.affiliation: ANBAS Corporation, 4-12-17 Toyosaki, Kita-Ku, Osaka 531-0072, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan; Kanazawa Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000502:physiology; D032083:Citrus paradisi; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D027523:Lavandula; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D006632:Histamine; C045718:lavender oil
keywords: Adrenal glands; Appetite; Aromatherapy; Autonomic neurotransmission; Blood pressure; Body temperature; Brown adipose tissue; Circadian clock; Histamine; Kidney; Limonene; Linalool; Lipolysis; Mice; Parasympathetic; Rat; Stomach; Suprachiasmatic nucleus; Sympathetic; Thermogenesis; White adipose tissue