title: Milk fortified with vitamin D could reduce the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Japanese female college students.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The mean serum 25-OH-D was 23.1 ng/mL in 49 female Japanese college students, and concentrations in 33% of them were ≤20 ng/mL. Subsequently, they consumed milk fortified with 2 μg of vitamin D daily for 8 weeks. Then, 25-OH-D increased to 36.0 ng/mL and all values were ≥20 ng/mL.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Commercial milk in the USA is fortified with vitamin D (VD), whereas food fortified with VD is unpopular in Japan even though dietary sources of this vitamin are limited. Therefore, young Japanese females might be VD deficient. This study assesses the effects of ingesting milk fortified with VD among Japanese female college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine female college students consumed 180 mL of milk fortified with 2 μg of VD daily for 8 weeks. This amount of VD in the milk was similar to that in commercial milk sold in the USA. Serum concentrations of 25-OH-D were measured in venous blood collected before and after the ingestion period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial serum 25-OH-D concentration was 23.1 ng/mL and concentrations in 33% of the participants were ≤20 ng/mL. After 8 weeks, serum 25-OH-D increased to 36.0 ng/mL and all values were ≥20 ng/mL. Serum Ca and FGF-23 also increased and PTH, NTX, and BAP significantly decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of VD deficiency in Japanese female college students was decreased by consuming VD-fortified milk.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraga-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan, yssuzuki@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maruyama-Nagao
authors.forename: Keishoku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakuraba
authors.forename: Sachio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005527:Food, Fortified; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008892:Milk; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D