title: Substance flow analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plastic from EEE/WEEE in Nigeria in the frame of Stockholm Convention as a basis for policy advice.
abstract: This study investigated the material/substance flow of polybrominated diphenyl ethers listed in the Stockholm Convention (SC) as persistent organic pollutant (POP-PBDEs) in the most relevant plastic fractions in Nigeria. Considering the prohibition of production and the use of POP-PBDEs and knowing that these pollutants are still contained in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and associated wastes (WEEE), it is necessary to determine their flows, especially in developing countries with limited end-of-life management. Following the inventory approach of the SC Guidance and utilizing the existing national e-waste inventory together with monitoring data, a material/substance flow analysis was conducted using the STAN tool. Within the period of 2000 to 2010, the total import for EEE/WEEE in Category 3 and 4 was approximately 8 million tonnes (Mt) containing approximately 2.4 Mt of polymers. For the inventory year 2010, it was estimated that from these polymers, about 0.8 Mt was still in stock and 1.6 Mt has reached the end-of-life. It was also estimated that approximately 1.1 Mt has ended in dumpsites, 0.3 Mt was burned in the open, and 0.2 Mt was recycled. In the plastic fractions, 1,270 t of POP-PBDEs was contained with about 370 t still in use/stock and approximately 900 t has entered the end-of-life phase. All three major end-of-life treatments result in environmental pollution with associated exposure risk. The implementation of the Stockholm Convention represents an important opportunity to improve this management situation in Nigeria and other developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Babayemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Omotayo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sindiku
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.|Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the African Region, University of Ibadan, 1 Ijoma Road, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oladele
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osibanjo
authors.affiliation: POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany. roland.weber10@web.de.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D059029:Electronic Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry*; D059027:Recycling
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010969:Plastics
keywords: E-waste; End-of-life; PBDEs; Plastic; Pollution; Substance flow analysis