title: Essential medicines in Tanzania: does the new delivery system improve supply and accountability?
abstract: Objective: Assess whether reform in the Tanzanian medicines delivery system from a central 'push' kit system to a decentralized 'pull' Integrated Logistics System (ILS) has improved medicines accountability.Methods: Rufiji District in Tanzania was used as a case study. Data on medicines ordered and patients seen were compiled from routine information at six public health facilities in 1999 under the kit system and in 2009 under the ILS. Three medicines were included for comparison: an antimalarial, anthelmintic and oral rehydration salts (ORS).Results: The quality of the 2009 data was hampered by incorrect quantification calculations for orders, especially for antimalarials. Between the periods 1999 and 2009, the percent of unaccounted antimalarials fell from 60 to 18%, while the percent of unaccounted anthelmintic medicines went from 82 to 71%. Accounting for ORS, on the other hand, did not improve as the unaccounted amounts increased from 64 to 81% during the same period.Conclusions: The ILS has not adequately addressed accountability concerns seen under the kit system due to a combination of governance and system-design challenges. These quantification weaknesses are likely to have contributed to the frequent periods of antimalarial stock-out experienced in Tanzania since 2009. We propose regular reconciliation between the health information system and the medicines delivery system, thereby improving visibility and guiding interventions to increase the availability of essential medicines.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Inez
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates , Bethesda, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.affiliation: PRAXIS Consultants , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasale
authors.affiliation: PRAXIS Consultants , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mbuya
authors.affiliation: PRAXIS Consultants , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Savigny
keywords: accountability Tanzania; health systems; information system; medicines supply; supply chain management