title: Long-term results of a web-based guided self-help intervention for employees with depressive symptoms: randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the working population and are associated with excessive costs. The evidence for effective worker-directed interventions for employees with depressive symptoms is limited. Treating employees with depressive symptoms via the Internet before they report sick from work could be beneficial and cost saving.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we tested the effectiveness over the period of 1 year of a Web-based guided self-help intervention, called Happy@Work, for employees with depressive symptoms who were not on sick leave.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-arm randomized controlled trial comparing a worker-directed, Web-based, guided self-help intervention to care as usual (CAU) was carried out. We recruited employees from 6 companies via the company's Intranet and by putting up posters. The inclusion criteria were elevated depressive symptoms as measured by a score ≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and not being on sick leave. The intervention contained 6 lessons and consisted of problem-solving treatment and cognitive therapy. Participants were asked to submit weekly assignments via the website after completion of a lesson and they received feedback from a coach via the website. Self-report questionnaires on depressive symptoms (CES-D; primary outcome), burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI), work performance (Health and Work Performance Questionnaire, HPQ), duration of absenteeism, and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS; secondary outcomes), were completed at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Several subgroup and per-protocol analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 231 employees were randomized to either the intervention group (n=116) or to CAU (n=115). Completion of assessments varied between 54%-74%. Improvement in depressive symptoms between baseline and posttreatment was shown in all participants and these effects sustained over time. However, there were no differences between the 2 groups (adjusted regression coefficient=0.46, 95% CI -2.11 to 3.03, P=.72; Cohen's d=0.05). Differences between groups were also not significant for the secondary outcomes. No subgroups were identified to show differences between the groups, nor did we find a between-group effect in the per-protocol analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that a worker-directed, Web-based, guided self-help intervention was not more effective than CAU in reducing depressive symptoms among employees with depressive symptoms who were not on sick leave over the period of 1 year. An intervention for this specific target group might not be necessary because the recovery in the CAU group was comparable to the intervention group and sustained over a 12-month period.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nederlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2993; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2993 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6PL9pFC0n).
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. a.s.geraedts@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Geraedts
authors.forename: Annet M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kleiboer
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Noortje M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Wiezer
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Mechelen
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011340:Problem Solving; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Internet; burnout; depression; employees; occupational intervention; prevention; self-help