title: Introduction of an interproximal mineralisation model to measure remineralisation caused by novel formulations containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce a new interproximal mineralisation model and to investigate the effectiveness of novel toothpaste and dual phase gel formulations to remineralise acid softened enamel in a simulated interproximal environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specimens were positioned opposite each other with an approximately 100 μm space between enamel surfaces to simulate an interproximal environment. Target specimens were demineralised in 1% (w/v) citric acid, pH3.75. Specimens were daily immersed in artificial saliva (AS) for 1h, treated with formulations, re-immersed in AS for 6h, re-treated and re-immersed in AS for a further 1h. Study 1 evaluated prototype calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride toothpaste formulations. Study 2 evaluated novel calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride toothpaste and dual phase gel formulations. Both studies contained fluoridated and non-fluoridated controls. The surface microhardness of each target enamel block was measured following demineralisation and following days three, seven and fourteen for study one and after days one, three and seven for study two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This new mineralisation model was able to show increased remineralisation from calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride prototype formulations over fluoridated formulations alone, after three and seven days of treatment. Using this new model, the combined application of novel calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride toothpaste and novel calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride dual phase gel showed the greatest amount of remineralisation, which was significantly greater than sodium fluoride and non-fluoride controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employing a new interproximal mineralisation model successfully determined the remineralisation potential of novel calcium silicate/phosphate fluoride oral healthcare formulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifying a mineralisation model to include specimens positioned in an interproximal environment allows us to better understand the remineralisation potential of oral healthcare products. It is important to minimise mineral loss at interproximal sites as the enamel within these areas is thinner than the rest of the crown.
authors.affiliation: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK. Electronic address: s.b.jones@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Siân Bodfel
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Modus Laboratories Ltd, University of Reading, Early Gate, Reading, RG6 6BZ, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hornby
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, CH63 3JW, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.affiliation: Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin St, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005782:Gels; D006244:Hardness; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D010710:Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000188:drug therapy; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005782:Gels; D010710:Phosphates; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D017640:Silicates; D014100:Toothpastes; C012980:fluorophosphate; D019343:Citric Acid; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides; C031293:calcium silicate; C018279:sodium phosphate
keywords: Calcium; Enamel; Erosion; Interproximal; Phosphate; Remineralisation