title: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of reboxetine and citalopram as adjuncts to atypical antipsychotics for negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we assessed the efficacy of 2 pharmacodynamically different antidepressants, citalopram (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and reboxetine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), as adjunctive therapy to risperidone and olanzapine for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 6-month, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The recruitment period was from November 2008 to December 2011.The sample comprised 90 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) who exhibited negative symptoms. The patients were recruited from 10 centers in different cities of the Spanish State. The primary efficacy measure was change in score on the negative subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) between baseline and 6-month assessment. Other efficacy measures were changes in the PANSS subscales and total score, as well as the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) subscales and total score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For statistical analysis, we employed mixed-effects models. We did not find statistically significant differences between the placebo group and the 2 treatment groups at 6-month assessments for the PANSS total (P=.6511), any PANSS subscale (negative [P=.5533], positive [P=.1723], or general psychopathology [P=.2083]), or the SANS (P= .5884). Cohen d measure showed a small effect size below the 0.5 threshold for all comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our results do not support adjunctive use of citalopram or reboxetine with risperidone or olanzapine for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01300364.
authors.affiliation: Pare Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu C/Antoni Pujadas, 42 Sant Boi de Llobregat 08830, Barcelona, Spain jusall@pssjd.org.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Usall
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Carrilero
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iniesta
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Jimenez
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Iluminada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corripio
authors.forename: Santiago Durán
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sindreu
authors.forename: Jose Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: González Piqueras
authors.forename: Ana Espliego
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Felipe
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernandez de Corres
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huerta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009025:Morpholines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077152:Olanzapine; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000077593:Reboxetine; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009025:Morpholines; D015283:Citalopram; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077593:Reboxetine; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine