title: Leadership for evidence-based practice: strategic and functional behaviors for institutionalizing EBP.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Making evidence-based practice (EBP) a reality throughout an organization is a challenging goal in healthcare services. Leadership has been recognized as a critical element in that process. However, little is known about the exact role and function of various levels of leadership in the successful institutionalization of EBP within an organization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To uncover what leaders at different levels and in different roles actually do, and what actions they take to develop, enhance, and sustain EBP as the norm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative data from a case study regarding institutionalization of EBP in two contrasting cases (Role Model and Beginner hospitals) were systematically analyzed. Data were obtained from multiple interviews of leaders, both formal and informal, and from staff nurse focus groups. A deductive coding schema, based on concepts of functional leadership, was developed for this in-depth analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants' descriptions reflected a hierarchical array of strategic, functional, and cross-cutting behaviors. Within these macrolevel "themes," 10 behavioral midlevel themes were identified; for example, Intervening and Role modeling. Each theme is distinctive, yet various themes and their subthemes were interrelated and synergistic. These behaviors and their interrelationships were conceptualized in the framework "Leadership Behaviors Supportive of EBP Institutionalization" (L-EBP). Leaders at multiple levels in the Role Model case, both formal and informal, engaged in most of these behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supportive leadership behaviors required for organizational institutionalization of EBP reflect a complex set of interactive, multifaceted EBP-focused actions carried out by leaders from the chief nursing officer to staff nurses. A related framework such as L-EBP may provide concrete guidance needed to underpin the often-noted but abstract finding that leaders should "support" EBP.
authors.affiliation: Independent Consultancy, Amherst, MA, USA; formerly Research Associate, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Stetler
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rycroft-Malone
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Charns
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D009718:Nurse Administrators; D009745:Nursing, Supervisory; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012381:Role Playing; D014481:United States
keywords: evidence-based practice; institutionalization; leader behaviors; transformational leadership