title: Review of clinical practice guidelines for the management of LDL-related risk.
abstract: Managing risk related to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is vital in therapy for patients at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events given its important etiologic role in atherogenesis. Despite decades of research showing reduction of ASCVD risk with multiple approaches to lowering of LDL cholesterol, there continue to be significant gaps in care with inadequate numbers of patients receiving standard of care lipid-lowering therapy. Confusion regarding implementation of the multiple published clinical practice guidelines has been identified as one contributor to suboptimal management of LDL-related risk. This review summarizes the current guidelines for reduction of LDL-related cardiovascular risk provided by a number of major professional societies, which have broad applicability to diverse populations worldwide. Statements have varied in the process and methodology of development of recommendations, the grading system for level and strength of evidence, the inclusion or exclusion of expert opinion, the suggested ASCVD risk assessment tool, the lipoproteins recommended for risk assessment, and the lipoprotein targets of therapy. The similarities and differences among important guidelines in the United States and internationally are discussed, with recommendations for future strategies to improve consistency in approaches to LDL-related ASCVD risk and to reduce gaps in implementation of evidence-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Electronic address: morrispa@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Kim K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Birtcher
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Urbina
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL
keywords: LDL cholesterol; cardiovascular disease prevention; cardiovascular risk assessment; clinical practice guidelines; gaps in care; lipid management; special populations