title: Spine bone texture assessed by trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts osteoporotic fractures in men: the Manitoba Bone Density Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One quarter of osteoporotic fractures occur in men. TBS, a gray-level measurement derived from lumbar spine DXA image texture, is related to microarchitecture and fracture risk independently of BMD. Previous studies reported the ability of spine TBS to predict osteoporotic fractures in women. Our aim was to evaluate the ability of TBS to predict clinical osteoporotic fractures in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  3620 men aged ≥50 (mean 67.6years) at the time of baseline DXA (femoral neck, spine) were identified from a database (Province of Manitoba, Canada). Health service records were assessed for the presence of non-traumatic osteoporotic fracture after BMD testing. Lumbar spine TBS was derived from spine DXA blinded to clinical parameters and outcomes. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to analyze time to first fracture adjusted for clinical risk factors (FRAX without BMD), osteoporosis treatment and BMD (hip or spine).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean followup was 4.5years. 183 (5.1%) men sustain major osteoporotic fractures (MOF), 91 (2.5%) clinical vertebral fractures (CVF), and 46 (1.3%) hip fractures (HF). Correlation between spine BMD and spine TBS was modest (r=0.31), less than correlation between spine and hip BMD (r=0.63). Significantly lower spine TBS were found in fracture versus non-fracture men for MOF (p<0.001), HF (p<0.001) and CVF (p=0.003). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for incident fracture discrimination with TBS was significantly better than chance (MOF AUC=0.59, p<0.001; HF AUC=0.67, p<0.001; CVF AUC=0.57, p=0.032). TBS predicted MOF and HF (but not CVF) in models adjusted for FRAX without BMD and osteoporosis treatment. TBS remained a predictor of HF (but not MOF) after further adjustment for hip BMD or spine BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that spine TBS predicted MOF and HF independently of the clinical FRAX score, HF independently of FRAX and BMD in men. Studies with more incident fractures are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Electronic address: bleslie@sbgh.mb.ca.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: Lausanne University Hospital, Bone Disease Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aubry-Rozier
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lix
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: Lausanne University Hospital, Bone Disease Unit, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hans
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Bone mineral density; Fractures; Men; Population based study; Trabecular bone score