title: Modulation of antigen-specific T-cells as immune therapy for chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
abstract: T-cell responses are induced by antigen presenting cells (APC) and signals from the microenvironment. Antigen persistence and inflammatory microenvironments in chronic infections and cancer can induce a tolerant state in T-cells resulting in hyporesponsiveness, loss of effector function, and weak biochemical signaling patterns in response to antigen stimulation. Although the mechanisms of T-cell tolerance induced in chronic infection and cancer may differ from those involved in tolerance to self-antigen, the impaired proliferation and production of IL-2 in response to antigen stimulation are hallmarks of all tolerant T cells. In this review, we will summarize the evidence that the immune responses change from non-self to "self"-like in chronic infection and cancer, and will provide an overview of strategies for re-balancing the immune response of antigen-specific T cells in chronic infection and cancer without affecting the homeostasis of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Bioscience, Brunel University , London , UK.
authors.forename: Suling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK.
authors.forename: Alistair L J
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Symonds
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK.
authors.forename: Tizong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.affiliation: Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: antigen-specific T cells; bystander T-cells; nanoAPC; reverse tolerance; tolerance induction