title: Ulinastatin attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: To investigate the effects of Ulinastatin (UTI) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats and whether this effect might be related to Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), one hundred and eighty adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 230-280 g, were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham (S) group, IR group and UTI (U) group. Every group was further divided into 3 sub-groups: 6 h group, 24 h group and 48 h group. The transient focal IR injury was induced by inserting a silicone-coater monofilament nylon suture (0.28 mm) from the right external carotid artery to the origin of the left middle cerebral artery. The suture was removed after 2 h to allow reperfusion. UTI treatment group was injected with UTI 100000 u/kg at the beginning of the reperfusion period, while S group and IR group were injected with the same volume of saline. Samples were taken according to the reperfusion time (6 h, 12 h and 24 h). Infract volume was measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and brain water content was determined by wet-dry weight method and neurological scores were checked with a five-point scale. Expression levels of AQP4 were checked with immunohistochemistry and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with S group, the infarct volume, water content, neurological scores and AQP4 levels in the rat brain tissues were significantly increased in IR group. Administration of UTI significantly decreased the infarct volume, water content of the brain tissue and neurological scores. Moreover, the expression levels of AQP4 were also down-regulated by UTI treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UTI improves cerebral IR injury in rats potentially via decreasing the expression levels of AQP4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Huan-Sen
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Bing
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510260, China.
authors.forename: Xiong-Juan
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Ulinastatin; aquaporin 4; brain edema; cerebral ischemic reperfusion