title: Erythromycin-resistant genes in group A β-haemolytic Streptococci in Chengdu, Southwestern China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of Group A β-haemolytic Streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes or GAS) infection include the use of penicillins, cephalosporins or macrolides for treatment. A general increase in macrolides resistance in GAS has been observed in recent years. Differences in rates of resistance to these agents have existed according to geographical location and investigators.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antibiotic pattern and erythromycin-resistant genes of GAS isolates associated with acute tonsillitis and scarlet fever in Chengdu, southwestern China.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the macrolide resistance, phenotype, and genotypic characterization of GAS isolated from throat swabs of children suffering from different acute tonsillitis or scarlet fever between 2004 and 2011 in the city of Chengdu, located in the southwestern region of China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Minimal inhibitory concentration with seven antibiotics was performed on 127 GAS isolates. Resistance phenotypes of erythromycin-resistant GAS isolates were determined by the double-disk test. Their macrolide-resistant genes (mefA, ermB and ermTR) were amplified by PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 98.4% (125/127) of the isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline. All isolates were sensitive to penicillin G and cefotaxime. Moreover, 113 ermB-positive isolates demonstrating the cMLS phenotype of erythromycin resistance were predominant (90.4%) and these isolates showed high-level resistance to both erythromycin and clindamycin (MIC 90>256 μg/ml); 12 (9.6%) isolates demonstrating the MLS phenotype of erythromycin resistance carried the mefA gene, which showed low-level resistance to both erythromycin (MIC 90=8 μg/ml) and clindamycin (MIC 90=0.5 μg/ml); and none of the isolates exhibited the M phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main phenotype is cMLS, and the ermB gene code is the main resistance mechanism against macrolides in GAS. Penicillin is the most beneficial for treating GAS infection, and is still used as first-line treatment. And macrolide antibiotics are not recommended for treatment of GAS infection in children because of the high rates of antimicrobial resistance in mainland China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Z Q
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, The People's Republic of China, .
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wa
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002681:China; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012541:Scarlet Fever / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014069:Tonsillitis / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004917:Erythromycin