title: Junctional ectopic tachycardia after congenital heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this literature review, we try to give anesthesiologists a better understanding about Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET), a narrow complex tachycardia that frequently occurs during and after surgery for congenital heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was found in the databases of Pubmed, Science Direct, Medline and the Cochrane Library, by using the mesh terms "Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional", combined with "Diagnosis", "Etiology", "Physiopathology", "Complications" and "Therapy". The publication date of the articles ranged from 1990 to 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk factors for the development JET are surgery near the AV node, a duration of cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 90 minutes, young age, the use of inotropic drugs and hypomagnesaemia. The diagnosis of Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia can be made on a 12-lead ECG, demonstrating a narrow-complex tachycardia with inverted P-waves and VA dissociation. Adenosine administration and an atrial electrocardiogram can help to confirm the diagnosis. If JET has a minimal impact on the hemodynamic status of the patient, risk factors should be avoided and the adrenergic tonus should be reduced. Hemodynamic unstable JET can be treated by amiodarone, hypothermia and pacing. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and radiofrequency or cryoablation are treatment options for life-threatening and resistant JET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JET is the most frequent arrhythmia during and after congenital cardiac surgery. The ECG is the only available method to diagnose JET, demonstrating inverted P-waves and VA-dissociation. Amiodarone seems to be the most effective treatment option, because it can restore sinus rhythm and reduces the JET rate.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Missant
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000150:complications; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000151:congenital; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015499:Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D013613:Tachycardia, Ectopic Junctional / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D000638:Amiodarone