title: Kimchi methanol extract and the kimchi active compound, 3'-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, downregulate CD36 in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by oxLDL.
abstract: Macrophage foam cell formation by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a key step in the progression of atherosclerosis, which is involved in cholesterol influx and efflux in macrophages mediated by related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CD36, PPARα, liver-X receptor α (LXRα), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of kimchi methanol extract (KME) and a kimchi active compound, 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA) on cholesterol flux in THP-1-derived macrophages treated with oxLDL. The effects of KME and HDMPPA on cell viability and lipid peroxidation were determined. Furthermore, the protein expression of PPARγ, CD36, PPARα, LXRα, and ABCA1 was examined. OxLDL strongly induced cell death and lipid peroxidation in THP-1-derived macrophages. However, KME and HDMPPA significantly improved cell viability and inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by oxLDL in THP-1-derived macrophages (P<.05). Moreover, KME and HDMPPA suppressed CD36 and PPARγ expressions, both of which participate in cholesterol influx. In contrast, KME and HDMPPA augmented LXRα, PPARα, and ABCA1 expression, which are associated with cholesterol efflux. Consequently, KME and HDMPPA suppressed lipid accumulation. These results indicate that KME and HDMPPA may inhibit lipid accumulation, in part, by regulating cholesterol influx- and efflux-related proteins. These findings will thus be useful for future prevention strategies against atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ye-Rang
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Hyun-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yeong-Ok
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010647:Phenyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011422:Propionates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: C526155:3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D018955:CD36 Antigens; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011422:Propionates; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein
keywords: ABCA1; CD36; HDMPPA; Kimchi; OxLDL