title: Microtubule initiation from the nuclear surface controls cortical microtubule growth polarity and orientation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: The nuclear envelope in plant cells has long been known to be a microtubule organizing center (MTOC), but its influence on microtubule organization in the cell cortex has been unclear. Here we show that nuclear MTOC activity favors the formation of longitudinal cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays. We used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged gamma tubulin-complex protein 2 (GCP2) to identify nuclear MTOC activity and GFP-tagged End-Binding Protein 1b (EB1b) to track microtubule growth directions. We found that microtubules initiate from nuclei and enter the cortex in two directions along the long axis of the cell, creating bipolar longitudinal CMT arrays. Such arrays were observed in all cell types showing nuclear MTOC activity, including root hairs, recently divided cells in root tips, and the leaf epidermis. In order to confirm the causal nature of nuclei in bipolar array formation, we displaced nuclei by centrifugation, which generated a corresponding shift in the bipolarity split point. We also found that bipolar CMT arrays were associated with bidirectional trafficking of vesicular components to cell ends. Together, these findings reveal a conserved function of plant nuclear MTOCs and centrosomes/spindle pole bodies in animals and fungi, wherein all structures serve to establish polarities in microtubule growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada geoffrey.wasteneys@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Geoffrey O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Wasteneys
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016764:Cell Polarity; D018385:Centrosome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D022101:Microtubule-Organizing Center / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D064048:Spindle Pole Bodies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C543705:GCP2 protein, Arabidopsis; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D014404:Tubulin
keywords: Arabidopsis; Cytoskeleton; Microtubule; Polarity; Root; Root hair