title: The metabolic cooperation between cells in solid cancer tumors.
abstract: Cancer cells cooperate with stromal cells and use their environment to promote tumor growth. Energy production depends on nutrient availability and O₂ concentration. Well-oxygenated cells are highly proliferative and reorient the glucose metabolism towards biosynthesis, whereas glutamine oxidation replenishes the TCA cycle coupled with OXPHOS-ATP production. Glucose, glutamine and alanine transformations sustain nucleotide and fatty acid synthesis. In contrast, hypoxic cells slow down their proliferation, enhance glycolysis to produce ATP and reject lactate which is recycled as fuel by normoxic cells. Thus, glucose is spared for biosynthesis and/or for hypoxic cell function. Environmental cells, such as fibroblasts and adipocytes, serve as food donors for cancer cells, which reject waste products (CO₂ , H⁺, ammoniac, polyamines…) promoting EMT, invasion, angiogenesis and proliferation. This metabolic-coupling can be considered as a form of commensalism whereby non-malignant cells support the growth of cancer cells. Understanding these cellular cooperations within tumors may be a source of inspiration to develop new anti-cancer agents.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique, Palaiseau, France; Biologie et Thérapies Innovantes des Cancers Localement Agressifs (BioTICLA) EA 4656, F-14032 Caen, France. Electronic address: philippe.icard@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Icard
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Thérapies Innovantes des Cancers Localement Agressifs (BioTICLA) EA 4656, F-14032 Caen, France; Normandie Univ France, France; Centre François-Baclesse, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Perrine
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kafara
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steyaert
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique, Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Biologie et Thérapies Innovantes des Cancers Localement Agressifs (BioTICLA) EA 4656, F-14032 Caen, France; Normandie Univ France, France; Centre François-Baclesse, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lincet
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Autophagy; Tumoral metabolism; Tumoral microenvironment; Warburg effect; Waste products