title: Four models of HIV counseling and testing: utilization and test results in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) is the point-of-entry for pathways of HIV care and prevention. However, HCT is not reaching many who are HIV infected and this may be related to the HCT provision model. We describe HCT utilization and HIV diagnosis using four models of HCT delivery: clinic-based, urban mobile, rural mobile, and stand-alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cross-sectional data from routine HCT provided in South Africa, we described client characteristics and HIV test results from information collected during service delivery between January 2009 and June 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  118,358 clients received services at clinic-based units, 18,597; stand-alone, 28,937; urban mobile, 38,840; and rural mobile, 31,984. By unit, clients were similar in terms of median age (range 28-31), but differed in sex distribution, employment status, prior testing, and perceived HIV risk. Urban mobile units had the highest proportion of male clients (52%). Rural mobile units reached the highest proportion of clients with no prior HCT (61%) and reporting no perceived HIV risk (64%). Overall, 10,862 clients (9.3%) tested HIV-positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Client characteristics varied by HCT model. Importantly, rural and urban mobile units reached more men, first-time testers, and clients who considered themselves to be at low risk for HIV.
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tonderai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mabuto
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Latka
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bulelani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kuwane
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Churchyard
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.affiliation: The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008952:Mobile Health Units; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population