title: Consistency in infants' behavioural signalling of satiation during bottle-feeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the dynamics of feeding is essential for preventing accelerated weight gain during infancy, a risk factor for obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because infants satiate on larger volumes of cow milk formula (CMF) than CMF enriched with the free amino acid glutamate (CMF + glu), we used this model system to determine whether infants displayed consistent behaviours despite satiating on lower volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this laboratory-based, within-subject experimental study of ≤4-month-old infants (n = 41) and their mothers, infants were videotaped while feeding to satiation CMF on one test day and CMF + glu on the other, in counterbalanced order. Each video-recording was analysed frame-by-frame for frequency and timing of behaviours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants' behaviours were consistent in types and frequency but were displayed sooner when feeding CMF + glu compared with CMF. The less responsive the mother's feeding style, the less consistent the infant displayed behaviours across the two formula meals (P = 0.05). Infants who spat up (a possible sign of overfeeding) consumed more formula (P = 0.01) and had less responsive mothers (P = 0.04) compared with the other infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants are consistent in their behavioural displays during feeding at this developmental age. Regulation of intake and signalling of satiation during bottle-feeding are associated with formula composition and maternal feeding style.
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Nutrition Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Inamdar
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mennella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D002417:Cattle; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D041943:Infant Formula; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Formula feeding; free glutamate; infant feeding; satiation signalling