title: Bio-active nanoemulsions enriched with gold nanoparticle, marigold extracts and lipoic acid: In vitro investigations.
abstract: A novel and efficient approach for the preparation of enriched herbal formulations was described and their potential applications including wound healing and antioxidant activity (cell based and cell free) were investigated via in vitro cell culture studies. Nigella sativa oil was enriched with Calendula officinalis extract and lipoic acid capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP-LA) using nanoemulsion systems. The combination of these bio-active compounds was used to design oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) emulsions. The resulted emulsions were characterized by particle size measurements. The phenolic content of each nanoemulsion was examined by using both colorimetric assay and chromatographic analyses. Two different methods containing cell free chemical assay (1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method) and cell based antioxidant activity test were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacities. In order to investigate the bio-activities of the herbal formulations, in vitro cell culture experiments, including cytotoxicity, scratch assay, antioxidant activity and cell proliferation were carried out using Vero cell line as a model cell line. Furthermore, to monitor localization of the nanoemulsions after application of the cell culture, the cell images were monitored via fluorescence microscope after FITC labeling. All data confirmed that the enriched N. sativa formulations exhibited better antioxidant and wound healing activity than N. sativa emulsion without any enrichment. In conclusion, the incorporation of AuNP-LA and C. officinalis extract into the N. sativa emulsions significantly increased the bio-activities. The present work may support further studies about using the other bio-active agents for the enrichment of herbal preparations to strengthen their activities.
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guler
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: F Baris
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Barlas
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Dicle University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yavuz
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Z Pinar
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Gumus
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yucel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baspinar
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege LS, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coskunol
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: suna.timur@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Suna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D020838:Calendula / Q000737:chemistry*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D029974:Carum
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004655:Emulsions; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D006046:Gold; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C104525:caraway oil; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C003466:thymoquinone
keywords: Calendula officinalis extract; Gold nanoparticle; Herbal nanoemulsions; Lipoic acid; Nigella sativa oil