title: Optimizing pharmacotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: the pharmacist role.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body. The management of the disease includes nonpharmacotherapy and pharmacotherapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an up-to-date review of the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic findings, and treatment options for SLE. METHODS DATA SOURCE: A PubMed search of English language journals using a combination of words--elderly, SLE, late onset SLE, etiology, screening, diagnosis, or treatment to identify original studies, guidelines, and reviews on SLE, SLE, late onset SLE published between 2000 and present. Overall, original studies, clinical reviews, references, and guidelines were obtained and evaluated on their clinical relevance. The literature included guidelines and considerations for the etiology, diagnosis, screening, and management of SLE, late onset SLE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLE is a chronic autoimmune disorder, the exact etiology of which is unknown. SLE predominately affects younger women; however, it is reported to occur in up to 20 % of patients 50 years or older. In patients with SLE, nearly every system in the body is affected with varying degrees of severity ranging from subclinical to fatal. The hallmark feature of SLE is the production of autoantibodies directed primarily against nuclear antigens, but also against cytoplasmic components of cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of SLE is based on criteria set by the American College of Rheumatology. Management is individualized and depends on presenting symptoms and reducing the likelihood of permanent damage to organs and tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Kuwait, Kuwait, ma.alhussaini@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Hussaini
authors.forename: Emad I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Hammouda
authors.forename: Ahmed E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hammouda
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010601:Pharmacology, Clinical / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D024382:Professional Role; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine