title: Effect of high sugar intake on glucose transporter and weight regulating hormones in mice and humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sugar consumption has increased dramatically over the last decades in Western societies. Especially the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages seems to be a major risk for the development of obesity. Thus, we compared liquid versus solid high-sugar diets with regard to dietary intake, intestinal uptake and metabolic parameters in mice and partly in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five iso-caloric diets, enriched with liquid (in water 30% vol/vol) or solid (in diet 65% g/g) fructose or sucrose or a control diet were fed for eight weeks to C57bl/6 mice. Sugar, liquid and caloric intake, small intestinal sugar transporters (GLUT2/5) and weight regulating hormone mRNA expression, as well as hepatic fat accumulation were measured. In obese versus lean humans that underwent either bariatric surgery or small bowel resection, we analyzed small intestinal GLUT2, GLUT5, and cholecystokinin expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In mice, the liquid high-sucrose diet caused an enhancement of total caloric intake compared to the solid high-sucrose diet and the control diet. In addition, the liquid high-sucrose diet increased expression of GLUT2, GLUT5, and cholecystokinin expression in the ileum (P<0.001). Enhanced liver triglyceride accumulation was observed in mice being fed the liquid high-sucrose or -fructose, and the solid high-sucrose diet compared to controls. In obese, GLUT2 and GLUT5 mRNA expression was enhanced in comparison to lean individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that the form of sugar intake (liquid versus solid) is presumably more important than the type of sugar, with regard to feeding behavior, intestinal sugar uptake and liver fat accumulation in mice. Interestingly, in obese individuals, an intestinal sugar transporter modulation also occurred when compared to lean individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ritze
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Gyöngyi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bárdos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: D'Haese
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, Rorschach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, Rorschach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thurnheer
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Obesity Center, Rorschach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schultes
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bischoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006728:Hormones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D006728:Hormones; D005632:Fructose