title: Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with lifestyle factors and metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers: population-based cross-sectional study (FIN-D2D).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level has been associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases. Our aim was to determine lifestyle and clinical factors that are associated with 25OHD level and to investigate connection of 25OHD level with metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 2868 Finnish men and women aged 45-74 years participated in FIN-D2D population-based health survey in 2007. Participants that had a serum sample available (98.4%; n = 2822) were included in this study. 25OHD was measured with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean 25OHD level was 58.2 nmol/l in men (n = 1348) and 57.1 nmol/l in women (n = 1474). Mean 25OHD level was lower in the younger age groups than in the older ones (p<0.0001 both in men and women). This study confirmed that low physical activity (p<0.0001 both in men and women), smoking (p = 0.0002 in men and p = 0.03 in women) and high BMI (p<0.0001 in women) are factors that independently associate with low 25OHD level. Of the metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers high triglyceride concentration (p = 0.02 in men and p = 0.001 in women) and high apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (p = 0.04 in men and p = 0.03 in women) were independently associated with low 25OHD level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher age did not predict lower 25OHD level in this study population of aged 45-74 years which may derive from a healthy life-style of "active pensioners". Low physical activity and smoking came up as independent lifestyle factors associated with low 25OHD level. Defining the molecular mechanisms behind the associations of 25OHD with low physical activity and smoking are important objective in future studies. The association of 25OHD with BMI, high triglyceride concentration and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio may be related to the role of vitamin D in inflammation, but more detailed studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Maija E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.affiliation: Disease Risk Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leiviskä
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirkka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korpi-Hyövälti
authors.affiliation: Finnish Medicines Agency, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.affiliation: Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oksa
authors.affiliation: Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saaristo
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland; Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Primary Health Care Unit, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Mauno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhala
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltonen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D005947:Glucose