title: Characterization of hydroxyapatite containing a titania layer formed by anodization coupled with blasting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The modification of dental implant surface by increasing the surface roughness or/and altering chemical composition have been attempted. Among them, hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings are typically bioactive. On the other hand, titania coatings have good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Therefore, the objective of this study was to fabricate HA containing a titania layer using an HA blasting and anodization method to benefit from the advantages of both, followed by surface characterization and biocompatibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  HA blasting was performed followed by microarc oxidation (MAO) using various applied voltages (100, 150, 200, 250 V). For surface characterization, the microstructure of the surface, surface phase and surface roughness were observed. Bonding strength was measured using a universal testing machine and potentiodynamic corrosion testing was performed. Biocompatibility was evaluated based on bioactivity and cell proliferation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The porous titanium oxide-containing HA was formed at 150 and 200 V. These surfaces were a lower corrosion current compared to the titanium treated only with HA blasting. In addition, composite treated titanium showed a rougher surface and tighter bonding strength compared to the titanium treated only with MAO. Biocompatibility demonstrated that HA/Titania composite layer on titanium showed a rapid HA precipitation and also enhanced cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that HA containing titania layer on titanium had not only excellent physicochemical, mechanical and electrochemical properties, but also improved bioactivity and biological properties that could be applied as material for a dental implant system.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration and Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering.
authors.forename: Min-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Seung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Jae-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Kwang-Mahn
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung-Nam
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003343:Corrosion; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011199:Potentiometry; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003764:Dental Materials; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C009495:titanium dioxide; D017886:Durapatite; D014025:Titanium
keywords: anodization; blasting; dental implant; hydroxyapatite; titania