title: Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms during early methamphetamine withdrawal in Han Chinese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression, a common comorbidity of drug abuse, is often a core component of withdrawal symptoms; however, risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during the acute stage of withdrawal among methamphetamine (METH) users are not well understood. This study investigated the correlations between several potential risk factors and depressive symptoms during acute METH withdrawal in a Han Chinese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 243 eligible Chinese METH users were recruited from Wenzhou Sanyang Detoxification Institute in Zhejiang province from November 2012 to June 2013. A set of self-administrative questionnaires were used to collect information about socio-demographics, drug use history and depression. Thirteen-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) was used to measure depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  METH users had a mean BDI-13 score of 12.39; 157 subjects (64.6%) reported depressive symptoms during METH withdrawal, of which 74 subjects (30.5%) reported moderate depressive symptoms and 83 subjects (34.1%) reported severe depressive symptoms. Higher frequency of drug use and history of METH-use relapse were associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted OR=2.8; 95% CI=1.56-5.04) and (adjusted OR=3.4; 95% CI=1.36-8.49), respectively. Moderate alcohol drinking was associated with less risk for depressive symptoms during acute withdrawal (adjusted OR=0.54; 95% CI=0.31-0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are common during early METH withdrawal. In addition, several risk factors including frequency of METH use and history of relapse were positively associated with depressive symptoms during that period while moderate alcohol drinking was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 317700, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Jingyan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway Township, NJ 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Yeming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway Township, NJ 08901, USA.
authors.forename: Liren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou 317700, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Ruqian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Haiwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Youdan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Sanyang Detoxification Institute, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing BJ 100096, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: zhangxy9@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiang Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China. Electronic address: hjc@wzmc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jincai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D002681:China; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Chinese; Correlates; Depressive symptoms; Methamphetamine; Prevalence; Withdrawal