title: Outcomes and intentions in children's, adolescents', and adults' second- and third-party punishment behavior.
abstract: Theories of morality maintain that punishment supports the emergence and maintenance of moral behavior. This study investigated developmental differences in the role of outcomes and the violator's intentions in second-party punishment (where punishers are victims of a violation) and third-party punishment (where punishers are unaffected observers of a violation). Four hundred and forty-three adults and 8-, 12-, and 15-year-olds made choices in mini-ultimatum games and newly-developed mini-third-party punishment games, which involved actual incentives rather than hypothetical decisions. Adults integrated outcomes and intentions in their second- and third-party punishment, whereas 8-year-olds consistently based their punishment on the outcome of the violation. Adolescents integrated outcomes and intentions in second- but not third-party punishment.
authors.affiliation: University of Plymouth, UK. Electronic address: michaela.gummerum@plymouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gummerum
authors.affiliation: University of Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; Children; Fairness; Intentions; Punishment