title: A cephalometric evaluation of tongue from the rest position to centric occlusion in the subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion and class I normal occlusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the common types of oro-dental morphopathologic relationship is the Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Therefore, the study of tongue position in Class II Division 1 may reveal a role of the tongue in the etiology or diagnosis of malocclusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Present study was done with the aim to evaluate the tongue position radiographically in centric occlusion and rest position in the subjects with Angle's Class 1 normal occlusion and subjects with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion and to find out any differences in tongue position between Angle's Class 1 normal occlusion and Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion group.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was conducted on lateral cephalogram of 40 subjects between the age ranges of 16 to 22 years. The samples were divided into the Angle's Class 1 normal occlusion group (Group I) and the Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion group (Group II) with the 20 in each groups. The study involved the evaluation of tongue position at rest position and centric occlusion on the lateral head cephalogram.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study for the evaluation of the tongue position from the rest position to the centric occlusion showed no statistically significant changes in both groups. However, there were greater changes in various parameters (From the rest position to the centric occlusion) in the subjects with Angle's Class II Division 1 malocclusion as compared to the subjects with the Angle's Class I normal occlusion group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FROM THE PRESENT STUDY FOLLOWING CONCLUSION CAN BE DRAWN: with the closure of mandible from the rest position to centric occlusion the tongue moved antero-superiorly in the tip region, superiorly in the dorsum region, and antero-superiorly in the posterior region in normal occlusion and postero-superiorly in Class II Division 1 malocclusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dental Anatomy, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: I.D.S., Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dental Anatomy, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Prabhat
keywords: Class II division 1 malocclusion; lateral cephalogram; tongue position