title: Virulence, Speciation and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Ocular Coagualase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) are common inhabitants of human skin and mucous membranes. With the emergence of these organisms as prominent pathogens in patients with ocular infections, investigation has intensified in an effort to identify important virulence factors and to inform new approaches to treatment and prevention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To isolate CoNS from ocular specimens; to study the possible virulence factors; speciation of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) which were isolated from ocular complications; antibiotic susceptibility testing of ocular CoNS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The specimens were collected from the target patients who attended the Microbiology Laboratory of a tertiary care eye hospital in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu state, India. The isolates were subjected to tube and slide coagulase tests for the identification of CoNS. All the isolates were subjected to screening for lipase and protease activities. Screening for other virulence factors viz., slime production on Congo red agar medium and haemagglutination assay with use of 96-well microtitre plates. These isolates were identified upto species level by performing biochemical tests such as phosphatase test, arginine test, maltose and trehalose fermentation tests and novobiocin sensitivity test. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility studies, based on the revised standards of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes (CLSI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the one year of study, among the total 260 individuals who were screened, 100 isolates of CoNS were obtained. Lipolytic activity was seen in all the isolates, whereas 38 isolates showed a positive result for protease. A total of 63 isolates showed slime production. Of 100 isolates, 30 isolates were analyzed for haemagglutination, where 4 isolates showed the capacity to agglutinate the erythrocytes. The results of the biochemical analysis revealed that of the 100 isolates of CoNS, 43% were Staphylococcus epidermidis. The other isolates were identified as S. xylosus (n=8), S. captis (n=16), S. haemolyticus (n=10), S. saccharolyticus (n=2), S. hominis (n=5), S. saprophyticus (n=6) and S. intermedius (n=1). On the other hand, 9 isolates were not identified. In the antibiotic susceptibility analysis, it was found that most of the isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, amikacin and linczolid and resistant to cefatoxime, oxacillin, bacitracin and nalidixic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. epidermidis was found to be predominant in causing the ocular complications. Slime production, heamagglutination, protease and lipase activities could be the putative virulence factors of CoNS. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of CoNS against antibacterial agents revealed maximum resistance to beta lactam groups, and the resistance was found to be higher to oxacillin, and lowest to vancomycin.
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Ravindran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Priya
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mythili
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Yendremban Randhir Babu
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Microbiology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Haridas
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sreekumar
authors.affiliation: Scientist and Head, Department of Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate institute of Ophthalmology , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Palanisamy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manikandan
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, M.R Government Arts College , Mannargudi, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Kanesan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Panneerselvam
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science , Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India .
authors.forename: Coimbatore Subramanian
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shobana
keywords: Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS); Ocular Infection; Speciation and antibiotic susceptibility; Virulence