title: Effects of short-term exposure to fluoxetine and carbamazepine to the collembolan Folsomia candida.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals, emerging environmental contaminants, have their ecotoxicological effects to non-target organisms in soil largely unknown. This study assessed short-term effects of two human pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine and fluoxetine, to Folsomia candida. Avoidance to spiked soils was assessed after 48 and 96 h exposure and biochemical changes (acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities, and lipid peroxidation levels) after 96 h. F. candida avoided soils spiked with 0.04, 0.4 and 4 mg carbamazepine kg(-1) after 48 h. However, higher number of organisms were found in soils with 40 mg carbamazepine kg(-1), a behavior also displayed for 40 mg fluoxetine kg(-1) spiked soils. After 96 h, F. candida showed avoidance behavior to soils with 4 and 40 mg carbamazepine kg(-1). Acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in 0.4 mg fluoxetine kg(-1) exposed organisms. Peroxidative damages were detected in organisms exposed to 4 and 40 mg kg(-1) carbamazepine and glutathione S-transferase inhibition was observed at 40 mg kg(-1). Data suggests that carbamazepine and fluoxetine may pose risk to soil collembolan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: migueloliveira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: A M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D005473:Fluoxetine; D002220:Carbamazepine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D002802:Cholinesterases
keywords: Avoidance; Biomarkers; Human pharmaceuticals; Soil; Springtail