title: Binary mixtures of diclofenac with paracetamol, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid and these pharmaceuticals in isolated form induce oxidative stress on Hyalella azteca.
abstract: Toxicity in natural ecosystems is usually not due to exposure to a single substance, but is rather the result of exposure to mixtures of toxic substances. Knowing the effects of contaminants as a mixture compared to their effects in isolated form is therefore important. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced by binary mixtures of diclofenac with paracetamol, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid and by these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in isolated form, using Hyalella azteca as a bioindicator. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of each NSAID were obtained. Amphipods were exposed for 72 h to the latter value in isolated form and as binary mixtures. The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), protein carbonyl content (PCC), and activity of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Significant increases in LPX and PCC with respect to the control group (p ≤ 0.05) were induced by NSAIDs both in isolated form and as binary mixtures. Changes in SOD, CAT, and GPx activity likewise occurred with NSAIDs in isolated form and as binary mixtures. In conclusion, NSAIDs used in this study induce oxidative stress on H. azteca both in isolated form and as binary mixtures, and the interactions occurring between these pharmaceuticals are probably antagonistic in type.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Mexico City, Mexico, lmgomezo@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neri-Cruz
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity; D033304:Amphipoda / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009288:Naproxen / Q000633:toxicity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009288:Naproxen; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001241:Aspirin; D007052:Ibuprofen