title: Ethanol sclerotherapy of head and neck venous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This retrospective study evaluated the results of sclerotherapy with low doses of ethanol for treatment of head and neck venous malformations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 51 patients, 37 females. Median age was 23 years. Patients were treated with percutaneous intralesional injection of alcohol every two weeks and followed up prospectively for a median period of 18 months. Most lesions affected the face and cosmetic disfigurement was the most frequent complaint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed a median of 7 sessions of sclerotherapy. Complete resolution or improvement was observed in 48 patients presented. Five cases of small skin ulceration, two cases of hyperpigmentation and two of paresthesia were documented; all of them were treated conservatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous sclerotherapy with low doses of ethanol is a safe and effective treatment modality for venous malformations affecting the head and neck.
authors.affiliation: Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.affiliation: Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Guilherme Mendes Pereira
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Galvão do Amaral
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishinari
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krutman
authors.affiliation: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wolosker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002648:Child; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000098:blood supply*; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000098:blood supply*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000431:Ethanol