title: A new silver based composite material for SPA water disinfection.
abstract: A new composite material based on alumina (Al2O3) modified by two surface nanocoatings - titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) - was studied for spa water disinfection. Regarding the most common microorganisms in bathing waters, two non-pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram positive) were selected as surrogates for bacterial contamination. The bactericidal properties of the Al2O3-TiO2-Ag material were demonstrated under various operating conditions encountered in spa water (temperature: 22-37 °C, presence of salt: CaCO3 or CaCl2, high oxygen content, etc.). Total removal of 10(8) CFU mL(-1) of bacteria was obtained in less than 10 min with 16 g L(-1) of material. Best results were observed for both conditions: a temperature of 37 °C and under aerobic condition; this latest favouring Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. The CaCO3 salt had no impact on the bactericidal activity of the composite material and CaCl2 considerably stabilized the silver desorption from the material surface thanks to the formation of AgCl precipitate. Preliminary tests of the Al2O3-TiO2-Ag bactericidal behaviour in a continuous water flow confirmed that 2 g L(-1) of material eliminated more than 90% of a 2.0 × 10(8) CFU mL(-1) bacterial mixture after one water treatment recycle and reached the disinfection standard recommended by EPA (coliform removal = 6 log) within 22 h.
authors.affiliation: Institut Europeen des Membranes - IEM, (UMR 5635 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2) - Equipe Genie des Procedes Membranaires, Universite Montpellier II cc047, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CARDPool SAS, Research and Development Site, 37 Avenue Vincent d'Indy, 30100 Alès, France.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tartanson
authors.affiliation: Institut Europeen des Membranes - IEM, (UMR 5635 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2) - Equipe Genie des Procedes Membranaires, Universite Montpellier II cc047, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: Laurence.Soussan@iemm.univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soussan
authors.affiliation: Institut Europeen des Membranes - IEM, (UMR 5635 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2) - Equipe Genie des Procedes Membranaires, Universite Montpellier II cc047, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivallin
authors.affiliation: CARDPool SAS, Research and Development Site, 37 Avenue Vincent d'Indy, 30100 Alès, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chis
authors.affiliation: CARDPool SAS, Research and Development Site, 37 Avenue Vincent d'Indy, 30100 Alès, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Penaranda
authors.affiliation: CARDPool SAS, Research and Development Site, 37 Avenue Vincent d'Indy, 30100 Alès, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lapergue
authors.affiliation: CARDPool SAS, Research and Development Site, 37 Avenue Vincent d'Indy, 30100 Alès, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calmels
authors.affiliation: Institut Europeen des Membranes - IEM, (UMR 5635 CNRS-ENSCM-UM2) - Equipe Genie des Procedes Membranaires, Universite Montpellier II cc047, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faur
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D001452:Balneology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000032:analysis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D012492:Salts / Q000032:analysis; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012492:Salts; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Bactericidal activity; Composite material; E. coli; S. epidermidis; Silver; Water disinfection