title: Pulmonary sequestration in children: a clinical analysis of 48 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to explore clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of children's pulmonary sequestration (PS) to reduce misdiagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of 48 children with PS in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between April 1994 and April 2013 were retrieved, and the literature was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  48 cases were collected, 30 cases confirmed (Group A) and 18 suspicious cases (Group B). In Group A, 16 cases were confirmed before operation by 64-row enhanced CT (4 cases), enhanced CT combined with three-dimensional reconstruction (9 cases), and digital subtraction angiography (3 cases). Misdiagnosis rate was 36.7%, while missed diagnosis rate 10%. 26 cases received surgery and were confirmed finally. Aberrant arterial supply mainly originated from thoracic aorta (22 cases) and abdominal aorta (5 cases). Hypoplasia and chronic inflammation were shown by postoperative histopathological examinations in all children with surgery. There was no operative mortality. Encapsulated pleural effusion occurred in one patient as only post-operation complication. All were discharged after successful treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chest X-ray and color Doppler ultrasound can be used for routine screening for PS. Technique of choice for confirmation is three-dimensional chest CT. Identifying anomalous systemic artery is key for confirmed diagnosis. Surgery is recommended as early as possible. X-ray plus ultrasound as routine screening combined with three-dimensional CT for definitive diagnosis and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery might be best choice for PS in future.
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Jiangfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Enmei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Zhengxiu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Center of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400014, China.
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peng
keywords: Children; diagnosis; pulmonary sequestration; treatment