title: Characterization of red-capped mangabey tetherin: implication for the co-evolution of primates and their lentiviruses.
abstract: Primate lentiviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) evolved through the acquisition of antagonists against intrinsic host restriction factors, such as tetherin. It is widely accepted that HIV-1 has emerged by zoonotic transmission of SIV in chimpanzee (SIVcpz), and that SIVcpz Nef protein antagonizes chimpanzee tetherin. Although Nef of SIVcpz shares a common ancestor with that of SIVrcm, an SIV in red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus), it remains unclear whether SIVrcm Nef can antagonize tetherin of its natural host. In this study, we determine the sequence of red-capped mangabey tetherin for the first time and directly demonstrate that SIVrcm Nef is the bona fide antagonist of red-capped mangabey tetherin. These findings suggest that SIVrcm Nef is the functional ancestor of SIVcpz Nef. Moreover, molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal that tetherins of the genus Cercocebus have experienced adaptive evolution, which is presumably promoted by primate lentiviruses.
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan [2] [3].
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan [2].
authors.forename: Junko S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 1138510, Japan [2].
authors.forename: Fengrong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2].
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan [2].
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Misawa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Rokusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: 1] Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan [2] Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8608556, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 1138510, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins