title: A comparative study of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer: Risk factors, presentation, characteristics and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breast cancer is the most common female cancer worldwide and is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Indian women. This study evaluates the differences between pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer women regarding risk factors, nature of disease presentation, tumor characteristics, and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective observational study, conducted in the Oncology Department of St. Ann's Cancer Hospital, for a period of 6 months from January to August 2012. Data on basic demography, clinical and pathological tumor profile, and treatment details were collected prospectively for each patient based on patient interviews and medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 100 female patients taken up for the study, 48 were premenopausal and 52 had reached menopause. The mean age of presentation for breast carcinoma was a decade earlier in these patients compared with western patients. The risk factors for both pre-and post-menopausal breast cancer were found similar other than late menopause in postmenopausal patients. Having dense breast tissue was a predominant risk factor among all women. Late presentation was the common phenomenon in almost all patients. The treatment given was not based on any standard guidelines due to inadequate public health policies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late stage at presentation of breast cancer is the main problem and possesses a challenge to the health care community. In order to reduce the burden of breast cancer, a multi-sectorial approach and evidence-based strategies aiming at early detection and effective management of the disease are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, GIET School of Pharmacy, East Godavari, India.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Surakasula
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, St. Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, India.
authors.forename: Govardhana Chary
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nagarjunapu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Ann's Hospital, Warangal, India.
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Raghavaiah
keywords: Breast cancer; Indian women; diagnosis; epidemiology; postmenopausal; premenopausal