title: Development of highly sensitive and specific mRNA multiplex system (XCYR1) for forensic human body fluids and tissues identification.
abstract: The identification of human body fluids or tissues through mRNA-based profiling is very useful for forensic investigations. Previous studies have shown mRNA biomarkers are effective to identify the origin of biological samples. In this study, we selected 16 tissue specific biomarkers to evaluate their specificities and sensitivities for human body fluids and tissues identification, including porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), hemoglobin beta (HBB) and Glycophorin A (GLY) for circulatory blood, protamine 2 (PRM2) and transglutaminase 4 (TGM4) for semen, mucin 4 (MUC4) and human beta defensin 1(HBD1) for vaginal secretion, matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 11 (MMP7 and MMP11) for menstrual blood, keratin 4(KRT4) for oral mucosa, loricrin (LOR) and cystatin 6 (CST6) for skin, histatin 3(HTN3) for saliva, statherin (STATH) for nasal secretion, dermcidin (DCD) for sweat and uromodulin (UMOD) for urine. The above mentioned ten common forensic body fluids or tissues were used in the evaluation. Based on the evaluation, a reverse transcription (RT) PCR multiplex assay, XCYR1, which includes 12 biomarkers (i.e., HBB, GLY, HTN3, PRM2, KRT4, MMP11, MUC4, DCD, UMOD, MMP7, TGM4, and STATH) and 2 housekeeping genes [i.e., glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 18SrRNA], was developed. This assay was further validated with real casework samples and mock samples (with both single source and mixture) and it was approved that XCYR1 is effective to identify common body fluids or tissues (i.e., circulatory blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretion, menstrual blood, oral mucosa, nasal secretion, sweat and urine) in forensic casework samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Huaigu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liankang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Human Identification Division, Life Technologies, South San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jianye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Science Evidence, Key Laboratory of Forensic Evidence and Science Technology, Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ziqin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056667:Biometric Identification / Q000379:methods*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs; D004372:Ducks / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000097:blood; D053803:Forensic Genetics / Q000379:methods*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D055101:Semen Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012333:RNA, Messenger