title: Mechanisms involving Ang II and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways underlie cardiac and renal alterations during chronic undernutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have correlated protein restriction associated with other nutritional deficiencies with the development of cardiovascular and renal diseases. The driving hypothesis for this study was that Ang II signaling pathways in the heart and kidney are affected by chronic protein, mineral and vitamin restriction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wistar rats aged 90 days were fed from weaning with either a control or a deficient diet that mimics those used in impoverished regions worldwide. Such restriction simultaneously increased ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase and decreased (Na++K+)ATPase activity in the same proportion in cardiomyocytes and proximal tubule cells. Type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) was downregulated by that restriction in both organs, whereas AT2R decreased only in the kidney. The PKC/PKA ratio increased in both tissues and returned to normal values in rats receiving Losartan daily from weaning. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway restored Na+-ATPase activity in both organs. The undernourished rats presented expanded plasma volume, increased heart rate, cardiac hypertrophy, and elevated systolic pressure, which also returned to control levels with Losartan. Such restriction led to electrical cardiac remodeling represented by prolonged ventricular repolarization parameters, induced triggered activity, early after-depolarization and delayed after-depolarization, which were also prevented by Losartan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanisms responsible for these alterations are underpinned by an imbalance in the PKC- and PKA-mediated pathways, with participation of angiotensin receptors and by activation of the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. These cellular and molecular alterations culminate in cardiac electric remodeling and in the onset of hypertension in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monnerat-Cahli
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amaury
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira-Acácio
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luzardo
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luzia S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Luna-Leite
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucienne S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Einicker-Lamas
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panizzutti
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madeira
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leucio D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Vieira-Filho
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castro-Chaves
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdilene S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana D O
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paixão
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Medei
authors.affiliation: Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adalberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vieyra
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000473:pathology; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000378:metabolism; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D010953:Plasma Volume; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D000804:Angiotensin II; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C021838:sodium-translocating ATPase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D019808:Losartan