title: Effects of location and timing of co-activated neurons in the auditory midbrain on cortical activity: implications for a new central auditory prosthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An increasing number of deaf individuals are being implanted with central auditory prostheses, but their performance has generally been poorer than for cochlear implant users. The goal of this study is to investigate stimulation strategies for improving hearing performance with a new auditory midbrain implant (AMI). Previous studies have shown that repeated electrical stimulation of a single site in each isofrequency lamina of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) causes strong suppressive effects in elicited responses within the primary auditory cortex (A1). Here we investigate if improved cortical activity can be achieved by co-activating neurons with different timing and locations across an ICC lamina and if this cortical activity varies across A1.
  
  
  METHODS
  We electrically stimulated two sites at different locations across an isofrequency ICC lamina using varying delays in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs. We recorded and analyzed spike activity and local field potentials across different layers and locations of A1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Co-activating two sites within an isofrequency lamina with short inter-pulse intervals (<5 ms) could elicit cortical activity that is enhanced beyond a linear summation of activity elicited by the individual sites. A significantly greater extent of normalized cortical activity was observed for stimulation of the rostral-lateral region of an ICC lamina compared to the caudal-medial region. We did not identify any location trends across A1, but the most cortical enhancement was observed in supragranular layers, suggesting further integration of the stimuli through the cortical layers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The topographic organization identified by this study provides further evidence for the presence of functional zones across an ICC lamina with locations consistent with those identified by previous studies. Clinically, these results suggest that co-activating different neural populations in the rostral-lateral ICC rather than the caudal-medial ICC using the AMI may improve or elicit different types of hearing capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 312 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Małgorzata M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Straka
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Craig D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Markovitz
authors.forename: Hubert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design