title: First trials of oral vaccination with rabies SAG2 dog baits in Morocco.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Canine rabies is a serious health problem in Morocco and about 22 human deaths are reported yearly. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, Moroccan authorities evaluated oral rabies vaccine baits specially designed for dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was performed in Tiflet area. The vaccine strain was SAG2, a modified live oral rabies vaccine strain. Each bait contained an aluminium/PVC capsule filled with a liquid. Two kinds of baits were used: placebo baits containing methylene blue as a topical marker and vaccine baits containing vaccine suspension. The study was performed according to recommended WHO strategies, i.e., door to door model (DDDM), hand-out and wildlife immunization model (WIM). The DDDM was performed in the rural area of Tiflet on 60 owned dogs. The hand-out strategy was tested on 15 stray dogs. The WIM was performed on 4 transects lines near Tiflet slaughterhouse and near the weekly traditional market location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the DDDM, 100% of owned dogs were attracted by the baits and 77% ate the bait. Using the hand-out model, 100% of dogs showed interest in baits and 46.7% took the baits. Using the WIM in stray dogs, up to 73% of baits disappeared and 68% of the capsules containing the SAG2 vaccine were found pierced, depending on the sites of distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study showed that baits have a good palatability and that oral vaccination of both owned and stray dogs is feasible with baits specifically developed for dogs and with adapted strategy of distribution.
authors.affiliation: Moroccan Office for Food Safety (ONSSA), Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, Rue Ikhlass, Cite Yacoub El Mansour, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darkaoui
authors.affiliation: French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boué
authors.affiliation: French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jean Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Demerson
authors.affiliation: Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Unit of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Ouafaa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fassi Fihri
authors.affiliation: Moroccan Office for Food Safety (ONSSA), Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, Rue Ikhlass, Cite Yacoub El Mansour, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khadija Id Sidi
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Yahia
authors.affiliation: French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, Malzéville Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cliquet
keywords: Dogs; Morocco; Oral administration; Rabies; Vaccination