title: Two clonal lineages of Phytophthora citrophthora from citrus in South Africa represent a single phylogenetic species.
abstract: Phytophthora citrophthora from citrus in eastern Corsica and Spain consists of distinct clonal lineages. In South Africa the extent of genetic variation among citrus-associated P. citrophthora isolates is unknown. This was investigated with isolates from South Africa (n =60), Spain (n =10) and six isolates representing three P. citrophthora groups CTR1, CTR2 and CTR3 previously identified with isozyme polymorphisms (Mchau and Coffey 1994). South African and Spanish isolates belonged to two lineages (G1, G2) based on an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogeny, random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling. Although combined RAMS and RAPD data identified 14 genotypes, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analyses grouped the isolates into two clusters corresponding to lineages G1 and G2. Lineage G1 predominated among isolates from South Africa (92%) and Spain (100%). Phylogenetic analyses of the β-tubulin, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) and ITS regions did not support the hypothesis that the two lineages represent distinct phylogenetic species but suggested that isozyme group CTR2 and possibly CTR3 are species distinct from P. citrophthora sensu stricto. Mating-type analyses, using tester strains from groups CTR2 and CTR3 revealed that most G1 lineage isolates (n =57) were sterile but that some were of the A1 mating type (n =8) whereas all G2 lineage isolates were A2 (n =5). The mating-type designation was confirmed with P. capsici tester strains. However, when A1 (G1 lineage) and A2 (G2 lineage including CTR1 reference isolates) mating-type isolates were paired in all possible combinations, no oogonia or antheridia were produced. This suggests that only tester strains P. capsici, CTR2 and CTR3 were able to produce sexual structures and that lineages G1 and G2 are sterile and reproductively isolated, which is supported by molecular data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Christoffel F J
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Meitz-Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shaun D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Langenhoven
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research International, Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, 1200, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mathys C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa adelem@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Adéle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002957:Citrus / Q000469:parasitology*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013030:Spain
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005656:Fungal Proteins
keywords: RAMS; RAPDs; intraspecific variation; phylogeny