title: The CRC orthologue from Pisum sativum shows conserved functions in carpel morphogenesis and vascular development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CRABS CLAW (CRC) is a member of the YABBY family of transcription factors involved in carpel morphogenesis, floral determinacy and nectary specification in arabidopsis. CRC orthologues have been functionally characterized across angiosperms, revealing additional roles in leaf vascular development and carpel identity specification in Poaceae. These studies support an ancestral role of CRC orthologues in carpel development, while roles in vascular development and nectary specification appear to be derived. This study aimed to expand research on CRC functional conservation to the legume family in order to better understand the evolutionary history of CRC orthologues in angiosperms.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRC orthologues from Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula were identified. RNA in situ hybridization experiments determined the corresponding expression patterns throughout flower development. The phenotypic effects of reduced CRC activity were investigated in P. sativum using virus-induced gene silencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRC orthologues from P. sativum and M. truncatula showed similar expression patterns, mainly restricted to carpels and nectaries. However, these expression patterns differed from those of other core eudicots, most importantly in a lack of abaxial expression in the carpel and in atypical expression associated with the medial vein of the ovary. CRC downregulation in pea caused defects in carpel fusion and style/stigma development, both typically associated with CRC function in eudicots, but also affected vascular development in the carpel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support the conserved roles of CRC orthologues in carpel fusion, style/stigma development and nectary development. In addition, an intriguing new aspect of CRC function in legumes was the unexpected role in vascular development, which could be shared by other species from widely diverged clades within the angiosperms, suggesting that this role could be ancestral rather than derived, as so far generally accepted.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fourquin
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Primo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martínez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huet-Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain cferrandiz@ibmcp.upv.es.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferrándiz
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D046913:Medicago truncatula / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058526:Plant Vascular Bundle / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: CRABS CLAW; CRC orthologues; Flower development; Medicago truncatula; Pisum sativum; YABBY transcription factors; carpel evolution; carpel vasculature; floral determinacy; gynoecium, nectary