title: Impact of ensemble learning in the assessment of skeletal maturity.
abstract: The assessment of the bone age, or skeletal maturity, is an important task in pediatrics that measures the degree of maturation of children's bones. Nowadays, there is no standard clinical procedure for assessing bone age and the most widely used approaches are the Greulich and Pyle and the Tanner and Whitehouse methods. Computer methods have been proposed to automatize the process; however, there is a lack of exploration about how to combine the features of the different parts of the hand, and how to take advantage of ensemble techniques for this purpose. This paper presents a study where the use of ensemble techniques for improving bone age assessment is evaluated. A new computer method was developed that extracts descriptors for each joint of each finger, which are then combined using different ensemble schemes for obtaining a final bone age value. Three popular ensemble schemes are explored in this study: bagging, stacking and voting. Best results were achieved by bagging with a rule-based regression (M5P), scoring a mean absolute error of 10.16 months. Results show that ensemble techniques improve the prediction performance of most of the evaluated regression algorithms, always achieving best or comparable to best results. Therefore, the success of the ensemble methods allow us to conclude that their use may improve computer-based bone age assessment, offering a scalable option for utilizing multiple regions of interest and combining their output.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Mechanics and Optics (LOME) Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI) Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400 4200-465, Porto, Portugal, pcunha@fe.up.pt.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Guevara López
authors.forename: Conceição
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D012044:Regression Analysis; D060388:Support Vector Machine