title: Exposure of a 23F serotype strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cigarette smoke condensate is associated with selective upregulation of genes encoding the two-component regulatory system 11 (TCS11).
abstract: Alterations in whole genome expression profiles following exposure of the pneumococcus (strain 172, serotype 23F) to cigarette smoke condensate (160 μg/mL) for 15 and 60 min have been determined using the TIGR4 DNA microarray chip. Exposure to CSC resulted in the significant (P<0.014-0.0006) upregulation of the genes encoding the two-component regulatory system 11 (TCS11), consisting of the sensor kinase, hk11, and its cognate response regulator, rr11, in the setting of increased biofilm formation. These effects of cigarette smoke on the pneumococcus may contribute to colonization of the airways by this microbial pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria 0001, South Africa ; Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa.
authors.forename: Riana
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9227-6124
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cockeran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK ; Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK ; Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Haematology and Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Private Bag 3,WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
authors.forename: Thérèse
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dix-Peek
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Haematology and Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Private Bag 3,WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Haematology and Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Private Bag 3,WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D000071677:Histidine Kinase; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D065288:Serogroup; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000071677:Histidine Kinase