title: BeMADS1 is a key to delivery MADSs into nucleus in reproductive tissues-De novo characterization of Bambusa edulis transcriptome and study of MADS genes in bamboo floral development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bamboo Bambusa edulis has a long juvenile phase in situ, but can be induced to flower during in vitro tissue culture, providing a readily available source of material for studies on reproductive biology and flowering. In this report, in vitro-derived reproductive and vegetative materials of B. edulis were harvested and used to generate transcriptome databases by use of two sequencing platforms: Illumina and 454. Combination of the two datasets resulted in high transcriptome quality and increased length of the sequence reads. In plants, many MADS genes control flower development, and the ABCDE model has been developed to explain how the genes function together to create the different whorls within a flower.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a case study, published floral development-related OsMADS proteins from rice were used to search the B. edulis transcriptome datasets, identifying 16 B. edulis MADS (BeMADS). The BeMADS gene expression levels were determined qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Most BeMADS genes were highly expressed in flowers, with the exception of BeMADS34. The expression patterns of these genes were most similar to the rice homologs, except BeMADS18 and BeMADS34, and were highly similar to the floral development ABCDE model in rice. Transient expression of MADS-GFP proteins showed that only BeMADS1 entered leaf nucleus. BeMADS18, BeMADS4, and BeMADS1 were located in the lemma nucleus. When co-transformed with BeMADS1, BeMADS15, 16, 13, 21, 6, and 7 translocated to nucleus in lemmas, indicating that BeMADS1 is a key factor for subcellular localization of other BeMADS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides abundant B. edulis transcriptome data and offers comprehensive sequence resources. The results, molecular materials and overall strategy reported here can be used for future gene identification and for further reproductive studies in the economically important crop of bamboo.
authors.forename: Ming-Che
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Ming-Lun
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Jin-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Cheng-Tran
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wan-Jung
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Swee-Suak
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: De-Chih
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yao-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jeremy J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jin-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. cslin99@gate.sinica.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Choun-Sea
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D031723:Bambusa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D063990:Gene Ontology; D017343:Genes, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins