title: Intractable diarrhea of infancy: 10 years of experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intractable diarrhea of infancy (IDI), a group of prolonged diarrheal disorders, is difficult to diagnose and manage. We documented general features of patients and the causes of IDI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present retrospective study included 60 hospitalized patients with IDI ages 0 to 24 months during January 2000 to December 2010. Detailed history, laboratory and endoscopic findings, diagnoses, and clinical courses were reviewed. Descriptive analyses were used for statistical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The male/female ratio was 1.4. The median age at onset of diarrhea was 12 days. A total of 70% and 11% of patients were severely and moderately malnourished, respectively. Carbohydrate malabsorption (CM) and food allergies (n = 11, 18% for both) were the most frequent causes. A total of 16 of the patients (27%) did not have a specific diagnosis. The other diagnoses were infections (n = 5), immune-mediated disorders (IMD) (n = 6), congenital enterocyte defects (CED) (n = 3, 5%), short bowel syndrome (n = 2), cystic fibrosis (n = 2), intestinal pseudoobstruction (n = 1), congenital disorder of glycosylation (n = 1), abetalipoproteinemia (n = 1), and proprotein convertase (PC) 1 deficiency (n = 1). Stool calprotectin level was high in 10 of 19 patients with Crohn disease (n = 3, mean 1116 ± 851 mg/L), food allergy (n = 4, mean 516 ± 288 mg/L), and undefined etiology (n = 3, mean 616 ± 780 mg/L). The mean duration of hospitalization was 76 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IDI is a heterogeneous group of diarrheal disorders. The most frequent causes were CM and food allergies in our study. Because high levels of calprotectin support inflammation, calprotectin levels may help to discriminate CED and inflammatory causes of IDI.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara †Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, VKV American Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hayriye
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hizarcioglu-Gulsen
authors.forename: Inci N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Saltik-Temizel
authors.forename: Hulya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gurakan
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozen
authors.forename: Aysel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yuce
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018981:Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation / Q000150:complications; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D007418:Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction / Q000150:complications; D007902:Length of Stay; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008871:Microvilli / Q000473:pathology; D009081:Mucolipidoses / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex