title: Exploring the impact of pore size distribution on the performance of carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization.
abstract: Capacitive deionization (CDI) removes charged ions from aqueous solutions through entrapment in the electric double layer (EDL) when the porous electrodes are polarized. In this study, three types of activated carbon cloth (ACC) with different pore-size distributions were used to study the effect of pore characteristics on electrosorption during CDI. Removal of seven different monovalent ions was examined for each ACC in batch reactors under 5 different combinations of applied potential and ionic strength. Results show underlying sorption mechanisms in the meso- and micro-pores were different. Electrosorption in the mesopores is influenced by partially-distorted EDL caused by EDL overlapping. Sorption capacity increased with increasing applied potential or ionic strength as overlapping effects were reduced. In contrast, EDL in the microporous regions could be highly distorted resulting in enhanced sorption capacity, which cannot be adequately described using the classic EDL theories. Electrosorption density (i.e., sorption capacity normalized by pore volume) decreased as the mesoporosity-to-microporosity ratio increased. These results are in agreement with those obtained using mathematical modeling by other recent CDI studies. Charge efficiency values were between 20% and 40% and appear to be substantially influenced by Faradaic reactions and ion desorption from the electrode surfaces. These findings suggest that pore-size distribution of electrode materials, especially the meso/microporosity ratio, should be optimized for the removal of targeted ions by CDI and well characterized to conduct more precise CDI modeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Linchen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA. Electronic address: kkarthikeyan@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.affiliation: Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Energy, (Electrochemical Processes Unit), 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D007477:Ions; D008956:Models, Chemical
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Capacitive deionization; Electrode material porosity; Electrosorption; Ion selectivity