title: Predictors of new onset atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) is more frequent in heart failure. It is unknown what variables predict future AF in these patients and how AF might evolve over time. We investigated this in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD) where AF detection is optimal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single centre, retrospective, observational cohort study. All ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients with dual chamber, primary prevention ICD implants between Aug 2003 and Dec 2009 were screened and included if at implant, they had no known AF history. Nine variables were analysed. AF was defined as any atrial tachyarrhythmia ≥180 bpm and ≥30 s. Multivariable, binary logistic regression models were built by adding variables significant in the univariate models. Variables were retained in the final multivariate models if p<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  n=197 met the inclusion criteria (85.8% male, median age: 66.8 years). After median follow-up for 2.8 years, 44.2% developed AF. After univariate analysis, the baseline variables associated with AF after implant were age, NYHA class and renal impairment (RI, defined eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (p<0.05). After multivariable analysis, the only variable which was associated with AF was RI (HR: 2.04 (CI: 1.10-3.79)). Two baseline variables were independently associated with all-cause mortality: RI (HR: 2.42 (1.14-5.12)) and non-white ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RI at time of implant was independently associated with both future AF and all-cause mortality during long-term follow-up. RI was a stronger predictor of AF than age. Those patients with heart failure and RI should be regularly screened for asymptomatic AF, regardless of age, to ensure that stroke prophylaxis may be initiated.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Niall G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vinit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sawhney
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeMartini
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ihab G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Diab
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mehul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dhinoja
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sporton
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L Ceri
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Research Department, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: r.schillling@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schilling
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Heart failure; Implantable defibrillator; Ischaemic heart disease; Renal impairment