title: Effect of feeding behavior on circadian regulation of endothelin expression in mouse colon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The function, regulation and gene expression of the endothelin (ET) system in the intestine is not well understood. We investigated the dependence on feeding schedule and biological clock of the regulation of ET-1 gene expression in mouse colon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were fed freely, fasted for 48 h and re-fed after fasting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Where indicated ET-1 gene expression was highest in the colon compared with other tissues examined in fasted mice. Fasting increased the level, while maintaining the rhythmicity, of ET-1 gene expression in epithelial colonic tissue. Re-feeding, however, decreased ET-1 gene expression and suppressed rhythmic oscillation, and the rhythmicity also changed for gene expression for circadian clocks, period-1 and period-2 (Per1 and Per2). Furthermore, the decrease in ET-1 gene expression induced by re-feeding was blocked by pre-treatment with hexamethonium and atropine. The daily change in ET-1 gene expression in colon, which depends on feeding schedule via the autonomic nervous system, is synchronized with peripheral circadian oscillators under conditions of free feeding and fasting but not re-feeding. The decrease in ET-1 gene expression in the proximal colon induced by re-feeding occurs via the nervous system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ET-1 plays an important physiological role, which is dependent on feeding behavior.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Yamagata University, Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Kojirakawa 1-4-12, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kozakai
authors.affiliation: International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakate
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchide
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Institute for Biomedical Research, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan; Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan. Electronic address: k.saida@aist.go.jp.
authors.forename: Kaname
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics; D003106:Colon / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019333:Endothelin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D019333:Endothelin-2; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; C059568:vasoactive intestinal constrictor
keywords: Circadian; Endothelin; Expression; Feeding behavior; Gastrointestinal hormones