title: Optimizing biodiesel production in marine Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 through metabolic profiling and an innovative salinity-gradient strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biodiesel production from marine microalgae has received much attention as microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land without the use of potable water, and with the additional benefits of mitigating CO2 emissions and yielding biomass. However, there is still a lack of effective operational strategies to promote lipid accumulation in marine microalgae, which are suitable for making biodiesel since they are mainly composed of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms involved in lipid biosynthesis in microalgae under environmental stress are not well understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, the combined effects of salinity and nitrogen depletion stresses on lipid accumulation of a newly isolated marine microalga, Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4, were explored. Metabolic intermediates were profiled over time to observe transient changes during the lipid accumulation triggered by the combination of the two stresses. An innovative cultivation strategy (denoted salinity-gradient operation) was also employed to markedly improve the lipid accumulation and lipid quality of the microalga, which attained an optimal lipid productivity of 223.2 mg L(-1) d(-1) and a lipid content of 59.4% per dry cell weight. This performance is significantly higher than reported in most related studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrated the synergistic integration of biological and engineering technologies to develop a simple and effective strategy for the enhancement of oil production in marine microalgae.
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shih-Hsin
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiaoting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan ; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan ; Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No.1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jo-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyotaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasunuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan ; Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan ; Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondo
keywords: Biodiesel; Chlamydomonas sp; Lipids; Metabolite profiling; Microalgae; Nitrogen depletion; Salinity-gradient operation