title: Real driving at night--predicting lane departures from physiological and subjective sleepiness.
abstract: Only limited information is available on how driving performance relates to physiological and subjective sleepiness on real roads. This relation was the focus of the present study. 33 volunteers drove for 90 min on a rural road during the afternoon and night in an instrumented car, while electroencephalography and electrooculography and lane departures were recorded continuously and subjective ratings of sleepiness were made every 5 min (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale - KSS). Data was analyzed using Bayesian multilevel modeling. Unintentional LDs increased during night driving, as did KSS and long blink durations(LBD). Lateral position moved to the left . LDs were predicted by self-reported sleepiness and LBDs across time and were significantly higher in individuals with high sleepiness. Removal of intentional LDs, enhanced the KSS/LD relation. It was concluded that LDs, KSS, and LBDs are strongly increased during night driving and that KSS predicts LDs.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hallvig
authors.affiliation: Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden; Rehabilitation Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anund
authors.affiliation: Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fors
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kecklund
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Torbjorn.Akerstedt@stressforskning.su.se.
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Åkerstedt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: EEG; EOG; Lane departures; Lane position; Night; Real driving; Sleepiness; Speed