title: Improved stereotactic procedure enhances the accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode implantation in non-human primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-human primate models of deep brain stimulation (DBS) play an increasingly important role in the exploration of DBS mechanisms. The establishment and recognized usefulness of such models depend on the precise positioning of the stimulating targets and electrode implants. The optimal method of targeting remains controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper described an improved stereotactic procedure that uses a self-developed adaptor to improve accuracy. This involved: (1) connecting clinical stereotactic devices with the skull of primates using a self-developed adaptor; (2) pre-operation targeting via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (3) target re-checking by microelectrode recording (MER); (4) DBS electrode implantation; (5) post-operative MRI verification of electrode placement and (6) positioning confirmation by DBS programming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of the adaptor enabled clinical stereotactic surgery, pre-operative MRI targeting, microelectrode mapping and post-operative verification in primate DBS operations. Discrepancies between achieved and predetermined electrode position were around 0.6 mm. DBS programming improved the motor function of the hemiparkinsonism animals and decreased the numbers of rotation induced by apomorphine, indicating the precise positioning of the stimulating target and successful implanting of electrode using this method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An improved stereotactic procedure was performed during a non-human primate DBS operation using a self-developed adaptor. The accuracy of DBS electrode implantation in non-human primates was improved with this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, TangDu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xue-Lian
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guo-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D020267:MPTP Poisoning / Q000628:therapy; D008251:Macaca; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Parkinsonism; animal models; deep brain stimulation; stereotaxic techniques