title: Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy and the safe entry zones of the brainstem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been no studies of the structure and safe surgical entry zones of the brainstem based on fiber dissection studies combined with 3-dimensional (3-D) photography.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the 3-D internal architecture and relationships of the proposed safe entry zones into the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen formalin and alcohol-fixed human brainstems were dissected by using fiber dissection techniques, ×6 to ×40 magnification, and 3-D photography to define the anatomy and the safe entry zones. The entry zones evaluated were the perioculomotor, lateral mesencephalic sulcus, and supra- and infracollicular areas in the midbrain; the peritrigeminal zone, supra- and infrafacial approaches, acoustic area, and median sulcus above the facial colliculus in the pons; and the anterolateral, postolivary, and dorsal medullary sulci in the medulla.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The safest approach for lesions located below the surface is usually the shortest and most direct route. Previous studies have often focused on surface structures. In this study, the deeper structures that may be at risk in each of the proposed safe entry zones plus the borders of each entry zone were defined. This study includes an examination of the relationships of the cerebellar peduncles, long tracts, intra-axial segments of the cranial nerves, and important nuclei of the brainstem to the proposed safe entry zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fiber dissection technique in combination with the 3-D photography is a useful addition to the goal of making entry into the brainstem more accurate and safe.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; §Department of Radiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Kaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagmurlu
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rhoton
authors.forename: Necmettin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanriover
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*