title: Innovation in the safety net: integrating community health centers through accountable care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Safety net primary care providers, including as community health centers, have long been isolated from mainstream health care providers. Current delivery system reforms such as Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) may either reinforce the isolation of these providers or may spur new integration of safety net providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the extent of community health center involvement in ACOs, as well as how and why ACOs are partnering with these safety net primary care providers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed methods study pairing the cross-sectional National Survey of ACOs (conducted 2012 to 2013), followed by in-depth, qualitative interviews with a subset of ACOs that include community health centers (conducted 2013).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy-three ACOs completed the National Survey of ACOs. Executives from 18 ACOs that include health centers participated in in-depth interviews, along with leadership at eight community health centers participating in ACOs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key survey measures include ACO organizational characteristics, care management and quality improvement capabilities. Qualitative interviews used a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, then coded for thematic content using NVivo software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 28% of ACOs include a community health center (CHC). ACOs with CHCs are similar to those without CHCs in organizational structure, care management and quality improvement capabilities. Qualitative results showed two major themes. First, ACOs with CHCs typically represent new relationships or formal partnerships between CHCs and other local health care providers. Second, CHCs are considered valued partners brought into ACOs to expand primary care capacity and expertise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial number of ACOs include CHCs. These results suggest that rather than reinforcing segmentation of safety net providers from the broader delivery system, the ACO model may lead to the integration of safety net primary care providers.
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 35 Centerra Parkway, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA, valerie.a.lewis@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Carrie H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schoenherr
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shortell
authors.forename: Elliott S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D060866:Accountable Care Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018166:Health Care Reform / Q000458:organization & administration; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D058996:Quality Improvement; D064876:Safety-net Providers / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States