title: Multi-transmit beam forming for fast cardiac imaging--a simulation study.
abstract: Imaging at high temporal resolution is critical for a better understanding of transient cardiac phases with potential diagnostic value. Typically, parallel receive beam forming is used to achieve this. As an alternative, transmitting multiple lines simultaneously [i.e., multi-line transmit (MLT)] has been proposed. However, this approach has received less attention, most likely because of potential cross-talk artifacts between beams. In this study, based on different transducer configurations, the cross-talk level of different MLT systems was investigated and their point spread functions (PSFs) were compared with that of conventional beam forming (single-line transmit, SLT) by computer simulation. To reduce cross-talk artifacts, 7 different windowing functions were tested on transmit and receive: rectangular, Tukey (α = 0.5), Hann, cosine, Hamming, Gaussian (α = 0.4), and Nuttall. The simulation results showed the cross-talk varied inversely with the MLT beam opening angle and apodization could significantly reduce these artifacts at distinct opening angles, which were dependent on the transducer configuration. The optimal settings for an MLT system were highly dependent on the exact transducer configuration and must be deduced based on a given transducer. In particular, for a typical cardiac transducer configuration, a 4MLT imaging system with an opening angle of 22.73° and a Tukey (α = 0.5)-Tukey (α = 0.5) windowing scheme provided very similar image quality to SLT but with a 4 times higher frame rate. In addition, the MLT approach can be combined with (multiple) parallel receive beamforming to increase frame rate further. With these methods, a frame rate of approximately 300 Hz can be achieved to generate a 90° sector image without significant loss in image quality.
authors.lastname: Ling Tong
authors.lastname: Hang Gao
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'hooge
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003199:Computer Systems; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity