title: Scuba diving induces nitric oxide synthesis and the expression of inflammatory and regulatory genes of the immune response in neutrophils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Scuba diving, characterized by hyperoxia and hyperbaria, could increase reactive oxygen species production which acts as signaling molecules to induce adaptation against oxidative stress. The aim was to study the effects of scuba diving immersion on neutrophil inflammatory response, the induction of oxidative damage, and the NO synthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male divers performed a dive at 50 m depth for a total time of 35 min. Blood samples were obtained at rest before the dive, after the dive, and 3 h after the diving session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers of oxidative and nitrosative damage, nitrite, and the gene expression of genes related with the synthesis of nitric oxide and lipid mediators, cytokine synthesis, and inflammation were determined in neutrophils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mRNA levels of genes related with the inflammatory and immune response of neutrophils, except TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, significantly increased after the recovery period respect to predive and postdive levels. NF-κB, IL-6, and TLR4 gene expression reported significant differences immediately after diving respect to the predive values. Protein nitrotyrosine levels significantly rose after diving and remained high during recovery, whereas no significant differences were reported in malondialdehyde. Neutrophil nitrite levels as indicative of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity progressively increased after diving and recovery. The iNOS protein levels maintained the basal values in all situations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scuba diving which combines hyperoxia, hyperbaria, and acute exercise induces nitrosative damage with increased nitrotyrosine levels and an inflammatory response in neutrophils.
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sureda
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Batle
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Capó
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Córdova
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and.
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
authors.affiliation: Laboratori de Ciències de la Activitat Física, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, and CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; and antonipons@uib.es.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004242:Diving / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015538:Nitrosation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: hyperbaric oxygen; inflammation; nitric oxide; oxidative stress; scuba diving