title: Applications and implications of heparin and protamine in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
abstract: Drug repositioning is one of the most rapidly emerging fields of study. This concept is anchored on the principle that diseases have similar damaged or affected signaling pathways. Recently, drugs have been repositioned not only for their alternative therapeutic uses but also for their applications as biomaterials in various fields. However, medical drugs as biomaterials are rarely focused on in reviews. Fragmin and protamine have been recently the sources of increasing attention in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Fragmin and protamine have been manufactured primarily as a safe antidote for the circulating heparin. Lately, these drugs have been utilized as either micro- or nanoparticle biomaterials. In this paper, we will briefly describe the concept of drug repositioning and some of the medical drugs that have been repurposed for their alternative therapeutic uses. Also, this will feature the historical background of the studies focused on fragmin/protamine micro/nanoparticles (F/P M/NPs) and their applications as biomaterials in tissue engineering, stem cell therapy, and regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology (IBST), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Judee Grace E
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Nemeno
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology (IBST), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6378-0994
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology (IBST), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wojong
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0843-4041
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology (IBST), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology (IBST), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Ik
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2740-2432
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D017985:Dalteparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011479:Protamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D011479:Protamines; D006493:Heparin; D017985:Dalteparin