title: PBPK and population modelling to interpret urine cadmium concentrations of the French population.
abstract: As cadmium accumulates mainly in kidney, urinary concentrations are considered as relevant data to assess the risk related to cadmium. The French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) recorded the concentration of cadmium in the urine of the French population. However, as with all biomonitoring data, it needs to be linked to external exposure for it to be interpreted in term of sources of exposure and for risk management purposes. The objective of this work is thus to interpret the cadmium biomonitoring data of the French population in terms of dietary and cigarette smoke exposures. Dietary and smoking habits recorded in the ENNS study were combined with contamination levels in food and cigarettes to assess individual exposures. A PBPK model was used in a Bayesian population model to link this external exposure with the measured urinary concentrations. In this model, the level of the past exposure was corrected thanks to a scaling function which account for a trend in the French dietary exposure. It resulted in a modelling which was able to explain the current urinary concentrations measured in the French population through current and past exposure levels. Risk related to cadmium exposure in the general French population was then assessed from external and internal critical values corresponding to kidney effects. The model was also applied to predict the possible urinary concentrations of the French population in 2030 assuming there will be no more changes in the exposures levels. This scenario leads to significantly lower concentrations and consequently lower related risk.
authors.affiliation: ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 27-31 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France. Electronic address: Camille.bechaux@anses.fr.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Béchaux
authors.affiliation: ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 27-31 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bodin
authors.affiliation: Telecom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France.
authors.forename: Stéphan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clémençon
authors.affiliation: ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 27-31 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crépet
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002104:Cadmium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011153:Population; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Bayesian population model; Biomonitoring; Cadmium; PBPK; Risk assessment