title: Evaluation of friction in orthodontics using various brackets and archwire combinations-an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare frictional resistance which was produced between conventional brackets (0.022 slot Otho-Organiser) and self ligating brackets (active Forestadent and passive Damon III) by using various arch wire combinations (0.016 Niti, 0.018 Niti, 0.017 x 0.025 SS and 0.019 x 0.025 SS).
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental model which consisted of 5 aligned stainless steel 0.022-in brackets was used to assess frictional forces which were produced by SLBs (self ligating brackets) and CELs (conventional elastomeric ligatures) with use of 0.016 nickel titanium, 0.018 nickel titanium, 0.017 X 0.025"stainless steel and 0.019 X 0.025"stainless steel wires.
  
  
  METHODS
  One way ANOVA test was used to study the effect of the bracket type, wire alloy and section on frictional resistance test .
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conventional brackets produced highest levels of friction for all bracket/archwire combinations. Both Damon III and Forestadent brackets were found to produce significantly lower levels of friction when they were compared with elastomerically tied conventional brackets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLBs are valid alternatives for low friction during sliding mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.forename: Sujeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.forename: Shamsher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.forename: Rani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamsa P R
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.forename: Sameer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.lastname: Prasanthma
authors.affiliation: PG Student, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Pacific Dental College & Hospital , Udaipur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Apoorva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: PG Student, Department of Orthodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, India .
authors.forename: Manreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Pacific Dental College and Hospital , Udaipur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shetty
keywords: Archwire; Friction; Ligation; Self-ligating active and passive brackets