title: International normalized ratio testing with point-of-care coagulometer in healthy term neonates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonates routinely receive vitamin K to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding, which is associated with a high mortality rate and a high frequency of neurological sequelae. A coagulation screening test might be necessary to detect prophylactic failure or incomplete prophylaxis. However, venous access and the volume of blood required for such testing can be problematic. CoaguChek XS is a portable device designed to monitor prothrombin time while only drawing a small volume of blood. Although the device is used in adults and children, studies have not been performed to evaluate its clinical utility in neonates, and the reference value is unknown in this population. The objectives of the present study were to determine the reference intervals (RIs) for international normalized ratio (INR) using the CoaguChek XS by capillary puncture in healthy term neonates, to evaluate factors that correlate with INR, and to evaluate the device by assessing its ease of use in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 488 healthy term neonates born at a perinatal center between July 2012 and June 2013. The INRs determined by CoaguChek XS were measured in 4-day-old neonates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The enrolled neonates were orally administered vitamin K 6-12 h after birth. A RI for INRs in 4-day-old neonates was established using the CoaguChek XS with a median value of 1.10 and a range of 0.90-1.30. A significant difference in the INR was noted between male (median value, 1.10; RI, 0.90-1.30) and female (median value, 1.10; RI, 0.90-1.24) neonates (p = 0.049). The INR was found to correlate with gestational age, birth weight, and hematocrit value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CoaguChek XS device is safe, fast, and convenient for performing INR assays in neonates. Our study is the first to establish a RI for INRs that were measured using the CoaguChek XS in healthy term neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regional Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan. sige_pd@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Daizo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohishi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019934:International Normalized Ratio / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011517:Prothrombin Time / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006475:Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014812:Vitamin K