title: Toward a comprehensive and realistic risk evaluation of engineered nanomaterials in the urban water system.
abstract: The European COoperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES1205 on the transfer of Engineered Nano materials from wastewater Treatment and stormwatEr to Rivers (ENTER) aims to create and to maintain a trans European network among scientists. This perspective article delivers a brief overview on the status quo at the beginning of the project by addressing the following aspects on engineered nano materials (ENMs) in the urban systems: (1) ENMs that need to be considered on a European level; (2) uncertainties on production-volume estimations; (3) fate of selected ENMs during waste water transport and treatment; (4) analytical strategies for ENM analysis; (5) ecotoxicity of ENMs, and (6) future needs. These six step stones deliver the derivation of the position of the ES1205 network at the beginning of the projects runtime, by defining six fundamental aspects that should be considered in future discussions on risk evaluation of ENMs in urban water systems.
authors.affiliation: Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG Koblenz, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duester
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering (UMTEC), HSR University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burkhardt
authors.affiliation: Département Environnement et Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Arno C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gutleb
authors.affiliation: Department of Process Engineering, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Duebendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaegi
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute for Water Research Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ailbhe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macken
authors.affiliation: Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG Koblenz, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: von der Kammer
keywords: engineered nanomaterials; fate of nanomaterials; nanomaterials toxicity; risk assessment on nanomaterials; transformation of nanomaterials; urban water system; wastewater; water treatment