title: Three-dimensional correction of conduction velocity in the embryonic heart using integrated optical mapping and optical coherence tomography.
abstract: Optical mapping (OM) of cardiac electrical activity conventionally collects information from a three-dimensional (3-D) surface as a two-dimensional (2-D) projection map. When applied to measurements of the embryonic heart, this method ignores the substantial and complex curvature of the heart surface, resulting in significant errors when calculating conduction velocity, an important electrophysiological parameter. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is capable of imaging the 3-D structure of the embryonic heart and accurately characterizing the surface topology. We demonstrate an integrated OCT/OM imaging system capable of simultaneous conduction mapping and 3-D structural imaging. From these multimodal data, we obtained 3-D activation maps and corrected conduction velocity maps of early embryonic quail hearts. 3-D correction eliminates underestimation bias in 2-D conduction velocity measurements, therefore enabling more accurate measurements with less experimental variability. The integrated system will also open the door to correlate the structure and electrophysiology, thereby improving our understanding of heart development.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United StatesbCase Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Yves T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United StatesbCase Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011784:Quail; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*