title: Mechanical control of cell biology. Effects of cyclic mechanical stretch on cardiomyocyte cellular organization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to elucidate how cyclic mechanical stretch is sensed by cardiomyocytes and in which way it affects cytoskeletal organization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, cultured on flexible membranes, were subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch (1 Hz, 10% elongation) for 24 h using either round or rectangular loading posts for equibi-axial or uni-axial stretch, respectively, using the FlexCell stretch system. Cells were treated either with vehicle, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor PF-573,228 (200 nM), or the stretch-activated ion channel blocker gadolinium (Gd(3+); 100 μM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cyclic mechanical stretch (36 mm diameter silicone membrane, equibi-axial stretch, 10% elongation, 1 Hz) induced elongation of the cardiomyocytes together with accentuation of Cx43 at the cell poles, and with an orientation of the cell axis between the radial axis and the circumferential axis (mean deviation: 11° from the circumference). Moreover, stretch resulted in ca. 1.4 fold increased Cx43 expression. FAK was found to be phosphorylated at the edges of the cells. In order to find out, how cardiomyocytes might sense stretch, we investigated possible effects of Gd(3+)and PF-573,228. Gd(3+) had no effect on elongation or polarization and did not affect stretch-induced Cx43 expression. Interestingly, the FAK inhibitor completely antagonized the stretch-induced elongation, orientation and Cx43-polarization. However, the stretch-induced Cx43 expression was insensitive to this treatment. In order to clarify our result that the cells in equibi-axial stretch did not exactly organize to the circumference or to the radial axis, we decided to use a uni-axial stretch protocol. In uni-axially stretched cells, we found that the cardiomyocytes also showed elongation, Cx43 polarization, and orientation near to the stretch axis, but not exactly in the stretch axis but ca. 25° oblique to it. Furthermore, we investigated the tubular system, the Golgi apparatus, the SR and the nucleus. After 24 h stretch the microtubules were localized nearly (but not completely) parallel to the stretch axis (i.e. in longitudinal cell axis). Moreover, the localization of nucleus and the Golgi was also changed: while under static conditions, the Golgi was distributed more or less around the nucleus, after stretch the Golgi was accentuated at one site of the nucleus facing a cell pole with the nucleus facing the opposite cell pole. The plus motor protein kinesin accentuated at the cell poles and at the cell periphery, while the minus motor protein dynein was found near to the Golgi apparatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stretch signal sensing is mediated via FAK and leads to intracellular re-organization and orientation. The oblique orientation of the cell with regard to the direction of stretch may define a directed force vector which could allow the cell to orientate.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: stefan.dhein@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhein
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Apel
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schlegel
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostelka
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Pascal M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Dohmen
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Struempellstr. 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology*; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000502:physiology; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins
keywords: Dynein; Gap junction; Golgi apparatus; Kinesin; Stretch; Tubulin