title: Effect of pH on the rate of curing and bioadhesive properties of dopamine functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels.
abstract: The remarkable underwater adhesion strategy employed by mussels has inspired bioadhesives that have demonstrated promise in connective tissue repair, wound closure, and local delivery of therapeutic cells and drugs. While the pH of oxygenated blood and internal tissues is typically around 7.4, skin and tumor tissues are significantly more acidic. Additionally, blood loss during surgery and ischemia can lead to dysoxia, which lowers pH levels of internal tissues and organs. Using 4-armed PEG end-capped with dopamine (PEG-D) as a model adhesive polymer, the effect of pH on the rate of intermolecular cross-linking and adhesion to biological substrates of catechol-containing adhesives was determined. Adhesive formulated at an acidic pH (pH 5.7-6.7) demonstrated reduced curing rate, mechanical properties, and adhesive performance to pericardium tissues. Although a faster curing rate was observed at pH 8, these adhesives also demonstrated reduced mechanical and bioadhesive properties when compared to adhesives buffered at pH 7.4. Adhesives formulated at pH 7.4 demonstrated a good balance of fast curing rate, elevated mechanical properties and interfacial binding ability. UV-vis spectroscopy evaluation revealed that the stability of the transient oxidation intermediate of dopamine was increased under acidic conditions, which likely reduced the rate of intermolecular cross-linking and bulk cohesive properties for hydrogels formulated at these pH levels. At pH 8, competing cross-linking reaction mechanisms and reduced concentration of dopamine catechol due to auto-oxidation likely reduced the degree of dopamine polymerization and adhesive strength for these hydrogels. pH plays an important role in the adhesive performance of mussel-inspired bioadhesives and the pH of the adhesive formulation needs to be adjusted for the intended application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cencer
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Audra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Meridith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murley
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004298:Dopamine / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004298:Dopamine