title: Modulation of adipose tissue inflammation by FOXP3+ Treg cells, IL-10, and TGF-β in metabolically healthy class III obese individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the profiles of proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β) adipokines in the blood, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of metabolically healthy class III obese individuals and normal-weight controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  The serum concentrations (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), mRNA expression levels (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), and adipose tissue secretion (ELISA) of IL-6, TNF, IL-10, and TGF-β were analyzed, as were the mRNA expression of FOXP3 (present in regulatory T cells) and the secretion (Western blotting) of matrix metalloproteinases in the adipose tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences in the circulating levels, expression, or secretion of IL-6 and TNF between the groups or tissues. The expression and circulating levels of IL-10 were higher in obese individuals, especially in the SAT. Although the blood concentration of TGF-β was similar between the groups, its expression and secretion levels were higher in the adipose tissues of obese individuals compared with controls. FOXP3 and MMP expression levels were higher in the SAT and VAT of obese individuals, respectively, compared with the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolically healthy, extremely obese individuals have effective immunoregulation to counter chronic obesity-related inflammation through the increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in adipose tissue, especially SAT; the increased presence of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells; and increases in angiogenesis and adipogenesis induced by TGF-β and MMPs. These regulatory mechanisms could be important in the delayed onset of metabolic complications, even in extremely obese individuals.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lílian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edenil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savassi-Rocha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Navia
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Pelaez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capettini
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Túlio
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adaliene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Alfa Institute of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital, Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: Jalvarezleite@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Leite
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Adipokines; Adipose tissue; Inflammation; Obesity