title: Clinical validation of robot simulation of toothbrushing--comparative plaque removal efficacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical validation of laboratory toothbrushing tests has important advantages. It was, therefore, the aim to demonstrate correlation of tooth cleaning efficiency of a new robot brushing simulation technique with clinical plaque removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical programme: 27 subjects received dental cleaning prior to 3-day-plaque-regrowth-interval. Plaque was stained, photographically documented and scored using planimetrical index. Subjects brushed teeth 33-47 with three techniques (horizontal, rotating, vertical), each for 20s buccally and for 20s orally in 3 consecutive intervals. The force was calibrated, the brushing technique was video supported. Two different brushes were randomly assigned to the subject. Robot programme: Clinical brushing programmes were transfered to a 6-axis-robot. Artificial teeth 33-47 were covered with plaque-simulating substrate. All brushing techniques were repeated 7 times, results were scored according to clinical planimetry. All data underwent statistical analysis by t-test, U-test and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The individual clinical cleaning patterns are well reproduced by the robot programmes. Differences in plaque removal are statistically significant for the two brushes, reproduced in clinical and robot data. Multivariate analysis confirms the higher cleaning efficiency for anterior teeth and for the buccal sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The robot tooth brushing simulation programme showed good correlation with clinically standardized tooth brushing.This new robot brushing simulation programme can be used for rapid, reproducible laboratory testing of tooth cleaning.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Staufer
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jennes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Department of Dentistry, University of Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str, 50, 58448 Witten, Germany. peter.gaengler@uni-wh.de.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaengler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012371:Robotics; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014093:Tooth, Artificial; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult