title: Growth arrest and forced differentiation of human primary glioblastoma multiforme by a novel small molecule.
abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, with an average survival of less than one year due to its resistance to therapy. Recent studies reported that GBM initiates from CD133-expressing cancer stem cells (CSC). However, the efficacy of CSC targeting is limited. A newly developed approach in cancer treatment is the forced differentiation of cancer cells. Here, we show that the treatment of the novel small molecule, CG500354, into CD133-expressing human primary GBM cells induces growth arrest by cell cycle regulators, p53, p21, p27 and phase-specific cyclins, and neural differentiation, as confirmed by neural progenitor/precursor markers, nestin, GFAP and Tuj1. When GBM-derived cells caused the tumors in NOD/SCID mice, CG500354 induced GBM-derived cells differentiation into Tuj1 and GFAP expressing cells. We next demonstrated that CG500354 plays a tumor-suppressive role via cAMP/CREB signaling pathway. CG500354 increases not only the extracellular cAMP level but also the protein level of PKA and CREB. Additionally, both mimetic substances, Forskolin and Rolipram, revealed comparable results with CG500354. Our findings indicate that induction of growth arrest and neural differentiation via cAMP/CREB signaling pathway by CG500354 treatment suggests the novel targeting of PDE4D in the development of new drugs for brain tumor therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1] Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University [3].
authors.forename: Tae-Wook
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: 1] Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University [3].
authors.forename: Soon Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea [2].
authors.forename: Se-Ran
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1] Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University.
authors.forename: Tae-Hoon
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Rok
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Molecular Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea [2] Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Sun
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: CrystalGenomics, Inc., Korea Bio Park, 700 Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seonggu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ro
authors.affiliation: CrystalGenomics, Inc., Korea Bio Park, 700 Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joong Myung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: 1] Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University.
authors.forename: Kyung-Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C000595433:CG500354; C115163:CREB1 protein, human; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D013844:Thiazoles; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000242:Cyclic AMP