title: Sample size requirements to estimate key design parameters from external pilot randomised controlled trials: a simulation study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External pilot or feasibility studies can be used to estimate key unknown parameters to inform the design of the definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT). However, there is little consensus on how large pilot studies need to be, and some suggest inflating estimates to adjust for the lack of precision when planning the definitive RCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use a simulation approach to illustrate the sampling distribution of the standard deviation for continuous outcomes and the event rate for binary outcomes. We present the impact of increasing the pilot sample size on the precision and bias of these estimates, and predicted power under three realistic scenarios. We also illustrate the consequences of using a confidence interval argument to inflate estimates so the required power is achieved with a pre-specified level of confidence. We limit our attention to external pilot and feasibility studies prior to a two-parallel-balanced-group superiority RCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For normally distributed outcomes, the relative gain in precision of the pooled standard deviation (SDp) is less than 10% (for each five subjects added per group) once the total sample size is 70. For true proportions between 0.1 and 0.5, we find the gain in precision for each five subjects added to the pilot sample is less than 5% once the sample size is 60. Adjusting the required sample sizes for the imprecision in the pilot study estimates can result in excessively large definitive RCTs and also requires a pilot sample size of 60 to 90 for the true effect sizes considered here.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that an external pilot study has at least 70 measured subjects (35 per group) when estimating the SDp for a continuous outcome. If the event rate in an intervention group needs to be estimated by the pilot then a total of 60 to 100 subjects is required. Hence if the primary outcome is binary a total of at least 120 subjects (60 in each group) may be required in the pilot trial. It is very much more efficient to use a larger pilot study, than to guard against the lack of precision by using inflated estimates.
authors.affiliation: Design, Trials and Statistics Group, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, S1 4DA Sheffield, UK. m.d.teare@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M Dawn
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Teare
authors.forename: Munyaradzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimairo
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018401:Sample Size