title: Characterization of patients with mood disorders for their prevalent temperament and level of hopelessness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mood disorders (MD) are disabling conditions throughout the world associated with significant psychosocial impairment. Affective temperaments, as well as hopelessness, may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of MD. The present study was designed to characterize patients with MD for their prevalent affective temperament and level of hopelessness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred fifty-nine (253 men and 306 women) consecutive adult inpatients were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A), the Gotland Scale for Male Depression (GSMD), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher cyclothymia and irritable temperaments were found in bipolar disorder-I (BD-I) patients compared to those with other Axis I diagnoses. Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients had lower hyperthymia than BD-I and BD-II patients and higher anxiety than patients with other Axis I diagnoses. Severe "male" depression was more common in BD-II patients compared to BD-I and MDD patients. BD-I patients and those with other axis I diagnoses reported lower BHS ≥9 scores than those with BD-II and MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study had the limitations of all naturalistic designs, that is, potentially relevant variables were not addressed. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of the study did not allow conclusions about causation, and the use of self-report measures could be potentially biased by social desirability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDD patients were more likely to have higher anxious temperament, higher hopelessness and lower hyperthymic temperament scores, while BD-I patients more often had cyclothymic and irritable temperaments than patients with other Axis I diagnoses. The implications of the present results were discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Suicide Prevention and Research, National Institute for Psychiatry and Addictology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University; MTA-SE Neurohemistry Research Group.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erbuto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Suicide Prevention and Research, National Institute for Psychiatry and Addictology; The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Pomona, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: International Mood Center, La Jolla, California, USA; San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hagop S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Akiskal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; International Consortium for Bipolar and Psychotic Disorder Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gustavo H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Suicide Prevention and Research, National Institute for Psychiatry and Addictology.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant׳Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Affective temperaments; Bipolar disorder; Hopelessness; Major depressive disorder; Mood disorders