title: Artemisia supplementation differentially affects the mucosal and luminal ileal microbiota of diet-induced obese mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gut microbiome has been implicated in obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, most studies have focused on fecal or colonic samples. Several species of Artemisia have been reported to ameliorate insulin signaling both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to characterize the mucosal and luminal bacterial populations in the terminal ileum with or without supplementation with Artemisia extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following 4 wk of supplementation with different Artemisia extracts (PMI 5011, Santa or Scopa), diet-induced obese mice were sacrificed and luminal and mucosal samples of terminal ileum were used to evaluate microbial community composition by pyrosequencing of 16 S rDNA hypervariable regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in community structure and membership were observed between luminal and mucosal samples, irrespective of diet group. All Artemisia extracts increased the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio in mucosal samples. This effect was not observed in the luminal compartment. There was high interindividual variability in the phylogenetic assessments of the ileal microbiota, limiting the statistical power of this pilot investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked differences in bacterial communities exist depending on the biogeographic compartment in the terminal ileum. Future studies testing the effects of Artemisia or other botanical supplements require larger sample sizes for adequate statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Gene Nutrient Interactions Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Shawna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, LSU System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, LSU System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, LSU System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ribnicky
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cefalu
authors.affiliation: Gene Nutrient Interactions Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Randall L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mynatt
authors.affiliation: LSU Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University, Health Science Center, LSU System, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: Dwelsh@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019306:Artemisia; D041963:Bacteroidetes; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D007082:Ileum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects*; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C541449:PMI-5011; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Insulin resistance; Microbiota; Obesity; PMI 5011