title: Do recent US Supreme Court rulings on patenting of genes and genetic diagnostics affect the practice of genetic screening and diagnosis in prenatal and reproductive care?
abstract: Thousands of patents have been awarded that claim human gene sequences and their uses, and some have been challenged in court. In a recent high-profile case, Association for Molecular Pathology, et al. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al., the US Supreme Court ruled that genes are natural occurring substances and therefore not patentable through 'composition of matter' claims. The consequences of this ruling will extend well beyond ending Myriad's monopoly over BRCA testing and may affect similar monopolies of other commercial laboratories for tests involving other genes. It could also simplify intellectual property issues surrounding genome-wide clinical sequencing, which can generate results for genes covered by intellectual property. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies using cell-free fetal (cff) DNA in maternal blood is currently offered through commercial laboratories and is also the subject of ongoing patent litigation. The recent Supreme Court decision in the Myriad case has already been invoked by a lower district court in NIPT litigation and resulted in invalidation of primary claims in a patent on currently marketed cffDNA-based testing for chromosomal aneuploidies.
authors.affiliation: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Subhashini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandrasekharan
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Ignatia B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Van den Veyver
mesh_terms: D005796:Genes; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010330:Patents as Topic; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D034121:Reproductive Health Services; D035521:Supreme Court Decisions; D014481:United States