title: Wave-CAIPI for highly accelerated 3D imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce the wave-CAIPI (controlled aliasing in parallel imaging) acquisition and reconstruction technique for highly accelerated 3D imaging with negligible g-factor and artifact penalties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The wave-CAIPI 3D acquisition involves playing sinusoidal gy and gz gradients during the readout of each kx encoding line while modifying the 3D phase encoding strategy to incur interslice shifts as in 2D-CAIPI acquisitions. The resulting acquisition spreads the aliasing evenly in all spatial directions, thereby taking full advantage of 3D coil sensitivity distribution. By expressing the voxel spreading effect as a convolution in image space, an efficient reconstruction scheme that does not require data gridding is proposed. Rapid acquisition and high-quality image reconstruction with wave-CAIPI is demonstrated for high-resolution magnitude and phase imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wave-CAIPI enables full-brain gradient echo acquisition at 1 mm isotropic voxel size and R = 3 × 3 acceleration with maximum g-factors of 1.08 at 3T and 1.05 at 7T. Relative to the other advanced Cartesian encoding strategies (2D-CAIPI and bunched phase encoding) wave-CAIPI yields up to two-fold reduction in maximum g-factor for nine-fold acceleration at both field strengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wave-CAIPI allows highly accelerated 3D acquisitions with low artifact and negligible g-factor penalties, and may facilitate clinical application of high-resolution volumetric imaging.
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Berkin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilgic
authors.affiliation: Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Borjan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gagoski
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Polimeni
authors.affiliation: Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: P Ellen
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kawin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Setsompop
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: CAIPIRINHA, quantitative susceptibility mapping; parallel imaging; phase imaging