title: Glycosystems in nanotechnology: Gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs.
abstract: The therapeutic approach for the treatment of HIV infection is based on the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a cocktail of antiretroviral drugs. Notwithstanding HAART has shown different drawbacks like toxic side effects and the emergence of viral multidrug resistance. Nanotechnology offers new tools to improve HIV drug treatment and prevention. In this scenario, gold nanoparticles are an interesting chemical tool to design and prepare smart and efficient drug-delivery systems. Here we describe the preparation and antiviral activity of carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticles loaded with anti-HIV prodrug candidates. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors abacavir and lamivudine have been converted to the corresponding thiol-ending ester derivatives and then conjugated to ~3 nm glucose-coated gold nanoparticles by means of "thiol-for-thiol" ligand place exchange reactions. The drugs-containing glyconanoparticles were characterized and the pH-mediated release of the drug from the nanoparticle has been determined. The antiviral activity was tested by evaluating the replication of NL4-3 HIV in TZM-bl infected cells. The proof-of-principle presented in this work aims to introduce gold glyconanoparticles as a new multifunctional drug-delivery system in the therapy against HIV.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marradi
authors.affiliation: Technological Platform of Mass Spectrometry, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.affiliation: AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain ; HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yuste
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penadés
keywords: HAART; HIV; drug-delivery system; gold glyconanoparticles; multivalent glycosystems; reverse transcriptase inhibitors