title: Clinical assessment of depression and type 2 diabetes in Morocco: Economical and social components.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. In Morocco, diabetes and depression are major public health problems, requiring improvement in their care. Diabetes and depression are associated with morbidity and early mortality. This association contributes to raising the risk of the complications that occur, while causing higher suffering to patients, as also an increased cost toward healthcare.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and identify the main risk factors for depression in this category of diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic patients and older than 18 years of age were recruited. The exclusion criteria included being type 1 diabetic, pregnant woman, hospitalized patients, a history of neurological disorders, such as, stroke, infectious episidodes, and history of psychiatric disorders. The individual patient data was collected through individual and confidential interviews lasting 30 minutes, at the end of the diabetology consultation, by the same diabetologist, trained to use the psychometric scales that were needed. The Moroccan-Arabic version of the Beck diagnostic scale of depression was used. Patients assessed with depressive disorders were reviewed in a specialized psychiatric consultation. The statistical analysis was achieved by using SPSS package (version 17). We retained a threshold P value of 0.05.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted that included adults with type 2 diabetes. The depression diagnosis was performed using the Arabic version of the Beck Depression scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 142 patients with type 2 diabetes, with an average age of 56.26 years. The prevalence of depression was 33.1%. The risk factors recognized for depression were, lack of social security, hypertension, and a history of type 2 diabetes of more than five years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we have focused on the frequent association of 'Type 2 diabetes and depression' and the risk of mutual aggravation of both pathologies that might require multidisciplinary healthcare, as well as, improvement in the risk factors of depression through improved access to healthcare, with the extension of social security. The stability of the healthcare personnel involved in the treatment of both chronic diseases, including diabetes and hypertension screening, should also be considered for better management of psychiatric complications.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bensbaa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Agerd
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco ; Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Saïd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boujraf
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Chadya
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Araab
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Rachid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aalouane
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Fez, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rammouz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ajdi
keywords: Degenerative complications; depression; risk factors; type 2 diabetes