title: Differential perinatal risk factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by subtype.
abstract: We compared the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) combined subtype (ADHD-C) to the ADHD inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) in terms of genetic, perinatal, and developmental risk factors as well as clinical and neuropsychological characteristics. A total of 147 children diagnosed with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 15 years participated in this study. The parents of the children completed the structured diagnostic interview, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Children's Behavior Checklist, and structured questionnaires on perinatal risk factors, and the children underwent a neuropsychological test and were genotyped. A total of 502 children without ADHD were recruited from the community as a healthy control group. The ADHD-C children showed more severe externalizing symptoms, showed more deficits in a continuous performance test, and were more likely to have comorbid disorders. Maternal stress during pregnancy, postpartum depression, and changes in the primary caretaker during first 3 years were significantly associated with both ADHD-I and ADHD-C. The ADHD-I group was less likely to have received regular prenatal check-ups and more likely to have had postnatal medical illness than the ADHD-C group. There were no significant differences in the genotype frequencies of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and the serotonin transporter -linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms between ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups. This study shows that the inattentive subtype of ADHD is different from the combined subtype in many parameters including severity of symptoms, comorbidity, neuropsychological characteristics, and environmental risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Subin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Churl
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sup
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Doug Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: kbn1@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bung-Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; perinatal risk factors; subtype