title: Differences in soil solution chemistry between soils amended with nanosized CuO or Cu reference materials: implications for nanotoxicity tests.
abstract: Soil toxicity tests for metal oxide nanoparticles often include micrometer-sized oxide and metal salt treatments to distinguish between toxicity from nanometer-sized particles, non-nanometer-sized particles, and dissolved ions. Test result will be confounded if each chemical form has different effects on soil solution chemistry. We report on changes in soil solution chemistry over 56 days-the duration of some standard soil toxicity tests-in three soils amended with 500 mg/kg Cu as nanometer-sized CuO (nano), micrometer-sized CuO (micrometer), or Cu(NO3)2 (salt). In the CuO-amended soils, the log Cu2+ activity was initially low (minimum -9.48) and increased with time (maximum -5.20), whereas in the salt-amended soils it was initially high (maximum -4.80) and decreased with time (minimum -6.10). The Cu2+ activity in the nano-amended soils was higher than in the micrometer-amended soils for at least the first 11 days, and lower than in the salt-amended soils for at least 28 d. The pH, and dissolved Ca and Mg concentrations in the CuO-amended soils were similar, but the salt-amended soils had lower pH for at least 14 d, and higher Ca and Mg concentrations throughout the test. Soil pretreatments such as leaching and aging prior to toxicity tests are suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University , 21,111 Lakeshore Drive, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather V A
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: McShane
authors.forename: Geoffrey I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Sunahara
authors.forename: Joann K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Whalen
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hendershot
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D012015:Reference Standards; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D011208:Powders; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012996:Solutions; D003300:Copper; C030973:cupric oxide