title: Oromandibular dystonia in yemeni patients with khat chewing: a response to botulinum toxin treatment.
abstract: Khat-(Catha edulis)related oromandibular dystonia is a difficult-to-treat subset of movement disorders that involve masticatory muscles with diverse and incapacitating manifestations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum toxin-type A therapy in khat chewer Yemeni patients with oromandibular dystonia. This prospective study included 18 khat-chewers Yemeni patients with refractory oromandibular dystonia, who were subjected to Botulinum toxin-A injection and followed up for 3 months thereafter. Primary efficacy outcome was the global impression scale, and secondary outcome measure was the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale. Patients showed improvement of both efficacy measures, maximum satisfactory responses were detected at the forth week after injection. No major adverse events were detected. Botulinum toxin-A is considered an effective and safe treatment option for refractory oromandibular dystonia in khat-chewers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cairo University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Hatem S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shehata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cairo University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: El-Tamawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cairo University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Nevin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohieldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Cairo University , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edrees
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlega
keywords: Unified Dystonia Rating Scale; botulinum toxin; global impression scale; khat; oromandibular dystonia