title: Body mass index, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Hispanic/Latino adults: Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All major Hispanic/Latino groups in the United States have a high prevalence of obesity, which is often severe. Little is known about cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among those at very high levels of body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among US Hispanic men (N=6547) and women (N=9797), we described gradients across the range of BMI and age in CVD risk factors including hypertension, serum lipids, diabetes, and C-reactive protein. Sex differences in CVD risk factor prevalences were determined at each level of BMI, after adjustment for age and other demographic and socioeconomic variables. Among those with class II or III obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m(2), 18% women and 12% men), prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and high C-reactive protein level approached or exceeded 40% during the fourth decade of life. While women had a higher prevalence of class III obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m(2)) than did men (7% and 4%, respectively), within this highest BMI category there was a >50% greater relative prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in men versus women, while sex differences in prevalence of these CVD risk factors were ≈20% or less at other BMI levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated BMI is common in Hispanic/Latino adults and is associated with a considerable excess of CVD risk factors. At the highest BMI levels, CVD risk factors often emerge in the earliest decades of adulthood and they affect men more often than women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.).
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (L.A.S.).
authors.forename: M Larissa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Avilés-Santa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.) Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (C.M.P.).
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.).
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.).
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (S.F.C., G.A.T.).
authors.forename: Sheila F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (A.L.H.).
authors.forename: Arlene L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hankinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.).
authors.forename: Carmen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Isasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL (O.B.W., N.S.).
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Birnbaum-Weitzman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R.C.K., C.M.P., D.B.H., M.J., C.R.I., R.S.K.).
authors.forename: Ryung S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois-Chicago, Miami, FL (M.L.D.).
authors.forename: Martha L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daviglus
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA (S.F.C., G.A.T.).
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Talavera
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL (O.B.W., N.S.).
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.affiliation: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (J.C.).
authors.forename: Jianwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: BMI; CVD risk factor; Hispanic/Latino; sex