title: Assessment of dyslipidemia in pre-dialysis patients in south-west Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Majority of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are more likely to die of cardiovascular complications before reaching end stage renal disease. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) recommends that all CKD patients should be evaluated for dyslipidemia and for treatment to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional case control study to determine the frequency of occurrence of lipid abnormalities in patients with CKD and compare these abnormalities with that of normal controls. A total of 100 patients and 100 controls were recruited for the study. Demographic and clinical data were obtained using structured questionnaire. Weight, height and waist circumference, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure were also obtained. Subjects had their fasting lipid profile and fasting plasma glucose assayed after overnight fast of 8-14 hours. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was obtained using Friedwald formula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study revealed that total cholesterol (TC) was elevated above normal levels in 44% of cases compared with 6% in controls (P < 0.001), with the mean (SD) value of 5.82 ± 3.28 mmol/l for cases compared with 3.9 ± 1.0 mmol/l (P < 0.001) in controls. Low density lipoprotein was elevated in 48% of cases compared with 14% in controls (P < 0.001), with the mean (SD) values of 4.15 ± 2.74 mmol/l and 2.57 ± 0.95 mmol/l for cases and controls, respectively, (P < 0.001). Triglyceride (TG) was elevated above normal level in 26% of cases compared with none in the controls (P < 0.001), with the mean (SD) values of 1.41 ± 1.10 mmol/l and 0.64 ± 0.24 mmol/l for cases and controls, respectively (P < 0.001). All Lipid fractions except HDL also correlated significantly with levels of proteinuria TC (r = 0.345, P = 0.001), TG (r = 0.268, P = 0.011) LDL (r = 0.366, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dyslipidemia is common among patients with CKD. Regular evaluation of all CKD patients for dyslipidemia and treatment need be instituted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Effiong Ekong
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Akpan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Udeme Ekpenyong
authors.initials: UE
authors.lastname: Ekrikpo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Edet
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Effa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Aniema Isaac Assam
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Udo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadiri
keywords: Body mass index; chronic kidney disease; diabetes mellitusdyslipidemia; friedwald formula low-density lipoprotein; hypertension