title: Enzyme activity profiles and ELISA analysis of biomarkers from human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement using self-ligating brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Profiles of orthodontic tooth movement biomarkers, i.e., Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), using Self-ligating Brackets (SLBs) and possible relationships among their activities and total enzymes produced were determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) were collected from 19 subjects (n=19) before and during orthodontic treatment (5 weeks). The subjects were bonded with SLBs with 100 g or 150 g of orthodontic force. Enzyme assays, ELISA and tooth movement measurements were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistical analysis (paired t-test) showed that compared to baseline values, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the saliva levels of AST at week 5, the levels of TRAP at week 2, and the levels of ALP at weeks 1 to 5. In the GCF, LDH showed significant differences (p<0.05) at weeks 2, 3 and 4 (100 g) and at weeks 1, 2 and 3 (150 g). AST showed significant differences (p<0.05) at weeks 4 and 5 (100 g) and at weeks 3 and 4 (150 g), while TRAP exhibited a significant difference at week 5 (100 g). Pearson's correlation test revealed a weak correlation between enzyme activities and total enzymes. The use of 100 g compared to 150 g of force for tooth movement was not significant (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, 100 g is recommended as a better force for patient comfort. AST, TRAP and ALP in the saliva and LDH, AST and TRAP in the GCF are potential biomarkers in orthodontic tooth movement using SLB systems.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Department of Orthodontics, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tel: +603-92897756; Fax: +603-92897794; E-mail: shahroy7@gmail.com/rohaya@medic.ukm.my.
authors.forename: Rohaya Megat
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Abdul Wahab
authors.forename: Nurfathiha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abu Kasim
authors.forename: Sahidan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senafi
authors.forename: Abdul Aziz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jemain
authors.forename: Intan Zarina
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Zainol Abidin
authors.forename: Muhammad Ashraf
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shahidan
authors.forename: Shahrul Hisham
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zainal Ariffin