title: Remineralisation effect of a dual-phase calcium silicate/phosphate gel combined with calcium silicate/phosphate toothpaste on acid-challenged enamel in situ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test if a novel dual-phase gel system (calcium silicate and phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as NaF/MFP; TG) combined with a toothpaste (calcium silicate and sodium phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as MFP; TG) was able to re-harden previously acid-challenged enamel to a greater extent than other toothpastes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study consisted of a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design with four 7-day treatment legs. In each leg, subjects wearing a partial denture holding four demineralised enamel specimens (25 min in 0.3% citric acid, pH3.8) used either the test regimen (TG+TP) or one of the three controls. (placebo TG+TP; Positive Control - placebo TG+marketed 1450 ppmF toothpaste; Negative Control - placebo TG+placebo TP). Enamel specimens were removed after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days. The gel systems were applied once per day for the first three days during which subjects also brushed with the corresponding toothpaste; this was followed by four days use of the toothpastes only. Toothpastes were used in the conventional way brushing twice per day throughout the seven days. The outcome variable was %Surface Microhardness Recovery calculated after three and seven days of in situ treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed a statistically significant (p<0.001) re-hardening effect for all treatments compared to pre-treatment hardness. After three days and after seven days of in situ treatment significantly greater hardening (p<0.05) was found in the samples treated with calcium silicate/phosphate gel system plus calcium silicate/phosphate toothpaste than in the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the test regimen based on the novel dual-phase gel system combined with toothpaste was able to re-harden acid-challenged tooth enamel to a greater extent than a normal fluoride toothpaste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel oral care products containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride is a new approach to the repair of demineralised enamel.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK. Electronic address: Fred.Schafer@Unilever.com.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: Hindustan Unilever Limited Research Centre, Bangalore-560 066, India.
authors.forename: Mojgan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Naeeni
authors.affiliation: Hindustan Unilever Limited Research Centre, Bangalore-560 066, India.
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Domenick T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Zero
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005782:Gels; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D017640:Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000188:drug therapy; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005782:Gels; D010710:Phosphates; D010919:Placebos; D017640:Silicates; D014100:Toothpastes; C012980:fluorophosphate; D019343:Citric Acid; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides; C031293:calcium silicate; C018279:sodium phosphate
keywords: Calcium; Enamel; Erosion; Phosphate; Remineralisation