title: Academic achievement in children with oral clefts versus unaffected siblings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare academic achievement in children with oral-facial clefts (OFC) with their unaffected siblings.
  
  
  METHODS
  256 children with OFC were identified from the Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders, and 387 unaffected siblings were identified from birth certificates. These data were linked to Iowa Testing Programs achievement data. We compared academic achievement in children with OFC with their unaffected siblings using linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. In post hoc analyses, we explored modifiers of siblings' academic performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Achievement scores were similar between children with OFC and their siblings. Children with cleft palate only were significantly more likely to use special education than their unaffected siblings. Siblings' academic achievement was inversely related to distance in birth order and age from the affected child.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with OFC and their siblings received similar achievement scores. Younger siblings, in particular, may share a vulnerability to poor academic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa bcollett@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Brent R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Collett
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wehby
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Romitti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Timothy N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ansley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa Testing Programs, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, and Department of Psychology and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Speltz
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: academic achievement; orofacial cleft; sibling