title: 3D lumbar spine intervertebral disc segmentation and compression simulation from MRI using shape-aware models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  More accurate and robust image segmentations are needed for identification of spine pathologies and to assist with spine surgery planning and simulation. A framework for 3D segmentation of healthy and herniated intervertebral discs from T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was developed that exploits weak shape priors encoded in simplex mesh active surface models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weak shape priors inherent in simplex mesh deformable models have been exploited to automatically segment intervertebral discs. An ellipsoidal simplex template mesh was initialized within the disc image boundary through affine landmark-based registration and was allowed to deform according to image gradient forces. Coarse-to-fine multi-resolution approach was adopted in conjunction with decreasing shape memory forces to accurately capture the disc boundary. User intervention is allowed to turn off the shape feature and guide model deformation when the internal simplex shape memory influence hinders detection of pathology. A resulting surface mesh was utilized for disc compression simulation under gravitational and weight loads using Simulation Open Framework Architecture. For testing, 16 healthy discs were automatically segmented, and five pathological discs were segmented with minimal supervision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Segmentation results were validated against expert guided segmentation and demonstrate mean absolute shape distance error of <1 mm. Healthy intervertebral disc compression simulation resulted in a bulging disc under vertical pressure of 100 N/cm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents the application of a simplex active surface model featuring weak shape priors for 3D segmentation of healthy as well as herniated discs. A framework was developed that enables the application of shape priors in the healthy part of disc anatomy, with user intervention when the priors were inapplicable. The surface-mesh-based segmentation method is part of a processing pipeline for anatomical modelling to support interactive surgery simulation.
authors.affiliation: Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA, rhaqx001@odu.edu.
authors.forename: Rabia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Rifat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aras
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Besachio
authors.forename: Roderick C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Borgie
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Audette
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic