title: Serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products and metabolic syndrome: the Northern Manhattan Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies have shown a strong link between serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) levels and cardiovascular risk factors and disease. What is less clear is the relationship between metabolic risk factors and sRAGE levels. Here, we tested the hypothesis that lower sRAGE levels may be associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in an urban multi ethnic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), we included 1101 stroke-free participants (mean age: 71 ± 9 years, 60% women, 64% Hispanic, 18% black, 16% white). Serum sRAGE was measured by ELISA. Quantile regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between sRAGE and MetS components and MetS, after adjusting for sociodemographics, smoking status and kidney function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (interquartile) sRAGE was 899 pg/ml (647-1248 pg/ml), 42% had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of unfavorable metabolic factors was 50% for waist circumference (WC), 81% for blood pressure, 39% for fasting glucose, 35% for reduced high density lipoproteins (HDL), and 23% for triglycerides. After adjustment, the median sRAGE levels were at least 120 pg/ml lower in those who had elevated WC (p<0.0001), blood pressure (p=0.0014), and fasting glucose (p<0.0001), and those who had 2 or more unfavorable metabolic factors. No relationship was seen between sRAGE levels and elevated triglycerides or reduced HDL levels. Interaction and stratified analyses revealed that the association of sRAGE with MetS was more prominent in Hispanics compared to whites, and displaying no association with components of MetS in blacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  sRAGE levels were mainly associated with MetS factors related to obesity, diabetes and hypertension, and displayed variation with ethnicity in a multi-ethnic population. Further studies of sRAGE, MetS and their relationship to cardiovascular disease are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: bhudson@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Chuanhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gardener
authors.affiliation: Stroke Division, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman Public School of Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Clinton B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rundek
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000209:etiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic
keywords: Biomarker; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Metabolic syndrome; RAGE