title: Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of cloxacillin in water samples and pharmaceutical preparation by using CuO nanosheets-enhanced luminol-hydrogen peroxide system.
abstract: In this paper, a rapid and sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence (flow-CL) system was developed for the determination of cloxacillin sodium in environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparations. The method was based on the enhancement effect of cloxacillin sodium on the CL reaction of luminal-H₂O₂-CuO nanosheets (NSs) in alkaline medium. The CuO nanosheets were synthesized using a green sonochemical method. The physical properties of the synthesized CuO nanosheets were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The influences of various experimental factors such as H₂O₂, NaOH, luminol and CuO nanosheets concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enhanced CL intensity was linearly related to the concentration of cloxacillin sodium in the range of the 0.05-30.00 mg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. The corresponding detection limit (3σ) was calculated to be 0.026 mg L(-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the developed method was 2.21% with 11 repeated measurements of 4.00 mg L(-1) cloxacillin sodium. Also, a total analysis time per sample was 30 s which confirmed the rapidity of the proposed method. The analytical applicability of the proposed CL system was assessed by determining cloxacillin sodium in spiked environmental water samples and pharmaceutical preparation. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of CL reaction was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: a_khataee@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khataee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.
authors.forename: Mortaza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iranifam
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrangiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fathinia
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikravesh
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D002384:Catalysis; D003023:Cloxacillin / Q000032:analysis*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008165:Luminol / Q000737:chemistry; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D008165:Luminol; D003300:Copper; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D003023:Cloxacillin; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: Chemiluminescence; Cloxacillin sodium; CuO nanosheet; Flow injection; Luminol; Sonochemistry