title: The role of DCDC2 genetic variants and low socioeconomic status in vulnerability to attention problems.
abstract: Both genetic and socio-demographic factors influence the risk for behavioral problems in the developmental age. Genetic studies indicate that shared genetic factors partially contribute to behavioral and learning problems, in particular reading disabilities (RD). For the first time, we explore the conjoint role of DCDC2 gene, an identified RD candidate gene, and socioeconomic status (SES) upon behavioral phenotypes in a general population of Italian children. Two of the most replicated DCDC2 markers [i.e., regulatory element associated with dyslexia 1 (READ1), rs793862] were genotyped in 631 children (boys = 314; girls = 317) aged 11-14 years belonging to a community-based sample. Main and interactive effects were tested by MANOVA for each combination of DCDC2 genotypes and socioeconomic status upon emotional and behavioral phenotypes, assessed by Child Behavior Check-List/6-18. The two-way MANOVA (Bonferroni corrected p value = 0.01) revealed a trend toward significance of READ1(4) effect (F = 2.39; p = 0.016), a significant main effect of SES (F = 3.01; p = 0.003) and interactive effect of READ1(4) × SES (F = 2.65; p = 0.007) upon behavioral measures, showing higher attention problems scores among subjects 'READ1(4+) and low SES' compared to all other groups (p values range 0.00003-0.0004). ANOVAs stratified by gender confirmed main and interactive effects among girls, but not boys. Among children exposed to low socioeconomic level, READ1 genetic variant targets the worst outcome in children's attention.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute 'Eugenio Medea', Don L. Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, LC, Italy, valentina.riva@bp.lnf.it.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobile
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000235:genetics*; D004644:Emotions; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011932:Reading; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment
chemical_list: C510451:DCDC2 protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins