title: Adenosine 2A receptor inhibition enhances intermittent hypoxia-induced diaphragm but not intercostal long-term facilitation.
abstract: Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits diaphragm (Dia) and second external intercostal (T2 EIC) long-term facilitation (LTF) in normal unanesthetized rats. Although AIH-induced phrenic LTF is serotonin dependent, adenosine constrained in anesthetized rats, this has not been tested in unanesthetized animals. Cervical (C2) spinal hemisection (C2HS) abolishes phrenic LTF because of loss of serotonergic inputs 2 weeks post-injury, but LTF returns 8 weeks post-injury. We tested three hypotheses in unanesthetized rats: (1) systemic adenosine 2aA (A2A) receptor inhibition with intraperitoneal (IP) KW6002 enhances Dia and T2 EIC LTF in normal rats; (2) Dia and T2 EIC LTF are expressed after chronic (8 weeks), but not acute (1 week) C2HS; and (3) KW6002 enhances Dia and T2 EIC LTF after chronic (not acute) C2HS. Electromyography radiotelemetry was used to record Dia and T2 EIC activity during normoxia (21% O2), before and after AIH (10, 5-min 10.5% O2, 5-min intervals). In normal rats, KW6002 enhanced DiaLTF versus AIH alone (33.1±4.6% vs. 22.1±6.4% baseline, respectively; p<0.001), but had no effect on T2 EIC LTF (p>0.05). Although Dia and T2 EIC LTF were not observed 2 weeks post-C2HS, LTF was observed in contralateral (uninjured) Dia and T2 EIC 8 weeks post-C2HS (18.7±2.7% and 34.9±4.9% baseline, respectively; p<0.05), with variable ipsilateral expression. KW6002 had no significant effects on contralateral Dia (p=0.447) or T2 EIC LTF (p=0.796). We conclude that moderate AIH induces Dia and T2 EIC LTF after chronic, but not acute cervical spinal injuries. A single A2A receptor antagonist dose enhances AIH-induced Dia LTF in normal rats, but this effect is not significant in chronic (8 weeks) C2HS unanesthetized rats.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Angela A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Navarrete-Opazo
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vinit
authors.forename: Gordon S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007366:Intercostal Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1
keywords: cervical; diaphragm; intercostal muscle; intermittent hypoxia; long-term facilitation; respiratory plasticity; spinal cord injury