title: Taste matters - effects of bypassing oral stimulation on hormone and appetite responses.
abstract: The interaction between oral and gastric signals is an important part of food intake regulation. Previous studies suggest that bypassing oral stimulation diminishes the suppression of hunger and increases gastric emptying rate. However, the role of appetite hormones, like cholecystokinin-8 and ghrelin, in this process is still unclear. Our objective was to determine the contributions of gastric and oral stimulation to subsequent appetite and hormone responses and their effect on ad libitum intake. Fourteen healthy male subjects (age 24.6±3.8y, BMI 22.3±1.6kg/m(2)) completed a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over experiment with 3 treatment-sessions: 1) Stomach distention: naso-gastric infusion of 500mL/0kJ water, 2) Stomach distention with caloric content: naso-gastric infusion of 500mL/1770kJ chocolate milk, and 3) Stomach distention with caloric content and oral exposure: oral administration of 500mL/1770kJ chocolate milk. Changes in appetite ratings and plasma glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin-8, and active and total ghrelin concentrations were measured at fixed time-points up to 30min after infusion or oral administration. Subsequently, subjects consumed an ad libitum buffet meal. Oral administration reduced appetite ratings more than both naso-gastric infusions (P<0.0001). Gastric infusion of a caloric load increased insulin and cholecystokinin-8 and decreased total ghrelin concentrations more than ingestion (all P<0.0001). No differences in active ghrelin response were observed between conditions. Ad libitum intake did not differ between oral and gastric administration of chocolate milk (P>0.05). Thus, gastric infusion of nutrients induces greater appetite hormone responses than ingestion does. These data provide novel and additional evidence that bypassing oral stimulation not only affects the appetite profile but also increases anorexigenic hormone responses, probably driven in part by faster gastric emptying. This confirms the idea that learned associations between sensory characteristics and associated metabolic consequences serve to adapt hormone responses to nutrient content. These findings underscore the importance of oral stimulation in the regulation of food intake.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maartje S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Spetter
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: P.Smeets@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Paul A M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Smeets
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology*; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C410885:cholecystokinin 8; D002766:Cholecystokinin
keywords: CCK-8; ghrelin; insulin; nasogastric feeding; satiation