title: Does Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Fit Within a Bi-Factor Model of ADHD?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies demonstrate sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms to be distinct from inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive dimensions of ADHD. No study has examined SCT within a bi-factor model of ADHD, whereby SCT may form a specific factor distinct from inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity while still fitting within a general ADHD factor, which was the purpose of the current study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 168 children were recruited from an ADHD clinic. Most (92%) met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Parents and teachers completed measures of ADHD and SCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although SCT symptoms were strongly associated with inattention, they loaded onto a factor independent of ADHD g. Results were consistent across parent and teacher ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SCT is structurally distinct from inattention as well as from the general ADHD latent symptom structure. Findings support a growing body of research suggesting SCT to be distinct and separate from ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Annie A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peugh
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.|3 Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.|2 Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kingery
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tamm
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ciesielski
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Richard E A
authors.initials: REA
authors.lastname: Loren
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.|4 Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000523:psychology; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010290:Parents
keywords: ADHD; bi-factor analysis; sluggish cognitive tempo; subtype symptoms