title: Most-probable-number loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based procedure enhanced with K antigen-specific immunomagnetic separation for quantifying tdh(+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in molluscan Shellfish.
abstract: Although thermostable direct hemolysin-producing (tdh(+)) Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis, the enumeration of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus remains challenging due to its low densities in the environment. In this study, we developed a most-probable-number (MPN)-based procedure designated A-IS(1)-LAMP, in which an immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique targeting as many as 69 established K antigens and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene were applied in an MPN format. Our IMS employed PickPen, an eight-channel intrasolution magnetic particle separation device, which enabled a straightforward microtiter plate-based IMS procedure (designated as PickPen-IMS). The ability of the procedure to quantify a wide range of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels was evaluated by testing shellfish samples in Japan and southern Thailand, where shellfish products are known to contain relatively low and high levels of total V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. The Japanese and Thai shellfish samples showed, respectively, relatively low (< 3 to 11 MPN/10 g) and considerably higher (930 to 110,000 MPN/10 g) levels of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus, raising concern about the safety of Thai shellfish products sold to domestic consumers at local morning markets. LAMP showed similar or higher performance than conventional PCR in the detection and quantification of a wide range of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels in shellfish products. Whereas a positive effect of PickPen-IMS was not observed in MPN determination, PickPen-IMS was able to concentrate tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus 32-fold on average from the Japanese shellfish samples at an individual tube level, suggesting a possibility of using PickPen-IMS as an optional tool for specific shellfish samples. The A-IS(1)-LAMP procedure can be used by any health authority in the world to measure the tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus levels in shellfish products.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi-shi, Mie 512-1211, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwade
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki 889 2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8338, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gondaira
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Varaporn
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuddhakul
authors.affiliation: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakaguchi
authors.affiliation: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. nisibuti@cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mitsuaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishibuchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018189:Immunomagnetic Separation / Q000379:methods*; D007564:Japan; D008974:Mollusca / Q000382:microbiology*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology*; D013785:Thailand; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030659:K antigens; C068489:thermostable direct hemolysin