title: The influence of active and passive smoking on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of active and passive smoking on cardiorespiratory responses in asymptomatic adults during a sub-maximal-exertion incremental test.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants (n = 43) were divided into three different groups: active smokers (n = 14; aged 36.5 ± 8 years), passive smokers (n = 14; aged 34.6 ± 11.9 years) and non-smokers (n = 15; aged 30 ± 8.1 years). They all answered the Test for Nicotine Dependence and underwent anthropometric evaluation, spirometry and ergospirometry according to the Bruce Treadmill Protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VO2max differed statistically between active and non-smokers groups (p < 0.001) and between non-smokers and passive group (p=0.022). However, there was no difference between the passive and active smokers groups (p=0.053). Negative and significant correlations occurred between VO2max and age (r = - 0.401, p = 0.044), percentage of body fat (r = - 0.429, p = 0.011), and waist circumference (WC) (r = - 0.382, p = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VO2max was significantly higher in non-smokers compared to active smokers and passive smokers. However, the VO2max of passive smokers did not differ from active smokers.
authors.affiliation: In Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andresa Thier
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: de Borba
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renan Trevisan
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.affiliation: University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.affiliation: Dsc in Epidemiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fúlvio Borges
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Nedel
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, MSc in Medical Science. Assistant Professor, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dannuey Machado
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Professional Physical Education. DSc in Regional Development. Titular Professor, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hildegard Hedwig
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.affiliation: Professional Physical Education. MSc in Science of Human Movement, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miriam Beatris
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reckziegel
authors.affiliation: DSc in Chemistry, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valeriano Antonio
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Corbellini
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, DSc Medical Science, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dulciane Nunes
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Paiva
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Exercise test; Oxygen consumption; Smoking