title: Insights on the chemical basis of the astringency of Spanish red wines.
abstract: The main goal of the present study is to provide an insight on the role played by non-volatile molecules on the different in-mouth attributes, particularly astringency. For achieving such goal, the main in-mouth sensory attributes of 34 oaked Spanish red wines were measured by a trained panel. The wine content in 30 sensory-active molecules was analysed by different HPLC based methodologies together with classical enological parameters and two proanthocyanidin indexes. Fourteen compounds (aconitic acids, polymeric proanthocyanidins, caftaric, caffeic and coutaric acids and seven quercetins) were found to be at concentrations above reported taste thresholds and to have a reasonably high range of occurrence. Two highly statistically significant models for astringency were built with those compounds. Even if the models could not be fully validated by sensory addition experiments, the research has demonstrated that wine astringency is driven by polymeric proanthocyanidins and by certain phenolic acids, the rate trans/cis-aconitic acid and flavonol profiles. The research has highlighted the existence of extremely complex interactions between non-volatile compounds on the in-mouth sensory perception. Particularly remarkable is the lack of additivity and potential antagonism found between the pairs cis/trans-aconitic acids, between aconitic and caffeic acids and between quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Also remarkable was the sweetness×astringent interaction and the matrix-dependence of the sensory responses elicited by flavonols. These results suggest the need for new paradigms and experimental procedures for fully decoding the real sensory relevance of individual non-volatile compounds in the overall wine flavour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Institute for Wine and Vine Research (ICVV: UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Laboratory for Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: María-Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sáenz-Navajas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Institute for Wine and Vine Research (ICVV: UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: José-Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Avizcuri
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, Institute for Wine and Vine Research (ICVV: UR-CSIC-GR), Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández-Zurbano
mesh_terms: D001252:Astringents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols; D013030:Spain; D013649:Taste; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001252:Astringents; D059808:Polyphenols