title: Reservoirs of listeria species in three environmental ecosystems.
abstract: Soil and water are suggested to represent pivotal niches for the transmission of Listeria monocytogenes to plant material, animals, and the food chain. In the present study, 467 soil and 68 water samples were collected in 12 distinct geological and ecological sites in Austria from 2007 to 2009. Listeria was present in 30% and 26% of the investigated soil and water samples, respectively. Generally, the most dominant species in soil and water samples were Listeria seeligeri, L. innocua, and L. ivanovii. The human- and animal-pathogenic L. monocytogenes was isolated exclusively from 6% soil samples in regions A (mountainous region) and B (meadow). Distinct ecological preferences were observed for L. seeligeri and L. ivanovii, which were more often isolated from wildlife reserve region C (Lake Neusiedl) and from sites in proximity to wild and domestic ruminants (region A). The higher L. monocytogenes detection and antibiotic resistance rates in regions A and B could be explained by the proximity to agricultural land and urban environment. L. monocytogenes multilocus sequence typing corroborated this evidence since sequence type 37 (ST37), ST91, ST101, and ST517 were repeatedly isolated from regions A and B over several months. A higher L. monocytogenes detection and strain variability was observed during flooding of the river Schwarza (region A) and Danube (region B) in September 2007, indicating dispersion via watercourses.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rückerl
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brugger
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karpiskova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria NeuroCenter, Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muri-Klinger
authors.affiliation: Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tichy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Food Analytics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria Beatrix.Stessl@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stessl
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D017753:Ecosystem; D005838:Genotype; D008087:Listeria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology