title: A mixed-methods study on factors influencing prenatal weight gain in ethnic-minority women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gaining too much weight in pregnancy is associated with perinatal complications and increases the risks of future obesity for both women and their infants. Unfortunately, women enrolled in intervention trials have seen little improvement in adherence to prenatal weight gain recommendations compared to women receiving standard prenatal care. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive mixed-methods study was to explore factors related to excessive weight gain in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonpregnant nulliparous women, currently pregnant women, and postpartum women (N = 43) were recruited from a health center serving an inner-city minority community. Women completed questionnaires on knowledge, self-efficacy, and behaviors related to nutrition, exercise, and prenatal weight gain. Fifteen of these women participated in focus groups. Focus group data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti (Scientific Software Development GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Codes were created, themes were identified, and consensus was reached through multiple iterations of the analysis by study personnel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excessive weight gain was common. Nutritional knowledge was poor and significantly lower among nonpregnant nulliparous women. Women felt sure that they could engage in healthy behaviors, but few did so. Participants in focus groups identified multiple barriers to healthy behaviors in pregnancy and made suggestions on how to help women more readily make improvements in these behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies identified in this study such as providing focused education directed at nonpregnant nulliparous women, stressing portion control, helping women better manage their cravings, and providing more pragmatic support and resources need to be explored in future research.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hackley
authors.forename: Holly Powell
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Diane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Gail D'Eramo
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Melkus
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D037841:Pregnant People; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: cravings; exercise; nutrition; prenatal weight gain; social support