title: Development of alginate-reinforced chitosan nanoparticles utilizing W/O nanoemulsification/internal crosslinking technique for transdermal delivery of rabeprazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  First; to develop rabeprazole (RP)-alginate core coated chitosan nanoparticles (NP) utilizing water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion technique. Second; formulation of transdermal patches loaded RP-NP that avoid drug peroral acid sensitivity and first pass effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of six factors on RP-NP formulation was investigated using Plackett-Burman (PB) design. The studied factors were considered for their effect on particle size (Y1) and loading efficiency (Y2). Formulation optimum desirability was identified; a proposed formulation was prepared and characterized. In vitro permeation of the prepared NP compared with RP was studied. Transdermal patches loaded drug or RP-NP were prepared and characterized. Patches ex vivo permeation through rat skin was studied, and kinetic analysis and permeation mechanism were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chitosan, oil phase and surfactant to oil ratios had significant effects on Y1, while Y2 was significantly affected by the same variables affecting Y1 and span80-tween80 ratio. Scanning electron microscope imaging illustrated sphericity of the NP. The optimized RP-NP exhibited sustained release pattern. The prepared patches showed a minimal patch to patch variable. Patches loaded RP-NP exhibited substantial skin permeability and controlled drug release, and were in favor of Fickian diffusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal patches loaded RP-NP is effective drug delivery and alternative to drug peroral route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: dr_tarek_nour@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tarek A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: El-Say
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D064750:Rabeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D057968:Transdermal Patch
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004655:Emulsions; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D064750:Rabeprazole; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Alginate; chitosan; nanoemulsion; nanoparticles; transdermal patches