title: Radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To better understand the mechanism of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis and the advantages and disadvantages of available treatment options for bladder hemorrhage as well as preventive measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been several attempts recently to manage hemorrhagic cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, transurethral coagulation using Greenlight potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser and other different treatment modalities, but we still need more investigation on larger cohort studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorrhagic cystitis is an uncommon urological problem. It is most often caused by radiation therapy and cyclophosphamide, but can be associated with other contributing factors. Technological advances in radiation therapy have resulted in greater treatment efficacy, with significant reduction in side-effects such as hemorrhagic cystitis. Higher dose radiation treatment, however, is more often associated with problematic hemorrhagic cystitis. Treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis is multifactorial and can range from simple bladder irrigation to cystectomy with urinary diversion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Anwar M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alesawi
authors.forename: Assaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Hakim
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saad
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D015653:Cystectomy; D003556:Cystitis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D003520:Cyclophosphamide