title: Long-term intake of rice improves insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice as a carbohydrate source and its molecular mechanisms on insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  C57 BL/6 J mice were divided into three groups and were fed a low-fat diet (LFD); a HFD (with 18% fat, 0.5% cholesterol, 51.5% w/w cornstarch and sucrose); or a HFD with rice (HFD-CR, with 18% fat, 0.5% cholesterol and 51.5% w/w rice powder) for 12 wk. In the HFD-CR diet, cooked rice powder was substituted for cornstarch and sucrose in the HFD as a carbohydrate source.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFD-CR-fed mice had significantly lower body weight, blood glucose, insulin and leptin levels and ameliorated glucose responses with decreased homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance compared with HFD-fed mice. Hepatic mRNA levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase were down-regulated in the HFD-CR group. The hypertrophied islet size and the decreased pancreatic mRNA expression of glucose transporter 2 in the HFD group were normalized with cooked rice consumption. Rice promoted glucose uptake by activating AMP-activated protein kinase and downstream glucose transporter 4 in the skeletal muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rice consumption as a carbohydrate source might potentiate improvements in glucose uptake via AMP-activated protein kinase activation and glucose transporter 4 expression in the skeletal muscles, thereby improving insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won Hee
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Um
authors.affiliation: Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: Tyhap@krfi.re.kr.
authors.forename: Tae Youl
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza; D010179:Pancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D051273:Glucose Transporter Type 2; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose
keywords: AMPK; Blood glucose; Glucose transporter; Hepatic enzyme; Insulin resistance