title: The squares test as a measure of hand function in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Deterioration of hand function can be important in multiple sclerosis (MS). The standard way of assessing hand function in MS is the 9-hole peg test (9HPT), one of the three components of the MS functional composite measure. In this study we examine the squares test (ST), a test of hand function that is used extensively in handedness research. We evaluated reproducibility of the ST in 49 healthy controls, and both discriminatory power and concurrent validity of the ST in 38 MS patients and 18 age and gender matched controls. The ST proved to be a reliable and easy to administrate paper-and-pencil test of hand function. The ST showed a high and highly significant correlation with the standard 9HPT over a broad range of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, and had high discriminatory power, also comparable to the 9HPT. Therefore, the ST is a candidate test for use in composite measures of MS related functional deficits for clinical practice and in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences, C4N, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium. Electronic address: Jeroen.Gielen@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences, C4N, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium. Electronic address: Jorne.Laton@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: Jorne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laton
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences, C4N, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Service d'Orthopédagogie Clinique, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium. Electronic address: Jeroen.Van.Schependom@vub.ac.be.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Schependom
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology ZNA Middelheim & Memory Clinic, Antwerp, Belgium; IBB, UA, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Building T, 6th floor, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium. Electronic address: dedeyn@skynet.be.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Service d'Orthopédagogie Clinique, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, Mons 7000, Belgium; National MS Center, Melsbroek, Belgium. Electronic address: Guy.Nagels@mscenter.be.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Functional composite; Hand function; Multiple sclerosis; Nine-hole peg test; Squares test