title: Chronic intake of proanthocyanidins and docosahexaenoic acid improves skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in diet-obese rats.
abstract: Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. The cafeteria diet (CD) induces obesity and oxidative-stress-associated insulin resistance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols are dietary compounds that are intensively studied as products that can reduce the health complications related to obesity. We evaluate the effects of 21 days of supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), docosahexaenoic-rich oil (DHA-OR) or both compounds (GSPE+DHA-OR) on skeletal muscle metabolism in diet-obese rats. The supplementation with different treatments did not reduce body weight, although all groups used more fat as fuel, particularly when both products were coadministered; muscle β-oxidation was activated, the mitochondrial functionality and oxidative capacity were higher, and fatty acid uptake gene expressions were up-regulated. In addition to these outcomes shared by all treatments, GSPE reduced insulin resistance and improved muscle status. Both treatments increased 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, which was consistent with higher plasma adiponectin levels. Moreover, AMPK activation by DHA-OR was also correlated with an up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα). GSPE+DHA-OR, in addition to activating AMPK and enhancing fatty acid oxidation, increased the muscle gene expression of uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2). In conclusion, GSPE+DHA-OR induced modifications that improved muscle status and could counterbalance the deleterious effects of obesity, and such modifications are mediated, at least in part, through the AMPK signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baselga-Escudero
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Aleix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribas-Latre
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lídia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cedó
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arola-Arnal
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinent
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cinta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bladé
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lluís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.affiliation: Grup de Nutrigenomica, Departament de Bioquimica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. Electronic address: mariajosepa.salvado@urv.cat.
authors.forename: M Josepa
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Salvadó
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D047493:PPAR alpha; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C000604391:Ucp2 protein, rat; D000071246:Uncoupling Protein 2; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: Docosahexaenoic acid; Mitochondria; Obesity; Proanthocyanidins; Skeletal muscle; β-Oxidation