title: A Review of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed Products in Portugal and Estimation of Probable Daily Intakes.
abstract: Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that occur naturally in agricultural commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and ergot alkaloids are presently the most important for food and feed safety. These compounds are produced by several species that belong to the Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Claviceps genera and can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, estrogenic, and immunosuppressant. Human and animal exposure to mycotoxins is generally assessed by taking into account data on the occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed as well as data on the consumption patterns of the concerned population. This evaluation is crucial to support measures to reduce consumer exposure to mycotoxins. This work reviews the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in Portuguese food and feed to provide a global overview of this issue in Portugal. With the information collected, the exposure of the Portuguese population to those mycotoxins is assessed, and the estimated dietary intakes are presented.
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abrunhosa
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Célia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Thalita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Calado
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Sofia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vila-Chã
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Martinha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Campus de Gualtar , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venâncio
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011174:Portugal
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: Mycotoxins; Portugal; daily intakes; feed; food