title: The role of melanogenesis in regulation of melanoma behavior: melanogenesis leads to stimulation of HIF-1α expression and HIF-dependent attendant pathways.
abstract: To study the effect of melanogenesis on HIF-1α expression and attendant pathways, we used stable human and hamster melanoma cell lines in which the amelanotic vs. melanotic phenotypes are dependent upon the concentration of melanogenesis precursors in the culture media. The induction of melanin pigmentation led to significant up-regulation of HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, protein in melanized cells for both lines. Similar upregulation of nuclear HIF-1α was observed in excisions of advanced melanotic vs. amelanotic melanomas. In cultured cells, melanogenesis also significantly stimulated expression of classical HIF-1-dependent target genes involved in angiogenesis and cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism and stimulation of activity of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. Several other stress related genes containing putative HRE consensus sites were also upregulated by melanogenesis, concurrently with modulation of expression of HIF-1-independent genes encoding for steroidogenic enzymes, cytokines and growth factors. Immunohistochemical studies using a large panel of pigmented lesions revealed that higher levels of HIF-1α and GLUT-1 were detected in advanced melanomas in comparison to melanocytic nevi or thin melanomas localized to the skin. However, the effects on overall or disease free survival in melanoma patients were modest or absent for GLUT-1 or for HIF-1α, respectively. In conclusion, induction of the melanogenic pathway leads to robust upregulation of HIF-1-dependent and independent pathways in cultured melanoma cells, suggesting a key role for melanogenesis in regulation of cellular metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA. Electronic address: aslominski@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slominski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: T-K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Brożyna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Janjetovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: D L P
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skobowiat
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jóźwicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Seagroves
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006224:Cricetinae; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018328:Melanoma, Amelanotic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008543:Melanins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
keywords: Glycolysis; HIF-1; Melanogenesis; Melanoma; Melanoma progression; Metabolism