title: Influence of the spray adjuvant on the toxicity effects of a glyphosate formulation.
abstract: In the present study, the influence of the spray adjuvant on the toxicity effects of a glyphosate formulation was examined in HEp-2 cell line. We determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of Atanor® (glyphosate formulation), Impacto® (spray adjuvant) and the mixture of both agrochemicals. We also compared the toxicities of the pesticides individually and in mixture and we analyzed the effects on oxidative balance from each treatment. Our results showed that all the agrochemicals assayed induce dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity and that the toxicity of Impacto® with Atanor® (mixture) was additive on HEp-2 cell line. All the agrochemicals assayed produced an increase in catalase activity and glutathione levels, while no effects were observed for superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activities. We found an important increase in ROS production in cells treated with Atanor® and mixture. Besides, all the agrochemicals used triggered caspase 3/7 activation and hence induced apoptosis pathway in this cell line. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the addition of adjuvant to glyphosate formulation increase the toxicity of the mixture in cell culture. Furthermore, cell culture exposed to agrochemical mixture showed an increased ROS production and antioxidant defenses.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Isis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coalova
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: María Del Carmen
authors.initials: Mdel C
authors.lastname: Ríos de Molina
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIBICEN - CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: gchaufan@qb.fcen.uba.ar.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaufan
mesh_terms: D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: In vitro; Mixture toxicity; Oxidative stress; Spray adjuvant