title: Enhancement of protein expression by alphavirus replicons by designing self-replicating subgenomic RNAs.
abstract: Since the development of infectious cDNA clones of viral RNA genomes and the means of delivery of the in vitro-synthesized RNA into cells, alphaviruses have become an attractive system for expression of heterologous genetic information. Alphaviruses replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm, and their genetic material cannot recombine with cellular DNA. Alphavirus genome-based, self-replicating RNAs (replicons) are widely used vectors for expression of heterologous proteins. Their current design relies on replacement of structural genes, encoded by subgenomic RNAs (SG RNA), with heterologous sequences of interest. The SG RNA is transcribed from a promoter located in the alphavirus-specific RNA replication intermediate and is not further amplified. In this study, we have applied the accumulated knowledge of the mechanism of alphavirus replication and promoter structures, in particular, to increase the expression level of heterologous proteins from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)-based replicons. During VEEV infection, replication enzymes are produced in excess to RNA replication intermediates, and a large fraction of them are not involved in RNA synthesis. The newly designed constructs encode SG RNAs, which are not only transcribed from the SG promoter, but are additionally amplified by the previously underused VEEV replication enzymes. These replicons produce SG RNAs and encoded proteins of interest 10- to 50-fold more efficiently than those using a traditional design. A modified replicon encoding West Nile virus (WNV) premembrane and envelope proteins efficiently produced subviral particles and, after a single immunization, elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies, which protected mice from lethal challenge with WNV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
authors.forename: Dal Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atasheva
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-9633
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, and.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Plante
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
authors.forename: Elena I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Frolova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.
authors.forename: David W C
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; ivfrolov@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frolov
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000494:pharmacology; D004666:Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D034622:RNA Interference / Q000187:drug effects; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012093:Replicon / Q000235:genetics*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016899:Interferon-beta
keywords: expression vectors; vaccines