title: Pharmacokinetic profiles of the analgesic drug flupirtine in cats.
abstract: Flupirtine (FLU) is a non-opioid analgesic drug with no antipyretic or antiphlogistic effects, used in the treatment of a wide range of pain states in human beings. There is a substantial body of evidence on the efficacy of FLU in humans but this is inadequate to recommend its off-label use in veterinary clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of FLU after IV and PO administration in healthy cats. Six mixed breed adult cats were randomly assigned to two treatment groups using an open, single-dose, two-treatment, two-phase, paired, cross-over design (2 × 2 Latin-square). Group 1 (n  =  3) received a single dose of 5 mg/kg of FLU injected IV into the jugular vein. Group 2 (n  =  3) received the same dose via PO route. The wash out period was 1 week. Blood samples (1 mL) were collected at assigned times and plasma was then analysed by a validated HPLC method. No adverse effects at the point of injection and no behavioural changes or alterations in health parameters were observed in the animals during or after the study (up to 7 days after the full study). After IV administration, FLU was detectable in plasma up to 36 h. After PO administration, FLU plasma concentrations were lower than those following IV administration, but they were detectable over the same time range. The terminal part of both mean pharmacokinetic curves showed a similar trend of elimination. The oral bioavailability was approximately 40%. This is the first study of FLU in an animal species of veterinary interest and it could pave the way for the use of this active ingredient in the veterinary field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Vito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lebkowska-Wieruszewska
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, Italy. Electronic address: mgiorgi@vet.unipi.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giorgi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002415:Cats / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000662:veterinary; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D000700:Analgesics; C034161:flupirtine
keywords: Cats; Flupirtine; Intravenous; Oral; Pain reliever; Pharmacokinetics