title: Energy drink-induced acute kidney injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of acute renal failure possibly induced by Red Bull.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 40-year-old man presented with various complaints, including a recent hypoglycemic episode. Assessment revealed that serum creatinine was elevated at 5.5 mg/dL, from a baseline of 0.9 mg/dL. An interview revealed a 2- to 3-week history of daily ingestion of 100 to 120 oz of Red Bull energy drink. Resolution of renal dysfunction occurred within 2 days of discontinuation of Red Bull and persisted through 10 months of follow-up. Rechallenge was not attempted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Energy-drink-induced renal failure has been reported infrequently. We identified 2 case reports via a search of MEDLINE, one of which occurred in combination with alcohol and the other of which was not available in English. According to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Adverse Event Reporting System, between 2004 and 2012, the FDA has received 166 reports of adverse events associated with energy drink consumption. Only 3 of the 166 (0.18%) described renal failure, and none were reported with Red Bull specifically. A defined mechanism for injury is unknown. Assessment of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the development of acute renal failure and Red Bull ingestion in our patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute kidney injury has rarely been reported with energy drink consumption. Our report describes the first English language report of acute renal failure occurring in the context of ingestion of large quantities of energy drink without concomitant alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Belmont University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA elisa.greene@belmont.edu.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Belmont University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oman
authors.affiliation: Belmont University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lefler
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Red Bull; acute kidney injury; acute renal failure; adverse events; energy drinks; renal dysfunction