title: Xenon decreases cell migration and secretion of a pro-angiogenesis factor in breast adenocarcinoma cells: comparison with sevoflurane.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While volatile agents have been implicated in metastasis-enhancing effects on cancer cells, the effects of xenon are unknown. We investigated xenon- and sevoflurane-mediated effects on migration and expression of angiogenesis biomarkers in human breast adenocarcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were exposed to xenon 70% with O2 25%, CO2 5%; control gas containing O2 25%, CO2 5%, N2 70%; or sevoflurane 2.5 vol% administered in O2 60%, N2 37%, or control gas. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Migration at 24 h was determined using the Oris™ Cell Migration Assay. Secretion of angiogenesis factors was measured using a membrane-based immunoassay array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Xenon reduced MDA-MB-231 migration to 59 (13%) after 1-h exposure (P=0.02), 64 (10%) after 3 h (P=0.01), and 71 (9%) after 5 h (P=0.04) compared with control gas, without affecting viability. Similarly, MCF-7 migration was significantly reduced at all timepoints [to 58 (12%) at 1 h, 65 (12%) at 3 h, and 65% (12%) at 5 h]. Sevoflurane did not affect migration when delivered in control gas. Glycine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist, antagonized the effects of xenon on migration. Expression of the pro-angiogenesis factor regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was reduced in conditioned medium from xenon-exposed MDA-MB-231 cells compared with cells exposed to either control gas or sevoflurane [mean dot density 2.0 (0.2) compared with 3.0 (0.1) and 3.1 (0.3), respectively (P=0.02)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Xenon, but not sevoflurane, inhibited migration in both oestrogen receptor positive and negative breast adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, xenon decreased release of the pro-angiogenic factor RANTES from MDA-MB-231 cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Valchev
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Looney
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ni Mhathuna
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland helen.gallagher@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Buggy
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014978:Xenon / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014978:Xenon
keywords: anaesthetics, sevoflurane; anaesthetics, xenon; cancer, angiogenesis; cancer, breast; cell function, migration