title: Transformation and removal pathways of four common PPCP/EDCs in soil.
abstract: Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) enter the soil environment via irrigation with treated wastewater, groundwater recharge, and land application of biosolids. The transformation and fate of PPCP/EDCs in soil affects their potential for plant uptake and groundwater pollution. This study examined four PPCP/EDCs (bisphenol A, diclofenac, naproxen, and 4-nonylphenol) in soil by using (14)C-labeling and analyzing mineralization, extractable residue, bound residue, and formation of transformation products. At the end of 112 d of incubation, the majority of (14)C-naproxen and (14)C-diclofenac was mineralized to (14)CO2, while a majority of (14)C-bisphenol A and (14)Cnonylphenol was converted to bound residue. After 112 d, the estimated half-lives of the parent compounds were only 1.4-5.4 d. However a variety of transformation products were found and several for bisphenol A and diclofenac were identified, suggesting the need to consider degradation intermediates in soils impacted by PPCP/EDCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: LKDWILLOW@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Dodgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D009288:Naproxen / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004008:Diclofenac; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D009288:Naproxen; D010636:Phenols; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C041594:4-nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bound residue; EDCs; Mineralization; PPCPs; Transformation intermediates