title: Implications of expanding indications for drug treatment to prevent fracture in older men in United States: cross sectional and longitudinal analysis of prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify incremental effects of applying different criteria to identify men who are candidates for drug treatment to prevent fracture and to examine the extent to which fracture probabilities vary across distinct categories of men defined by these criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional and longitudinal analysis of a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  5880 untreated community dwelling men aged 65 years or over classified into four distinct groups: osteoporosis by World Health Organization criteria alone; osteoporosis by National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) but not WHO criteria; no osteoporosis but at high fracture risk (at or above NOF derived FRAX intervention thresholds recommended for US); and no osteoporosis and at low fracture risk (below NOF derived FRAX intervention thresholds recommended for US).
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of men identified for drug treatment; predicted 10 year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture calculated using FRAX algorithm with femoral neck bone mineral density; observed 10 year probabilities for confirmed incident hip and major osteoporotic (hip, clinical vertebral, wrist, or humerus) fracture events calculated using cumulative incidence estimation, accounting for competing risk of mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  130 (2.2%) men were identified as having osteoporosis by using the WHO definition, and an additional 422 were identified by applying the NOF definition (total osteoporosis prevalence 9.4%). Application of NOF derived FRAX intervention thresholds led to 936 (15.9%) additional men without osteoporosis being identified as at high fracture risk, raising the total prevalence of men potentially eligible for drug treatment to 25.3%. Observed 10 year hip fracture probabilities were 20.6% for men with osteoporosis by WHO criteria alone, 6.8% for men with osteoporosis by NOF (but not WHO) criteria, 6.4% for men without osteoporosis but classified as at high fracture risk, and 1.5% for men without osteoporosis and classified as at low fracture risk. A similar pattern was noted in observed fracture probabilities for major osteoporotic fracture. Among men with osteoporosis by WHO criteria, observed fracture probabilities were greater than FRAX predicted probabilities (20.6% v 9.5% for hip fracture and 30.0% v 17.4% for major osteoporotic fracture).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Choice of definition of osteoporosis and use of NOF derived FRAX intervention thresholds have major effects on the proportion of older men identified as warranting drug treatment to prevent fracture. Among men identified with osteoporosis by WHO criteria, who comprised 2% of the study population, actual observed fracture probabilities during 10 years of follow-up were highest and exceeded FRAX predicted fracture probabilities. On the basis of findings from randomized trials in women, these men are most likely to benefit from treatment. Expanding indications for treatment beyond this small group has uncertain value owing to lower observed fracture probabilities and uncertain benefits of treatment among men not selected on the basis of WHO criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA ensru001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Ensrud
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gourlay
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Meghan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.affiliation: Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Orwoll
authors.affiliation: Park Nicollet Clinic, St Louis Park, MN, USA Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schousboe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D018890:Chemoprevention; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors