title: Systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies on scaffold use in knee ligament regeneration.
abstract: The management and treatment of ligamentous injuries within an orthopaedic population has continued to evolve throughout the last several decades. Limitations with autograft, allograft and synthetics have led to research into tissue engineering using scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells.
  
  
  
  This systematic review aims to examine and summarise the pre clinical in-vivo studies and limited clinical studies on the use of scaffolds in the treatment of ligamentous injuries Data sources:
  
  
  
  PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, Medline, Cochrane library and Embase. The following key words and search terms were used: scaffolds, ligament, mesenchymal stem cells, tissue engineering, clinical, and preclinical.
  
  
  
  A total of 118 articles were reviewed. 19 articles were identified as relevant for the purpose of this systematic literature review. An additional 2 articles were sourced from the reference list of reviewed articles.
  
  
  
  Three tables of studies were constructed: pre clinical biological scaffolds, pre clinical synthetic scaffolds and clinical scaffolds.
  
  
  
  There is a large body of pre clinical evidence that the use of scaffolds combined with mesenchymal stem cells can be a viable option in the regeneration of ligamentous structures with biological and mechanical properties suitable for function. There is, however, limited clinical evidence supporting the use of recently developed scaffolds and historical evidence of synthetic scaffolds failing in the management of anterior cruciate ligament repairs. There appears to be no consensus in the literature as to the nature of the scaffold material that is most suitable for clinical trials. No randomised control trials have yet been conducted.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caudwell
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Wasim S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Queen's Hospital, Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust, Romford, Essex, RM7 0AG, UK. minleong@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: James Min-Leong
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D008022:Ligaments / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*