title: Prevalence of two multidrug-resistant Klebsiella species in an Indian teaching hospital and adjoining community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae produce the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and cephalosporinase enzymes and are the major causes of hospital acquired (HA) infections and epidemics in non-hygienic communities in the majority of developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of multidrug resistance among 445 strains of K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples of patients with gastrointestinal infections over a period of 42 months in the hospital was recorded, along with the sensitivity patterns to 23 antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, using the disk-diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 175 K. oxytoca isolates, 143 were ESBL positive and 117 were fluoroquinolone resistant. Of 270 K. pneumoniae isolates, 200 were ESBL positive and 195 were independently fluoroquinolone resistant. The HA samples yielded more isolates than the community acquired (CA) samples for each species. The K. oxytoca strains were resistant to cefepime, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, levofloxacin and imipenem, whereas the K. pneumoniae strains were highly resistant to ampicillin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, amoxyclav, ceftazidime, cefepime, cefixime, piperacillin and imipenem. The ESBL-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant K. pneumoniae strains were more prevalent than the K. oxytoca strains in the HA/CA samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the third-generation cephalosporins: cefotaxime and ceftazidime and the fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against both species of Klebsiella confirmed the resistance in the current/coveted treatment options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with other bacterial infections had a relatively higher probability of infection with ESBL-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant Klebsiella strains. The data presented here highlight the alarming state of Klebsiella infection dynamics in the hospital and adjoining communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, B.J.B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar 751014, Odisha, India; Central Research Laboratory, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Shakti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, B.J.B. Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar 751014, Odisha, India; Central Research Laboratory, IMS and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India. Electronic address: rnpadhy54@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rabindra N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Padhy
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D041121:Klebsiella oxytoca / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: ESBL; Fluoroquinolone resistance; Hospital and community acquired; Klebsiella species; Multidrug resistance