title: Pharmacokinetics of concentration-controlled mycophenolate mofetil in proliferative lupus nephritis: an observational cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has variable pharmacokinetics. This study examines the pharmacokinetic and clinical correlations in proliferative lupus nephritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four patients were started on MMF, and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was measured by limited sampling strategies, and dosing was adjusted to achieve an AUC of 30-60 mg·h·L. Twenty-seven patients had at least 2 measurements, and renal response was assessed within 1 year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 61.8% of patients had mycophenolic acid (MPA) AUC <30 mg·h·L with an empiric starting dose of 30 mg/kg. About 79.4% of patients achieved renal response by 1 year, and the median time to renal response was 111 days. MMF dose per body weight had a weak correlation with the AUC and did not correlate with trough concentrations. The median dose was 1.5 g/d at entry and 2 g/d after dose modification during the induction phase. Trough concentrations had a weak correlation with AUC. Patients with serum albumin ≥35 g/L had a greater chance of having an AUC ≥30 mg·h·L. The between-patient coefficient of variability for dose-normalized AUC was 37.9% at entry and 31% within 1 year, whereas repeated measurements over time in an individual had a good intraclass correlation of 0.78. Infections occurred in 11.8% and toxicities in 5.9%. MPA exposure was not significantly associated with adverse events. Patients with an AUC ≥30 mg·h·L had greater renal response at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lupus nephritis patients induced with concentration-controlled MMF had excellent renal response and fewer adverse events with lower than usual dosing. MPA exposure had high interpatient variability, requiring measurements for personalized dosing, and fewer adverse events. Long-term cost reduction is achievable with lower doses and good renal response in the majority of patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Nephrology; †Clinical Pharmacology; ‡Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India; and §Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Suceena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Denise H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.forename: Binu S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varughese
authors.forename: Visalakshi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jeyaseelan
authors.forename: Veerasamy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tamilarasi
authors.forename: Chakko K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: John
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid