title: Exposure to As(III) and As(V) changes the Ca²⁺-activation properties of the two major fibre types from the chelae of the freshwater crustacean Cherax destructor.
abstract: Arsenic is a known carcinogen found in the soil in gold mining regions at concentrations thousands of times greater than gold. Mining releases arsenic into the environment and surrounding water bodies. The main chemical forms of arsenic found in the environment are inorganic arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)). Yabbies (Cherax destructor) accumulate arsenic at levels comparable to those in the sediment of their environment but the effect on their physiological function is not known. The effects of arsenic exposure (10 ppm sodium arsenite, AsNaO2 - 5.7 ppm As(III)) and 10 ppm arsenic acid, Na2HAsO4·7H2O - 2.6 ppm As(V)) for 40 days on the contractile function of the two major fibre types from the chelae were determined. After exposure, individual fibres were isolated from the chela, "skinned" (membrane removed) and attached to the force recording apparatus. Contraction was induced in solutions containing increasing [Ca(2+)] until a maximum Ca(2+)-activation was obtained. Submaximal force responses were plotted as a percentage of the maximum Ca(2+)-activated force. As(V) exposure resulted in lower levels of calcium required for activation than As(III) indicating an increased sensitivity to Ca(2+) after long term exposure to arsenate compared to arsenite. Myosin heavy chain and tropomyosin content in individual fibres was also decreased as a result of arsenic exposure. Single fibres exposed to As(V) produced significantly more force than muscle fibres from control animals. Long-term exposure of yabbies to arsenic alters the contractile function of the two major fibre types in the chelae.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health University of Tasmania; Locked Bag 1320, Launceston 7250, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood 3125, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: jan.west@deakin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003445:Crustacea / Q000187:drug effects*; D005618:Fresh Water; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic; D002118:Calcium
keywords: As(III); As(V); Ca(2+)-activation; Crustacean muscle; Skinned fibre