title: Metabolic discrimination of Swertia mussotii and Swertia chirayita known as "Zangyinchen" in traditional Tibetan medicine by (1)H NMR-based metabolomics.
abstract: Swertia mussotii Franch. and Swertia chirayita Buch.-Ham. have been commonly used under the same name "Zangyinchen" for the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine. Detailed characterization and comparison of the complete set of metabolites of these two species are critical for their objective identification and quality control. In this study, a rapid, simple and comprehensive (1)H NMR-based metabolomics method was first developed to differentiate the two species. A broad range of metabolites, including iridoid glycosides, xanthones, triterpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and amino acids, were identified. Statistical analysis showed evident differences between the two species, and the major markers responsible for the differences were screened. In addition, quantitative (1)H NMR method (qHNMR) was used for the target analysis of the discriminating metabolites. The results showed that S. mussotii had significantly higher contents of gentiopicrin, isoorientin, glucose, loganic acid, and choline, whereas S. chirayita exhibited higher levels of swertiamarin, oleanolic acid, valine, and fatty acids. These findings indicate that (1)H NMR-based metabolomics is a reliable and effective method for the metabolic profiling and discrimination of the two Swertia species, and can be used to verify the genuine origin of Zangyinchen.
authors.affiliation: College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing 400065, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Zao
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
authors.forename: Shang-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China. Electronic address: zhouxd188@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiang-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China. Electronic address: tcmzhangyi@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry; D039823:Iridoids / Q000737:chemistry; D047311:Luteolin / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D038861:Medicine, Tibetan Traditional / Q000379:methods; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D011753:Pyrones / Q000737:chemistry; D029967:Swertia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D014633:Valine / Q000737:chemistry; D044004:Xanthones / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D011753:Pyrones; D013729:Terpenes; D044004:Xanthones; C012997:gentiopicroside; C002947:loganic acid; C013270:swertiamarin; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; C057912:homoorientin; D014633:Valine; D005947:Glucose; D047311:Luteolin; D002794:Choline
keywords: (1)H NMR; Metabolomics; Multivariate statistical analysis; Swertia chirayita; Swertia mussotii