title: The glycomic profile of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast is altered in patients with hypoxic regions: implications for tumor behavior.
abstract: Hypoxic areas in solid tumors are often associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), sialic acid and b1-6 branched glycan structures in hypoxic environment of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. We performed lectin histochemistry with phytohemag glutinin-L (L-PHA) and Sambucus nigra lectin (SNA); and immunohistochemistry for Gal-1, Gal-3, carbonic anhydrase IX, hypoxia-inducible factor, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 for 86 IDC samples. Patients with markers positive for hypoxia were mostly ER-negative (p = 0.003) and presented with more nodal invasion than the non-hypoxic group (p = 0.0439). Concerning the glycobiological aspects, the hypoxic group expressed more of Gal-3 (p = 0.0021) and SNA ligands (p = 0.0498), however, there was no association between lectin- and galectin-staining and clinical and histopathological data. Our results suggest a change in the glycomic profile of patients within hypoxic regions of IDC. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the role of lectin- and galectin-ligands in tumor's hypoxic environment, as well as their potential to be used as therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Setor de Patologia do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil; Núcleo para Pesquisa em Inovaçao Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil. moacyr.rego@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rêgo
authors.forename: Antônio Felix
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: da Silva Filho
authors.forename: Marina Ferraz
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.forename: Petra Barros
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Eduardo Isidoro Carneiro
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Beltrão
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D005260:Female; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D037483:Galectin 1; D037502:Galectin 3; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D010100:Oxygen; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human