title: Elevation of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels, but not angiopoietin 2, in the plasma of human immunodeficiency virus-infected African women with clinical Kaposi sarcoma.
abstract: Circulating levels of endothelial activation biomarkers are elevated in during infection with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and may also be increased in Kaposi sarcoma (KS). We compared 23 HIV-1-seropositive women with clinically diagnosed KS with 46 randomly selected controls matched for visit year, CD4 count, and antiretroviral therapy status. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify differences between cases and controls. The odds of clinical KS increased with increasing plasma viral load and with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels above or equal to the median. There was a borderline association between increasing plasma angiopoietin 2 levels and KS. In multivariable modeling including plasma viral load, angiopoietin 2, and ICAM-1, plasma ICAM-1 levels above or equal to the median remained associated with clinical KS (odds ratio = 14.2, 95% confidence interval = 2.3-87.7). Circulating ICAM-1 levels should be evaluated as a potential biomarker for disease progression and treatment response among HIV-infected KS patients.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington grahamsm@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Nimerta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajwans
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Barbra A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaoko
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overbaugh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Office of Research Trainees, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: W Conrad
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Liles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: C586513:ANGPT2 protein, human; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D015415:Biomarkers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1