title: Automatic identification and characterization of radial files in light microscopy images of wood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analysis of anatomical sections of wood provides important information for understanding the secondary growth and development of plants. This study reports on a new method for the automatic detection and characterization of cell files in wood images obtained by light microscopy. To facilitate interpretation of the results, reliability coefficients have been determined, which characterize the files, their cells and their respective measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological sections and blocks of the gymnosperms Pinus canariensis, P. nigra and Abies alba were used, together with histological sections of the angiosperm mahogany (Swietenia spp.). Samples were scanned microscopically and mosaic images were built up. After initial processing to reduce noise and enhance contrast, cells were identified using a 'watershed' algorithm and then cell files were built up by the successive aggregation of cells taken from progressively enlarged neighbouring regions. Cell characteristics such as thickness and size were calculated, and a method was developed to determine the reliability of the measurements relative to manual methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Image analysis using this method can be performed in less than 20 s, which compares with a time of approx. 40 min to produce the same results manually. The results are accompanied by a reliability indicator that can highlight specific configurations of cells and also potentially erroneous data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method provides a fast, economical and reliable tool for the identification of cell files. The reliability indicator characterizing the files permits quick filtering of data for statistical analysis while also highlighting particular biological configurations present in the wood sections.
authors.forename: Guilhem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunel
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borianne
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Subsol
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Caraglio
mesh_terms: D028202:Abies / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000465:Algorithms; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D029582:Meliaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008853:Microscopy; D028223:Pinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014197:Trees; D014934:Wood / Q000033:anatomy & histology*