title: Effect of Rg3-enriched Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in healthy individuals: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rg3, present in steamed ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer), is thought to be a potent modulator of vascular function. Our objective was to clinically evaluate acute effects of ginsenoside Rg3-enriched Korean red ginseng (Rg3-KRG) on measures of arterial stiffness and peripheral and central blood pressure (BP) parameters in healthy volunteers. Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 23 individuals (9 males:14 females; age, 25 ± 2 years; body mass index, 22 ± 0.6 kg/m(2); systolic BP/diastolic BP, 113 ± 3/70 ± 2 mm Hg) were administered 400-mg Rg3-KRG extract or 400-mg wheat bran control on two separate visits with a 7-day washout period. Aortic augmentation index and central BP were measured using applanation tonometry by radial pulse wave analysis, and peripheral BP was evaluated oscillometrically. Measurements were taken at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 hours after intervention. Compared with control, there were significant reductions in augmentation index (-4.3 ± 8.9%, P = .03), central (-4.8 ± 6.8 mm Hg, P = .01) and brachial mean arterial pressure (-4.4 ± 6.6 mm Hg, P = .01), central systolic (-5.0 ± 7.9 mm Hg, P = .01) and diastolic BP (-3.9 ± 6.6 mm Hg, P = .01), and brachial systolic (-4.4 ± 10.0 mm Hg, P = .048) and diastolic BP (-3.6 ± 6.4 mm Hg, P = .01) at 3 hours after intervention compared with control. This study is the first to demonstrate Rg3-KRG extract acutely lowers central and peripheral arterial pressures in healthy adults. Further clinical evaluation is desired to quantify efficacy in higher risk individuals and in long-term settings.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jovanovski
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Emma A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhardwaj
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fairgrieve
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mucalo
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: v.vuksan@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005894:Panax; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; C097367:ginsenoside Rg3
keywords: Augmentation index; clinical; ginseng; ginsenosides; vascular