title: The remineralisation of enamel: a review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge and technologies for tooth remineralisation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The literature was searched using the "Scopus" and "Web of Knowledge" database from the year 1971, with principal key words of *miner*, teeth and enamel. Language was restricted to English. Original studies and reviews were included. Conference papers and posters were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The importance of oral health for patients and consumers has seen a steady increase in the number of tooth remineralisation agents, products and procedures over recent years. Concomitantly, there has been continued publication of both in vivo and in vitro tooth remineralisation and demineralisation studies. It is clear that fluoride treatments are generally effective in helping to protect the dental enamel from demineralisation and enhancing remineralisation. Continued efforts to increase the efficacy of fluoride have been made, in particular, by the addition of calcium salts or calcium containing materials to oral care products which may enhance the delivery and retention of fluoride into the oral cavity. In addition, the calcium salts or materials may act as additional sources of calcium to promote enamel remineralisation or reduce demineralisation processes. Inspired by the concept of bioactive materials for bone repair and regeneration, bioglass and in particular calcium silicate type materials show potential for enamel health benefits and is a growing area of research.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, 66 Linxin Road, Shanghai, 200335, China. Electronic address: leo-sh.li@Unilever.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoke
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, 66 Linxin Road, Shanghai, 200335, China.
authors.forename: Jinfang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joiner
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C022107:Bioglass; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D017640:Silicates; D005459:Fluorides; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: Biomaterials; Calcium silicate; Demineralisation; Enamel; Hydroxyapatite; Remineralisation