title: Development of a 3D graphene electrode dielectrophoretic device.
abstract: The design and fabrication of a novel 3D electrode microdevice using 50 µm thick graphene paper and 100 µm double sided tape is described. The protocol details the procedures to construct a versatile, reusable, multiple layer, laminated dielectrophoresis chamber. Specifically, six layers of 50 µm x 0.7 cm x 2 cm graphene paper and five layers of double sided tape were alternately stacked together, then clamped to a glass slide. Then a 700 μm diameter micro-well was drilled through the laminated structure using a computer-controlled micro drilling machine. Insulating properties of the tape layer between adjacent graphene layers were assured by resistance tests. Silver conductive epoxy connected alternate layers of graphene paper and formed stable connections between the graphene paper and external copper wire electrodes. The finished device was then clamped and sealed to a glass slide. The electric field gradient was modeled within the multi-layer device. Dielectrophoretic behaviors of 6 μm polystyrene beads were demonstrated in the 1 mm deep micro-well, with medium conductivities ranging from 0.0001 S/m to 1.3 S/m, and applied signal frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 MHz. Negative dielectrophoretic responses were observed in three dimensions over most of the conductivity-frequency space and cross-over frequency values are consistent with previously reported literature values. The device did not prevent AC electroosmosis and electrothermal flows, which occurred in the low and high frequency regions, respectively. The graphene paper utilized in this device is versatile and could subsequently function as a biosensor after dielectrophoretic characterizations are complete.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University.
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Technological University.
authors.forename: Radheshyam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.affiliation: XG Sciences, Inc.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: XG Sciences, Inc.
authors.forename: Jeffri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narendra
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University.
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University; minerick@mtu.edu.
authors.forename: Adrienne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Minerick
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011137:Polystyrenes; D006108:Graphite