title: The effect of cadmium under different salinity conditions on the cellular architecture and metabolism in the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales).
abstract: The in vitro effect of cadmium (Cd) on apical segments of Pterocladiella capillacea was examined. Over a period of 7 days, the segments were cultivated with the combination of different salinities (25, 35, and 45 practical salinity units) and Cd concentrations, ranging from 0.17 to 0.70 ppm. The effects of Cd on growth rates and content of photosynthetic pigments were analyzed. In addition, metabolic profiling was performed, and samples were processed for microscopy. Serious damage to physiological performance and ultrastructure was observed under different combinations of Cd concentrations and salinity values. Elementary infrared spectroscopy revealed toxic effects registered on growth rate, photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast, and mitochondria organization, as well as changes in lipids and carbohydrates. These alterations in physiology and ultrastructure were, however, coupled to activation of such defense mechanisms as cell wall thickness, reduction of photosynthetic harvesting complex, and flavonoid. In conclusion, P. capillacea is especially sensitive to Cd stress when intermediate concentrations of this pollutant are associated with low salinity values. Such conditions resulted in metabolic compromise, reduction of primary productivity, i.e., photosynthesis, and carbohydrate accumulation in the form of starch granules. Taken together, these findings improve our understanding of the potential impact of this metal in the natural environment.
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Marthiellen R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de L Felix
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Luz K P
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ouriques
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Farias-Soares
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Neusa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.affiliation: 2Scientific Initiation-PIBIC-CNPq,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kreusch
authors.affiliation: 2Scientific Initiation-PIBIC-CNPq,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Debora T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simioni
authors.affiliation: 1Plant Cell Biology Laboratory,Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Giulia B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: 3Phycology Laboratory,Department of Botany,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88040-900,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Horta
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Botany,Institute of Bioscience,University of São Paulo,05508-090,São Paulo,SP,Brazil.
authors.forename: Fungyi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: 5Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramlov
authors.affiliation: 5Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maraschin
authors.affiliation: 6Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Zenilda L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Bouzon
authors.affiliation: 7Department of Cell Biology,Embryology and Genetics,Federal University of Santa Catarina,88049-900,CP 476,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil.
authors.forename: Eder C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D055442:Metabolome; D008853:Microscopy; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D054712:Salinity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D002104:Cadmium