title: Dermal exposure potential from textiles that contain silver nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factors that influence exposure to silver particles from the use of textiles are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of product treatment and physiological factors on silver release from two textiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atomic and absorbance spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were applied to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the textiles and evaluate silver release in artificial sweat and saliva under varying physiological conditions. One textile had silver incorporated into fiber threads (masterbatch process) and the other had silver nanoparticles coated on fiber surfaces (finishing process).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several complementary and confirmatory analytical techniques (spectroscopy, microscopy, etc.) were required to properly assess silver release. Silver released into artificial sweat or saliva was primarily in ionic form. In a simulated "use" and laundering experiment, the total cumulative amount of silver ion released was greater for the finishing process textile (0·51±0·04%) than the masterbatch process textile (0·21±0·01%); P<0·01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the process (masterbatch vs finishing) used to treat textile fibers was a more influential exposure factor than physiological properties of artificial sweat or saliva.
authors.forename: Aleksandr B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Stefaniak
authors.forename: Mathew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Duling
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Treye A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: LeBouf
authors.forename: Eleanor E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: M Abbas
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Virji
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007846:Laundering; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000032:analysis*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*; D013783:Textile Industry; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D012834:Silver
keywords: Dermal exposure,; Nanoparticles,; Silver,; Skin,; Textiles