title: Anti-epileptic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides by inhibition of intracellular calcium accumulation and stimulation of expression of CaMKII α in epileptic hippocampal neurons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanism of the anti-epileptic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP), the changes of intracellular calcium and CaMK II α expression in a model of epileptic neurons were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary hippocampal neurons were divided into: 1) Control group, neurons were cultured with Neurobasal medium, for 3 hours; 2) Model group I: neurons were incubated with Mg(2+) free medium for 3 hours; 3) Model group II: neurons were incubated with Mg(2+) free medium for 3 hours then cultured with the normal medium for a further 3 hours; 4) GLP group I: neurons were incubated with Mg(2+) free medium containing GLP (0.375 mg/ml) for 3 hours; 5) GLP group II: neurons were incubated with Mg(2+) free medium for 3 hours then cultured with a normal culture medium containing GLP for a further 3 hours. The CaMK II α protein expression was assessed by Western-blot. Ca(2+) turnover in neurons was assessed using Fluo-3/AM which was added into the replacement medium and Ca(2+) turnover was observed under a laser scanning confocal microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CaMK II α expression in the model groups was less than in the control groups, however, in the GLP groups, it was higher than that observed in the model group. Ca(2+) fluorescence intensity in GLP group I was significantly lower than that in model group I after 30 seconds, while in GLP group II, it was reduced significantly compared to model group II after 5 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GLP may inhibit calcium overload and promote CaMK II α expression to protect epileptic neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shu-Qiu
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, School of Rehabilitation Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongiang Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hong-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, School of Rehabilitation Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Mei
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ru
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jun-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jia-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wei-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, P. R. China; Department of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shaobo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005453:Fluorescence; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D011134:Polysaccharides; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D002118:Calcium