title: Deep-sea water containing selenium provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
abstract: Deep-sea water (DSW), which is rich in micronutrients and minerals and with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities, may be developed as marine drugs to provide intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers. We determined several characteristics in the modified DSW. We explored duodenal pressure, oxygenation, microvascular blood flow, and changes in pH and oxidative redox potential (ORP) values within the stomach and duodenum in response to tap water (TW, hardness: 2.48 ppm), DSW600 (hardness: 600 ppm), and DSW1200 (hardness: 1200 ppm) in Wistar rats and analyzed oxidative stress and apoptosis gene expressions by cDNA and RNA microarrays in the duodenal epithelium. We compared the effects of drinking DSW, MgCl2, and selenium water on duodenal ulcers using pathologic scoring, immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blotting. Our results showed DSW has a higher pH value, lower ORP value, higher scavenging H2O2 and HOCl activity, higher Mg2+ concentrations, and micronutrients selenium compared with TW samples. Water infusion significantly increased intestinal pressure, O2 levels, and microvascular blood flow in DSW and TW groups. Microarray showed DSW600, DSW1200, selenium water upregulated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes and downregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression compared with the TW group. Drinking DSW600, DSW1200, and selenium water but not Mg2+ water significantly enhanced Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1 expression. Bax/Bcl-2/caspase 3/poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase signaling was activated during the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. DSW drinking reduced ulcer area as well as apoptotic signaling in acetic acid-induced duodenal ulcers. DSW, which contains selenium, provides intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers through the upregulation of Bcl-2 and thioredoxin reductase 1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Planning, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-An
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Water Resources Division, Stone and Resource Industry Research and Development Center, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ruu
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jyh-Chin
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiang-Ting
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012643:Selenium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D054481:Thioredoxin Reductase 1; C516126:Txnrd1 protein, rat; D012643:Selenium