title: Metacognitive knowledge and online awareness in persons with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent models of self-awareness draw a distinction between intellectual awareness (metacognitive knowledge of disabilities) and online awareness of errors (emergent and anticipatory awareness).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study compared these two types of self-awareness (metacognitive knowledge of disabilities and online awareness) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy participants. The relationship between self-awareness and functional performance was also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 18 individuals with MS and 16 healthy controls (HC) between the ages of 27 and 60. Intellectual awareness was assessed via discrepancy scores on the Functional Behavior Profile (FBP) between participants and their informants. Online Awareness was examined using self-prediction and self-assessment of performance on a functional task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with MS had significantly lower levels of intellectual awareness relative to HCs. The MS group demonstrated worse prediction online awareness than HCs. However, assessment online awareness did not differ between groups, indicating that experience with a task can improve online awareness in persons with MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the necessity of adopting a multidimensional approach to assessing the multifaceted phenomenon of self-awareness in MS. In addition, it provides initial evidence to support a self-awareness treatment model for persons with MS.
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York, NY, USA Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goverover
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA Rutgers University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Genova
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Hali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA Rutgers University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chiaravalloti
authors.affiliation: Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA Rutgers University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeLuca
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001364:Awareness; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Impaired self-awareness; activities of daily living; cognition; error-monitoring; multiple sclerosis; quality of life