title: Hot and cold: medicinal plant uses in Quechua speaking communities in the high Andes (Callejón de Huaylas, Ancash, Perú).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An ethnopharmacological survey has been set up in high altitude Quechua speaking communities dwelling in Callejón de Huaylas (Ancash department, Peru) and in medicinal plant markets in order to document the medicinal plants use of 178 species within the frame of a traditional Andean medicinal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sound ethnopharmacological survey was performed during the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 in different places along Callejón de Huaylas valley in the peruvian Andes, were Quechua speaking communities dwell. Two different methodologies were used: first, plant uses were recorded during walks with informants and in medicinal plant markets held on a regular bases in the area (Huaraz, Carhuaz, Yungay). Secondly, traditional healers (curanderas, curanderos) were interviewed about their practices and healing sessions were observed, in order to understand better the traditional medicinal system as a whole (disease aetiology, diagnosis, treatments, healers).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 178 medicinal species were collected. Most of the plants found on the market were also found in the wild and vice-versa. Medicinal plant trade is exclusively held by women, selling their merchandise to local people or to big retailer. Plants are classified according their hot or cold virtues, this in accordance with the local conception of the body physiology and disease aetiology, based on a hot-cold polarity. Main use notified for medicinal plants is "(bath) against cold", a prophylactic measure against diseases of cold nature. Other uses include culture bound illnesses i.e. susto, aire, nervios, or heart pain, commonly cited in South America. Regarding symptoms, rheumatic/arthritic pain, musculoskeletal traumas, cough, pulmonary and respiratory problems, gastritis and stomach ache, were the most frequently cited. Diagnosis and treatment are intrinsically linked together and mainly based upon divination techniques using egg and cuy (Cavia porcellus L., Caviidae).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medicinal plants use and traditional medicinal practices are still very vivid in Callejón de Huaylas as highlighted by the abundance of medicinal plants traded in the markets. In this business, women have a key position as healers at the family and community level. Medicinal uses of the majority of the species presented here are reported for the first time. Because medicinal plants sold on the market are collected from the wild and also because high altitude medicinal plants are generally small herbaceous species pulled out with their roots, there is a serious risk of over exploitation and extinction of endemic species.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima 33, Perú
authors.forename: Mercedes Gonzales
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Etnobiologia, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Jesus Maria, Lima 14, Perú
authors.forename: Severo Baldeón
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Malpartida
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Etnobiologia, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Jesus Maria, Lima 14, Perú
authors.forename: Hamilton Beltrán
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR152 Pharma-DEV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152, Mission IRD, Casilla 18-1209, Lima, Perú
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jullian
authors.affiliation: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Av. Benavides 5440, Santiago de Surco, Lima 33, Perú; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35 Chemin des maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Electronic address: genevieve.bourdy@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bourdy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003625:Data Collection; D005006:Ethnicity; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D010568:Peru; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Andes; Hot and cold system; Medicinal plants; Peru; Quechua; Traditional medicine