title: Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite improvements in glycemic and blood pressure control in patients with type 1 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy remains the most common cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide. A major challenge in preventing diabetic nephropathy is the inability to identify high-risk patients at an early stage, emphasizing the importance of discovering new therapeutic targets and implementation of clinical trials to reduce diabetic nephropathy risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limitations of managing patients with diabetic nephropathy with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade have been identified in recent clinical trials, including the failure of primary prevention studies in T1D and the demonstration of harm with dual renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. Fortunately, several new targets, including serum uric acid, insulin sensitivity, vasopressin, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition, are promising in the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a long clinically silent period without signs or symptoms of disease. There is an urgent need for improved methods of detecting early mediators of renal injury, to ultimately prevent the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we will focus on early diabetic nephropathy and summarize potential new therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA bDepartment of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada cBarbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA *David Cherney and David M. Maahs contributed equally to the writing of this article.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bjornstad
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cherney
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Maahs
mesh_terms: D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D006020:Glycopeptides; D051297:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; C048197:copeptins; D014527:Uric Acid