title: The impact of stakeholder values and power relations on community-based health insurance coverage: qualitative evidence from three Senegalese case studies.
abstract: Continued low rates of enrolment in community-based health insurance (CBHI) suggest that strategies proposed for scaling up are unsuccessfully implemented or inadequately address underlying limitations of CBHI. One reason may be a lack of incorporation of social and political context into CBHI policy. In this study, the hypothesis is proposed that values and power relations inherent in social networks of CBHI stakeholders can explain levels of CBHI coverage. To test this, three case studies constituting Senegalese CBHI schemes were studied. Transcripts of interviews with 64 CBHI stakeholders were analysed using inductive coding. The five most important themes pertaining to social values and power relations were: voluntarism, trust, solidarity, political engagement and social movements. Analysis of these themes raises a number of policy and implementation challenges for expanding CBHI coverage. First is the need to subsidize salaries for CBHI scheme staff. Second is the need to develop more sustainable internal and external governance structures through CBHI federations. Third is ensuring that CBHI resonates with local values concerning four dimensions of solidarity (health risk, vertical equity, scale and source). Government subsidies is one of the several potential strategies to achieve this. Fourth is the need for increased transparency in national policy. Fifth is the need for CBHI scheme leaders to increase their negotiating power vis-à-vis health service providers who control the resources needed for expanding CBHI coverage, through federations and a social movement dynamic. Systematically addressing all these challenges would represent a fundamental reform of the current CBHI model promoted in Senegal and in Africa more widely; this raises issues of feasibility in practice. From a theoretical perspective, the results suggest that studying values and power relations among stakeholders in multiple case studies is a useful complement to traditional health systems analysis.
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium and Le Centre de Recherches sur les Politiques sociales (CREPOS), S/C West African Research Center, Rue E X Léon Gontran Damas, Fann Résidance, BP: 25 233, Fann, Dakar, Senegal p.mladovsky@lse.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Philipa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mladovsky
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium and Le Centre de Recherches sur les Politiques sociales (CREPOS), S/C West African Research Center, Rue E X Léon Gontran Damas, Fann Résidance, BP: 25 233, Fann, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium and Le Centre de Recherches sur les Politiques sociales (CREPOS), S/C West African Research Center, Rue E X Léon Gontran Damas, Fann Résidance, BP: 25 233, Fann, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.affiliation: LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium and Le Centre de Recherches sur les Politiques sociales (CREPOS), S/C West African Research Center, Rue E X Léon Gontran Damas, Fann Résidance, BP: 25 233, Fann, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Criel
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D019058:Community Networks; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D011209:Power, Psychological; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012675:Senegal; D019472:Universal Health Insurance
keywords: Community-based health insurance; Senegal; power; qualitative research; stakeholders; values