title: Prediction of expected genetic variation within groups of offspring for innovative mating schemes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience from progeny-testing indicates that the mating of popular bull sires that have high estimated breeding values with excellent dams does not guarantee the production of offspring with superior breeding values. This is explained partly by differences in the standard deviation of gamete breeding values (SDGBV) between animals at the haplotype level. The SDGBV depends on the variance of the true effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the degree of heterozygosity. Haplotypes of 58 035 Holstein animals were used to predict and investigate expected SDGBV for fat yield, protein yield, somatic cell score and the direct genetic effect for stillbirth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences in SDGBV between animals were detected, which means that the groups of offspring of parents with low SDGBV will be more homogeneous than those of parents with high SDGBV, although the expected mean breeding values of the progeny will be the same. SDGBV was negatively correlated with genomic and pedigree inbreeding coefficients and a small loss of SDGBV over time was observed. Sires that had relatively low mean gamete breeding values but high SDGBV had a higher probability of producing extremely positive offspring than sires that had a high mean gamete breeding value and low SDGBV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An animal's SDGBV can be estimated based on genomic information and used to design specific genomic mating plans. Estimated SDGBV are an additional tool for mating programs, which allows breeders to identify and match mating partners using specific haplotype information.
authors.affiliation: Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w,V, (vit), Heideweg 1, 27283 Verden, Germany. dierck.segelke@vit.de.
authors.forename: Dierck
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Segelke
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.forename: Zengting
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thaller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D023281:Genomics; D006239:Haplotypes; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics*; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers