title: Detection, occurrence and monthly variations of typical lipophilic marine toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the coastal seawater of Qingdao City, China.
abstract: In recent years, related research has mainly examined lipophilic marine toxins (LMTs) in contaminated bivalves or toxic algae, whereas the levels of LMTs in seawater remain largely unexplored. Okadaic acid (OA), yessotoxin (YTX), and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) are three typical LMTs produced by certain marine algae that are closely linked to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, a new method of solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of OA, YTX, and PTX2 in seawater simultaneously. Satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability (RSD<25.00%) and recovery (56.25-70.18%) of the method were achieved. Then, the method was applied to determine the amounts of the three toxins in the coastal seawater. OA and PTX2 were detected in all the seawater samples collected from eight locations along the coastline of Qingdao City, China on October 23, 2012, with concentration ranges of OA 4.24-9.64ngL(-1) and PTX2 0.42-0.74ngL(-1). Monthly concentrations of OA and PTX2 in the seawater of four locations were determined over the course of a year, with concentration ranges of OA 1.41-89.52ngL(-1) and PTX2 below detectable limit to 1.70ngL(-1). The peak values of OA and PTX2 in coastal seawater were observed in August and July, respectively. Our results suggest that follow-up research on the fate modeling and risk assessment of LMTs in coastal seawater should be implemented.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China. Electronic address: craige2000@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Junhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China.
authors.forename: Rutan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Marine Ecology, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005663:Furans / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D035964:Oxocins / Q000032:analysis*; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000209:etiology; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D035964:Oxocins; D011714:Pyrans; C098380:pectenotoxin 2; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C066632:yessotoxin
keywords: HPLC–MS/MS; Okadaic acid; Pectenotoxin-2; SPE; Seawater analysis; Yessotoxin