title: Pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab after intravitreal administration in patients with retinal vein occlusion or diabetic macular edema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the systemic pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab after intravitreal administration in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) or diabetic macular edema (DME).
  
  
  METHODS
  A population approach of nonlinear mixed-effect pharmacokinetics modeling based on serum concentrations of ranibizumab measured at various times after intravitreal administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with RVO (n = 441) and DME (n = 435) from 4 large, randomized, phase 3 clinical trials of monthly ranibizumab intravitreal administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1-compartment pharmacokinetics model with first-order absorption and elimination rate constants previously developed in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was fitted separately to RVO and DME data. Population pharmacokinetic parameters and interindividual variability were estimated for each model. Baseline covariates were evaluated for potential effects on systemic pharmacokinetics. Model performance was validated using general diagnostic plots and a visual predictive check.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ranibizumab disposition was determined in RVO and DME patients and compared with that previously seen in AMD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AMD pharmacokinetics model correctly predicted the measured serum ranibizumab concentration data for RVO and DME patients. Most observed data points were within the simulated 90% confidence interval, indicating that systemic ranibizumab concentrations were comparable among AMD, RVO, and DME patients. No disease-related covariates were identified by the population pharmacokinetics analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The systemic pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab were similar among patients with AMD, RVO, or DME. Disease-related differences and patient demographics, measured in this study, did not lead to variability in ocular elimination or in systemic exposure of ranibizumab after intravitreal administration. In all disease processes tested, ranibizumab exits the eye slowly and then is eliminated rapidly from the circulation, thus minimizing systemic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Zhenling
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Solutions, Menlo Park, California.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kuebler
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Visich
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Roman G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: pcampo@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campochiaro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D012170:Retinal Vein Occlusion / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000069579:Ranibizumab