title: Therapeutic effects of glutamic acid in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol.
abstract: The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most common food contaminants, primarily targets the gastrointestinal tract to affect animal and human health. This study was conducted to examine the protective function of glutamic acid on intestinal injury and oxidative stress caused by DON in piglets. Twenty-eight piglets were assigned randomly into 4 dietary treatments (7 pigs/treatment): 1) uncontaminated control diet (NC), 2) NC+DON at 4 mg/kg (DON), 3) NC+2% glutamic acid (GLU), and 4) NC+2% glutamic acid + DON at 4 mg/kg (DG). At day 15, 30 and 37, blood samples were collected to determine serum concentrations of CAT (catalase), T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), NO (nitric oxide), MDA (maleic dialdehyde), DAO (diamine oxidase) and D-lactate. Intestinal morphology, and the activation of Akt/mTOR/4EBP1 signal pathway, as well as the concentrations of H2O2, MDA, and DAO in kidney, liver and small intestine, were analyzed at day 37. Results showed that DON significantly (P<0.05) induced oxidative stress in piglets, while this stress was remarkably reduced with glutamic acid supplementation according to the change of oxidative parameters in blood and tissues. Meanwhile, DON caused obvious intestinal injury from microscopic observations and permeability indicators, which was alleviated by glutamic acid supplementation. Moreover, the inhibition of DON on Akt/mTOR/4EBP1 signal pathway was reduced by glutamic acid supplementation. Collectively, these data suggest that glutamic acid may be a useful nutritional regulator for DON-induced damage manifested as oxidative stress, intestinal injury and signaling inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Miaomiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wenkai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Bie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Charles Martin
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nyachoti
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Scienses, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United State of America.
authors.forename: Guoyao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood; D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000097:blood; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D000975:Antioxidants; D014255:Trichothecenes; C015977:malealdehyde; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); C007262:deoxynivalenol