title: Design of a macroalgae amperometric biosensor; application to the rapid monitoring of organophosphate insecticides in an agroecosystem.
abstract: The immobilization of enzymes onto transducer support is a mature technology and has been successfully implemented to improve biocatalytic processes for diverse applications. However, there exists still need to design more sophisticated and specialized strategies to enhance the functional properties of the biosensors. In this work, a biosensor platform based on innovative fabrication strategy was designed, and employed for the detection of organophosphate (OP) in natural waters. The biosensor was prepared by incorporating acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) to the graphite paste modified with tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) mediator, along with the use of a macroalgae (Cladaphropsis membranous) as a functional immobilization support. The novel immobilization design resulted in a synergic effect, and led to enhanced stability and sensitivity of the biosensor. The designed biosensor was used to analyze methyl parathion OP insecticide in water samples collected from a demonstrably contaminated lake of São Luis Island, Maranhão, Northeast of Brazil. Water analysis revealed that the aquatic ecosystem was polluted by sub-ppm concentrations of the OP insecticide, and a good correlation was found between values obtained through biosensor and GC-MS techniques. Our results demonstrated that macroalgae-biosensor could be used as a low-cost and sensitive screening method to detect target analyte.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: J A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lins
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: F G S
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: F E P S
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Análise de Resíduos de Pesticidas, NARP, Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. Portugueses, s/n, Bacanga 65080-040, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Transilvania University of Brasov, Str. Nicolae Balcescu Nr. 56, 500019 Brasov, Romania.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badea
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayat
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire IMAGES EA 4218, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Av. Paul Alduy, 52, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France. Electronic address: jlmarty@univ-perp.fr.
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marty
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001938:Brazil; D004593:Electrophorus; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008743:Methyl Parathion / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C013703:tetracyanoquinodimethane; D008743:Methyl Parathion; D006108:Graphite; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Amperometric biosensors; Estuarine macroalgae; Macroalgae based immobilization; Monitoring; Organophosphate insecticide