title: Immunological dysregulation in multiple myeloma microenvironment.
abstract: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a systemic hematologic disease due to uncontrolled proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells (PC) in bone marrow (BM). Emerging in other solid and liquid cancers, the host immune system and the microenvironment have a pivotal role for PC growth, proliferation, survival, migration, and resistance to drugs and are responsible for some clinical manifestations of MM. In MM, microenvironment is represented by the cellular component of a normal bone marrow together with extracellular matrix proteins, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and growth factors produced by both stromal cells and PC themselves. All these components are able to protect PC from cytotoxic effect of chemo- and radiotherapy. This review is focused on the role of immunome to sustain MM progression, the emerging role of myeloid derived suppressor cells, and their potential clinical implications as novel therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Haematology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ; Fondazione Veronesi, Roma, Italy ; Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conticello
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maide
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7339-5141
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Haematology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ; Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Calogero
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1922-5157
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vetro
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: La Fauci
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Haematology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ; Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Nunziatina Laura
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Haematology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ; Division of Hematology, AOU "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7749-0293
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Raimondo
mesh_terms: D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*