title: Cephalometric evaluation of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal spaces following treatment with Twin block appliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the position of hyoid bone in the subjects treated with Twin block appliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 40 Angle's Class II division 1 subjects treated with Twin block appliance. Lateral radiographs were taken before and after treatment. According to Schudy's facial divergence angle (SN-MP), the subjects were classified in to three groups: group I (hypodivergent, SN-MP: <31° (27°-30°), n=15), group II (normodivergent, SN-MP: 31°-34°, n=15), and group III (hyperdivergent, SN-MP: >34° (35°-38°), n=10). Lateral cephalograms were traced and analyzed manually. After measurements of variables, Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post treatment with Twin block therapy, hyoid bone shifted significantly (P<0.01) forward in horizontal dimension in all three groups, although it was highest in group III. However, there was no significant difference amongst the groups. In vertical dimension, hyoid bone shifted in upward direction in all three groups; however, the shift was significant (P<0.01) only in group I and there was a significant difference between group I and rest of the two groups. Width of upper airway significantly (P<0.01) increased and ANB angle significantly (P<0.001) decreased in all three groups with forward movement of mandible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After treatment with Twin block appliance, significant changes occurred in horizontal dimension (anterior displacement), which resulted in significant increase in width of upper pharynx in all three groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSMMU (Upgraded KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSMMU (Upgraded KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSMMU (Upgraded KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Gyan P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dental Sciences, CSMMU (Upgraded KGMC), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion; facial divergence; hyoid bone; pharyngeal spaces; twin block appliance