title: Associated anomalies in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: perinatal characteristics and impact on postnatal survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and postnatal outcomes of fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and additional anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the charts of fetuses with CDH managed between 2005 and 2013. Patients were divided into complex and isolated groups based on the presence of additional anomalies. We analyzed the respective polyhydramnios, liver herniation, stomach position, lung to thorax transverse area ratio (LTR), and prognoses of the two groups. The survival rates of both groups were assessed based on the LTR as well as on stomach and liver positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDH was diagnosed in 65 fetuses, and additional anomalies were found in 23. The incidences of liver herniation, polyhydramnios, and death were significantly higher, and LTR was significantly lower, in the complex group. The mortality rate of fetuses with a LTR <0.08 was lower than that of fetuses with a LTR of ≥0.08 in the complex group. Further, the survival rate of fetuses with intrathoracic liver was lower than those without liver herniation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis of complex CDH is poor. This may result from both the associated anomalies and the severity of CDH itself. Even in complex CDHs, intrathoracic liver and LTR values are useful in estimating postnatal outcome.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hidaka
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Shiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sasahara
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsuda
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies