title: Hemolymph proteome changes during worker brood development match the biological divergences between western honey bees (Apis mellifera) and eastern honey bees (Apis cerana).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemolymph plays key roles in honey bee molecule transport, immune defense, and in monitoring the physiological condition. There is a lack of knowledge regarding how the proteome achieves these biological missions for both the western and eastern honey bees (Apis mellifera and Apis cerana). A time-resolved proteome was compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis-based proteomics to reveal the mechanistic differences by analysis of hemolymph proteome changes between the worker bees of two bee species during the larval to pupal stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The brood body weight of Apis mellifera was significantly heavier than that of Apis cerana at each developmental stage. Significantly, different protein expression patterns and metabolic pathways were observed in 74 proteins (166 spots) that were differentially abundant between the two bee species. The function of hemolymph in energy storage, odor communication, and antioxidation is of equal importance for the western and eastern bees, indicated by the enhanced expression of different protein species. However, stronger expression of protein folding, cytoskeletal and developmental proteins, and more highly activated energy producing pathways in western bees suggests that the different bee species have developed unique strategies to match their specific physiology using hemolymph to deliver nutrients and in immune defense.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our disparate findings constitute a proof-of-concept of molecular details that the ecologically shaped different physiological conditions of different bee species match with the hemolymph proteome during the brood stage. This also provides a starting point for future research on the specific hemolymph proteins or pathways related to the differential phenotypes or physiology.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China. apislijk@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps / Q000235:genetics; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D020543:Proteome