title: Challenging the roles of CD44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor in conveying Clostridium perfringens iota toxin cytotoxicity in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Translational exploration of bacterial toxins has come to the forefront of research given their potential as a chemotherapeutic tool. Studies in select tissues have demonstrated that Clostridium perfringens iota toxin binds to CD44 and lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) cell-surface proteins. We recently demonstrated that LSR expression correlates with estrogen receptor positive breast cancers and that LSR signaling directs aggressive, tumor-initiating cell behaviors. Herein, we identify the mechanisms of iota toxin cytotoxicity in a tissue-specific, breast cancer model with the ultimate goal of laying the foundation for using iota toxin as a targeted breast cancer therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro model systems were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of iota toxin on breast cancer intrinsic subtypes. The use of overexpression and knockdown technologies confirmed the roles of LSR and CD44 in regulating iota toxin endocytosis and induction of cell death. Lastly, cytotoxicity assays were used to demonstrate the effect of iota toxin on a validated set of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of 14 breast cancer cell lines revealed that LSR+/CD44- lines were highly sensitive, LSR+/CD44+ lines were slightly sensitive, and LSR-/CD44+ lines were resistant to iota cytotoxicity. Reduction in LSR expression resulted in a significant decrease in toxin sensitivity; however, overexpression of CD44 conveyed toxin resistance. CD44 overexpression was correlated with decreased toxin-stimulated lysosome formation and decreased cytosolic levels of iota toxin. These findings indicated that expression of CD44 drives iota toxin resistance through inhibition of endocytosis in breast cancer cells, a role not previously defined for CD44. Moreover, tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells exhibited robust expression of LSR and were highly sensitive to iota-induced cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, these data are the first to show that iota toxin has the potential to be an effective, targeted therapy for breast cancer.
authors.forename: Katerina D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fagan-Solis
authors.forename: Denise K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Reaves
authors.forename: M Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: Michel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Popoff
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Stiles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA. Jodie.fleming@nccu.edu.
authors.forename: Jodie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003013:Clostridium / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C497483:CD44 protein, human; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D008074:Lipoproteins; D018110:Receptors, Lipoprotein; C050737:iota toxin, Clostridium perfringens; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases