title: Climate change. Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems.
abstract: In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun's hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun's hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.
authors.affiliation: Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. wsydeman@comcast.net.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Sydeman
authors.affiliation: Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Schoeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rykaczewski
authors.affiliation: Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, Suite Q, 101 H Street, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 1352 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950-2097, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bograd
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D014919:Wind