title: Rodent models of depression: neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory biomarkers.
abstract: Rodent models are an indispensable tool for studying etiology and progress of depression. Since interrelated systems of neurotrophic factors and cytokines comprise major regulatory mechanisms controlling normal brain plasticity, impairments of these systems form the basis for development of cerebral pathologies, including mental diseases. The present review focuses on the numerous experimental rodent models of depression induced by different stress factors (exteroceptive and interoceptive) during early life (including prenatal period) or adulthood, giving emphasis to the data on the changes of neurotrophic factors and neuroinflammatory indices in the brain. These parameters are closely related to behavioral depression-like symptoms and impairments of neuronal plasticity and are both gender- and genotype-dependent. Stress-related changes in expression of neurotrophins and cytokines in rodent brain are region-specific. Some contradictory data reported by different groups may be a consequence of differences of stress paradigms or their realization in different laboratories. Like all experimental models, stress-induced depression-like conditions are experimental simplification of clinical depression states; however, they are suitable for understanding the involvement of neurotrophic factors and cytokines in the pathogenesis of the disease-a goal unachievable in the clinical reality. These major regulatory systems may be important targets for therapeutic measures as well as for development of drugs for treatment of depression states.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System and Laboratory of Conditioned Reflex and Emotion, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, RAS, 5a Butlerov Street, Moscow 117485, Russia.
authors.forename: Mikhail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stepanichev
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Academician Lavrentyev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia ; Department of Physiology, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogov Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Nikolay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Dygalo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System and Laboratory of Conditioned Reflex and Emotion, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, RAS, 5a Butlerov Street, Moscow 117485, Russia.
authors.forename: Grigory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grigoryan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Academician Lavrentyev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Galina T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Shishkina
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System and Laboratory of Conditioned Reflex and Emotion, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, RAS, 5a Butlerov Street, Moscow 117485, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gulyaeva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000633:toxicity; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012377:Rodentia; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors