title: Probing the relevance of 3D cancer models in nanomedicine research.
abstract: For decades, 2D cell culture format on plastic has been the main workhorse in cancer research. Though many important understandings of cancer cell biology were derived using this platform, it is not a fair representation of the in vivo scenario. In this review, both established and new 3D cell culture systems are discussed with specific references to anti-cancer drug and nanomedicine applications. 3D culture systems exploit more realistic spatial, biochemical and cellular heterogeneity parameters to bridge the experimental gap between in vivo and in vitro settings when studying the performance and efficacy of novel nanomedicine strategies to manage cancer. However, the complexities associated with 3D culture systems also necessitate greater technical expertise in handling and characterizing in order to arrive at meaningful experimental conclusions. Finally, we have also provided future perspectives where cutting edge 3D culture technologies may be combined with under-explored technologies to build better in vitro cancer platforms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore. Electronic address: cheltwd@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. Electronic address: kwng@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Kee Woei
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: 3D culture; Cell–nanoparticle interaction; Nanoparticles; Nanotheranostics; Nanotherapeutics; Nanotoxicology; Spheroid