title: Co-solvent selection for supercritical fluid extraction of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from Penaeus monodon waste.
abstract: In recent years, astaxanthin is claimed to have a 10 times higher antioxidant activity than that of other carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and β-carotene; the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin is 100 times higher than that of α-tocopherol. Penaeus monodon (tiger shrimp) is the largest commercially available shrimp species and its waste is a rich source of carotenoids such as astaxanthin and its esters. The efficient and environment-friendly recovery of astaxanthins was accomplished by using a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique. The effects of different co-solvents and their concentrations on the yield and composition of the extract were investigated. The following co-solvents were studied prior to the optimization of the SFE technique: ethanol, water, methanol, 50% (v/v) ethanol in water, 50% (v/v) methanol in water, 70% (v/v) ethanol in water, and 70% (v/v) methanol in water. The ethanol extract produced the highest carotenoid yield (84.02 ± 0.8 μg/g) dry weight (DW) with 97.1% recovery. The ethanol extract also produced the highest amount of the extracted astaxanthin complex (58.03 ± 0.1 μg/g DW) and the free astaxanthin content (12.25 ± 0.9 μg/g DW) in the extract. Lutein and β-carotene were the other carotenoids identified. Therefore, ethanol was chosen for further optimization studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shazana Azfar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Radzali
authors.forename: Badlishah Sham
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Baharin
authors.forename: Rashidi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Othman
authors.forename: Masturah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markom
authors.forename: Russly Abdul
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rahman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016644:Canthaxanthin / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol; D014975:Lutein / Q000302:isolation & purification; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D062611:Solid Waste; D012997:Solvents; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D062611:Solid Waste; D012997:Solvents; D024341:Xanthophylls; D019207:beta Carotene; D000431:Ethanol; D016644:Canthaxanthin; C005948:astaxanthine; D014975:Lutein