title: Sustained hunger suppression from stable liquid food foams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simple aeration of food matrices with gas has previously been shown to generate immediate suppression of appetite, though duration of effects has not been shown. This research tested whether liquids aerated with nitrous oxide (N2 O) to achieve high in-body stability could produce enhanced and sustained effects on eating motivations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two randomized cross-over studies, appetite ratings were collected for 240 min. In Study 1, 24 volunteers consumed a full portion liquid (325 ml, 190 kcal) or aerated (1,000 ml, 190 kcal) drink at 0 min, or half portions of liquid (162 ml, 95 kcal) or aerated (500 ml, 95 kcal) drink at 0 and 120 min. In Study 2, assessing the effect of N2 O itself, 23 volunteers consumed water saturated with N2 O or with CO2 10 min after a mini-drink (180 kcal). Appetite was quantified by area-under-the curve (AUC) and time-to-return-to-baseline (TTRTB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full- and half-size aerated drinks decreased hunger AUC over 4 h by 26 and 50% (P < 0.0001) versus the respective liquid versions. Effects were also sustained significantly longer (TTRTB from 203 to 335 and from 173 to 286 min, respectively). In Study 2, N2 O and CO2 had similar effects on appetite ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aeration of foods using appropriate microstructural design has a powerful effect on eating motivations.
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research & Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sergey M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Melnikov
authors.forename: Simeon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stoyanov
authors.forename: Eva M R
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Luben
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arnaudov
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Ewoud A H
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schuring
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wiseman
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.forename: Harry P F
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005740:Gases; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D009609:Nitrous Oxide