title: Endoscopic surveillance of gastrointestinal premalignant lesions: current knowledge and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Provide an evidence-based resource for the surveillance of gastrointestinal premalignant lesions, focusing on the scientific articles reported recently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomized controlled clinical trials exist to definitively support the efficacy of surveillance programs for Barrett's esophagus and gastric intestinal metaplasia. However, surveillance of these premalignant lesions is recommended by some of the leading organizations. To optimize the usefulness of surveillance programs, targeting high-risk patients might maximize its benefits. A Barrett's esophagus segment of at least 3 cm and evidence of intestinal metaplasia can help stratify those patients at highest risk for progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma. The location, extent, and severity of intestinal metaplasia are indicators of risk of developing gastric cancer. Patients with extensive intestinal metaplasia should be offered endoscopic surveillance. Quality in the baseline colonoscopy is crucial to decrease the risk of interval colorectal cancers. The importance of serrated polyps, as well as their surveillance intervals, is emphasized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To optimize the usefulness of surveillance programs, targeting high-risk patients might maximize its benefits. Future research is needed to design more effective surveillance strategies. Recently, emerging imaging techniques hold promise for improving sensitivity of endoscopic surveillance of premalignant conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: aDepartments of Medicine bBiochemistry cSurgery, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine dUniversity of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Veroushka
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ballester
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz-Correa
mesh_terms: D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000592:standards*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*