title: Enhanced transdermal permeability of piroxicam through novel nanoemulgel formulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug belongs to BCS class II drugs having poor solubility and is associated with a number of undesirable side-effects on the stomach and kidneys in addition to gastric mucosal damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present work was to develop and characterize nanoemulgel formulation as transdermal delivery system for poorly water soluble drug, in order to overcome the troubles associated with its oral delivery and to circumvent the need of chemical penetration enhancers, which are responsible for causing skin irritation in transdermal drug delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant and co-surfactant) were selected on the basis of solubility and emulsification ability. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed using aqueous titration method to figure out the concentration range of components. Carbopol 934 was added as gel matrix to convert nanoemulsion into nanoemulgel. Drug loaded nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels were characterized for particle size, transmission electron microscopy, viscosity, conductivity, spreadability, rheological behavior, permeation studies using Wistar rat skin and stability studies. Transdermal permeation of piroxicam from nanoemulgels was determined by using Franz Diffusion cell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optimized nanoemulgel (BG6) contained 10% oleic acid as oil, 35% tween 80 and ethanol as surfactant co-surfactant mixture, 55% water, 0.5% drug and 0.5% w/w carbopol. The ex vivo permeation profile of optimized formulation was compared with nanoemulsion and marketed formulation (Feldene(®)). Nanoemulgel showed higher (P < 0.05) cumulative amount of drug permeated and flux and significantly less drug retained along with less lag time than marketed formulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that nanoemulgel formulation can be used as a feasible alternative to conventional formulations of piroxicam with advanced permeation characteristics for transdermal application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Bhavna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harikumar
keywords: Carbopol 934; nanoemulsion; permeation; piroxicam; ternary diagram