title: Arsenite stimulates glutathione export and glycolytic flux in viable primary rat brain astrocytes.
abstract: Intoxication with inorganic arsenicals leads to neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. However, little is known so far on the cellular targets that are involved in the adverse effects of arsenite to brain cells. To test whether arsenite may affect neural glucose and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, primary astrocyte cultures from rat brain were used as a model system. Exposure of cultured astrocytes to arsenite in concentrations of up to 0.3mM did not compromise cell viability during incubations for up to 6h, while 1mM arsenite damaged the cells already within 2h after application. Determination of cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes that had been incubated for 2h with arsenite revealed an almost linear concentration-dependent increase in the specific cellular arsenic content. Exposure of astrocytes to arsenite stimulated the export of GSH and accelerated the cellular glucose consumption and lactate production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal stimulation of GSH export and glycolytic flux were observed for arsenite in concentrations of 0.1mM and 0.3mM, respectively. The arsenite-induced stimulation of both processes was abolished upon removal of extracellular arsenite. The strong stimulation of GSH export by arsenite was prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1, suggesting that this transporter mediates the accelerated GSH export. In addition, presence of MK571 significantly increased the specific cellular arsenic content, suggesting that Mrp1 may also be involved in arsenic export from astrocytes. The data observed suggest that alterations in glucose and GSH metabolism may contribute to the reported adverse neural consequences of intoxication with arsenite.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nimesha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tadepalle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brandmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.dringen@uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dringen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018053:Arsenites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D005978:Glutathione; C015001:arsenite
keywords: Arsenic; Astrocytes; GSH; Glycolysis; Lactate