title: Acute and massive bleeding from placenta previa and infants' brain damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among the causes of third trimester bleeding, the impact of placenta previa on cerebral palsy is not well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effect of maternal bleeding from placenta previa on cerebral palsy, and in particular when and how it occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty infants born to mothers with placenta previa in our regional population-based study of 160,000 deliveries from 1998 to 2012. Premature deliveries occurring at<26 weeks of gestation and placenta accreta were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five infants had PVL and 4 of these infants developed CP (1/40,000 deliveries). Acute and massive bleeding (>500g within 8h) occurred at around 30-31 weeks of gestation, and was severe enough to deliver the fetus. None of the 5 infants with PVL underwent antenatal corticosteroid treatment, and 1 infant had mild neonatal hypocapnia with a PaCO2 <25mmHg. However, none of the 5 PVL infants showed umbilical arterial acidemia with pH<7.2, an abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring pattern, or neonatal hypotension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our descriptive study showed that acute and massive bleeding from placenta previa at around 30 weeks of gestation may be a risk factor for CP, and requires careful neonatal follow-up. The underlying process connecting massive placental bleeding and PVL requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Perinatal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Perinatal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Perinatal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Seishi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Perinatal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan. Electronic address: hsameshima@med.miyazaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sameshima
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010923:Placenta Previa / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Periventricular leukomalacia; Placenta previa; Third trimester bleeding