title: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides residues in honey by gas chromatography-electron capture and ion trap mass spectrometric detection.
abstract: A simple dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) protocol for the determination of 15 organochlorine pesticides residues in honey is proposed. The selected pesticides were separated using gas chromatography and detected by electron capture (ECD) or ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT/MS). Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency namely type and volume of organic extraction solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, sample pH, ionic strength, extraction time and centrifugation speed were systematically investigated. The final DLLME protocol involved the addition of 750 μL acetonitrile (disperser) and 50 μL chloroform (extraction solvent) into a 5 mL aqueous honey solution followed by centrifugation. The sedimented organic phase (chloroform) were analysed directly by GC-IT/MS or evaporated and reconstituted in acetonitrile prior to the GC-ECD analysis. The analytical performance of the GC-ECD and GC-IT/MS methods was compared and discussed. Under the selected experimental conditions, the enrichment factors varied between of 36 and 114. The limits of detection (LOD) were in the range of 0.02-0.15 μg L(-1) (0.4-3 ng g(-1)) for GC-ECD and 0.01-0.2 μg L(-1) (0.2-4 ng g(-1)) for GC-IT/MS which is adequate to verify compliance of products to legal tolerances. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of the selected organochlorine pesticides residues in various honey samples obtained from Greek region. Mean recoveries were ranged from 75% to 119% while the precision was better than 20% in both methodologies.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Zacharis
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotsias
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Zachariadis
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory for the Physical and Chemical Testing of Foods, Department of Food Technology, School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Alexander Technological Educational Institute (ATEI) of Thessaloniki, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zotos
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012997:Solvents