title: Sublethal and transgenerational effects of insecticides in developing Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) : toxicity of insecticides to Trichogramma galloi.
abstract: This study assessed the transgenerational effects of insecticides in developing Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Laboratory bioassays were performed in which five insecticides were sprayed on egg-larval, pre-pupal and pupal stages of the parasitoid. The interaction between insecticides and development stages of the parasitoid was not significant for the rate of F0 emergence. All insecticides significantly reduced the emergence of wasps, with the lowest emergence observed when they were applied to the pupal stage. For the sex ratio, only spinosad applied to the pre-pupal stage and triflumuron applied on the egg-larval and pre-pupal stages did not differ from the controls. Triflumuron applied to pre-pupae did not lead to any difference in the parasitism rate of the treated generation (F0) when compared to the control. There were no significant differences among survival curves for females of F0 when all insecticides were sprayed on the egg-larval stage. Both concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam reduced female pre-pupal survival, and all treatments reduced female pupal survival. In addition, we observed a transgenerational effect of the insecticides on emergence and sex ratio of next generation (F1). Lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam (Min) applied to the pre-pupae and pupae, the maximum rate of the same insecticides applied to the egg-larvae and pre-pupae, and spinosad applied to pre-pupae all significantly reduced the adults emergence of T. galloi F1 generation. Only triflumuron did not alter the F1 sex ratio. These bioassays provide a basis for better understanding the effects of insecticide use on beneficial parasitoids.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Selectivity Studies, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Abreu
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Valéria Fonseca
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Moscardini
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: da Costa Gontijo
authors.forename: Geraldo Andrade
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Rodrigo Lopes
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Harley Nonato
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D018942:Macrolides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010078:Oxazines; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012744:Sex Ratio; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013844:Thiazoles; C023957:triflumuron; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C037304:cyhalothrin; C415329:spinosad