title: Expanding the roles of chromatin insulators in nuclear architecture, chromatin organization and genome function.
abstract: Of the numerous classes of elements involved in modulating eukaryotic chromosome structure and function, chromatin insulators arguably remain the most poorly understood in their contribution to these processes in vivo. Indeed, our view of chromatin insulators has evolved dramatically since their chromatin boundary and enhancer blocking properties were elucidated roughly a quarter of a century ago as a result of recent genome-wide, high-throughput methods better suited to probing the role of these elements in their native genomic contexts. The overall theme that has emerged from these studies is that chromatin insulators function as general facilitators of higher-order chromatin loop structures that exert both physical and functional constraints on the genome. In this review, we summarize the result of recent work that supports this idea as well as a number of other studies linking these elements to a diverse array of nuclear processes, suggesting that chromatin insulators exert master control over genome organization and behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, M407 Walters Life Sciences, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA, todd.schoborg@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schoborg
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labrador
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*; D004260:DNA Repair; D004261:DNA Replication; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000502:physiology; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry; D058207:Sumoylation; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose