title: Burden of cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atherosclerotic vascular disease share several etiopathogenic factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) between COPD and non-COPD subjects using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Among subjects without pre-existent CCVD, the short-term and lifetime risks of future CCVD were also compared between the two groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled NHANES 2007-2010 data were analyzed in May 2012 and April 2013. Based on predicted Framingham risk, subjects without self-reported CCVD were classified as follows: high short-term risk, low short-term/high lifetime risk, and low short-term/low lifetime risk for future CCVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated self-reported CCVD prevalence was 20.0% and 7.4% in COPD and non-COPD groups, respectively (p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, COPD was an independent risk factor for prevalent self-reported CCVD (prevalence ratio=1.4, 95% CI=1.1, 1.8). Among subjects without CCVD, there were significant differences in predicted future CCVD risk between the two groups. In the non-COPD group, prevalence of high short-term risk, low short-term/high lifetime risk, and low short-term/low lifetime risk was 18.9%, 62.7%, and 18.4%, respectively. In the COPD group, corresponding prevalence estimates were 35.8%, 53.2%, and 11.1%, respectively. Men and women had significantly different risk factor profiles for future CCVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of self-reported CCVD was significantly higher in subjects with COPD than in those without COPD. Among subjects without pre-existent CCVD, the risk of future CCVD was significantly higher in the COPD group than in the non-COPD group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Shikhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Haala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rokadia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Senn
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Medicine Fellowship Program and Coronary Intensive Care Unit, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: menonv@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Venu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors