title: Odds of fault and factors for out-of-state drivers in crashes in four states of the USA.
abstract: Drivers outside their country of residence are at a safety disadvantage when compared to native counterparts. This research aimed to (1) investigate if out-of-state drivers in the United States experienced the same vulnerabilities as foreign drivers, and (2) examine the relations of out-of-state crashes to various human and environmental factors. Crash data from Florida, Maine, Minnesota, and Nevada was analyzed to model fault using logistic regressions. Univariate regressions showed that out-of-state drivers had increased odds of fault, ranging from 17% to 92%, for a single-vehicle crash compared to in-state drivers in all states except Florida, where there was no difference between groups. Odds were elevated for out-of-state drivers in two-vehicle crashes by 3% to 19% in all states except Florida and Minnesota, where, again, there was no difference between groups. Human and environmental factors such as age, sex, driving conditions, and seasons were examined with multivariate regressions for in- and out-of-state groups separately, and their odds ratios were compared. For single-vehicle crashes age, sex, road grade, surface condition, light conditions, and day of week were factors that increased at least one of the two groups' odds of fault in all states. Sex, surface condition, and light conditions increased the odds of fault for at least one of the groups in two-vehicle crashes in all four states. Factors that consistently increased odds of fault for both single- and two-vehicle crashes were males, non-vehicle owners, curves, and inclement weather. Although there were several factors in each state that increased odds of fault for out-of-state drivers, no factors consistently increased odds of fault for out-of-state drivers across all four states.
authors.affiliation: Transportation Research Center, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States. Electronic address: Kharoot@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harootunian
authors.affiliation: Transportation Research Center, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States. Electronic address: bhylee@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Brian H Y
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Transportation Research Center, University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, United States. Electronic address: laultman@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aultman-Hall
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D008281:Maine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D009505:Nevada; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States
keywords: Crash fault; Environmental factors; Foreign drivers; Human factors; Out-of-state drivers