title: A Systematic Review of the Benefits and Risks of Anticoagulation Following Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesize the existing literature on benefits and risks of anticoagulant use after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Health Star, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) on October 11, 2012, and updated on September 2, 2013, using terms related to TBI and anticoagulants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human studies evaluating the effects of post-TBI anticoagulation on venous thromboembolism, hemorrhage, mortality, or coagulation parameters with original analyses were eligible for the review. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline was followed throughout the conduct of the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine eligible studies were identified from the literature, of which 23 studies with complete information on post-TBI anticoagulant use and patient outcomes were summarized in this review. Meta-analysis was unwarranted because of varying methodological design and quality of the studies. Twenty-one studies focused on the effects of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis (PTP) post-TBI on venous thromboembolism and/or progression of intracranial hemorrhage, whereas 2 randomized controlled trials analyzed coagulation parameters as the result of anticoagulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis appears to be safe among TBI patients with stabilized hemorrhagic patterns. More evidence is needed regarding effectiveness of PTP in preventing venous thromboembolism as well as preferred agent, dose, and timing for PTP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore (Mss Shen and Kiptanui, Drs Dutcher, Palmer, Liu, Al-Jawadi, and Zuckerman, and Mr Khokhar); Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore (Mr Zhu); and IMPAQ International, Columbia, MD (Dr Zuckerman).
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dutcher
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Xinggang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zippora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kiptanui
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khokhar
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Jawadi
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Ilene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants