title: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy surgical trial: randomized, controlled trial design and rationale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the world. There are significant practice variation and uncertainty as to the optimal surgical approach for treating CSM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether ventral surgery is associated with superior Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary outcome at the 1-year follow-up compared with dorsal (laminectomy/fusion or laminoplasty) surgery for the treatment of CSM, to investigate whether postoperative sagittal balance is an independent predictor of overall outcome, and to compare health resource use for ventral and dorsal procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is a randomized, controlled trial with a nonrandomized arm for patients who are eligible but decline randomization. Two hundred fifty patients (159 randomized) with CSM from 11 sites will be recruited over 18 months. The primary outcome is the Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary score. Secondary outcomes include disease-specific outcomes, overall health-related quality of life (EuroQOL 5-dimension questionnaire), and health resource use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This will be the first randomized, controlled trial to compare directly the health-related quality-of-life outcomes for ventral vs dorsal surgery for treating CSM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A National Institutes of Health-funded (1R13AR065834-01) investigator meeting was held before the initiation of the trial to bring multiple stakeholders together to finalize the study protocol. Study investigators, coordinators, and major stakeholders were able to attend and discuss strengths of, limitations of, and concerns about the study. The final protocol was approved for funding by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (CE-1304-6173). The trial began enrollment on April 1, 2014.
authors.affiliation: *Alan and Jacqueline Stuart Spine Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts; ‡Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; §Wallace Trials Center, Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, Connecticut; ¶Center for Spine Health and Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; ‖Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey--New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; #Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; **Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ‡‡Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; §§Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Emory Spine Center, Atlanta, Georgia; ¶¶Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; ‖‖Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center and Tuft University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and ##Perelman School of Medicine, Wharton School of Business and Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Zoher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ghogawala
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Benzel
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Heary
authors.forename: K Daniel
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Riew
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Fred G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Whitmore
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: J Sanford
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011788:Quality of Life; D012107:Research Design; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States