title: Prognostic factors of clinical outcome after neuronavigation-assisted hematoma drainage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prognostic factors that contribute to outcome after navigation-assisted drainage in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have not been defined. We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with spontaneous ICHs who underwent neuronavigation-assisted hematoma drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven patients were enrolled from January 2004 to August 2013. The patients were divided into two groups according to Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores: the good- (GOS 4-5) and poor-outcome (GOS 1-3) groups. A variety of factors, characteristics, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 47 patients, 16 and 31 showed good and poor outcomes, respectively. The mortality rate was 4.3%. Patients' ages, horizontal and vertical diameters and volume of the hematoma on the initial brain computed tomography scan, and the initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). Ages less than 60 years, smaller horizontal and vertical diameters of the hematoma, less initial hematoma volume, higher initial GCS scores, and the absence of intraventricular hemorrhages were significantly associated with good outcome (P<0.05). Among these factors, initial hematoma volume was a borderline prognostic factor (odds ratio [OR], 0.951; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.904-1.001; P=0.054), whereas initial GCS score was a significant prognostic factor (OR, 2.737; 95% CI, 1.371-5.465; P=0.004), in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial GCS score and hematoma volume were important prognostic factors of clinical outcome in patients with spontaneous ICHs who underwent navigation-assisted drainage. Such factors should be carefully considered before patients are treated with navigation-assisted hematoma drainage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Keun
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center of Innovative Cell Therapy and Research, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: doctorns@korea.com.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Shin-Hyuk
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center of Innovative Cell Therapy and Research, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Center of Innovative Cell Therapy and Research, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Tai-Hyoung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Gu
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Glasgow outcome scale; Hematoma drainage; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Neuronavigation; Prognostic factors