title: An in-situ calibration method and the effects on stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interference between the incoming sound wave and the acoustic energy reflected by the tympanic membrane (TM) forms a standing wave in human ear canals. The existence of standing waves causes various problems when measuring otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) that are soft sounds closely related with the functional status of the inner ear. The purpose of this study was to propose an in-situ calibration method to overcome the standing-wave problem and to improve the accuracy of OAE measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the sound pressure level (SPL) at the TM was indirectly estimated by measuring the SPL at the entrance of the ear canal and the acoustic characteristics of the earphone system, so that sound energy entering the middle ear could be controlled more precisely. Then an in-situ calibration method based on the estimated TM SPL was proposed to control the stimulus level when measuring the stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs) evoked by swept tones. The results of swept-tone SFOAEs with the in-situ calibration were compared with two other calibration methods currently used in the clinic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the estimate of the SPL at the TM was rather successful with the maximal error less than 3.2 dB across all the six subjects. With the high definition OAE spectra achieved by using swept tones, it was found that the calibration methods currently used in the clinic might over-compensate the sound energy delivered to the middle ear around standing-wave frequencies and the SFOAE amplitude could be elevated by more than 7 dB as a consequence. In contrast, the in-situ calibration did not suffer from the standing-wave problem and the results could reflect the functional status of the inner ear more truthfully.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that calibration methods currently used in the clinic may produce unreliable results. The in-situ calibration based on the estimated TM SPL could avoid the standing-wave problem and might be incorporated into clinical OAE measurements for more accurate hearing loss screenings.
authors.forename: Shixiong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Haoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China. gl.li@siat.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guanglin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D011312:Pressure; D013016:Sound; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult