title: Syzygium aromaticum L. (Clove) extract regulates energy metabolism in myocytes.
abstract: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Herbs and spices have been used for the treatment of diabetes for centuries in folk medicine. Syzygium aromaticum L. (Clove) extracts (SE) have been shown to perform comparably to insulin by significantly reducing blood glucose levels in animal models; however, the mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the effects of clove on metabolism in C2C12 myocytes and demonstrated that SE significantly increases glucose consumption. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as its substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was increased by SE treatment. SE also transcriptionally regulates genes involved in metabolism, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). Nicotinamide, an SIRT1 inhibitor, diminished SE's effects on glucose consumption. Furthermore, treatment with SE dose-dependently increases muscle glycolysis and mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. Overall, our study suggests that SE has the potential to increase muscle glycolysis and mitochondria function by activating both AMPK and SIRT1 pathways.
authors.affiliation: Technical Innovation Center, McCormick and Company, Inc. , Hunt Valley, Maryland, USA .
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Tijuana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moss-Pierce
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: T Alan
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017365:Spices; D027842:Syzygium; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014157:Transcription Factors; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D056564:Sirtuin 1; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: AMPK; PGC1α; SIRT1; Syzygium aromaticum L. (Clove); energy metabolism; mitochondria