title: Updates in biological therapies for knee injuries: full thickness cartilage defect.
abstract: Full thickness cartilage defect might occur at different ages, but a focal defect is a major concern in the knee of young athletes. It causes impairment and does not heal by itself. Several techniques were described to treat symptomatic full thickness cartilage defect. Recently, several advances were described on the known techniques of microfracture, osteochondral allograft, cell therapy, and others. This article brings an update of current literature on these well-described techniques for full thickness cartilage defect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701 - 3 Andar/Bloco A1, Morumbi, 05651-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Pedro
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.forename: Rogerio Teixeira
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dragone
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenza
authors.forename: Moises
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferretti