title: Use of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculate the impact of obesity and diabetes on cost and prevalence of urolithiasis in 2030.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of urolithiasis and its risk factors such as obesity and diabetes have increased over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the future cost and prevalence of kidney stones using current and projected estimates for stones, obesity, diabetes, and population rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stone prevalence in 2000 was estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-1994 and 2007-2010. The cost per percentage prevalence of stones in 2000, calculated using Urologic Diseases in America Project data, was used to estimate the annual cost of stones in 2030, adjusting for inflation and increases in population, stone prevalence, obesity and diabetes rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was prevalence and cost of stones in 2030. The secondary outcomes were the impact of obesity and diabetes on these values, calculated using odds ratios for stones by body mass index and diabetes status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual cost of stone disease in 2000, adjusted for inflation to 2014 US dollars, was approximately $2.81 billion. After accounting for increases in population and stone prevalence from 2000, the estimated cost of stones in 2007 in 2014 US dollars was $3.79 billion. Future population growth alone would increase the cost of stone disease by $780 million in 2030. Based on projected estimates for 2030, obesity will independently increase stone prevalence by 0.36%, with an annual cost increase of $157 million. Diabetes will independently increase stone prevalence by 0.72%, associated with a cost increase of $308 million annually by 2030. NHANES data, however, capture patient self-assessment rather than medical diagnosis, which is a potential bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes, together with population growth, is projected to contribute to dramatic increases in the cost of urolithiasis, with an additional $1.24 billion/yr estimated by 2030.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obesity, diabetes, and population rates will contribute to an estimated $1.24 billion/yr increase in the cost of kidney stones by 2030.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Naim M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.affiliation: University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
authors.affiliation: University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. Electronic address: yair.lotan@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Cost; Diabetes; Obesity; Urolithiasis