title: Greater fear reactivity and psychophysiological hyperactivity among infants with later conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately one third of children who meet criteria for conduct problems (CP) are also characterized by elevated callous-unemotional (CU) traits. This subgroup is at elevated risk for more pervasive and extreme levels of later antisocial behavior and has been characterized by a fearlessness temperament and blunted stress psychophysiology at older ages. The objective of this study was to examine group differences in fear reactivity and stress psychophysiology in infancy among children classified as having CP with CU (CP + CU), CP without CU (CP only), or no CP in later childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A birth cohort study (n = 1,292) was followed longitudinally from birth through first grade. Behavioral fear, baseline heart period (HP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pretask, 20-min posttask, and 40-min posttask salivary cortisol were assessed at 6 and 15 months of age around a fear challenge task. CP and CU were assessed by maternal report at first grade and children were classified into CP and CU groups if they scored in the upper 10(th) percentile of these ratings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No group differences were observed in children at 6 months of age. However, at 15 months of age children with later CP + CU displayed greater high-intensity fear behavior, higher pretask and overall cortisol levels, and lower levels of HP and RSA compared to children with CP only and children with no CP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discrepancy between the biobehavioral correlates of conduct problems with callous-unemotional traits in infancy and those reported from studies of older children and adults suggests that the etiology of this behavioral phenotype may be more complex than a simple genetic maturation model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mills-Koonce
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stifter
authors.forename: Clancy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Granger
mesh_terms: D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D065809:Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Fearlessness; autonomic; callous-unemotional traits; conduct problems; cortisol; psychobiology