title: Modeling the Frequency and Costs Associated with Postsurgical Gastrointestinal Adverse Events for Tapentadol IR versus Oxycodone IR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have estimated the economic effect of using an opioid that is associated with lower rates of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) than another opioid for postsurgical pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the number of postsurgical GI events and incremental hospital costs, including potential savings, associated with lower GI AE rates, for tapentadol immediate release (IR) versus oxycodone IR, using a literature-based calculator.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic spreadsheet-based cost calculator was developed to estimate the total number of GI AEs (ie, nausea, vomiting, or constipation) and incremental costs to a hospital when using tapentadol IR 100 mg versus oxycodone IR 15 mg, in a hypothetical cohort of 1500 hospitalized patients requiring short-acting opioids for postsurgical pain. Data inputs were chosen from recently published, well-designed studies, including GI AE rates from a previously published phase 3 clinical trial of postsurgical patients who received these 2 opioids; GI event-related incremental length of stay from a large US hospital database; drug costs using wholesale acquisition costs in 2011 US dollars; and average hospitalization cost from the 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database. The base case assumed that 5% (chosen as a conservative estimate) of patients admitted to the hospital would shift from oxycodone IR to tapentadol IR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this hypothetical cohort of 1500 hospitalized patients, replacing 5% of oxycodone IR 15-mg use with tapentadol IR 100-mg use predicted reductions in the total number of GI events from 1095 to 1085, and in the total cost of GI AEs from $2,978,400 to $2,949,840. This cost reduction translates to a net savings of $22,922 after factoring in drug cost. For individual GI events, the net savings were $26,491 for nausea; $12,212 for vomiting; and $7187 for constipation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using tapentadol IR in place of a traditional μ-opioid shows the potential for reduced GI events and subsequent cost-savings in the postsurgical hospital setting. In the absence of sufficient real-world data, this literature-based cost calculator may assist hospital Pharmacy & Therapeutics committees in their evaluation of the costs of opioid-related GI events.
authors.affiliation: Independent Research Consultant, Vigilytics LLC, Victor, NY.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.affiliation: Independent Research Consultant, Ck Consulting Associates, LLC, St Helena Island, SC.
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kozma
authors.affiliation: Associate Director, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC.
authors.forename: Wing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Formerly a contractor with Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC.
authors.forename: Anisha M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Director, Translational Science Team, Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ.
authors.forename: Samir H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.affiliation: Executive Director, Epidemiology, Medical Affairs, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Myoung S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim