title: Feasibility of prostate robotic radiation therapy on conventional C-arm linacs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Significant dosimetric improvement for radiation therapy using optimized noncoplanar fields has been previously demonstrated. The purpose here is to study the feasibility of optimized robotic noncoplanar radiation therapy, termed 4π therapy, for prostate cancer treatments on a conventional C-arm linac.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve low-risk prostate cancer patients previously treated by 2-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were selected. Forty gray in 5 fractions were prescribed to cover 95% of the prostate planning target volume (PTV). To replan by 4π therapy, a column generation method was used to optimize beam orientations and fluence. A total of 30 beams were selected for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both planning methods provided adequate PTV coverage. Compared against VMAT plans, the 4π plan reduced the rectum V50%, V80%, V90%, D1cc, and the penile bulb maximum doses by 50%, 28%, 19% 11%, and 9% (P < .005), respectively, and the mean body dose was reduced from 2.07 Gy to 1.75 Gy (P = .0001). The bladder dose was only slightly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By optimizing beam angles and fluences in the noncoplanar solution space, superior prostate treatment plan quality was achieved compared against state of the art VMAT plans. The dosimetric potential for 4π therapy is established on an existing C-arm linac platform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Operations, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Operations, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romeijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kupelian
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Yingli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: ksheng@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sheng
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed