title: Macrophages promote coal tar pitch extract-induced tumorigenesis of BEAS-2B cells and tumor metastasis in nude mice mediated by AP-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to evaluate the role of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) on the promotion of coal tar pitch extract (CTPE)-induced tumorigenesis of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and tumor metastasis in nude mice, and related mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  BEAS-2B cells were first treated with 2.4 mg/mL CTPE for 72 hours. After removal of CTPE, the cells were continuously cultured and passaged using trypsin-EDTA. THP-1 cells were used as macrophage-like cells. BEAS-2B cells under different conditions (n=6/ group) were injected into the back necks of nude mice, and alterations of tumor xenograft growth, indicative of tumorigenicity, and tumor metastasis were determined. Pathological changes (tumor nests and microvascular lesions) of HE-stained tumor tissues were also evaluated. The expression of AP-1(c-Jun) in xenografts and metastatic tumors was determined using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor size and weight in nude mice transplanted with the mixture of CTPE-induced passage 30 BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells (2:1) were increased compared to those from the CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells at passage 30 alone at different observation time points. Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes and liver was only detected after transplantation of a mixture the two kinds of cells. The numbers of tumor nests and microvascular lesions, and the expression levels of AP-1 (c-Jun) in tumors from the mixture of two kinds of cells were increased apparently in contrast to those in tumor from the CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells of passage 30 alone. In addition, there was positive correlation between AP-1 (c-Jun) expression level and the number of microvascular lesions, or between AP-1 (c-Jun) expression level and tumor metastasis in these two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAMs not only facilitate tumorigenesis transformation of CTPE-induced BEAS-2B cells, but also promote tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in nude mice in vivo, which may be mediated by AP-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, China E-mail : feifeifeng@zzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yue-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Yong-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhi-Tao
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fei-Fei
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003033:Coal Tar / Q000009:adverse effects*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D003033:Coal Tar