title: Investigation of probiotic bacteria as dental caries and periodontal disease biotherapeutics.
abstract: Oral diseases, specifically dental caries and periodontal disease, are characterised by increases in pathogenic microorganisms, increased demineralisation and increased inflammation and levels of inflammatory markers. Despite the therapeutic strategies, oral diseases have elevated prevalence rates. Recent work has demonstrated that probiotic bio-therapeutics can decrease oral pathogen counts, including caries-causing Streptococcus mutans and oral inflammation. The aim of this work was to investigate putative probiotic bacteria, selected for S. mutans inhibition and for their oral health-promoting characteristics. The probiotic bacteria were screened for S. mutans inhibition, probiotic bacteriocin activity, salivary pH modulation, probiotic nutrient (sucrose) competition, probiotic co-aggregation with S. mutans, bacterial attachment to oral epithelial keratinocytes, bacterial nitric oxide production and bacterial antioxidant activity. The results indicate that Lactobacillus reuteri strains NCIMB 701359, NCIMB 701089, NCIMB 702655 and NCIMB 702656 inhibited S. mutans to non-detectable levels (<10 cfu/ml). L. reuteri strains also demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity of the tested strains (7.73-13.99 µM Trolox equivalents), suggesting their use as both caries and periodontal disease therapeutics. Although Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 inhibited S. mutans at lower levels, it significantly buffered the pH (4.18) of saliva containing S. mutans, co-aggregated with S. mutans (10.09%), demonstrated high levels of sucrose consumption (138.11 mM) and successfully attached to gingival epithelial cells (11%). This study identified four L. reuteri strains and one L. fermentum strain to be further investigated as oral disease biotherapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomaro-Duchesneau
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodes
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000898:Antibiosis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000378:metabolism; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D052197:Limosilactobacillus fermentum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D001430:Bacteriocins
keywords: Lactobacillus; Streptococcus mutans; dental caries; oral disease; probiotic