title: Temporal relationship between hospital admissions for pneumonia and weather conditions in Shanghai, China: a time-series analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between weather conditions and hospital admissions for pneumonia in Shanghai.
  
  
  METHODS
  A time-series analysis was performed for a period of 4 years (January 2008-December 2011). A generalised additive model was used to calculate the relative risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  All daily hospital admissions for pneumonia were obtained from the Shanghai health insurance system between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2011 (n=99 403).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relationship between the mean temperature and pneumonia hospital admissions followed a V-shaped curve, with an optimum temperature (OT) at 13°C. When the mean temperature was below the OT, a 1°C decrease corresponded to a 4.88% (95% CI 2.71% to 7.09%) and 5.34% (95% CI 2.04% to 8.74%) increase in pneumonia hospital admissions in lag 4 using a single-day lag structure and lag 0-7 using a multiday lag structure. When the mean temperature ≥OT, no adverse effects from the temperature on pneumonia hospital admissions were found. The magnitude of the effects of temperature varied across gender and age groups. Hospitalisations for pneumonia increased by 15.99% (95% CI 0.06% to 34.46%) in the cold period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold temperature may be one of the important risk factors for pneumonia hospitalisations. Prevention programmes are needed to reduce the impact of cold temperature on pneumonia hospitalisations such as developing a weather warning system within a wide public health context.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China Fudan Tyndall Centre, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Urban Environmental Meteorology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Health and Climate Foundation, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Urban Environmental Meteorology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Center for Urban Environmental Meteorology, Shanghai, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China Fudan Tyndall Centre, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weibing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather
keywords: generalized additive model; pneumonia; temperature; time-series