title: Mesoporous silicon sponge as an anti-pulverization structure for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes.
abstract: Nanostructured silicon is a promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, yet scalable synthesis of such materials, and retaining good cycling stability in high loading electrode remain significant challenges. Here we combine in-situ transmission electron microscopy and continuum media mechanical calculations to demonstrate that large (>20 μm) mesoporous silicon sponge prepared by the anodization method can limit the particle volume expansion at full lithiation to ~30% and prevent pulverization in bulk silicon particles. The mesoporous silicon sponge can deliver a capacity of up to ~750 mAh g(-1) based on the total electrode weight with >80% capacity retention over 1,000 cycles. The first cycle irreversible capacity loss of pre-lithiated electrode is <5%. Bulk electrodes with an area-specific-capacity of ~1.5 mAh cm(-2) and ~92% capacity retention over 300 cycles are also demonstrated. The insight obtained from this work also provides guidance for the design of other materials that may experience large volume variation during operations.
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Shenyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Rhiannon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kennard
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Xilin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Chongmin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sailor
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Guang
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu