title: N-Phenacylthiazolium bromide inhibits the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-AGE receptor axis to modulate experimental periodontitis in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in the inflammatory process and are considered to be etiologic factors of diabetic periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB), a glycated cross-link breaker, in the modulation of periodontitis in various disease phases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mitogenesis and cytotoxicity of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) undergoing PTB treatment were evaluated in vitro. In vivo biomodulation was investigated by systemically administering PTB in the induction, progression, and recovery phases of ligature-induced periodontitis in rats, with the results evaluated by microcomputed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry of the AGE and AGE receptor (RAGE), and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), RAGE, periostin, fibronectin, and type I collagen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly promoted mitogenesis and reduced cytotoxicity of hPDLCs were noted with 0.05 to 0.1 mM PTB treatment at 24 hours. Systemic PTB administration significantly reduced periodontal bone loss, AGE deposition, and expressions of TNF-α and RAGE but elevated the periostin level in all three phases of periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTB inhibits the induction and progression of periodontitis and facilitates its recovery via improving cellular viability and inhibiting the AGE-RAGE axis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Chun
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Sheng-Chueh
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Li Yen
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Man-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000032:analysis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000032:analysis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D024042:Collagen Type I; D005353:Fibronectins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D013844:Thiazoles; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C101705:N-phenacylthiazolium bromide; C512836:Postn protein, rat
keywords: Gene expression; advanced; glycosylation end products; immunohistochemistry; periodontitis; thiazoles; x-ray microtomography