title: Improving patient safety in the radiation oncology setting through crew resource management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper demonstrates how the communication patterns and protocol rigors of a methodology called crew resource management (CRM) can be adapted to a radiation oncology environment to create a culture of patient safety. CRM training was introduced to our comprehensive radiation oncology department in the autumn of 2009. With 34 full-time equivalent staff, we see 100-125 patients daily on 2 hospital campuses. We were assisted by a consulting group with considerable experience in helping hospitals incorporate CRM principles and practices. Implementation steps included developing change initiative skills for key leaders, providing training in teamwork and communications, creating site-specific tools for safety and efficiency, and collecting data to document results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our goals were to improve patient safety, teamwork, communication, and efficiency through the use of tools we developed that emphasized teamwork and communication, cross-checking, and routinizing specific protocols. Our CRM plan relies on the following 4 pillars: patient identification methods; "pause for the cause"; enabling all staff to halt treatment and question decisions; and daily morning meetings. We discuss some of the hurdles to change we encountered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our safety record has improved. Our near-miss rate before CRM implementation averaged 11 per month; our near-miss rate currently averages 1.2 per month. In the 5 years prior to CRM implementation, we experienced 1 treatment deviation per year, although none rose to the level of "mis-administration." Since implementing CRM, our current patient treatment setup and delivery process has eliminated all treatment deviations. Our practices have identified situations where ambiguity or conflicting documentation could have resulted in inappropriate treatment or treatment inefficiencies. Our staff members have developed an extraordinary sense of teamwork combined with a high degree of personal responsibility to assure patient safety and have spoken up when they considered something potentially unsafe. We have increased our efficiency (and profitability); in 2012, our units of service were up 11.3% over 2009 levels with the same staffing level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rigor and standardization introduced into our practice, combined with the increase in communication and teamwork have improved both safety and efficiency while improving both staff and patient satisfaction. CRM principles are highly adaptable and applicable to the radiation oncology setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida; Radiology Associates of Hollywood, Pembroke Pines, Florida. Electronic address: SSundararaman@mhs.net.
authors.forename: Srinath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundararaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida; Radiology Associates of Hollywood, Pembroke Pines, Florida.
authors.forename: Angela E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Babbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, Florida.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Performance Breakthroughs and Strategy, LifeWings Partners, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Doss
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards*