title: Cognitive and psychomotor development of 5- to 6-year-old singletons born after PGD: a prospective case-controlled matched study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Do preschool preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) children differ in their cognitive and psychomotor development from children born after ICSI and spontaneous conception (SC)?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cognitive development of PGD pre-schoolers was comparable to children born after ICSI and SC but motor development differed between ICSI and SC groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cognitive abilities and motor skills of 5- to 6-year-old singletons born after PGD (n = 47) were assessed in comparison with 49 ICSI and 48 SC children in a prospective, case-controlled, matched follow-up study between April 2011 and May 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  PGD singletons, ICSI and SC children of preschool age were examined with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSSI-III-NL) and the Movement ABC (M ABC). The WPSSI-III-NL revealed scores for Full IQ, Verbal IQ and Performance IQ. The M ABC yields a total score and comprising scores for measurements of balance, dexterity and ball skills. Since embryo biopsy is the only technical difference between the PGD and ICSI procedures, ICSI children were included as controls. These children were part of a Dutch-speaking cohort of children conceived after assisted reproduction technology (ART) at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel) who received longitudinal follow-up. The SC children acted as a second control group similar to the fertile PGD sample and in contrast to the ICSI group. The SC group was recruited through announcements in a variety of media. The children were matched for age, gender, birth order and educational level of the mother. The assessments carried out for the ART groups were blinded whenever possible. The data were analysed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and partial eta squared (η(2)), which was used as a measurement of effect size.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall cognitive development of PGD singletons did not differ from controls [P = 0.647, η(2) = 0.006; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0, 0.043)]. The partial IQ scores for Verbal and Performance intelligence revealed similar results. Analysis of motor development based on the total score as well as subscales did indicate a significant difference between the three conception groups [P = 0.033, η(2) = 0.050, 95% CI (0, 0.124)]. Post hoc analysis indicated that the significant difference was situated between performances of ICSI and SC children. Balance capacities [P = 0.004, η(2) = 0.079, 95% CI (0.025, 0.163)] and its post hoc analysis yielded equivalent results. Motor capacities of PGD singletons, however, did not differ from any of the two other conception groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that we only assessed Caucasian singletons born after PGD, caution is required when drawing more general inferences from our results. The small sample size may be a limitation. A priori power analysis, however, revealed that at least 52 children per group were needed to detect a medium effect and 80% power using ANCOVA. Originally our sample met this threshold but we had to exclude six cases in order to remove outliers and due to missing data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term follow-up of children born after embryo biopsy, in this case for PGD, is needed to confirm that the development of these children remains comparable to ICSI and SC children. Our findings do support the safety of the PGD technique and will reassure patients with hereditary genetic diseases regarding the health of their future offspring conceived with PGD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Funding for this study was obtained from the OZR (Research group of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel), the FWO (Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) and the Wetenschappelijk Fonds Willy Gepts. The UZ Brussel and the Centre of Medical Genetics received funding from pharmaceutical firms for data collection. UZ Brussel and the Centre for Medical Genetics have received many educational grants for organizing the data collection, from IBSA, Ferring, Organon, Shering-Plough, Merck and Merck Belgium. M.B. has received consultancy and speaker's fees from Organon, Serono Symposia and Merck.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium christiane.winter@uzbrussel.be.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: Open Universiteit, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Acker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonduelle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desmyttere
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Schrijver
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Lifespan Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium Centre for Medical Genetics, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nekkebroeck
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
keywords: PGD; children; cognitive development; follow-up; motor outcome