title: Increased immunoglobulin production  in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)  exposed to agrichemicals.
abstract: Fish vaccination has been increasingly exploited as a tool to control pathogen infection. The production of immunoglobulin following vaccination might be affected by several factors such as management procedures, water temperature, and the presence of xenobiotics. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the kinetics of immunoglobulin production in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) inoculated with inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila and kept at two different water temperatures (17.4±0.46 or 21.3±0.36C). The effect of a second antigen inoculation and exposure of fish to sublethal concentrations of the herbicides atrazine and glyphosate at 10% of the lethal concentration (LC50-96h) on specific serum antibodies were also investigated. Antibodies to A. hydrophila were detected as early as 7 days post-inoculation and increased steadily up to 35 days. The kinetics of antibody production were similar in fish kept at 17.4±0.46 and 21.3±0.36C, and reinoculation of antigen at 21 days after priming failed to increase specific antibody levels. Intriguingly, we found that, in fish exposed to atrazine and glyphosate, the secretion of specific antibodies was higher than in non-exposed inoculated fish. These findings are important for the design of vaccines and vaccination strategies in Neotropical fish species. However, because atrazine and glyphosate are widespread contaminants of soil and water, their immune-stimulating effect could be harmful, in that fish living in herbicide-contaminated water might have increased concentrations of nonspecific antibodies that could mediate tissue injury.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kreutz
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barriquel
authors.forename: E D dos
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: L J G
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Barcellos
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D001280:Atrazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002397:Catfishes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D014611:Vaccination; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D001280:Atrazine; D001798:Blood Proteins; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D000097797:Glyphosate