title: Forensic DNA typing strategy of degraded DNA on discarded cigarette ends using the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler®, Identifiler® Plus and MiniFiler™ PCR amplification kits.
abstract: DNA left on a forensic sample is often prone to degradation, especially if left to the elements. To maximize the chance of retrieving the most information from such compromised DNA, an appropriate profiling scheme using the available technologies needs to be devised. In this study, a total of 62 cigarette ends collected under different conditions of environmental exposure were employed to test the effectiveness of three DNA amplification kits, namely the Applied Biosystems™ AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler®, Identifiler® Plus and MiniFiler™ PCR Amplification Kits, in the profiling of such compromised DNA. We demonstrated that Identifiler® Plus could substitute Identifiler® to improve the effectiveness of profiling for those inhibited cigarette samples. MiniFiler™, on the other hand, could supplement Identifiler®/Identifiler® Plus profiles and provide additional genetic information to enhance the evidential value of the samples, especially for those that have suffered from DNA degradation to a greater extent. The findings in this work allowed us to propose a DNA profiling strategy as follow: 1) samples yielding complete Identifiler®/Identifiler® Plus profiles require no further testing with MiniFiler™; 2) samples yielding partial single-source profiles to be tested with MiniFiler™ to add genetic information; 3) samples yielding no results are unlikely to yield any results with MiniFiler™.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Division, Government Laboratory, Homantin Government Offices, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: cyip@govtlab.gov.hk.
authors.forename: Stephen C Y
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Division, Government Laboratory, Homantin Government Offices, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Sze-wah
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Division, Government Laboratory, Homantin Government Offices, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Division, Government Laboratory, Homantin Government Offices, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kam-ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D053836:DNA Degradation, Necrotic; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D062789:Tobacco Products
keywords: Cigarette end; Degradation; Identifiler; Identifiler Plus; Inhibition; MiniFiler