title: Comparison of ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks and intravenous morphine for control of post-orchidopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study is a prospective randomized double-blinded study that designed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of postoperative pain control and incidence of complications between ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block and intravenous morphine in paediatric patients undergoing unilateral orchidopexy in day surgery unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients aged 2-12 years were randomly allocated to two groups of thirty five. One group received intravenous morphine 100 microgram/kg before skin incision and the other group had ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block with 0.25 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.5% also before skin incision. All patients have received standardized anaesthesia. Postoperative pain was assessed using 0 - 10 scale at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 postoperative hours, also the intraoperative fentanyl requirements, time to first postoperative analgesia, the total number of paracetamol doses and any extra analgesic requirements were recorded, side effects like respiratory depression, vomiting, itching, inguinal hematoma and lower limb weakness were assessed during the first 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores were significantly lower in the morphine group compared to the block group on admission and one hour after admission to the postanaesthesia care unit, no significant difference in pain score on 2nd, 3rd and 4th postoperative hours. The total number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was significantly higher in the block group compared to morphine group, there was no significant difference in the duration of analgesia, number of total paracetamol doses, need for extra analgesics in both groups over the 24 postoperative hours. None of the seventy patients experienced postoperative respiratory depression, inguinal hematoma or lower limb weakness, but significantly more patients in morphine group experienced vomiting and itching compared to the block group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block and intravenous morphine administered following general anaesthesia for unilateral orchidopexy in day surgery unit are safe and effective in controlling postoperative pain, morphine analgesia had a higher incidence of postoperative vomiting and itching.
authors.forename: Khaled R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Al-Zaben
authors.forename: Ibraheem Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Qudaisat
authors.forename: Sami A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abu-Halaweh
authors.forename: Walid S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Zuabi
authors.forename: Hashem M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Momani
authors.forename: Nader M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albsoul
authors.forename: Faisal A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Khatib
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D056126:Orchiopexy; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine