title: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of gnateaters (Passeriformes, Conopophagidae) in the South America forests.
abstract: We inferred the phylogenetic relationships, divergence time and biogeography of Conopophagidae (gnateaters) based on sequence data of mitochondrial genes (ND2, ND3 and cytb) and nuclear introns (TGFB2 and G3PDH) from 45 tissue samples (43 Conopophaga and 2 Pittasoma) representing all currently recognized species of the family and the majority of subspecies. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Divergence time estimates were obtained based on a Bayesian relaxed clock model. These chronograms were used to calculate diversification rates and reconstruct ancestral areas of the genus Conopophaga. The phylogenetic analyses support the reciprocal monophyly of the two genera, Conopophaga and Pittasoma. All species were monophyletic with the exception of C. lineata, as C. lineata cearae did not cluster with the other two C. lineata subspecies. Divergence time estimates for Conopophagidae suggested that diversification took place during the Neogene, and that the diversification rate within Conopophaga clade was highest in the late Miocene, followed by a slower diversification rate, suggesting a diversity-dependent pattern. Our analyses of the diversification of family Conopophagidae provided a scenario for evolution in Terra Firme forest across tropical South America. The spatio-temporal pattern suggests that Conopophaga originated in the Brazilian Shield and that a complex sequence of events possibly related to the Andean uplift and infilling of former sedimentation basins and erosion cycles shaped the current distribution and diversity of this genus.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: henrique.batalha@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Batalha-Filho
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Pessoa
authors.affiliation: Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre-Henri
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fjeldså
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irestedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per G P
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Miyaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D065928:Forests; D007438:Introns; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008957:Models, Genetic; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013020:South America
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Amazonia; Andes; Atlantic Forest; Conopophaga; Neotropical region; Pittasoma