title: Pasture size effects on the ability of off-stream water or restricted stream access to alter the spatial/temporal distribution of grazing beef cows.
abstract: For 2 grazing seasons, effects of pasture size, stream access, and off-stream water on cow distribution relative to a stream were evaluated in six 12.1-ha cool-season grass pastures. Two pasture sizes (small [4.0 ha] and large [12.1 ha]) with 3 management treatments (unrestricted stream access without off-stream water [U], unrestricted stream access with off-stream water [UW], and stream access restricted to a stabilized stream crossing [R]) were alternated between pasture sizes every 2 wk for 5 consecutive 4-wk intervals in each grazing season. Small and large pastures were stocked with 5 and 15 August-calving cows from mid May through mid October. At 10-min intervals, cow location was determined with Global Positioning System collars fitted on 2 to 3 cows in each pasture and identified when observed in the stream (0-10 m from the stream) or riparian (0-33 m from the stream) zones and ambient temperature was recorded with on-site weather stations. Over all intervals, cows were observed more (P ≤ 0.01) frequently in the stream and riparian zones of small than large pastures regardless of management treatment. Cows in R pastures had 24 and 8% less (P < 0.01) observations in the stream and riparian zones than U or UW pastures regardless of pasture size. Off-stream water had little effect on the presence of cows in or near pasture streams regardless of pasture size. In 2011, the probability of cow presence in the stream and riparian zones increased at greater (P < 0.04) rates as ambient temperature increased in U and UW pastures than in 2010. As ambient temperature increased, the probability of cow presence in the stream and riparian zones increased at greater (P < 0.01) rates in small than large pastures. Across pasture sizes, the probability of cow presence in the stream and riparian zone increased less (P < 0.01) with increasing ambient temperatures in R than U and UW pastures. Rates of increase in the probability of cow presence in shade (within 10 m of tree drip lines) in the total pasture with increasing temperatures did not differ between treatments. However, probability of cow presence in riparian shade increased at greater (P < 0.01) rates in small than large pastures. Pasture size was a major factor affecting congregation of cows in or near pasture streams with unrestricted access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bisinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science jrussell@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science.
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Morrical
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Isenhart
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D009043:Motor Activity; D006109:Poaceae; D045483:Rivers; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014881:Water Supply; D014887:Weather
keywords: beef cow; distribution; grazing; off-stream water; pasture size; stream access