title: Role of character strengths in outcome after mild complicated to severe traumatic brain injury: a positive psychology study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of character strengths on psychosocial outcomes after mild complicated to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study with consecutive enrollment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Midwestern rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with mild complicated to severe TBI (N=65).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community Integration Measure, Disability Rating Scale, Modified Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Values in Action Inventory of Strengths, and Wechsler Test of Adult Reading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Character virtues and strengths were moderately associated with subjective outcomes, such that there were fewer and less strong associations between character virtues/strengths and objective outcomes than subjective outcomes. Specifically, positive attributes were associated with greater life satisfaction and perceived community integration. Fewer and less strong associations were observed for objective well-being; however, character strengths and virtues showed unique value in predicting physical health and disability. Positive affectivity was not meaningfully related to objective outcomes, but it was significantly related to subjective outcomes. In contrast, negative affectivity was related to objective but not subjective outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the strength of the associations between positive aspects of character or ways of perceiving the world and positive feelings about one's current life situation, treatments focused on facilitating these virtues and strengths in persons who have experienced TBI may result in better perceived outcomes and potentially subsequently lower comorbidities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI. Electronic address: rhanks@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rapport
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Brigid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waldron-Perrine
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Millis
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002605:Character; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D058992:Social Participation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Brain injuries; Community integration; Comorbidity; Patient outcome assessment; Quality of life; Rehabilitation