title: A taxonomy and results from a comprehensive review of 28 maternal health voucher programmes.
abstract: It is increasingly clear that Millennium Development Goal 4 and 5 will not be achieved in many low- and middle-income countries with the weakest gains among the poor. Recognizing that there are large inequalities in reproductive health outcomes, the post-2015 agenda on universal health coverage will likely generate strategies that target resources where maternal and newborn deaths are the highest. In 2012, the United States Agency for International Development convened an Evidence Summit to review the knowledge and gaps on the utilization of financial incentives to enhance the quality and uptake of maternal healthcare. The goal was to provide donors and governments of the low- and middle-income countries with evidence-informed recommendations on practice, policy, and strategies regarding the use of financial incentives, including vouchers, to enhance the demand and supply of maternal health services. The findings in this paper are intended to guide governments interested in maternal health voucher programmes with recommendations for sustainable implementation and impact. The Evidence Summit undertook a systematic review of five financing strategies. This paper presents the methods and findings for vouchers, building on a taxonomy to catalogue knowledge about voucher programme design and functionality. More than 120 characteristics under five major categories were identified: programme principles (objectives and financing); governance and management; benefits package and beneficiary targeting; providers (contracting and service pricing); and implementation arrangements (marketing, claims processing, and monitoring and evaluation). Among the 28 identified maternal health voucher programmes, common characteristics included: a stated objective to increase the use of services among the means-tested poor; contracted-out programme management; contracting either exclusively private facilities or a mix of public and private providers; prioritizing community-based distribution of vouchers; and tracking individual claims for performance purposes. Maternal voucher programmes differed on whether contracted providers were given training on clinical or administrative issues; whether some form of service verification was undertaken at facility or community-level; and the relative size of programme management costs in the overall programme budget. Evidence suggests voucher programmes can serve populations with national-level impact. Reaching scale depends on whether the voucher programme can: (i) keep management costs low, (ii) induce a large demand-side response among the bottom two quintiles, and (iii) achieve a quality of care that translates a greater number of facility-based deliveries into a reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality.
authors.forename: Ben W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bellows
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Higgs
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Matta G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nahed
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Corinne G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okal
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gorter
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007229:Infant Welfare / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D038622:Internationality; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data