title: Cutaneous exposure scenarios for engineered nanoparticles used in semiconductor fabrication: a preliminary investigation of workplace surface contamination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies are ongoing in the fields of nanotoxicology and exposure science; however, gaps remain in identifying and evaluating potential exposures from skin contact with engineered nanoparticles in occupational settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify potential cutaneous exposure scenarios at a workplace using engineered nanoparticles (alumina, ceria, amorphous silica) and evaluate the presence of these materials on workplace surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Process review, workplace observations, and preliminary surface sampling were conducted using microvacuum and wipe sample collection methods and transmission electron microscopy with elemental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure scenarios were identified with potential for incidental contact. Nanoparticles of silica or silica and/or alumina agglomerates (or aggregates) were identified in surface samples from work areas where engineered nanoparticles were used or handled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional data are needed to evaluate occupational exposures from skin contact with engineered nanoparticles; precautionary measures should be used to minimize potential cutaneous exposures in the workplace.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002563:Cerium / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007221:Industry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012666:Semiconductors; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014618:Vacuum; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D000537:Aluminum Oxide
keywords: Cutaneous,; Dermal,; Nanoparticle,; Occupational exposure,; Skin,; Surface sample