title: In vitro effects of two topical varnish materials and Er:YAG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets.
abstract: The aim of this in vitro was to evaluate the effects of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) containing varnish materials and Er:YAG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Forty extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into four treatment groups (i.e., 10 in each group): (1) 5% NaF-ACP varnish, (2) 5% NaF-TCP varnish, (3) Er:YAG laser, and (4) control (no treatment). Er:YAG laser was operated at a wavelength of 2.94 μm and the energy output was 80 mJ per pulse; a pulse duration of 200 μsec and and a frequency of 2 Hz were used with water cooling. All samples were then put into pH cycles. Surface microhardness values and representative SEM images were assessed. Surface microhardness values were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results revealed that demineralization was significantly lower in the TCP and ACP varnish groups, whereas mean surface microhardness values of the TCP varnish were found higher than the ACP (P < 0.05). TCP and ACP varnish materials were found effective for reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Use of Er:YAG laser irradiation as described in this study for inhibition of demineralization was found not satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bagdat Caddesi No. 238, Goztepe, Kadikoy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyza
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7791-6979
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ulkur
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bagdat Caddesi No. 238, Goztepe, Kadikoy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sungurtekin Ekçi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bagdat Caddesi No. 238, Goztepe, Kadikoy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4432-6072
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nalbantgil
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bagdat Caddesi No. 238, Goztepe, Kadikoy, 34728 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuket
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandalli
mesh_terms: D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010150:Paint
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials