title: Roles of Ki-67, p53, transforming growth factor-β and lysyl oxidase in the metastasis of lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most lung cancer (LC) patients have metastatic disease at time of diagnosis, which influence the treatment regimen and is the most important prognostic factor. The main purpose of our study was to evaluate the relationship between cell proliferation (Ki-67 label index), p53, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and lysyl oxidase (LOX), and the metastatic stages of different lung cancers. The secondary aim was to correlate these parameters with the standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary lesion during positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five treatment-naive patients with LC were enrolled. All patients were examined with PET-CT. Ki-67, p53, TGF-β and LOX were evaluated histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) showed the most intense staining in all parameters. A well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (AC) demonstrated a more diffuse and intense staining than squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There was no statistically significant relationship between the four parameters and metastases of SCLC and SCC. However, a significant relationship between TGF-β, LOX and metastatic AC was demonstrated with regards to diffusivity and intensity. p53 and Ki-67 did not show a significant relationship. No correlation between SCLC and SCC and SUVmax was found. However, in AC, the diffusivity and intensity of the LOX and p53 staining showed a statistically significant relationship to the SUVmax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LOX and TGF-β may play roles in metastatic AC. LOX and TGF-β may become markers of metastatic disease and inhibition could be explored for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Araz
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.forename: Elif Yilmazel
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.forename: Muhammet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calik
authors.forename: Adem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karaman
authors.forename: Irmak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Durur-Subasi
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orsal
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subasi
authors.forename: Ferah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Daloglu
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akgun
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase
keywords: Ki-67; TGF-β.; lung cancer; lysyl oxidase; p53