title: Three-dimensional speckle tracking of the right ventricle: toward optimal quantification of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) systolic function largely depends on right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Three-dimensional speckle tracking (3D-ST) has been used extensively to quantify left ventricular function, but its value for RV assessment has not been established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to prospectively assess whether 3D-ST would be a reliable method for assessing RV systolic function and whether strain values were associated with survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiographic assessment, 3D-ST of the RV free wall, and measurement of RVEF was performed in 97 consecutive patients with established pulmonary hypertension (PHT) (RVEF 31.4 ± 9.6%, right ventricular systolic pressure [RVSP] 76.5 ± 26.2 mm Hg) and 60 healthy volunteers (RVEF 43.8 ± 9.4%, RVSP 25.9 ± 4.3 mm Hg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Area strain (AS) (-24.3 ± 7.3 vs. -30.8 ± 7.2; p < 0.001), radial strain (23.2 ± 14.4 vs. 34.9 ± 18.2; p < 0.001), longitudinal strain (LS) (-15.5 ± 3.8 vs. -17.9 ± 4.4; p = 0.001), and circumferential strain (CS) (-12.2 ± 4.5 vs. -15.7 ± 6.1; p < 0.001) were all reduced in patients with PHT, compared with normal individuals. AS and CS strongly correlated to RVEF (r = 0.851, r = -0.711; p < 0.001). Systolic dyssynchrony index was greater in PHT (0.14 ± 0.06 vs. 0.11 ± 0.07; p = 0.003) and correlated to RVEF (r = -0.563, p < 0.001). AS (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21 to 7.07; p = 0.017), CS (HR: 4.17; 95% CI: 1.93 to 12.97; p < 0.001), LS (HR: 7.63; 95% CI: 1.76 to 10.27; p = 0.001), and RVEF (HR: 2.43; 95 CI: 1.00 to 5.92; p = 0.050) were significant determinants of all-cause mortality. Only AS (p = 0.029) and age (p = 0.087) were predictive of death after logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PHT patients have reduced RV strain patterns and more dyssynchronous ventricles compared with controls, which was relatable to clinical outcomes. AS best correlated with RVEF and provides prognostic information independent of other variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Benjamin C F
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charalampopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grapsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: petros@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: 3-dimensional imaging; echocardiography; pulmonary hypertension; right ventricle; speckle tracking