title: Acute alcohol intoxication and long-term outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The effect of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is controversial. We sought to assess the independent effect of positive BAC on long-term outcome in patients with TBI treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). We performed a retrospective analysis of 405 patients with TBI, admitted to the ICU of a large urban Level 1 trauma center between January 2009 and December 2012. Outcome was six-month mortality and unfavorable neurological outcome (defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 [death], 2, [vegetative state], or 3 [severe disability]). Patients were categorized by admission BAC into: no BAC (0.0‰; n=99), low BAC (<2.3‰; n=140) and high BAC (≥2.3‰; n=166). Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for baseline risk and severity of illness, was used to assess the independent effect of BAC on outcome (using the no BAC group as the reference). Overall six-month mortality was 25% and unfavorable outcome was 46%. Multivariate analysis showed low BAC to independently reduce risk of six-month mortality compared with no BAC (low BAC adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.88, p=0.021) and high BAC (AOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.29-1.15, p=0.120). Furthermore, a trend towards reduced risk of six-month unfavorable neurological outcome for patients with positive BAC, compared to patients with negative BAC, was noted, although this did not reach statistical significance (low BAC AOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34-1.22, p=0.178, and high BAC AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.32-1.09, p=0.089). In conclusion, low admission BAC (<2.3‰) was found to independently reduce risk of six-month mortality for patients with TBI, and a trend towards improved long-term neurological outcome was found for BAC-positive patients. The role of alcohol as a neuroprotective agent warrants further studies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, Finland .
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Markus B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Skrifvars
authors.forename: Riku
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kivisaari
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernesniemi
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siironen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: alcohol; mortality; outcome; prognosis; traumatic brain injury