title: The prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a complication which may develop after exposure to iodinated contrast media. The resulting acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with an increase in both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality, increased hospital length of stay, and greater health care costs. The pathophysiological mechanism associated with the development of CIN remains unknown. This narrative review summarizes the pathophysiology, risk factors, and current evidence for the prevention of CIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE literature search (2004-May 2014) was performed using search terms contrast-induced nephropathy and prevention. Additional references were identified from literature citations, review articles, and meta-analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstracts of English-language human clinical trials that examined therapies for the prevention of CIN were evaluated. Studies that did not investigate a preventative intervention for CIN were excluded. Emphasis was placed on recent publications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multitude of therapies focused on the prevention of CIN have been investigated. Unfortunately, many of these studies have produced negative and/or inconsistent results. There is a paucity of adequately designed clinical studies evaluating strategies for the prevention of CIN. However, the best data supports use of preprocedural hydration with isotonic solution as the standard of care for prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the poor prognosis associated with CIN, there is need for improved methods to prevent it. At present, the best tools to protect patients from unnecessary risk for CIN are careful assessment of renal function, judicious use of procedures that utilize contrast media, and adequate hydration with isotonic solution.
authors.affiliation: Alegent-Creighton Health, Omaha, NE, USA trangau@creighton.edu.
authors.forename: Trang H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruckner
authors.affiliation: Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Syed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
authors.affiliation: Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hilleman
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: contrast-induced nephropathy