title: Engineering alginate as bioink for bioprinting.
abstract: Recent advances in three-dimensional (3-D) printing offer an excellent opportunity to address critical challenges faced by current tissue engineering approaches. Alginate hydrogels have been used extensively as bioinks for 3-D bioprinting. However, most previous research has focused on native alginates with limited degradation. The application of oxidized alginates with controlled degradation in bioprinting has not been explored. Here, a collection of 30 different alginate hydrogels with varied oxidation percentages and concentrations was prepared to develop a bioink platform that can be applied to a multitude of tissue engineering applications. The authors systematically investigated the effects of two key material properties (i.e. viscosity and density) of alginate solutions on their printabilities to identify a suitable range of material properties of alginates to be applied to bioprinting. Further, four alginate solutions with varied biodegradability were printed with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) into lattice-structured, cell-laden hydrogels with high accuracy. Notably, these alginate-based bioinks were shown to be capable of modulating proliferation and spreading of hADSCs without affecting the structure integrity of the lattice structures (except the highly degradable one) after 8days in culture. This research lays a foundation for the development of alginate-based bioink for tissue-specific tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Dylan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Trusk
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Roger R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Markwald
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. Electronic address: mei@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mei
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D007281:Ink; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020100:Hydrogels; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: Adipose-derived stem cells; Bioink; Bioprinting; Hydrogel scaffold; Oxidized alginate