title: Application of dual-cloud point extraction for the trace levels of copper in serum of different viral hepatitis patients by flame atomic absorption spectrometry: a multivariate study.
abstract: An efficient, innovative preconcentration method, dual-cloud point extraction (d-CPE) has been developed for the extraction and preconcentration of copper (Cu(2+)) in serum samples of different viral hepatitis patients prior to couple with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The d-CPE procedure was based on forming complexes of elemental ions with complexing reagent 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), and subsequent entrapping the complexes in nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114). Then the surfactant rich phase containing the metal complexes was treated with aqueous nitric acid solution, and metal ions were back extracted into the aqueous phase, as second cloud point extraction stage, and finally determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using conventional nebulization. The multivariate strategy was applied to estimate the optimum values of experimental variables for the recovery of Cu(2+) using d-CPE. In optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection and the enrichment factor were 0.046μgL(-1) and 78, respectively. The validity and accuracy of proposed method were checked by analysis of Cu(2+) in certified sample of serum (CRM) by d-CPE and conventional CPE procedure on same CRM. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cu(2+) in serum samples of different viral hepatitis patients and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: salma_arain67@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Salma Aslam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: tgkazi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Rasool
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: haleem_analyst@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdul Haleem
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Panhwar
authors.affiliation: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: khannaeemullah@ymail.com.
authors.lastname: Naeemullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bhittai Medical and Dental College, Mirpurkhas, Sindh 69000, Pakistan. Electronic address: Bsrpathology009@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bhawani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shanker
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan. Electronic address: bilal_ku2004@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Balal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
mesh_terms: D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D009284:Naphthols / Q000737:chemistry; D017830:Octoxynol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009284:Naphthols; C041728:1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D003300:Copper; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40
keywords: Copper; Dual-cloud point extraction; Flame atomic absorption spectrometry; Hepatitis; Serum