title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) facilitated US in detecting lateral neck lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer patients: diagnosis value and enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the value of CEUS as a non-invasive tool in detecting lateral neck metastasis (LNM) and the enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes (LN) for thyroid cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two consecutive patients, who underwent both preoperative non-enhanced US and CEUS examinations, were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent lateral neck dissection (LND). Enhancement patterns of 102 collected LNs matching to CEUS findings were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CEUS detected LNM in 53 of 65 patients, showing a higher sensitivity and accuracy than that of conventional US (p = 0.109 and p = 0.154, respectively). Thirteen patients' surgical procedures were altered by CEUS findings, including nine true positive and four false positive cases. Five patients' surgical procedures were altered by conventional US findings, including two true positive and three false positive cases. Heterogeneous enhancement, perfusion defects, microcalcification, and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were all specific criteria for malignant LNs in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis (p = 0.000 and p = 0.037, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEUS may be a potential tool to facilitate conventional US in detecting LNM. Heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement are useful criteria to distinguish between malignant and benign LNs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • CEUS findings facilitated conventional US in detecting LNM. • Heterogeneous, centripetal/hybrid enhancement, microcalcification and perfusion defects were specific criteria of malignant LNs. • Heterogeneous and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis in multivariate analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Yurong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Pintong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Guogang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D037981:Neck Dissection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media