title: Measurement procedure for absolute broadband infrared up-conversion photoluminescent quantum yields: correcting for absorption/re-emission.
abstract: The internal photoluminescent quantum yield (iPLQY)--defined as the ratio of emitted photons to those absorbed--is an important parameter in the evaluation and application of luminescent materials. The iPLQY is rarely reported due to the complexities in the calibration of such a measurement. Herein, an experimental method is proposed to correct for re-emission, which leads to an underestimation of the absorption under broadband excitation. Although traditionally the iPLQY is measured using monochromatic sources for linear materials, this advancement is necessary for nonlinear materials with wavelength dependent iPLQY, such as the application of up-conversion to solar energy harvesting. The method requires an additional measurement of the emission line shape that overlaps with the excitation and absorption spectra. Through scaling of the emission spectrum, at the long wavelength edge where an overlap of excitation does not occur, it is possible to better estimate the value of iPLQY. The method has been evaluated for a range of nonlinear material concentrations and under various irradiances to analyze the necessity and boundary conditions that favor the proposed method. Use of this refined method is important for a reliable measurement of iPLQY under a broad illumination source such as the Sun.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sean K W
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: MacDougall
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivaturi
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marques-Hueso
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bryce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Richards