title: Acceptability of Global Positioning System technology to survey injecting drug users' movements and social interactions: a pilot study from San Francisco, USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite potential applications for improving health services using GPS technology, little is known about ethical concerns, acceptability, and logistical barriers for their use, particularly among marginalized groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We garnered the insights of people who inject drug (PWID) in San Francisco on these topics.
  
  
  METHODS
  PWID were enrolled through street-outreach (n=20) and an ongoing study (n=4) for 4 focus group discussions. Participants also completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographic characteristics and their numbers and types of interactions with other PWID.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 30.5 years, majorities were male (83.3%) and white (68.2%). Most interacted with other PWID for eating meals and purchasing drugs over the last week; fewer reported interactions such as sexual contact, drug treatment, or work. Participants identified several concerns about carrying GPS devices, including what authorities might do with the data, that other PWID and dealers may suspect them as informants, and adherence to carrying and use. Most felt concerns were surmountable with detailed informed consent on the purpose of the study and practical ways to carry, charge, and hide devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PWID felt data collection on their movements and social interactions with other PWID using GPS can be acceptable with addressing specific concerns. The technology is now in hand to greatly expand the ability to monitor health conditions with respect to the environment and improve the location of prevention, care, and treatment facilities to serve hard to reach, mobile, and hidden populations.
authors.affiliation: Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirzazadeh
authors.affiliation: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.affiliation: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briceno
authors.affiliation: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Navadeh
authors.affiliation: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McFarland
authors.affiliation: Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco California, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012495:San Francisco; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: GPS technology; acceptability; data collection; people who inject drugs