title: Openness predicts cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Openness to experience (O) is a well-established personality factor and is associated with cognitive performance. Little is known about the personality-cognitive relationship in bipolar disorder, an illness with significant variability in mood. Cognitive evaluation is essential in psychopathology assessment as it may reflect underlying disease processes and psychosocial functional capacity. Screening using a proxy personality variable may identify those in need of comprehensive cognitive testing. We hypothesized that O and measures of cognition would associate in both the Bipolar Disorder (BD) and healthy control (HC) samples, whereas neuroticism and extraversion would correlate with cognition only in the BD sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a longitudinal study of BD were used to study the association between personality factors and cognitive measures of attention, executive functioning, memory and fine motor skills. Regression analyses were used to determine the variables that account for the association between personality and cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aspects of O explained significant cognitive variance (~5%) in both groups; this persisted when demographic variables (including BD versus HC status) were considered. Neuroticism and extraversion did not consistently correlate with cognitive performance in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were more females in the HC group who were slightly younger compared to the BD group. We lack direct measures of positive affect, and there is a reliance on a single measure of personality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BD Individuals scoring low on self-reported Openness are potential candidates for more comprehensive cognitive assessments (which represent a limited resource).
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States. Electronic address: dstringe@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Bethany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pester
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Kaley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Angers
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McInnis
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008568:Memory; D009048:Motor Skills; D000075384:Neuroticism; D010551:Personality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognitive functioning; Neuropsychology; Openness to experience; Personality