title: Confounders in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a neuropsychological and quantified EEG study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic alcohol misuse, HCV infection and cirrhosis may cause cognitive alterations. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of alcohol misuse, HCV infection and cirrhosis per se on the neuropsychological and electroencephalogram (EEG) profile and to evaluate the role of alcohol misuse and HCV infections as potential confounding factors in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive neuropsychological profile and EEG spectral parameters were obtained in six age-matched groups of 30 subjects each: (i) HCV-related hepatitis without cirrhosis, (ii) chronic alcohol abusers, (iii) patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, (iv) alcohol-related cirrhosis, (v) cirrhosis not related to alcohol or HCV and (vi) healthy subjects. Cirrhotic patients were matched for MELD score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The factor 'cirrhosis' was associated with low Phonemic Verbal Fluency (PVF) and Difference between Trail Making Test B and A (TMT) (B-A) (P < 0.001). Chronic alcohol misuse was associated with low PVF, TMT (B-A), Memory with Interference Task at 10 (ITM 10) and 30 s (ITM 30) (all P < 0.05). An interaction was found between the factors 'cirrhosis', 'alcohol misuse' and tests (P < 0.01). HCV hepatitis reduced ITM 10 (P < 0.05), but no interaction was found between 'cirrhosis', 'HCV infection' and tests (P = 0.14). The EEG parameters were mainly influenced by 'cirrhosis' (P < 0.05), and EEG alterations were more pronounced in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cirrhosis per se, chronic alcohol misuse and HCV infection were found to be associated with cognitive dysfunction. In patients with cirrhosis, the interaction with alcohol misuse further impinged on brain dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montagnese
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiff
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruzzoli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biancardi
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iannizzi
authors.forename: Pietro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pujatti
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: Gioacchino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leandro
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amodio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications*; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics
keywords: HCV infection; alcohol abuse; cognitive dysfunction; electroencephalogram; minimal hepatic encephalopathy; psychometric tests