title: Structural and functional partitioning of bread wheat chromosome 3B.
abstract: We produced a reference sequence of the 1-gigabase chromosome 3B of hexaploid bread wheat. By sequencing 8452 bacterial artificial chromosomes in pools, we assembled a sequence of 774 megabases carrying 5326 protein-coding genes, 1938 pseudogenes, and 85% of transposable elements. The distribution of structural and functional features along the chromosome revealed partitioning correlated with meiotic recombination. Comparative analyses indicated high wheat-specific inter- and intrachromosomal gene duplication activities that are potential sources of variability for adaption. In addition to providing a better understanding of the organization, function, and evolution of a large and polyploid genome, the availability of a high-quality sequence anchored to genetic maps will accelerate the identification of genes underlying important agronomic traits.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. frederic.choulet@clermont.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Choulet
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Theil
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbe
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Josquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daron
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pingault
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sourdille
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couloux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paux
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangenot
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guilhot
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Gouis
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Balfourier
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1164 Unité de Recherche Génomique Info Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaux
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1164 Unité de Recherche Génomique Info Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jamilloux
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.affiliation: Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellec
authors.affiliation: Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle, INRA, Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaspin
authors.affiliation: Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Slechtitelu 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Safar
authors.affiliation: Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Slechtitelu 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dolezel
authors.affiliation: The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Systems Biology (VIB) and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (Ghent University), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandepoele
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aury
authors.affiliation: Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences, Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berges
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR1164 Unité de Recherche Génomique Info Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Quesneville
authors.affiliation: Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France. CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France. Université d'Evry, CP5706 Evry, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wincker
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France. University Blaise Pascal, UMR1095, Genetics, Diversity and Ecophysiology of Cereals, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, 63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feuillet
mesh_terms: D001939:Bread; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D008540:Meiosis; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011123:Polyploidy; D011544:Pseudogenes; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D014908:Triticum / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D010940:Plant Proteins