title: Sex-specific associations between Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and cognitive domains in late-life depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it is well established that late-life depression is associated with both systemic low-graded inflammation and cognitive impairment, the relation between inflammation and cognition in depressed older persons is still equivocal. The objective of this study is to examine the association between plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations and cognitive functioning in late-life depression, including the potentially moderating role of sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 369 depressed older persons (≥60 years) from The Netherlands study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO) were included. Four cognitive domains, i.e. verbal memory, processing speed, interference control and attention were assessed with three cognitive tests (Stroop test, Wais Digit span test, and Rey's verbal learning test). Multiple linear regression analyses were applied with the four cognitive domains as dependent variables adjusted for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between NGAL levels and specific cognitive domains were sex-specific. In women, higher NGAL levels were associated with impaired verbal memory and lower processing speed. In men, higher NGAL levels were associated with worse interference control. Higher NGAL levels were not associated with attention. No sex-specific associations of either high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) with cognitive functioning were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows sex-specific association of NGAL with cognitive functioning in late-life depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.j.w.naude@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: P J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naudé
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: den Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Comijs
authors.affiliation: University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bosker
authors.affiliation: University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuidersma
authors.affiliation: University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Groenewold
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia and Biobank Antwerp, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P G M
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Luiten
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: U L M
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Eisel
authors.affiliation: University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014706:Verbal Learning
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Cognitive impairment; Executive functioning; IL-6; Inflammation; Lipocalin 2; NESDO; Verbal memory; hsCRP