title: The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe training variations across the annual cycle in Olympic and World Champion endurance athletes, and determine whether these athletes used tapering strategies in line with recommendations in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven elite XC skiers and biathletes (4 male; 28±1 yr, 85±5 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) VO2max, 7 female, 25±4 yr, 73±3 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) VO2max) reported one year of day-to-day training leading up to the most successful competition of their career. Training data were divided into periodization and peaking phases and distributed into training forms, intensity zones and endurance activity forms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Athletes trained ∼800 h/500 sessions x year(-1), including ∼500 h x year(-1) of sport-specific training. Ninety-four percent of all training was executed as aerobic endurance training. Of this, ∼90% was low intensity training (LIT, below the first lactate threshold) and 10% high intensity training (HIT, above the first lactate threshold) by time. Categorically, 23% of training sessions were characterized as HIT with primary portions executed at or above the first lactate turn point. Training volume and specificity distribution conformed to a traditional periodization model, but absolute volume of HIT remained stable across phases. However, HIT training patterns tended to become more polarized in the competition phase. Training volume, frequency and intensity remained unchanged from pre-peaking to peaking period, but there was a 32±15% (P<.01) volume reduction from the preparation period to peaking phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual training data for these Olympic and World champion XC skiers and biathletes conforms to previously reported training patterns of elite endurance athletes. During the competition phase, training became more sport-specific, with 92% performed as XC skiing. However, they did not follow suggested tapering practice derived from short-term experimental studies. Only three out of 11 athletes took a rest day during the final 5 days prior to their most successful competition.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Espen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tønnessen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Sylta
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hem
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ida S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seiler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors