title: Associations of prenatal growth with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and nutritional status in Chilean children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of prenatal growth with nutritional status, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance (IR) was studied in school-age children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was designed linking present data of children with perinatal records. 3325 subjects were enrolled. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and pubertal status were assessed. Blood lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured. Linear associations were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage test. Odds ratios and nonlinear associations were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3290 children (52% females, mean age of 11.4 ± 1 years) were analyzed. Prevalence of obesity, stunting, MS, and IR was 16.0%, 3.6%, 7.3%, and 25.5%, respectively. The strongest positive association was between birth weight (BW) and obesity (OR 2.97 (95% CI 2.01-4.40) at BW ≥ 4,000 g compared to BW 2,500-2,999). The strongest inverse association was between birth length (BL) and stunting (OR 8.70 (95% CI 3.66-20.67) at BL < 48 cm compared to BL 52-53 cm). A U-shaped association between BL and BP ≥ 90th percentile was observed. Significant ORs were also found for MS and IR. Adjustments for present fat mass increased or maintained the most prenatal growth influences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal growth influences MS, IR, and nutritional status. Prenatal growth was more important than present body composition in determining these outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mardones
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnaiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Magister of Nutrition Program, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Paz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villarroel
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Salesa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barja
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farías
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids