title: Comparative hepatic in vitro depletion and metabolite formation of major perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors in Arctic polar bear, beluga whale, and ringed seal.
abstract: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been reported to be among the most concentrated persistent organic pollutants in Arctic marine wildlife. The present study examined the in vitro depletion of major PFOS precursors, N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), as well as metabolite formation using an assay based on enzymatically viable liver microsomes for three top Arctic marine mammalian predators, polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat (Rattus rattus) serving as a general mammalian model and positive control. Rat assays showed that N-EtFOSA (38 nM or 150 ng mL(-1)) to FOSA metabolism was >90% complete after 10 min, and at a rate of 23 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein. Examining all species in a full 90 min incubation assay, there was >95% N-EtFOSA depletion for the rat active control and polar bear microsomes, ∼65% for ringed seals, and negligible depletion of N-EtFOSA for beluga whale. Concomitantly, the corresponding in vitro formation of FOSA from N-EtFOSA was also quantitatively rat≈polar bear>ringed seal>>>beluga whale. A lack of enzymatic ability and/or a rate too slow to be detected likely explains the lack of N-EtFOSA to FOSA transformation for beluga whale. In the same assays, the depletion of the FOSA metabolite was insignificant (p>0.01) and with no concomitant formation of PFOS metabolite. This suggests that, in part, a source of FOSA is the biotransformation of accumulated N-EtFOSA in free-ranging Arctic ringed seal and polar bear.
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada. Electronic address: robert.letcher@ec.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Letcher
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaogang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregg T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Tomy
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001110:Arctic Regions; D050643:Beluga Whale / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007536:Isomerism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001503:Ursidae / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013449:Sulfonamides; C063900:perfluorooctanesulfonamide; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C063732:sulfluramid
keywords: Beluga whale; Hepatic metabolism; In vitro; PFOS precursors; Polar bear; Ringed seal