title: Correlates of foot pain severity in adults with hallux valgus: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hallux valgus (HV) is highly prevalent and associated with progressive first metatarsophalangeal joint subluxation and osteoarthritis. The link between structural HV deformity and foot pain is unclear. This study investigated possible explanatory factors surrounding foot pain in HV, including radiographic HV angle and signs of joint degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 60 adults (53 female) with HV aged 20 to 75 years. Participant demographics and a range of radiographic, clinical and functional measures were considered potential correlates of foot pain. Self-reported foot pain (visual analogue scales and a dichotomous definition) was considered the dependent variable. Multivariate modelling was used to determine which characteristics and measures explained pain, with univariate analyses first used to screen potential variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 20 to 30% of the variance in foot pain associated with HV could be explained by patient characteristics such as poorer general health status, lower educational attainment and increased occupational physical activity levels, in combination with some dynamic physical characteristics such as hallux plantarflexion weakness and reduced force-time integral under the second metatarsal during gait. Neither increasing lateral deviation of the hallux (HV angle) nor presence of first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis was associated with foot pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that passive structural factors, including HV angle, do not appear to be significant correlates of foot pain intensity in HV. Our data demonstrate the importance of considering patient characteristics such as general health and physical activity levels when assessing foot pain associated with HV.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia ; Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheree E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hurn
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Bill T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Vicenzino
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Smith