title: Biodegradation of sulfosulphuron in agricultural soil by Trichoderma sp.
abstract: Sulfosulphuron-degrading fungus was isolated by enrichment technique from the sulfosulphuron-contaminated soil of wheat rhizosphere. To assess the biodegradation potential of isolated Trichoderma sp., minimal potato dextrose agar broth with different levels of sulfosulphuron (up to 2 g l(-1) ) was evaluated in the growth and biotransformation experiments. ESI LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of degradation products 2-amino-4,6-dimethoxypyrimidine (I) and 2-ethylsulfonyl imidazo{1,2-a} pyridine-3-sulfonamide-2-ethylsulfonyl imidazo{1,2-a} pyridine-3-sulfonamide (II) indicating the cleavage of the urea bridge and the presence of the by-product N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)urea (III) indicating the degradation of sulfonylamide linkage. Two other metabolites, N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N'-hydroxyurea (IV) and N, N'-bis(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)urea (V), were also identified. From the previous reports, it was found that the degradation of sulfonyl urea herbicides took place through the chemical degradation of the sulfonylurea bridge followed by microbial degradation. During this investigation, Trichoderma sp. grew well with and degraded sulfosulphuron via both the decarboxylation on the sulphonyl urea bridge and the hydrolytic cleavage of the sulfonylamide linkage as demonstrated by the formation of metabolites. Trichoderma is nonphytopathogenic in nature, and some species of it restrict the growth of soil-dwelling phytopathogens. Therefore, it is a promising candidate for the decontamination of soil from sulfosulphuron residues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The degradation of sulfosulphuron by any individual fungus is being reported for the first time. Trichoderma sp. isolated from wheat-rhizospheric soil could survive in minimal broth rich in sulfosulphuron. Previous reports have described the complete degradation of any sulfonyl urea herbicides by micro-organisms only after the pH-dependent chemical hydrolysis of the sulfonyl urea bridge of the herbicide. This study demonstrates the novel result that the Trichoderma sp. utilized the sulfosulphuron as a sole carbon source and degraded it by cleaving sulfonyl urea bridge and sulfonylamide linkage. Thus, the application of Trichoderma sp., which is nonphytopathogenic, has the potential to decontaminate agricultural soil from sulfosulphuron load.
authors.affiliation: Govt. M. H. Autonomous College of Home Science and Science for Women, Rani Durgavati Vishwavidayalaya, Jabalpur, MP, India.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Choudhury
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C439268:sulfosulfuron
keywords: Trichoderma sp; biodegradation; bioremediation; sulfonylurea herbicide; sulfosulphuron