title: Novel bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins: structure and function.
abstract: Bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins (bARTTs) transfer ADP-ribose to eukaryotic proteins to promote bacterial pathogenesis. In this Review, we use prototype bARTTs, such as diphtheria toxin and pertussis toxin, as references for the characterization of several new bARTTs from human, insect and plant pathogens, which were recently identified by bioinformatic analyses. Several of these toxins, including cholix toxin (ChxA) from Vibrio cholerae, SpyA from Streptococcus pyogenes, HopU1 from Pseudomonas syringae and the Tcc toxins from Photorhabdus luminescens, ADP-ribosylate novel substrates and have unique organizations, which distinguish them from the reference toxins. The characterization of these toxins increases our appreciation of the range of structural and functional properties that are possessed by bARTTs and their roles in bacterial pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aktories
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Barbieri
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019295:Computational Biology; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases