title: The timing of cord clamping and oxidative stress in term newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord is the most prevalent of all operations, but the optimal timing of cord clamping is controversial, with different timings offering advantages and disadvantages. This study, for the first time, compares the influence of early and late cord clamping in correlation with oxidative stress and inflammation signaling, Because cord clamping timing may have a significant influence on placenta-to-infant blood transfer, thereby modifying oxygenation of maternal and fetal tissues, and on the transfer of inflammatory mediators throughout the placenta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-four pregnant subjects were selected at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Services Department of the Clinico San Cecilio Hospital, Granada, Spain, based on disease-free women who experienced a normal course of pregnancy and a spontaneous, vaginal, single delivery. Half of the subjects had deliveries with early-clamped newborn infants (at 10 s), and the other half had late-clamped deliveries (at 2 min).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocyte catalase activity was significantly greater in the late-clamped group than in the early-clamped group (P < .01 for the umbilical vein and P < .001 for the artery). The values for superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant status, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II were all significantly higher in the late-clamped group compared with the early-clamped group (P < .01, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest a beneficial effect of late cord clamping, produced by an increase in antioxidant capacity and moderation of the inflammatory-mediated effects induced during delivery of term neonates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, andInstitute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Díaz-Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Florido
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, andInstitute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain;
authors.forename: Naroa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kajarabille
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; andService of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garrido-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; andService of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; andService of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Paco
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, andInstitute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", University of Granada, Granada, Spain; jjoh@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Julio J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ochoa
mesh_terms: D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007749:Labor Stage, Third / Q000502:physiology; D008026:Ligation / Q000592:standards; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D021041:Placental Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D047929:Term Birth; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: antioxidant defense; cord clamping timing (early or late); inflammation; oxidative damage; term neonate