title: How does music aid 5 km of running?
abstract: This research investigated the effects of music and its time of application on a 5-km run. Fifteen well-trained male long-distance runners (24.87 ± 2.47 years; 78.87 ± 10.57 kg; 178 ± 07 cm) participated in this study. Five randomized experimental conditions during a 5-km run on an official track were tested (PM: motivational songs, applied before 5 km of running; SM: slow motivational songs, applied during 5 km of running; FM: fast and motivational songs, applied during 5 km of running; CS: calm songs, applied after 5 km of running; CO: control condition). Psychophysiological assessments were performed before (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, heart rate variability [HRV], valence, and arousal), during (performance time, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion [RPE]), and after (mood, RPE, and HRV) tests. The chosen songs were considered pleasurable and capable of activating. Furthermore, they activated the 3 assessed prefrontal cortex (PFC) areas (medial, right dorsolateral, and left dorsolateral) similarly, generating positive emotional consequences by autonomous system analysis. The first 800 m was accomplished faster for SM and FM compared with other conditions (p ≤ 0.05); moreover, there was a high probability of improving running performance when music was applied (SM: 89%; FM: 85%; PM: 39%). Finally, music was capable of accelerating vagal tonus after 5 km of running with CS (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, music was able to activate the PFC area, minimize perceptions, improve performance, and accelerate recovery during 5 km of running.
authors.affiliation: 1Group of Study and Research in Neuromuscular System and Exercise (GEPESINE), Center of Physical Education and Sports, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; 2Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Center for Brain Injury Rehabilitation (CRECER), Seville, Spain; and 3Department of Physical Education, North University of Paraná, Londrina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bigliassi
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: León-Domínguez
authors.forename: Cosme F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Buzzachera
authors.forename: Vinícius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barreto-Silva
authors.forename: Leandro R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Altimari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins