title: Embryo cell wall properties in relation to development and desiccation in the recalcitrant-seeded Encephalartos natalensis (Zamiaceae) Dyer and Verdoorn.
abstract: Plant cell walls are dynamic entities that may change with development, differ between plant species and tissue type and play an important role in responses to various stresses. In this regard, the present investigation employed immunocytochemistry to determine wall composition and possible changes during development of immature and mature embryos of the recalcitrant-seeded cycad Encephalartos natalensis. Fluorescent and gold markers, together with cryo-scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also used to analyse potential changes in the cell walls of mature embryos upon desiccation. Immature cell walls were characterised by low- and high methyl-esterified epitopes of pectin, rhamnogalacturonan-associated arabinan, and the hemicellulose xyloglucan. Arabinogalactan protein recognised by the LM2 antibody, along with rhamnogalacturonan-associated galactan and the hemicellulose xylan, were not positively localised using immunological probes, suggesting that the cell walls of the embryo of E. natalensis do not possess these epitopes. Interestingly, mature embryos appeared to be identical to immature ones with respect to the cell wall components investigated, implying that these may not change during the protracted post-shedding embryogenesis of this species. Drying appeared to induce some degree of cell wall folding in mature embryos, although this was limited by the abundant amyloplasts, which filled the cytomatrical space. Folding, however, was correlated with relatively high levels of wall plasticisers typified by arabinose polymers. From the results of this study, it is proposed that the embryo cell walls of E. natalensis are constitutively prepared for the flexibility required during cell growth and expansion, which may also facilitate the moderate cell wall folding observed in mature embryos upon drying. This, together with the abundant occurrence of amyloplasts in the cytomatrix, may provide sufficient mechanical stabilisation if water is lost, even though the seeds of this species are highly desiccation-sensitive.
authors.forename: Wynston Ray
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Woodenberg
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Pammenter
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farrant
authors.forename: Azeddine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Driouich
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berjak
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall / Q000737:chemistry*; D003890:Desiccation; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D032481:Zamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*