title: Identifying molecular markers for the sensitive detection of residual atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor cells.
abstract: Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), a rare and highly malignant tumor entity of the central nervous system that presents in early childhood, has a poor prognosis. AT/RTs are characterized by biallelic inactivating mutations of the gene SMARCB1 in 98% of patients; these mutations may serve as molecular markers for residual tumor cell detection in liquid biopsies. We developed a marker-specific method to detect residual AT/RT cells. Seven of 150 patient samples were selected, each with a histological and genetically ascertained diagnosis of AT/RT. Tumor tissue was either formalin fixed or fresh frozen. DNA was extracted from the patients' peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, DNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to characterize the tumors' mutations. Residual tumor cell detection used mutation-specific primers and real-time PCR. The detection limit for the residual tumor cell search was 1-18%, depending on the quality of the template provided. The residual tumor cell search in PBL and CSF was negative for all seven patients. The SMARCB1 region of chromosome 22 is prone to DNA double-strand breaks. The individual breakpoints and breakpoint-specific PCR offer the option to detect minimal residual tumor cells in CSF or blood. Even if we did not detect minimal residual tumor cells in the investigated material, proof of principle for this method was confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tu-Lan
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Vu-Han
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Augsburg, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Augsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Frühwald
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasselblatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Kornelius
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerl
authors.affiliation: Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute for Human Genetics, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obser
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oyen
authors.affiliation: Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute for Human Genetics, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: schneppenheim@uke.de.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneppenheim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics*; D056905:Chromosome Breakpoints; D002889:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2 / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D018335:Rhabdoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000071796:SMARCB1 Protein; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013724:Teratoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D014021:Tissue Preservation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071796:SMARCB1 Protein; C513266:SMARCB1 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: AT/RT; SMARCB1; rhabdoid tumor