title: Optimised extraction of heterocyclic aromatic amines from blood using hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.
abstract: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCA) are carcinogenic mutagens formed during cooking of proteinaceous foods, particularly meat. To assist in the ongoing search for biomarkers of HCA exposure in blood, a method is described for the extraction from human plasma of the most abundant HCAs: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx) (and its isomer 7,8-DiMeIQx), using hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction. This technique employs 2.5cm lengths of porous polypropylene fibres impregnated with organic solvent to facilitate simultaneous extraction from an alkaline aqueous sample into a low volume acidic acceptor phase. This low cost protocol is extensively optimised for fibre length, extraction time, sample pH and volume. Detection is by UPLC-MS/MS using positive mode electrospray ionisation with a 3.4min runtime, with optimum peak shape, sensitivity and baseline separation being achieved at pH 9.5. To our knowledge this is the first description of HCA chromatography under alkaline conditions. Application of fixed ion ratio tolerances for confirmation of analyte identity is discussed. Assay precision is between 4.5 and 8.8% while lower limits of detection between 2 and 5pg/mL are below the concentrations postulated for acid-labile HCA-protein adducts in blood.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: k.cooper@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: natcha.j@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natcha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jankhaikhot
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: g.cuskelly@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cuskelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003296:Cooking; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D008460:Meat; D009153:Mutagens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D011126:Polypropylenes; D011810:Quinoxalines; C036990:2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline; C049584:2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine; C045421:3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine
keywords: Heterocyclic aromatic amine; Hollow fibre membrane liquid-phase microextraction; Human plasma; MeIQx; PhIP; UPLC–MS/MS