title: Breast-, complementary and bottle-feeding practices in Kenya: stagnant trends were experienced from 1998 to 2009.
abstract: The pattern of infant and young child feeding that provides the most benefit includes being put to the breast within an hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continued breastfeeding along with complementary foods up to 2 years of age or beyond, and avoidance of any bottle-feeding. However, since there are no published data from Kenya regarding trends in these feeding practices, this research undertook time trend estimation of these feeding practices using the 1998, 2003, and 2008-2009 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey and also examined the multivariate relationships between sociodemographic factors and feeding practices with data from 2008 to 2009. Logistic regression was used to test the significance of trends and to analyze sociodemographic characteristics associated with feeding practices. There was a significant decline in early initiation of breastfeeding among children in Central and Western provinces and those residing in urban areas. Trends in exclusive breastfeeding showed significant improvement in most sociodemographic segments, whereas trends in complementary feeding and breastfeeding remained stable. Bottle-feeding significantly decreased among children aged 12 to 23 months, as well as those living in Coast, Eastern, and Rift Valley provinces. In the multivariate analysis, the province was significantly associated with feeding practices, after controlling for child's size, birth order, and parity. The stagnant (and in some cases worsening) trends in early initiation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding with breastfeeding paint a worrisome picture of breastfeeding practices in Kenya; therefore, efforts to promote the most beneficial feeding practices should be intensified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Matanda
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Maurice.Mittelmark@iuh.uib.no.
authors.forename: Maurice B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mittelmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Dorcus Mbithe D
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kigaru
mesh_terms: D001722:Birth Order; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000379:methods*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007630:Kenya; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Bottle-feeding; Breastfeeding; Complementary feeding; Demographic and Health Survey; Kenya