title: Preparation and preliminary evaluation of 63Zn-zinc citrate as a novel PET imaging biomarker for zinc.
abstract: Abnormalities of zinc homeostasis are indicated in many human diseases. A noninvasive imaging method for monitoring zinc in the body would be useful to understand zinc dynamics in health and disease. To provide a PET imaging agent for zinc, we have investigated production of (63)Zn (half-life, 38.5 min) via the (63)Cu(p,n)(63)Zn reaction using isotopically enriched solutions of (63)Cu-copper nitrate. A solution target was used for rapid isolation of the (63)Zn radioisotope from the parent (63)Cu ions. Initial biologic evaluation was performed by biodistribution and PET imaging in normal mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  To produce (63)Zn, solutions of (63)Cu-copper nitrate in dilute nitric acid were irradiated by 14-MeV protons in a low-energy cyclotron. An automated module was used to purify (63)Zn from (63)Cu in the target solution. The (63)Cu-(63)Zn mixture was trapped on a cation-exchange resin and rinsed with water, and the (63)Zn was eluted using 0.05 N HCl in 90% acetone. The resulting solution was neutralized with NaHCO3, and the (63)Zn was then trapped on a carboxymethyl cartridge, washed with water, and eluted with isotonic 4% sodium citrate. Standard quality control tests were performed on the product according to current good manufacturing practice, including radionuclidic identity and purity, and measurement of nonradioactive Zn(+2), Cu(+2), Fe(+3), and Ni(+2) by ion-chromatography high-performance liquid chromatography. Biodistribution and PET imaging studies were performed in B6.SJL mice after intravenous administration of (63)Zn-zinc citrate. (63)Cu target material was recycled by eluting the initial resin with 4N HNO3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yields of 1.07 ± 0.22 GBq (uncorrected at 30-36 min after end of bombardment) of (63)Zn-zinc citrate were obtained with a 1.23 M (63)Cu-copper nitrate solution. Radionuclidic purity was greater than 99.9%, with copper content lower than 3 μg/batch. Specific activities were 41.2 ± 18.1 MBq/μg (uncorrected) for the (63)Zn product. PET and biodistribution studies in mice at 60 min showed expected high uptake in the pancreas (standard uptake value, 8.8 ± 3.2), liver (6.0 ± 1.9), upper intestine (4.7 ± 2.1), and kidney (4.2 ± 1.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A practical and current good manufacturing practice-compliant preparation of radionuclidically pure (63)Zn-zinc citrate has been developed that will enable PET imaging studies in animal and human studies. (63)Zn-zinc citrate showed the expected biodistribution in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota degrado.timothy@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: DeGrado
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Mukesh K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Hendrik P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Engelbrecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Huailei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Packard
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Val J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Lowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002951:Citrates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*; D015037:Zinc Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002951:Citrates; D015037:Zinc Radioisotopes; D015032:Zinc
keywords: 63Zn; PET; radioisotope production; solution target