title: Correlation of knee and hindfoot deformities in advanced knee OA: compensatory hindfoot alignment and where it occurs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients undergoing TKA have both knee and ankle pathology, and it seems likely that some compensatory changes occur at each joint in response to deformity at the other. However, it is not fully understood how the foot and ankle compensate for a given varus or valgus deformity of the knee.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) What is the compensatory hindfoot alignment in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA)? (2) Where in the hindfoot does the compensation occur?
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2009, one surgeon (JJC) obtained full-length radiographs on all patients undergoing primary TKA (N=518) as part of routine practice; patients were analyzed for the current study and after meeting inclusion criteria, a total of 401 knees in 324 patients were reviewed for this analysis. Preoperative standing long-leg AP radiographs and Saltzman hindfoot views were analyzed for the following measurements: mechanical axis angle, Saltzman hindfoot alignment and angle, anatomic lateral distal tibial angle, and the ankle line convergence angle. Statistical analysis included two-tailed Pearson correlations and linear regression models. Intraobserver and interobserver intraclass coefficients for the measurements considered were evaluated and all were excellent (in excess of 0.8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the mechanical axis angle becomes either more varus or valgus, the hindfoot will subsequently orient in more valgus or varus position, respectively. For every degree increase in the valgus mechanical axis angle, the hindfoot shifts into varus by -0.43° (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.76° to -0.1°; r=-0.302, p=0.0012). For every degree increase in the varus mechanical axis angle, the hindfoot shifts into valgus by -0.49° (95% CI, -0.67° to -0.31°; r=-0.347, p<0.0001). In addition, the subtalar joint had a strong positive correlation (r=0.848, r2=0.72, p<0.0001) with the Saltzman hindfoot angle, whereas the anatomic lateral distal tibial angle (r=0.450, r2=0.20, p<0.0001) and the ankle line convergence angle (r=0.319, r2=0.10, p<0.0001) had a moderate positive correlation. The coefficient of determination (r2) shows that 72% of the variance in the overall hindfoot angle can be explained by changes in the subtalar joint orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings have implications for treating patients with both knee and foot/ankle problems. For example, a patient with varus arthritis of the knee should be examined for fixed hindfoot valgus deformity. The concern is that patients undergoing TKA, who also present with a stiff subtalar joint, may have exacerbated, post-TKA foot/ankle pain or disability or malalignment of the lower extremity mechanical axis as a result of the inability of the subtalar joint to reorient itself after knee realignment. A prospective study is underway to confirm this speculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, UIHC, 01029 JPP, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Callaghan
authors.forename: Annunziato
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amendola
authors.forename: Phinit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phisitkul
authors.forename: Siwadol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wongsak
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fruehling-Wall
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016474:Weight-Bearing