title: Fetal jaw movement affects Ihh signaling in mandibular condylar cartilage development: the possible role of Ihh as mechanotransduction mediator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Jaw movement is an important mechanical factor for prenatal development of the condylar cartilage of mandible. Fetal jaw movement restriction has been shown to cause deformity of the mandibular condyle. We hypothesized that this treatment affects the expression of mechanosensitive molecules, namely Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) in the condyle.
  
  
  METHODS
  We restrained jaw movement by suturing the jaw of E15.5 mouse embryos and allowed them to develop until E18.5 using exo utero system, and analyzed them by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological, histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study showed that the mandibular condylar cartilage was reduced and deformed, the volume and total cell numbers in the condylar cartilage were also reduced, and number and/or distribution of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive cells, Ihh-positive cells in the mesenchymal and pre-hypertrophic zones were significantly and correspondingly decreased in the sutured group. Using in situ hybridization, reduced expression of Ihh, PTHrP and their related receptors were observed in condylar cartilage of the sutured embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed that the altered mechanical stress induced by prenatal jaw movement restriction decreased proliferating cells, the amount of cartilage, and altered expression of the Ihh and PTHrP, suggesting that Ihh act as mechanotransduction mediators in the development of mandibular condylar cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan. Electronic address: esratjs05@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Esrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ashiq Mahmood
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rafiq
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Udagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Otani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000196:embryology*; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013536:Suture Techniques
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; C514061:ihh protein, mouse
keywords: Condylar cartilage; Fetal jaw movement; Ihh; Mechanical stress; PTHrP