title: Goniometric evaluation of both forelimbs and hind limbs in two species of Neotropical monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the goniometric measurements of the forelimb and hind limb joints in two species of Neotropical primates maintained in captivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen intact monkeys organized into two groups were studied: Group 1-9 brown howlers (Alouatta fusca), and Group 2-9 tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed in the maximum flexion of the shoulder, elbow, carpus, stifle, and tarsus (G1>G2); maximum extension and abduction of the shoulder (G1<G2); maximum extension (G1>G2) and adduction (G1<G2) of the carpus; and maximum extension, abduction and adduction of the hip (G1>G2). The ROM was significantly different in all joints: shoulder (G1<G2), elbow (G1<G2), carpus (G1>G2), hip (G1>G2), stifle (G1<G2), and tarsus (G1<G2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A. fusca and S. apella maintained in captivity have significant differences in the goniometric measurements of both forelimb and hind limb joints, primarily in maximum flexion and ROM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Tavares
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Conceição
authors.forename: Sheila Canevese
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melchert
authors.forename: Zara
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bortoloni
authors.forename: Carlos Roberto
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Aline Amaral
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Imbeloni
authors.forename: Frederico Ozanan Barros
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Monteiro
mesh_terms: D000508:Alouatta / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory / Q000502:physiology*; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular; D002428:Cebus / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: captivity; joint motion; measurement; primate