title: Effects of nurse-managed protocols in the outpatient management of adults with chronic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Changes in federal health policy are providing more access to medical care for persons with chronic disease. Providing quality care may require a team approach, which the American College of Physicians calls the "medical home." One new model may involve nurse-managed protocols.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether nurse-managed protocols are effective for outpatient management of adults with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 1980 through January 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers used eligibility criteria to assess all titles, abstracts, and full texts and resolved disagreements by discussion or by consulting a third reviewer.
  
  
  METHODS
  One reviewer did data abstractions and quality assessments, which were confirmed by a second reviewer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2954 studies, 18 were included. All studies used a registered nurse or equivalent who titrated medications by following a protocol. In a meta-analysis, hemoglobin A1c level decreased by 0.4% (95% CI, 0.1% to 0.7%) (n = 8); systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 3.68 mm Hg (CI, 1.05 to 6.31 mm Hg) and 1.56 mm Hg (CI, 0.36 to 2.76 mm Hg), respectively (n = 12); total cholesterol level decreased by 0.24 mmol/L (9.37 mg/dL) (CI, 0.54-mmol/L decrease to 0.05-mmol/L increase [20.77-mg/dL decrease to 2.02-mg/dL increase]) (n = 9); and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased by 0.31 mmol/L (12.07 mg/dL) (CI, 0.73-mmol/L decrease to 0.11-mmol/L increase [28.27-mg/dL decrease to 4.13-mg/dL increase]) (n = 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies had limited descriptions of the interventions and protocols used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A team approach that uses nurse-managed protocols may have positive effects on the outpatient management of adults with chronic conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McDuffie
authors.forename: Cristina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hendrix
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edie
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindsey-Davis
authors.forename: Avishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagi
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing*; D010348:Patient Care Team
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human