title: Clinicopathological and biological significance of aberrant activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) plays an important role in human cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of expression of GSK-3α/β and pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and to investigate whether GSK-3 inhibition can influence cell viability and tumor growth of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to examine expression of GSK-3α/β and pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216) in 71 human epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and correlations between protein expression, and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay following exposure of ovarian carcinoma cells to pharmacological inhibitors of GSK-3 or GSK-3 small interfering RNA. In vivo validation of tumor growth inhibition was performed with xenograft mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression levels of GSK-3α/β and pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216) in ovarian cancers were significantly higher than those in benign tumors. High expression of GSK-3α/β was more likely to be found in patients with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages and high serum cancer antigen 125. Higher expression of pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216) was associated with advanced FIGO stages, residual tumor mass, high serum cancer antigen 125, and poor chemoresponse. Worse overall survival was revealed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves in patients with high expression of GSK-3α/β or pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216). Multivariate analysis indicated that FIGO stage, GSK-3α/β expression, and pGSK-3α/β(Tyr279/216) expression were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. GSK-3 inhibition by lithium chloride, 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8), or GSK-3 small interfering RNA can decrease viability of SKOV3 and SKOV3-TR30 ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, lithium chloride-treated SKOV3 xenograft mice had a significant reduction in tumor growth compared with control-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that overexpression and aberrant activation of GSK-3 may contribute to progression and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Inhibition of GSK-3 may be a potential therapy for ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproduction and Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Women's Reproduction and Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Women's Reproduction and Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
keywords: TDZD-8; immunohistochemistry; lithium chloride; ovarian carcinoma