title: Elevation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL): possible participation of RAGE in RPL.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and immune inflammatory markers are associated with recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 93 women (age 35.8±4.6 years) were enrolled including 63 women with three or more recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL), and age-matched fertile controls with a history of at least one live birth and no history of pregnancy losses (n=30).
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood collection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessment of anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory immune variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of sRAGE were statistically significantly higher in RPL patients than in control patients (1,528.9±704.5 vs. 1,149.9±447.4 pg/mL). In the multivariate analysis, the levels of insulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, the resistance index of the uterine radial artery, and the ratio of tumor necrosis factor-α/interleukin-10 producing T helper cells were statistically significantly associated with the serum sRAGE level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of serum sRAGE are associated with RPL. The soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products might contribute to RPL by reducing uterine blood flow and subsequently causing ischemia in the fetus via inflammatory and thrombotic reactions.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, Illinois; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Kuniaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dambaeva
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilman-Sachs
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaman
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, Illinois; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois. Electronic address: joanne.kwakkim@rosalindfranklin.edu.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwak-Kim
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000097:blood* / Q000502:physiology; D012995:Solubility; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Insulin; PAI-1; recurrent pregnancy losses; resistance index of the uterine radial artery; sRAGE