title: Data fusion for food authentication. Combining rare earth elements and trace metals to discriminate "Fava Santorinis" from other yellow split peas using chemometric tools.
abstract: "Fava Santorinis", is a protected designation of origin (PDO) yellow split pea species growing only in the island of Santorini in Greece. Due to its nutritional quality and taste, it has gained a high monetary value. Thus, it is prone to adulteration with other yellow split peas. In order to discriminate "Fava Santorinis" from other yellow split peas, four classification methods utilising rare earth elements (REEs) measured through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are studied. The four classification processes are orthogonal projection analysis (OPA), Mahalanobis distance (MD), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and k nearest neighbours (KNN). Since it is known that trace elements are often useful to determine geographical origin of food products, we further quantitated for trace elements using ICP-MS. Presented in this paper are results using the four classification processes based on the fusion of the REEs data with the trace element data. Overall, the OPA method was found to perform best with up to 100% accuracy using the fused data.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Spiros A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Drivelos
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, STOP 8023, ID, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, STOP 8023, ID, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kalivas
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Serkos A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Haroutounian
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece. Electronic address: cag@aua.gr.
authors.forename: Constantinos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Georgiou
mesh_terms: D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000032:analysis*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Fava beans; Food authentication; Geographical discrimination; Rare earth elements; Trace elements