title: Exploring the effects of spatial autocorrelation when identifying key drivers of wildlife crop-raiding.
abstract: Few universal trends in spatial patterns of wildlife crop-raiding have been found. Variations in wildlife ecology and movements, and human spatial use have been identified as causes of this apparent unpredictability. However, varying spatial patterns of spatial autocorrelation (SA) in human-wildlife conflict (HWC) data could also contribute. We explicitly explore the effects of SA on wildlife crop-raiding data in order to facilitate the design of future HWC studies. We conducted a comparative survey of raided and nonraided fields to determine key drivers of crop-raiding. Data were subsampled at different spatial scales to select independent raiding data points. The model derived from all data was fitted to subsample data sets. Model parameters from these models were compared to determine the effect of SA. Most methods used to account for SA in data attempt to correct for the change in P-values; yet, by subsampling data at broader spatial scales, we identified changes in regression estimates. We consequently advocate reporting both model parameters across a range of spatial scales to help biological interpretation. Patterns of SA vary spatially in our crop-raiding data. Spatial distribution of fields should therefore be considered when choosing the spatial scale for analyses of HWC studies. Robust key drivers of elephant crop-raiding included raiding history of a field and distance of field to a main elephant pathway. Understanding spatial patterns and determining reliable socio-ecological drivers of wildlife crop-raiding is paramount for designing mitigation and land-use planning strategies to reduce HWC. Spatial patterns of HWC are complex, determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale; therefore, studies need to be designed with an understanding of the effects of SA. Our methods are accessible to a variety of practitioners to assess the effects of SA, thereby improving the reliability of conservation management actions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K ; Ecoexist Project P. O. Box HA122HAK, Maun, Botswana.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Songhurst
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coulson
keywords: Elephant; Generalized Linear Model; Human–wildlife conflict; Okavango Delta; spatial scale