title: Ophthalmological findings in 10-year-old full-term children--a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine different ophthalmological parameters in 10-year-old, healthy, full-term children in Stockholm County, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and seventeen children were included in the study. Best-corrected distance and near visual acuities (VA) were measured using logMAR charts. Cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed, and spherical equivalent and astigmatism were determined. Examination of ocular movement and cover test for distance and near were performed. Stereopsis was assessed with the TNO test, and contrast sensitivity with the Vistech test. The Royal Air Force rule was used for assessing accommodation, and near point of convergence was measured with the Lang fixation stick. Ophthalmoscopy was performed through dilated pupils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-two per cent of the children had a distance VA of -0.1 logMAR (1.3 Snellen acuity) or better. None of the children were visually impaired [VA>0.6 logMAR (<0.3 Snellen acuity)]. Ninety-three per cent had a near VA of -0.1 logMAR (1.25 Snellen acuity) or better. Mean spherical equivalent was 0.6 D. Eight (3.6%) children had hypermetropia (≥+2 D), and 17 (7.8%) were myopic (≤-0.5 D). Nine (4.1%) children had an astigmatism≥1 D, and two (0.9%) had anisometropia of ≥1 D. Manifest strabismus was found in seven (3.2%) children, five of whom had exotropia. Heterophoria for distance and/or near was found in 80.2% of the children. In children without manifest strabismus, stereopsis>60 seconds of arc was found in five (2.4%). Three (1.4%) of 215 children had contrast sensitivity below normal limits. Binocular median near point of accommodation was 14 D, and median near point of convergence 6 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of various visual functions in normally developing children is crucial to be able to draw conclusions from ophthalmological examinations in children with eye diseases. This population-based study describes different ophthalmological parameters in full-term ten-year-old children. The material can be used as a control when examining children of similar ages with various ophthalmological conditions, such as groups of children with specific neurological or retinal diseases, and syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology*; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013548:Sweden; D047929:Term Birth / Q000502:physiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: accommodation; contrast sensitivity; convergence; normally developing children; population-based ophthalmological study; refraction; strabismus; visual acuity