title: Heart failure with anemia: novel findings on the roles of renal disease, interleukins, and specific left ventricular remodeling processes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anemia is a highly prevalent and strong independent prognostic marker in heart failure (HF), yet this association is not completely understood. Whether anemia is simply a marker of disease severity and concomitant chronic kidney disease or represents the activation of other detrimental pathways remains uncertain. We sought to determine which pathophysiological pathways are exacerbated in patients with HF, reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and anemia in comparison with those without anemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a prospective study involving 151 patients, selected biomarkers were analyzed, each representing proposed contributive mechanisms in the pathophysiology of anemia in HF. We compared clinical, echocardiographic, and circulating biomarkers profiles among patients with HFrEF and anemia (group 1), HFrEF without anemia (group 2), and chronic kidney disease with preserved EF, without established HF (chronic kidney disease control group 3). We demonstrate here that many processes other than those related to chronic kidney disease are involved in the anemia-HF relationship. These are linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and remodeling, systemic inflammation and volume overload. We found that levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, specific markers of cardiac remodeling (procollagen type III N-terminal peptide, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, left atrial volume), myocardial stretch (NT-proBNP [N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide]), and myocyte death (troponin T) are related to anemia in HFrEF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anemia is strongly associated not only with markers of more advanced and active heart disease but also with the level of renal dysfunction in HFrEF. Increased myocardial remodeling, inflammation, and volume overload are the hallmarks of patients with anemia and HF.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00834691.
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. eileen.omeara@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Meara
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blondeau
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Anique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul-Eduard
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Neagoe
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sirois
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Racine
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liszkowski
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Madore
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tardif
authors.affiliation: From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Denus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007378:Interleukins
keywords: anemia; biomarkers; heart failure; inflammation; renal insufficiency, chronic; ventricular remodeling