title: Biofeedback on heart rate variability in cardiac rehabilitation: practical feasibility and psycho-physiological effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biofeedback is a self-regulation therapy by which the patient learns how to optimize the functioning of his autonomic nervous system. It has been applied to patients with various cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the practical feasibility and the psychophysiological effects of biofeedback applied to heart rate variability (HRV biofeedback) in order to increase cardiac coherence in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation programme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this randomised and controlled study, 31 CAD patients were randomly assigned to an experimental or to a control group. The experimental group participated in a programme of 10 sessions of cardiac coherence biofeedback training, in addition to the rehabilitation programme. The control group participated in the usual cardiac rehabilitation programme only. Physiological variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, SDNN) and psychosocial variables (anxiety, depression, type D personality) were measured at the start and at the end of the programme in both groups. Statistical comparisons assessed the inter and intra group differences. The small sample size precludes any firm conclusions concerning the effect of cardiac coherence biofeedback on physiological or psychological variables. However, we observed a significant increase of the percentage of cardiac coherence, in relation with an increased SDNN index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated the practical feasibility of cardiac coherence biofeedback training in CAD patients. Further research is desirable to investigate the potential benefit of cardiac coherence biofeedback as an adjunct to stress management in cardiac rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Climov
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lysy
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berteau
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutrannois
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dereppe
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brohet
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011603:Psychophysiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome