title: The importance of coagulation factors binding to adenovirus: historical perspectives and implications for gene delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interaction of human adenovirus (HAdV) serotype 5 (HAdV-5) with the blood coagulation factor X (FX) results in a high liver transduction after AdV intravascular administration, causing toxicity and limiting AdV delivery to the target tissue. However, FX also protects adenoviral vectors from neutralization by the complement system and natural antibodies, potentially benefiting adenoviral gene delivery, as neutralization results in the reduction of HAdV-5 binding to host cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review gives an overview on the use of adenoviruses as gene transfer vehicles and their impact in gene therapy. The structure of coagulation factors and their interactions with HAdV are described, highlighting their influence on the AdV biodistribution profile. The implications of this interaction in immunity and its potential influence on the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy applications are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The protective role of FX brings under discussion how beneficial abolishment of FX binding would be for HAdV-5 liver detargeting. The dispensability of FX for liver transduction in immunocompromised mice suggests the involvement of other blood factors or receptors in enhancing HAdV-5 liver transduction. Better understanding of the interactions that take place in the bloodstream is essential to generate safe and efficient adenoviral vectors.
authors.affiliation: University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre , 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA , UK.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Gordo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denby
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nicklin
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D005170:Factor X / Q000378:metabolism*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D005170:Factor X
keywords: adenovirus; coagulation factor X; gene therapy; liver; serotype; toxicity