title: Salt and nephrolithiasis.
abstract: Dietary sodium chloride intake is nowadays globally known as one of the major threats for cardiovascular health. However, there is also important evidence that it may influence idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis onset and recurrence. Higher salt intake has been associated with hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia, which are major risk factors for calcium stone formation. Dietary salt restriction can be an effective means for secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis as well. Thus in this paper, we review the complex relationship between salt and nephrolithiasis, pointing out the difference between dietary sodium and salt intake and the best methods to assess them, highlighting the main findings of epidemiologic, laboratory and intervention studies and focusing on open issues such as the role of dietary salt in secondary causes of nephrolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ticinesi
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouvenne
authors.affiliation: Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Naim M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maalouf
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Loris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meschi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords: hypercalciuria; nephrolithiasis; salt; urinary calcium; urinary sodium