title: Immunohistochemical expression of HBME-1 and galectin-3 in the differential diagnosis of follicular-derived thyroid nodules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid nodules are common among adults with only a small percentage being malignant and histologically mimic benign nodules. Accurate diagnosis of these thyroid nodules is critical for the proper clinical management. The determination of malignancy in follicular patterned thyroid lesions is based on postoperative histological findings. Therefore, affected patients are referred for surgery, although only 10% will have a final diagnosis of malignancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of two immunohistochemical (IHC) markers; galectin-3 and Hector Battifora mesothelial-1 (HBME-1) individually or in combination, to distinguish between benign (non-neoplastic and neoplastic) and malignant (follicular and papillary carcinomas) thyroid lesions removed by surgical resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the immunoexpression of galectin-3 and HBME-1 in 50 cases of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. The benign group included 13 cases of thyroid nodular goiter (NG) and 9 cases of follicular adenoma (FA). The malignant group included 5 cases of follicular thyroid carcinomas (FC), 18 cases of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma and 5 cases of follicular variant papillary carcinoma (FVPC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The staining results showed that malignant tumors expressed galectin-3 and HBME-1 significantly more than benign nodules. The sensitivity of these markers for the distinction between benign and malignant lesions ranged from 89.3% to 92.9%. Co-expression of galectin-3 and HBME-1 was seen in 82.1% of carcinomas, but in none of the benign nodules. Immunoexpression was usually diffuse in malignant tumors, and focal in the benign lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that these immunohistochemical markers are significantly more expressed in malignant tumors compared to benign lesions and may be of additional diagnostic value when combined with routine histology. Galectin-3 has higher sensitivity and specificity of immunoexpression in thyroid malignancy than HBME-1, and the combined use of galectin-3 and HBME-1 can increase the specificity of immunoexpression in malignant tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Electronic address: samar_foda2010@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Samar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abd-El Raouf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Taiseer R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037502:Galectin 3; C432845:HBME-1 antigen; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm
keywords: Galectin-3; HBME-1; Immunohistochemistry; Thyroid nodules