title: Characteristics of starch-based films plasticised by glycerol and by the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate: a comparative study.
abstract: This paper reports the plasticisation effect of the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]), as compared with the traditionally used plasticiser, glycerol, on the characteristics of starch-based films. For minimising the additional effect of processing, a simple compression moulding process (which involves minimal shear) was used for preparation of starch-based films. The results show that [Emim][OAc] was favourable for plasticisation, i.e., disruption of starch granules (by scanning electron microscopy), and could result in a more amorphous structure in the starch-based materials (by X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis). (13)C CP/MAS and SPE/MAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that not only was the crystallinity reduced by [Emim][OAc], but also the amorphous starch present was plasticised to a more mobile form as indicated by the appearance of amorphous starch in the SPE/MAS spectrum. Mechanical results illustrate that, when either glycerol or [Emim][OAc] was used, a higher plasticiser content could contribute to higher flexibility. In spite of the accelerated thermal degradation of starch by [Emim][OAc] as shown by thermogravimetric analysis, the biodegradation study revealed the antimicrobial effect of [Emim][OAc] on the starch-based materials. Considering the high-amylose starch used here which is typically difficult to gelatinise in a traditional plasticiser (water and/or glycerol), [Emim][OAc] is demonstrated to be a promising plasticiser for starch to develop "green" flexible antimicrobial materials for novel applications.
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: fwhsieh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fengwei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Hartley Teakle Building, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Bernadine M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Hartley Teakle Building, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangwan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Rowan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Truss
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Halley
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Strounina
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Hartley Teakle Building, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gidley
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.affiliation: Center for Green Manufacturing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Shamshina
authors.affiliation: Center for Green Manufacturing and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
authors.forename: Robin D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: WMG, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McNally
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013213:Starch / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D010968:Plasticizers; D013213:Starch; D005990:Glycerol; C518739:1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
keywords: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (PubChem CID: 11658353); 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate; Biodegradability; Crystalline structure; Glycerol (PubChem CID: 753); Ionic liquid; Plasticization; Starch; Starch (PubChem CID: 24836924); Water (PubChem CID: 962)