title: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant  activities of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our present study was carried out to explore the potential role of the methanol extract from the leavesof Phlogocanthus thyrsiflorus (PT) Nees. in central and peripheral analgesic activities using hot plate and acetic acid-induced writhing methods. We also tested the antiinflammatory effects and anti-oxidant activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema and the DPPH method, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methanol extracts of PT leaves were prepared using 500 g powder in 1.8 L methanol by percolation method, followed by evaporation in a rotary evaporator under controlled temperature and pressure. The crude methanol extract was dried by freeze drier and preserved at 4 °C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oral administration of PT significantly (p < 0.05)increased the reaction time at 55.73% (250 mg/kg) and 72.81% (500 mg/kg) inhibition (p < 0.05) in the hot plate test at 3 h. PT significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited 42.17% (250 mg/kg) and 56.63% (500 mg/kg) acetic acid-induced writhing. PT leaves (250 and 500 mg/kg) also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited paw edema 6 h after carrageenan injection. Furthermore, this plant showed significant (p < 0.05) free radical-scavenging activity at a dose range of 25–800 μg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the findings, we can conclude that PT leaf possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Preliminary phytochemical study of PT leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and triterpens in methanol extract which could be correlated with its observed biological activities.
authors.forename: Biplab Kumar
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Md Mamun
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Amin
authors.forename: Nusrat Nabila
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Md Fakhar  Uddin
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Majumder
authors.forename: Mohammad Nasir
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.forename: Md Adit Muktadir
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pavel
mesh_terms: D027901:Acanthaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000633:toxicity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002351:Carrageenan; D000432:Methanol