title: Psychological and cognitive impairment of long-term migrators to high altitudes and the relationship to physiological and biochemical changes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to examine how long-term migration to high-altitude regions affects mentality and cognition, and the correlation with various physiological and biochemical changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery, Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire were used to assess 141 young male subjects who lived in plain regions and 217 young male subjects who had migrated to a 4500 m high-altitude region and lived there for 1-5 years. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, cerebral tissue oxygenation indices (TOIs), serum S100B and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term migrators to a high-altitude region exhibited exacerbated mood disorders, retarded color discrimination ability, decreased visual memory capacity, and impaired perceptual motor skill and motion stability. In addition, the migrators exhibited lower RSPM scores and lower sleep quality. Further analyses revealed significant correlations between sleep quality and cerebral TOIs, mood and sleep quality, mood and certain cognitive functions, mood and serum BDNF levels, and RSPM scores and serum S100B levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term living at high altitudes causes significant impairment of psychological and cognitive function. Cerebral hypoxic extent, sleep quality and biochemical dysfunction are major influencing factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Y-X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of High Altitude Hygiene, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.|Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.|Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.|Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.|Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: H-Z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.|Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Y-Q
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018609:Tibet; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: chronic hypoxia; cognitive ability; high-altitude migrants; psychological change