title: Ultrasound guided peritubal infiltration of 0.25% Bupivacaine versus 0.25% Ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A prospective double blind randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a common for managing renal calculi. Pain in the initial post operatie period is relieved by infiltration of local anaesthetic around the nephrostomy tract. We aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of bupivacaine and ropivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 adult patients undergoing elective PCNL-under balanced general anaesthesia were randomly divided into bupivacaine group (Group B) and ropivacaine group (Group R). After completion of procedure, 23G spinal needle was inserted at 6 and 12 O'clock position under ultrasonic guidance up to renal capsule along the nephrostomy tube. A volume of 10 ml of either 0.25% bupivacaine or 0.25% ropivacaine solution was infiltrated in each tract while withdrawing the needle. Post-operative pain was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) and dynamic visual analogue scale (D-VAS) for initial 24 h. Intravenous tramadol was given as rescue analgesia when VAS >4. Time to first rescue analgesic, number of doses and total amount of tramadol required in initial 24 h and side-effects were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual analogue scale and D-VAS at 6 h and 8 h in Group B was significantly higher than Group R. Mean time to first rescue analgesia in Group R was significantly longer than Group B. Mean number of doses of tramadol and total consumption of tramadol in 24 h was less in Group R, though not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peritubal infiltration of 0.25% ropivacaine infiltration along the nephrostomy tract is more effective than 0.25% bupivacaine in alleviating initial post-operative pain after PCNL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Geeta P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Veena R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vora
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Beena K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Manisha P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Smt. K. M. Mehta and Smt. G. R. Doshi Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center, Dr. H. L. Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, B. J. Medical College, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Pratibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumari
keywords: Bupivacaine; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; post-operative pain; ropivacaine; ultrasound