title: Adding new dimensions: towards an integrative understanding of HIV-1 spread.
abstract: In vitro studies in primary or immortalized cells continue to be used to elucidate the essential principles that govern the interactions between HIV-1 and isolated target cells. However, until recently, substantial technical barriers prevented this information from being efficiently translated to the more complex scenario of HIV-1 spread in the host in vivo, which has limited our understanding of the impact of host physiological parameters on the spread of HIV-1. In this Review, we discuss the recent development of imaging approaches to visualize HIV-1 spread and the adaptation of these approaches to organotypic ex vivo models and animal models. We focus on new concepts, including the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of cell-cell transmission for HIV-1 spread and the function of the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef, which have emerged from the application of these integrative approaches in complex cell systems.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. [2] German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Fackler
authors.affiliation: 1] The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases (CIID), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Murooka
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Imle
authors.affiliation: 1] The Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases (CIID), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Thorsten R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mempel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological