title: CT-guided nucleoplasty with radiofrequency energy for the treatment of lumbar disk herniation.
abstract: METHODS
  A clinical randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to compare the clinical effectiveness of CT-guided nucleoplasty, CT-guided nucleoplasty combined with nerve root injection, and CT-guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections in treating patients with contained lumbar disk herniation and leg pain, which are caused by radicular encroachment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lumbar disk herniation is the most common cause of nerve root pain. The conservative treatment is proved to be effective for the majority of these patients, and the remaining patients are not ideal surgical candidates. Studies have found that minimally invasive percutaneous disk procedures may be preferable to open surgery in certain clinical situations. However, nucleoplasty in treating contained lumbar disk herniation and leg pain caused by radicular encroachment is still a controversy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 97 patients with leg pain and MRI evidence of small-sized or medium-sized herniated disks correlating with the symptoms participated in the study. The patients were randomly allocated into 3 groups: the CT-guided nucleoplasty group (N=33), the CT-guided nucleoplasty with nerve root injection group (N=35), and CT-guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections group (N=29). Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) values were applied at pretreatment and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 12 months at posttreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were statistically significant decreases (P=0.000) in the NRS and ODI scores for all posttreatment time points when compared with the pretreatment values in all the 3 groups. The average NRS and ODI results for the transforaminal lumbar epidural injections group were significantly higher than those for the other 2 groups at 3 and 12 months posttreatment (P<0.05). The combination of nucleoplasty with nerve root injection produced a significantly greater reduction in the NRS and ODI scores when compared with nucleoplasty at 1 week (P=0.000 for NRS and P=0.004 for ODI) and 1 month (P=0.000 for NRS and P=0.007 for ODI) after the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that CT-guided nucleoplasty with radiofrequency energy is a relative effective and safe technique for treating leg pain caused by radicular encroachment. Furthermore, nucleoplasty combined with nerve root injection had achieved a significant greater improvement in pain management and functional level in short term (within 1 mo) after treatment than nucleoplasty alone.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pain Treatment Centre †Radiology Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
authors.forename: Shaoling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Caina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Weike
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome