title: [Bilateral spastic cerebral palsy with ambulatory ability (diplegia): pathophysiology, state of the art of conservative and surgical treatment and rehabilitation].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile cerebral palsy is one of the most common diseases resulting in chronic disability and is mostly concomitant with impairment in the ability to walk.
  Muscle contractions typically develop during the growth phase with subsequent joint contracture and instability as well as bone deformities to various extents. From a biomechanical viewpoint the gait impairment is due to a lever arm dysfunction.
  The therapy concept is multimodal and involves conservative as well as operative measures. The objectives are to lower the muscle tonus, to avoid muscle and joint contractures and bone deformities and to correct already fixed malformations in order to achieve the best possible function for the patient. Complicated multilevel operations are often necessary to achieve this aim.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extensive knowledge on the biomechanics of gait and the pathobiomechanics of spastic bilateral cerebral palsy are necessary to carry out surgery. Using instrumental gait analyses the biomechanical relationships can be analyzed better and complicated operations can be planned with greater precision.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland, Westhoff@med.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bittersohl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krauspe
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*