title: Fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infection in children: an update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of transplanted fecal material for the treatment of diarrheal illness dates back to the fourth-century China. While fecal microbiota transplant has gained increasing popularity over the past 50 years for the treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infections (RCDIs) in adults, it has only been recently utilized in children. The purpose of this article is to review the use of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in the treatment of pediatric RCDIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Minimal pediatric data, including few case reports and series, document the successful use of FMT for treatment of RCDI in the past 2 years. Patients in these reports included otherwise healthy children, those with inflammatory bowel disease as well as significantly immunocompromised children. Donor fecal infusion via nasogastric tube, gastroscope or colonoscope in children aged 16 months and older demonstrated a high rate of symptom resolution and organism eradication. No complications to date have been reported in children who have undergone FMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FMT is emerging as a well-tolerated and effective treatment for RCDI in not only adults but also children.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, West Virginia University, Charleston, West Virginia bDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan cDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunde
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mahajan
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007223:Infant; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D054892:Metagenome; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents