title: Perceptions of Insulin Treatment Among African Americans With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known regarding perception of insulin treatment among midlife and older African American (AA) adults with type 2 diabetes, or how perception affects self-management behaviors. Using the Roy adaptation model, this qualitative descriptive study explored the perception of insulin treatment in midlife and older AAs living with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three 1-hour focus groups were conducted with a total of 13 participants. Thematic analysis of transcribed audio recordings used the constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Themes identified include (a) insulin as instigator of negative emotions, (b) adapting to a lifestyle with insulin, and (c) becoming an insulin user: a new identity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adapting to insulin is a psychosocial process that commonly results in negative emotions, identity conflict, and new roles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to understand how AA adults perceive insulin treatment, understand the role of perception in self-management behaviors, and determine whether interventions to change perceptions may be effective in improving adaptation to diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA denise_bockwoldt@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bockwoldt
authors.affiliation: Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Staffileno
authors.affiliation: Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coke
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lauretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quinn
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010465:Perception; D016746:Transcultural Nursing; D014481:United States; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: clinical areas; diabetes; focus group analysis; health disparities; research methods