title: Biomedical implant capsule formation: lessons learned and the road ahead.
abstract: Clinicians and investigators have been implanting biomedical devices into patients and experimental animals for centuries. There is a characteristic complex inflammatory response to the presence of the biomedical device with diverse cell signaling, followed by migration of fibroblasts to the implant surface and the eventual walling off of the implant in a collagen capsule. If the device is to interact with the surrounding tissues, the collagen envelope will eventually incapacitate the device or myofibroblasts can cause capsular contracture with resulting distortion, migration, or firmness. This review analyzes the various tactics used in the past to modify or control capsule formation with suggestions for future investigative approaches.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC; †Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA; ‡Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; and §Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DiEgidio
authors.forename: Harold Ira
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Gourdie
authors.forename: Ashlie Evans
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018427:Breast Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D057910:Implant Capsular Contracture / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials