title: Geographical inequalities in uptake of NHS-funded eye examinations: small area analysis of Leeds, UK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preventable sight loss is an indicator within the Public Health Outcome Framework 2013-2018 for England. Routinely available optometric data do not permit small area analysis of access inequalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from 17 680 General Ophthalmic Services (GOS1) claim forms for eye examinations conducted in Leeds during February and March 2011. The expected number of GOS1 uptake for each lower super output area was based on the GOS1 national annual uptake. A Poisson regression model was used to explore associations in the GOS1 uptake ratio with deprivation and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  People aged 60 or over or under 16 living in the least deprived quintile are 71 and 23%, respectively, more likely to have an NHS-funded eye examination than someone in that age group in the most deprived quintile, although all are equally entitled. Uptake is higher in the more deprived quintiles among 16-59 year olds, as means tested social benefits are the main eligibility criteria in this age group. There were no statistically significant gender differences in uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions are needed to address eye examination uptake inequalities. However, in order to better inform commissioning and planning eye care services more complete data with additional detail are required. GOS1 forms ought to be submitted electronically linked to additional demographic and clinical data to allow public health analysis. Ideally, private eye examination data should also be captured.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Public Health, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9LJ, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shickle
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Public Health, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9LJ, UK.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Farragher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004739:England; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D013222:State Medicine
keywords: epidemiology; eye disorders; socioeconomics factors