title: Mild traumatic brain injury and ADHD: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and ADHD, which increases risk of injuries and accidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that examined the relationship between mTBI and ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies, comprising 3,023 mTBI patients and 9,716 controls, fit our a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis found a significant association between ADHD and mTBI, which was significant when limited to studies that reported on ADHD subsequent to mTBI and when the direction of the association was not specified, but not for studies that reported mTBI subsequent to ADHD. Heterogeneity of effect size and publication biases were not evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature documents a significant association between mTBI and ADHD. Further clarification of the relationship and direction of effect between mTBI and ADHD and treatment implications could have large clinical, scientific, and public health implications.
authors.affiliation: Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Bamidele O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA jbiederman@partners.org.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.affiliation: Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenworthy
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ADHD; meta-analysis; review; traumatic brain injury