title: Gender differences in the relationship between risk of hypertension and fruit intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between hypertension and fruit intake in an Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was based on the data from 2007, 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In the final analysis, a total of 9791 subjects (men=3819, women=5972) were included. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were assessed using 24-h recall. The odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension were assessed by using logistic regression and multivariable models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10.6% of individuals were classified as having hypertension. Compared with the lowest quintile of fruit intake, the fifth quintile showed the lowest likelihood of hypertension (OR 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.88) after adjusting for age and gender. For women, the likelihood of hypertension in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th quintiles of fruit intake decreased to 0.67 (95% CI, 0.34-1.30), 0.76 (0.56-1.05), 0.90 (0.67-1.22) and 0.54 (0.38-0.77), respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors (P value for trend=0.0011). An inverse association of fruit intake and hypertension was shown only in non-obese women. For men and obese women, there was no relationship between fruit intake and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary fruit recommendation for hypertension should be taken into account together with ethnic background, gender as well as the presence of obesity in individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Ji
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang-si, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Paek
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food & Nutrition, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, South Korea. Electronic address: skysea1010@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hae-Jeung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fruit; Gender differences; Hypertension; Obesity