title: Are normal decision-makers sensitive to changes in value contrast under uncertainty? Evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task.
abstract: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) developed by Bechara et al. in 1994 is used to diagnose patients with Ventromedial Medial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC) lesions, and it has become a landmark in research on decision making. According to Bechara et al., the manipulation of progressive increments of monetary value can normalize the performance of patients with VMPFC lesions; thus, they developed a computerized version of the IGT. However, the empirical results showed that patients' performances did not improve as a result of this manipulation, which suggested that patients with VMPFC lesions performed myopically for future consequences. Using the original version of the IGT, some IGT studies have demonstrated that increments of monetary value significantly influence the performance of normal subjects in the IGT. However, other research has resulted in inconsistent findings. In this study, we used the computerized IGT (1X-IGT) and manipulated the value contrast of progressive increments (i.e., by designing the 10X-IGT, which contained 10 times of progressive increment) to investigate the influence of value contrast on the performance of normal subjects. The resulting empirical observations indicated that the value contrast (1X- vs. 10X-IGT) of the progressive increment had no effect on the performance of normal subjects. This study also provides a discussion of the issue of value in IGT-related studies. Moreover, we found the "prominent deck B phenomenon" in both versions of the IGT, which indicated that the normal subjects were guided mostly by the gain-loss frequency, rather than by the monetary value contrast. In sum, the behavioral performance of normal subjects demonstrated a low correlation with changes in monetary value, even in the 10X-IGT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: We-Kang
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-An
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Jiun
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Chu
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering R&D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Biomedical Electronics Translational Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior; D003132:Commerce; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult