title: Acute porphyrias in the USA: features of 108 subjects from porphyrias consortium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent descriptions of the clinical and laboratory features of subjects with acute porphyrias in the US are lacking. Our aim was to describe clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of 108 subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2010 and December 2012, 108 subjects with acute porphyrias (90 acute intermittent porphyrias, 9 hereditary coproporphyrias, 9 variegate porphyrias) were enrolled into an observational study. Genetic testing was performed at a central genetic testing laboratory and clinical information entered into a central database. Selected features were compared with data for adults in the US.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most subjects (88/108, 81%) were female, with self-reported onset of symptoms in the second through fourth decades of life. The most common symptom was abdominal pain. Appendectomies and cholecystectomies were common before a diagnosis of porphyria. The diagnosis was delayed by a mean of 15 years. Anxiety and depression were common, and 18% complained of chronic symptoms, especially neuropathic and other pains. The incidences of systemic arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, seizure disorders, and psychiatric conditions were markedly increased. Mutations of the known causative genes were found in 102/105 of those tested, with novel mutations being found in 37, including in 7/8 subjects with hereditary coproporphyria. Therapy with intravenous hematin was the most effective therapy both for treatment of acute attacks and for prevention of recurrent attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute porphyrias often remain undiagnosed for more than a decade after first symptoms develop. Intravenous hematin is the treatment of choice, both for treatment of acute attacks and for prevention of recurrent attacks.
authors.affiliation: The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC. Electronic address: hbonkovsky@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bonkovsky
authors.affiliation: The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC.
authors.forename: Vinaya C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Maddukuri
authors.affiliation: The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Medicine, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC; Department of Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yazici
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
authors.forename: Karl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: D Montgomery
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bissell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bloomer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Hetanshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peter
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baillargeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gandolfo
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Light
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Desnick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D046349:Coproporphyria, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D017118:Porphyria, Acute Intermittent / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D046350:Porphyria, Variegate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acute intermittent porphyria; Clinical features; Delta-aminolevulinic acid; Hematin; Heme; Hereditary coproporphyria; Hydroxymethylbilane synthase; Porphobilinogen; Porphobilinogen deaminase; Porphyrins; Variegate porphyria