title: Patient-specific cortical electrodes for sulcal and gyral implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Noninvasive localization of certain brain functions may be mapped on a millimetre level. However, the interelectrode spacing of common clinical brain surface electrodes still remains around 10 mm. Here, we present details on development of electrodes for attaining higher quality electrocorticographic signals for use in functional brain mapping and brain-machine interface (BMI) technologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used platinum-plate-electrodes of 1-mm diameter to produce sheet electrodes after the creation of individualized molds using a 3-D printer and a press system that sandwiched the electrodes between personalized silicone sheets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We created arrays to fit the surface curvature of the brain and inside the central sulcus, with interelectrode distances of 2.5 mm (a density of 16 times previous standard types). Rat experiments undertaken indicated no long term toxicity. We were also able to custom design, rapidly manufacture, safely implant, and confirm the efficacy of personalized electrodes, including the capability to attain meaningful high-gamma-band information in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed cortical sheet electrodes with a high-spatial resolution, tailor-made to match an individual's brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This sheet electrode may contribute to the higher performance of BMI's.
authors.forename: Shayne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugata
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Kojiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Takufumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: Youichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kishima
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshimine
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000601:surgery; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002460:Cell Line; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006224:Cricetinae; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials