title: Comparing efficiency of micro-RNA and mRNA biomarker liberation with microbubble-enhanced ultrasound exposure.
abstract: Blood biomarkers are potentially powerful diagnostic tools that are limited clinically by low concentrations, the inability to determine biomarker origin and unknown patient baseline. Recently, ultrasound has been shown to liberate proteins and large mRNA biomarkers, overcoming many of these limitations. We have since demonstrated that adding lipid-stabilized microbubbles elevates mRNA concentration an order of magnitude compared with ultrasound without microbubbles, in vitro. Unfortunately the large size of some mRNA molecules may limit efficiency of release and hinder efficacy as an ultrasound-liberated biomarker. We hypothesize that smaller molecules will be released more efficiently with ultrasound than larger molecules. Although investigation of large libraries of biomarkers should be performed to fully validate this hypothesis, we focus on a small subset of mRNA and micro-RNAs. Specifically, we focus on miR-21 (22 base pairs [bp]), which is upregulated in certain forms of cancer, compared with previously investigated mammaglobin mRNA (502 bp). We also report release of micro-RNA miR-155 (22 bp) and housekeeping rRNA S18 (1869 bp). More than 10 million additional miR-21 copies per 100,000 cells are released with ultrasound-microbubble exposure. The low- molecular-weight miR-21 proved to be liberated 50 times more efficiently than high-molecular-weight mammaglobin mRNA, releasing orders of magnitude more miR-21 than mammaglobin mRNA under comparable conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forbrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paproski
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada. Electronic address: rzemp@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zemp
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D045423:Microbubbles; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Biomarkers; Microbubbles; Ultrasound; miRNA; micro-RNA