title: Follow-Up Visit Patterns in an Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) programme in Zomba, Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying follow-up (FU) visit patterns, and exploring which factors influence them are likely to be useful in determining which patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) may become Lost to Follow-Up (LTFU). Using an operation and implementation research approach, we sought 1) to describe the timing of FU visits amongst patients who have been on ART for shorter and longer periods of time; and 2) to determine the median time to late visits, and 3) to identify specific factors that may be associated with these patterns in Zomba, Malawi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using routinely collected programme monitoring data from Zomba District, we performed descriptive analyses on all ART visits among patients who initiated ART between Jan. 1, 2007-June 30, 2010. Based on an expected FU date, each FU visit was classified as early (≥4 day before an expected FU date), on time (3 days before an expected FU date/up to 6 days after an expected FU date), or late (≥7 days after an expected FU date). In total, 7,815 patients with 76417 FU visits were included. Ninety-two percent of patients had ≥2 FU visits. At the majority of visits, patients were either on time or late. The median time to a first late visit among those with 2 or more visits was 216 days (IQR: 128-359). Various patient- and visit-level factors differed significantly across Early, On Time, and Late visit groups including ART adherence and frequency of, and type of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of patients do not demonstrate consistent FU visit patterns. Individuals were generally on ART for at least 6 months before experiencing their first late visit. Our findings have implications for the development of effective interventions that meet patient needs when they present early and can reduce patient losses to follow-up when they are late. In particular, time-varying visit characteristics need further research.
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rachlis
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Lettow
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Adamson S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Muula
authors.affiliation: School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Governance Innovation, Waterloo, Canada.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orbinski
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Dignitas International, Zomba, Malawi; Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Adrienne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents