title: Alteration of plant physiology by glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid: an overview.
abstract: It is generally claimed that glyphosate kills undesired plants by affecting the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme, disturbing the shikimate pathway. However, the mechanisms leading to plant death may also be related to secondary or indirect effects of glyphosate on plant physiology. Moreover, some plants can metabolize glyphosate to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) or be exposed to AMPA from different environmental matrices. AMPA is a recognized phytotoxin, and its co-occurrence with glyphosate could modify the effects of glyphosate on plant physiology. The present review provides an overall picture of alterations of plant physiology caused by environmental exposure to glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, and summarizes their effects on several physiological processes. It particularly focuses on photosynthesis, from photochemical events to C assimilation and translocation, as well as oxidative stress. The effects of glyphosate and AMPA on several plant physiological processes have been linked, with the aim of better understanding their phytotoxicity and glyphosate herbicidal effects.
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, Centre de recherche interinstitutionnel en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marcelo P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, Centre de recherche interinstitutionnel en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smedbol
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, Centre de recherche interinstitutionnel en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chalifour
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hénault-Ethier
authors.affiliation: Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, 4101 Sherbrooke East, H1X 2B2, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labrecque
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lepage
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lucotte
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des sciences biologiques, Centre de recherche interinstitutionnel en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Ecotoxicology of Aquatic Microorganisms Laboratory, Succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada Université du Québec à Montréal, Institut des Sciences de l'environnement, Succ. Centre-Ville, C.p. 8888, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada juneau.philippe@uqam.ca.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juneau
mesh_terms: D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000097797:Glyphosate; C418233:2-amino-3-(3-hydrox-5(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid
keywords: AMPA; Aminomethylphosphonic acid; glyphosate; herbicide exposure; oxidative stress; photosynthesis; phytotoxicity; plant nutrition.