title: Extended genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus and frequency of genotypes and subtypes in cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013.
abstract: Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has distinguished BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species and an emerging putative third species (HoBi-like virus), recently detected in southern Italy, signaling the occurrence of natural infection in Europe. Recognizing the need to update the data on BVDV genetic variability in Italy for mounting local and European alerts, a wide collection of 5' UTR sequences (n = 371) was selected to identify the frequency of genotypes and subtypes at the herd level. BVDV-1 had the highest frequency, followed by sporadic BVDV-2. No novel HoBi-like viruses were identified. Four distribution patterns of BVDV-1 subtypes were observed: highly prevalent subtypes with a wide temporal-spatial distribution (1b and 1e), low prevalent subtypes with a widespread geographic distribution (1a, 1d, 1g, 1h, and 1k) or a restricted geographic distribution (1f), and sporadic subtypes detected only in single herds (1c, 1j, and 1l). BVDV-1c, k, and l are reported for the first time in Italy. A unique genetic variant was detected in the majority of herds, but cocirculation of genetic variants was also observed. Northern Italy ranked first for BVDV introduction, prevalence, and dispersion. Nevertheless, the presence of sporadic variants in other restricted areas suggests the risk of different routes of BVDV introduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9236-2049
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luzzago
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lauzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebranati
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giammarioli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8497-9708
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G.Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cannella
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Loretta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masoero
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Canelli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via G.Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guercio
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy ; University of Biomedical Campus, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccozzi
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Mario
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: De Mia
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Pier Luigi
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Acutis
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianguglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zehender
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8684-898X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peletto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007558:Italy; D010802:Phylogeny