title: Rituximab for the treatment of relapses in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disease relapses are frequent in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). This study was undertaken to evaluate outcomes in patients with AAV who are re-treated with rituximab (RTX) and prednisone for severe disease relapses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Rituximab in AAV trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the rates of remission induction among patients treated with RTX (n = 99) and patients treated with cyclophosphamide (CYC) followed by azathioprine (AZA) (n = 98). Prednisone was tapered to discontinuation after 5.5 months. After remission was achieved, patients who experienced a severe disease relapse between months 6 and 18 were eligible to receive RTX and prednisone on an open-label basis according to a prespecified protocol. Investigators remained blinded with regard to the original treatment assignment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients received RTX for disease relapse after remission had initially been achieved with their originally assigned treatment. Fifteen of these patients were initially randomized to receive RTX and 11 to receive CYC/AZA. Thirteen (87%) of the patients originally assigned to receive RTX and 10 (91%) originally assigned to receive CYC/AZA achieved remission again with open-label RTX (an overall percentage of 88%). In half of the patients treated with open-label RTX, prednisone could be discontinued entirely. Patients in this cohort experienced fewer adverse events compared to the overall study population (4.7 adverse events per patient-year versus 11.8 adverse events per patient-year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Re-treatment of AAV relapses with RTX and glucocorticoids appears to be a safe and effective strategy, regardless of previous treatment.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Miloslavsky
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Specks
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spiera
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: C G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kallenberg
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: St Clair
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Tchao
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Viviano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iklé
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villarreal
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jepson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunetta
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Fervenza
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geetha
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kissin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Monach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peikert
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stegeman
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ytterberg
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D056648:Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction / Q000379:methods; D000069283:Rituximab; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D000069283:Rituximab; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D001379:Azathioprine; D011241:Prednisone