title: Factors influencing power hand tool fastening accuracy and reaction forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A laboratory study investigated the relationship between power hand tool and task-related factors affecting threaded fastener torque accuracy and associated handle reaction force.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  We previously developed a biodynamic model to predict handle reaction forces. We hypothesized that torque accuracy was related to the same factors that affect operator capacity to react against impulsive tool forces, as predicted by the model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The independent variables included tool (pistol grip on a vertical surface, right angle on a horizontal surface), fastener torque rate (hard, soft), horizontal distance (30 cm and 60 cm), and vertical distance (80 cm, 110 cm, and 140 cm). Ten participants (five male and five female) fastened 12 similar bolts for each experimental condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average torque error (audited - target torque) was affected by fastener torque rate and operator position. Torque error decreased 33% for soft torque rates, whereas handle forces greatly increased (170%). Torque error also decreased for the far horizontal distance 7% to 14%, when vertical distance was in the middle or high, but handle force decreased slightly 3% to 5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence suggests that although both tool and task factors affect fastening accuracy, they each influence handle reaction forces differently. We conclude that these differences are attributed to different parameters each factor influences affecting the dynamics of threaded faster tool operation. Fastener torque rate affects the tool dynamics, whereas posture affects the spring-mass-damping biodynamic properties of the human operator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prediction of handle reaction force using an operator biodynamic model may be useful for codifying complex and unobvious relationships between tool and task factors for minimizing torque error while controlling handle force.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Radwin
authors.forename: Amrish O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Chourasia
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Howery
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Fronczak
authors.forename: Thomas Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Yashpal
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Subedi
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sesto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006804:Ergonomics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture; D019415:Torque; D055815:Young Adult