title: Effects of cigarette smoking on circulating leukocytes and plasma cytokines in monozygotic twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the well-documented role of cigarette smoke in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, biomarkers for screening or monitoring disease progression and outcome remain elusive, particularly for COPD and lung cancer. Inflammatory cells and mediators are likely to be involved in the disease processes, but their importance is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate early changes in immunological markers associated with smoking in healthy monozygotic twins without a detectable disease discordant for smoking, thereby minimising data variability due to genetic background.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two monozygotic twin pairs, aged 31.5±6.3 years, entered the study. One of each twin pair was a smoker and the other a non-smoker. None of the subjects reported any diseases or clinically defined respiratory symptoms or airflow limitation. Each subject donated blood samples for determination of total leukocytes and subpopulations, lymphocyte subpopulation plus pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor-α, soluble tumour necrosis factor-α receptors and C-reactive protein).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant increase in the number of circulating leukocytes and neutrophils in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smokers also had significantly higher numbers of B cells and CD4+ T cells, plus an increased CD4/CD8 ratio. The numbers of NK cells were statistically significant lower in smokers compared to non-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the prognostic significance of these changes is uncertain, results suggest that smoking is associated with immune changes, independent of genetic background and environmental conditions.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Evan O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Gregg
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nunziata
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puntoni
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corsini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators