title: Xanthone-rich dichloromethane fraction of Securidaca inappendiculata, the possible antirheumatic material base with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunodepressive effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. is an traditional Chinese medicine curing rheumatoid arthritis, but there is a lack of reports on material base research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find the active fraction of S. inappendiculata contributing the most to antirheumatic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to assays in vivo, mice were treated with different fractions from S. inappendiculata for 5 d at doses relative to 10, 5, and 2.5 g/kg of crude drug. Hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test were used to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. PGE2 levels in inflammatory paws were determined by a colorimetric method. Carbon clearance test in vivo and lymphocyte transformation test in vitro were employed to assess the immune regulation activity. HPLC was used to explore the main compounds in the active fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the fractions, especially the dichloromethane fraction (SID), alleviated inflammation. High dose of SID (112 mg/kg) inhibited paw swelling by 63.1%, and decreased PGE2 level to 38 ng/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction (SIE) and SID suppressed the carbon clearance rate (K = 0.044, 0.038 for high dose) efficiently. All fractions hindered the transformation and proliferation of lymphocyte, and prolonged the reaction time of rats in the hot plate test. The concentrations of two typical xanthones: 2-hydroxyl-1,7-dimethoxyl-xanthone and 1,7-dihydroxyl-xanthone in SID were 0.93% and 1.19%, respectively, by HPLC analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SID exhibited significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunodepressive effects in vivo and vitro, and deemed as the main material base for the antirheumatic activity.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Kun-Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jian-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018547:Plant Stems; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D031802:Securidaca; D044004:Xanthones / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044004:Xanthones; D008752:Methylene Chloride; C009689:xanthone
keywords: Carbon clearance; hot plate test; lymphocyte transformation; paw edema; quantitative analysis