title: Pre-clinical functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Part II: The heart.
abstract: One third of all deaths worldwide in 2008 were caused by cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the incidence of CVD related deaths rises ever more. Thus, improved imaging techniques and modalities are needed for the evaluation of cardiac morphology and function. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is a minimally invasive technique that is increasingly important due to its high spatial and temporal resolution, its high soft tissue contrast and its ability of functional and quantitative imaging. It is widely accepted as the gold standard of cardiac functional analysis. In the short period of small animal MRI, remarkable progress has been achieved concerning new, fast imaging schemes as well as purpose-built equipment. Dedicated small animal scanners allow for tapping the full potential of recently developed animal models of cardiac disease. In this paper, we review state-of-the-art cardiac magnetic resonance imaging techniques and applications in small animals at ultra-high fields (UHF).
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadja M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Meßner
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: Frank.Zoellner@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zöllner
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Raffi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalayciyan
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Lothar R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Herzkrankheiten; Kleintier; MRI; MRT; Small animal; Ultrahochfeld; cardiac disease; functional imaging; funktionelle Bildgebung; ultra-high field