title: Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
abstract: Symptoms of memory loss are caused by a range of cognitive abilities or a general cognitive decline, and not just memory. Clinicians can diagnose the syndromes of dementia (major neurocognitive disorder) and mild cognitive impairment (mild neurocognitive disorder) based on history, examination, and appropriate objective assessments, using standard criteria such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. They can then diagnose the causal subtypes of these syndromes using standard criteria for each of them. Brain imaging and biomarkers are making progress in the differential diagnoses among the different disorders. Treatments are still mostly symptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, WPIC, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, WPIC, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Electronic address: gangulim@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganguli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Biomarkers; Diagnosis; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5); Mild cognitive impairment (MCI); National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) guidelines; Neurocognitive disorder; Risk factors