title: Neurochemical changes observed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the mouse brain postadministration of scopolamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study is aimed at investigating neurochemical changes in scopolamine (SCP)-induced memory impairment using spatially localized in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the hippocampus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of mice (eight mice per group) were scanned after the injection of different SCP doses: 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg (intraperitoneally). All the animals received (1)H MRS of their hippocampus at two time intervals: 30 minutes and 72 hours after SCP injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This work demonstrated that the doses of 3 mg/kg SCP or higher reduce the concentration of total choline-containing compounds, and these levels returned to baseline after 72 hours. These results are consistent with observations made by others using more invasive brain dialysis approaches. The levels of glutamate and glutamic compounds (glutamate + glutamine) were slightly changed at 3 and 5 mg/kg SCP dose, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). These findings suggest that SCP produces transient, in vivo measurable alterations in the cholinergic system in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On this basis, we conclude that in vivo MRS is a feasible noninvasive method to probe aspects of the alterations induced by SCP in the cholinergic neurotransmission pathways in both animal models and human studies of memory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9061.
authors.forename: Dong-Cheol
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9061. Electronic address: Robert.Lenkinski@UTsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Lenkinski
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry*; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012601:Scopolamine
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D012601:Scopolamine; D002794:Choline
keywords: (1)H MR spectroscopy; cholinergic system; memory impairment; scopolamine