title: The medical malpractice in Milan-Italy. A retrospective survey on 14 years of judicial autopsies.
abstract: The medical malpractice is a rising and central topic for the forensic pathologist and forensic autopsies are a mandatory step in the judicial evaluation of the suspected medical malpractice. Reliable national and international registers about the medical malpractice are still missing and nowadays the necroscopic archives are therefore one of the best sources of data about such a complex phenomenon. We analyzed the archive of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the Milan University from 1996 to 2009 and selected 317 lethal cases of suspected medical malpractice. The mean age of our cases was 60±18 years for males and 58±19 years for the females. In 70% of such cases the patient death occurred in a hospital setting. The first 24h of hospitalization turned out to be the hottest period for deaths followed by malpractice claims. The surgical branches were obviously the most involved, with abdominal surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery and gynecology as the main contributors. Just 12% of the total amount of cases came from all the internistic branches put together. Non-hospital malpractice was typically caused by misdiagnosed myocardial infarctions and aortic ruptures. A full forensic report was present in 71 cases (all belonging to the 2007-2009 period): in 69% of cases the judicial autopsy revealed as a sufficient tool for diagnosing the cause of death; medical malpractice was confirmed in only 17% of the whole cases and a causal link between the ascertained malpractice and the patient death was recognized in only 12.7% cases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Responsabilità Sanitaria, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 3720133 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: casalimichelangelo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michelangelo Bruno
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Casali
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Responsabilità Sanitaria, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 3720133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mobilia
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Responsabilità Sanitaria, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 3720133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara Del
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sordo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Responsabilità Sanitaria, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 3720133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blandino
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Responsabilità Sanitaria, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 3720133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Genovese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001344:Autopsy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Death; Forensic investigation; Judicial autopsy; Medical malpractice