title: Intake of dairy products and calcium and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between the intake of dairy products and calcium and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study (KOMCHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 1745 pregnant Japanese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Scores of 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale denoted depressive symptoms. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education, and body mass index. In our analyses regarding dairy products in general, adjustment was also made for fish intake; in our analysis regarding calcium, adjustment was also made for the intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, and vitamin D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher intake levels of yogurt and calcium were independently related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios between extreme quartiles were 0.69 (95% CI 0.48-0.99, P for trend = 0.03) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.40-0.88, P for trend = 0.006), respectively. No relationships were observed between the intake of all dairy products, milk, or cheese and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results suggest that a higher intake of yogurt and calcium may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: Calcium; Japanese; dairy products; depression; intake; pregnancy