title: Toxicity effects of toad (Rhinella jimi Stevaux, 2002) venom in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the pathological changes that occur after administering different doses of R. jimi (Stevaux, 2002) parotoid glands secretion to Gallus gallus domesticus chicks. Twenty-three animals were used in this study and were divided into 5 groups that received a toad venom dose of 0, 3.0 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, and 25.0 mg/kg. After 48 h, the necropsy and pathological examinations were performed. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in any group. Macroscopically, hepatomegaly, areas of liver necrosis, splenomegaly, necrotic and hemorrhagic cardiac regions, hydropericardium, dark necrotic lesions of Meckel's diverticulum, and hemorrhages in the lungs and kidneys were detected. Histopathological changes included diffuse vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, severe sinusoidal congestion, focal areas of hemorrhage in the parenchyma, swollen cardiac fibers, necrotic myocardial fibers, moderate to acute diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium, necrosis of renal tubules, and extensive hemorrhagic areas below the brain and cerebellar meninges. In conclusion, pathological changes of the R. jimi toxins in chicks were noted in the heart, spleen, liver, Meckel's diverticulum, lungs, and kidneys. Most of the changes were similar to those observed in humans and animals exposed to toxins from other toad species.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivana Cristina Nunes
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joseney Maia
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jael Soares
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31275-013 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marilia Martins
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31275-013 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benito
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3861-1838
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soto-Blanco
mesh_terms: D000664:Amphibian Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms