title: Biodiesel exhaust-induced cytotoxicity and proinflammatory mediator production in human airway epithelial cells.
abstract: Increasing use of biodiesel has prompted research into the potential health effects of biodiesel exhaust exposure. Few studies directly compare the health consequences of mineral diesel, biodiesel, or blend exhaust exposures. Here, we exposed human epithelial cell cultures to diluted exhaust generated by the combustion of Australian ultralow-sulfur-diesel (ULSD), unprocessed canola oil, 100% canola biodiesel (B100), and a blend of 20% canola biodiesel mixed with 80% ULSD. The physicochemical characteristics of the exhaust were assessed and we compared cellular viability, apoptosis, and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) in exposed cultured cells. Different fuel types produced significantly different amounts of exhaust gases and different particle characteristics. All exposures resulted in significant apoptosis and loss of viability when compared with control, with an increasing proportion of biodiesel being correlated with a decrease in viability. In most cases, exposure to exhaust resulted in an increase in mediator production, with the greatest increases most often in response to B100. Exposure to pure canola oil (PCO) exhaust did not increase mediator production, but resulted in a significant decrease in IL-8 and RANTES in some cases. Our results show that canola biodiesel exhaust exposure elicits inflammation and reduces viability of human epithelial cell cultures in vitro when compared with ULSD exhaust exposure. This may be related to an increase in particle surface area and number in B100 exhaust when compared with ULSD exhaust. Exposure to PCO exhaust elicited the greatest loss of cellular viability, but virtually no inflammatory response, likely due to an overall increase in average particle size.
authors.affiliation: Fluid Dynamics Research Group, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.|School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, 6001, Australia.|School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.|Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kicic
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
authors.forename: Kak-Ming
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Fluid Dynamics Research Group, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.|School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mead-Hunter
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Larcombe
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: airway epithelial cell; apoptosis; biodiesel exhaust exposure; canola oil; cellular viability; cytokines; inflammation