title: A longitudinal study on the relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and executive function in early-onset first-episode psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and executive function (EF) in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) is controversial. We aim to assess the influence of DUP on changes in EF over a 2-year period in subjects with early-onset FEP (first psychotic symptom before age 18) and less than 6 months of positive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 66 subjects were included in the study (19 females [28.8%], mean age 16.2 ± 1.6 years). The influence of DUP on changes in EF over the 2-year follow-up (expressed as a composite score of 5 cognitive abilities: attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, and problem solving) was estimated using a multivariate linear regression model after removing the effect of intelligence quotient and controlling for age, gender, diagnosis, premorbid adjustment, severity of positive and negative symptoms at baseline, global functioning at baseline, and mean daily antipsychotic dosage during follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean DUP was 65.0 ± 6.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.2, 78.8). Median DUP was 47.5 days (range 2-180 days). Negative symptoms at baseline was the only variable significantly associated with EF at baseline (10.9% of explained variance [e.v. 10.9%], p=0.007). Only shorter DUP (e.v. 8.7%, p=0.013) and greater severity of baseline negative symptoms (e.v. 10.0%, p=0.008) were significantly associated with greater improvement in EF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early-onset FEP, shorter DUP was associated with greater improvement in EF over a 2-year follow-up period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: david.fraguas@cibersam.es.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fraguas
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merchán-Naranjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: del Rey-Mejías
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, SGR-1119, Hospital Clínic (Barcelona). Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava (Santiago), University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV Vitoria, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rapado-Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pina-Camacho
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Covadonga M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Díaz-Caneja
authors.affiliation: Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesus, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graell
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, CIBERSAM, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Soraya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, SGR-1119, Hospital Clínic (Barcelona). Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Alava (Santiago), University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV Vitoria, CIBERSAM, Spain; National Distance Education University (UNED), Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Cengotitabengoa
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Toscano
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Celso
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parellada
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adolescents; Attention; Children; Cognition; Cognitive flexibility; Executive function; Problem solving; Response inhibition; Schizophrenia; Working memory