title: Impact of race and sex on pain management by medical trainees: a mixed methods pilot study of decision making and awareness of influence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous research suggests female and black patients receive less optimal treatment for their chronic pain compared with male and white patients. Provider-related factors are hypothesized to contribute to unequal treatment, but these factors have not been examined extensively. This mixed methods investigation examined the influence of patients' demographic characteristics on providers' treatment decisions and providers' awareness of these influences on their treatment decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty medical trainees made treatment decisions (opioid, antidepressant, physical therapy) for 16 virtual patients with chronic low back pain; patient sex and race were manipulated across patients. Participants then indicated from a provided list the factors that influenced their treatment decisions, including patient demographics. Finally, individual interviews were conducted to discuss the role of patient demographics on providers' clinical decisions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual regression analyses indicated that 30% of participants were reliably influenced by patient sex and 15% by patient race when making their decisions (P < 0.05 or P < 0.10). Group analyses indicated that white patients received higher antidepressant recommendations, on average, than black patients (P < 0.05). Half of the medical trainees demonstrated awareness of the influence of demographic characteristics on their decision making. Participants, regardless of whether they were influenced by patients' demographics, discussed themes related to patient sex and race; however, participants' discussion of patient demographics in the interviews did not always align with their online study results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest there is a considerable variability in the extent to which medical trainees are influenced by patient demographics and their awareness of these decision making influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hollingshead
authors.forename: Marianne S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Matthias
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bair
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013337:Students, Medical; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Decision Making; Mixed Methods; Treatment Disparities; Virtual Human