title: Does the use of structured reporting improve usability? A comparative evaluation of the usability of two approaches for findings reporting in a large-scale telecardiology context.
abstract: One of the main reasons that leads to a low adoption rate of telemedicine systems is poor usability. An aspect that influences usability during the reporting of findings is the input mode, e.g., if a free-text (FT) or a structured report (SR) interface is employed. The objective of our study is to compare the usability of FT and ST telemedicine systems, specifically in terms of user satisfaction, efficiency and general usability. We comparatively evaluate the usability of these two input modes in a telecardiology system for issuing electrocardiography reports in the context of a statewide telemedicine system in Brazil with more than 350.000 performed tele-electrocardiography examinations. We adopted a multiple method research strategy, applying three different kinds of usability evaluations: user satisfaction was evaluated through interviews with seven medical professionals using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire and specific questions related to adequacy and user experience. Efficiency was evaluated by estimating execution time using the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM). General usability was assessed based on the conformity of the systems to a set of e-health specific usability heuristics. The results of this comparison provide a first indication that a structured report (SR) input mode for such a system is more satisfactory and efficient with a larger conformity to usability heuristics than free-text (FT) input. User satisfaction using the SUS questionnaire has been scored in average with 58.8 and 77.5 points for the FT and SR system, respectively, which means that the SR system was rated 18.65 points higher than the FT system. In terms of efficiency, the completion of a findings report using the SR mode is estimated to take 8.5s, 3.74 times faster than using the FT system (31.8s). The SR system also demonstrated less violations to usability heuristics (8 points) in comparison to 14 points observed in the FT system. These results provide a first indication that the usage of structured reporting as an input mode in telecardiology systems may enhance usability. This also seems to confirm the advantages of the usage of structured reporting, as already described in the literature for other areas such as teleradiology.
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Institute for Digital Convergence - INCoD, Informatics and Statistics Department, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaisa Cardoso
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Institute for Digital Convergence - INCoD, Informatics and Statistics Department, Brazil.
authors.forename: Christiane Gresse
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: von Wangenheim
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Institute for Digital Convergence - INCoD, Informatics and Statistics Department, Brazil. Electronic address: awangenh@inf.ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Wangenheim
authors.affiliation: Cardiologist, Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D004526:Efficiency; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017216:Telemedicine; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: DICOM SR; Heuristic usability evaluation; Keystroke-level model; System usability scale; Telecardiology; Telemedicine