title: Imbalance between protective (adiponectin) and prothrombotic (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) adipokines in metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome (MS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that confer increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Visceral adipose tissue actively produces a variety of adipokines that interact in various obesity related disorders such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and heart diseases. Adiponectin has protective role in the vascular physiology while Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has a prothrombotic and consequent deleterious effect on the endothelium. We attempted to assess the putative imbalance if any between these two mediators in subjects with metabolic syndrome in the Indian context.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 50 diagnosed case of metabolic syndrome as per International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria and 50 healthy volunteers as control. Clinical evaluation included anthropometric, routine biochemical analysis as well as adiponectin and PAI-1 measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subject with MS had significantly lower adiponectin (9.8±1.0 vs 16±1.1 μg/ml) and higher PAI-1 (232±87 vs 185±96 ng/ml). A statistically significant correlation was observed between adiponectin and HDL levels (r=0.388, p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects with MS have lower adiponectin and higher PAI-1 levels as compared to controls. The subsequent tilt toward a more prothrombotic and pro inflammatory milieu in the vascular endothelium may be pathognomonic of metabolic syndrome. This understanding of the still undiscovered subtle vascular alterations may help in the better management of obesity and MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, LHMC, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: drashoklhmc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ahirwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, LHMC, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, LHMC, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Binita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, LHMC, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: VMMC, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Jayashree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhatacharjee
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Adiponectin; Metabolic syndrome; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1