title: Relationships between vocalization forms and functions in infancy: preliminary implications for early communicative assessment and intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This preliminary study explored relationships between form and function in prelinguistic vocalizations to increase our understanding of early communicative development and to provide potential clinical implications for early communicative assessment and intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty typically developing infants-5 infants in each of 4 age groups, from 3 to 20 months of age-were included. Vocalizations from these infants had previously been categorized for their form (Nathani, Ertmer, & Stark, 2006) and function (Stark, Bernstein, & Demorest, 1993) characteristics. In the present study, cross-classification tabulations between form and function were conducted to examine relationships between vocalization types and their apparent uses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As anticipated, earlier developing forms were mostly associated with earlier developing functions, and later developing forms were mostly associated with later developing functions. However, there were some exceptions such that some forms were associated with a variety of functions, and vice versa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that some forms are more tightly coupled to function than others in the prelinguistic and early linguistic period. Preliminary implications for developmental theory, future research, and clinical applications are discussed. Larger, longitudinal studies with typical and atypical populations and stricter methodological controls are needed to validate these findings.
authors.forename: Suneeti Nathani
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ertmer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation; D012016:Reference Values; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014706:Verbal Learning