title: Forgiveness and PTSD among veterans: the mediating role of anger and negative affect.
abstract: Man-made traumatic events such as combat and terrorism may cause individuals to develop various forms of psychopathology, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression. Veterans who engage in combat experienced negative emotions such as anger, hostility and aggression. Forgiveness may buffer these feelings and prevent the development of psychiatric problems, in that it is a way of decreasing negative feelings and increasing positive feelings. The aim of the current study was to examine the mediating role of anger and negative affect on the relationship between forgiveness and both PTSD and depression co-morbid to PTSD among Turkish veterans who were exposed to combat experience because of terrorist attacks during their compulsory military service. Two hundred and forty-seven injured veterans participated in this study. Veterans were assessed using the Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). A path analysis supported the hypothesized model that both anger and negative affect fully mediated the relationship between forgiveness and both PTSD and depression co-morbid to PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Counseling and Guidance Program, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Cıragan Street No: 4-6, Istanbul 34353, Turkey. Electronic address: ozlem.karairmak@es.bahcesehir.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Karaırmak
authors.affiliation: Counseling and Guidance Program, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Cıragan Street No: 4-6, Istanbul 34353, Turkey. Electronic address: berna.guloglu@es.bahcesehir.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Berna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Güloğlu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D000786:Anger; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D061347:Forgiveness; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011599:Psychopathology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anger; Forgiveness; Negative affect; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Veterans