title: Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress of malachite green on the kidney and gill cell lines of freshwater air breathing fish Channa striata.
abstract: The cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress of malachite green (MG) was investigated using the fish Channa striata kidney (CSK) and Channa striata gill (CSG) cell lines. Five concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 μg mL(-1) were tested in three independent experiments. Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Rhodamine 123 and Alamar Blue. The mitochondrial changes and apoptosis of MG-exposed cells were observed by Rhodamine 123 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. In vitro potential DNA damaging effect of MG was tested using comet assay. Mitochondrial damage, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments were carried out to study the binding effect of MG to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of cells. DNA shift mobility experiments showed that MG is capable of strongly binding to linear dsDNA causing its degradation. Biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), catalase (CAT) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated after exposure to MG. In CSK and CSG cell lines exposed to MG for 48 h, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, which might be associated with decreased levels of reduced glutathione and catalase activity in these cell lines (p < 0.001), was observed.
authors.affiliation: OIE Reference Laboratory for WTD, PG and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S Abdul
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.forename: K S N
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nambi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taju
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vimal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.forename: A S Sahul
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hameed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000378:metabolism; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C005095:malachite green; D005978:Glutathione