title: MIP-3β/CCL19 is associated with the intrathecal invasion of mononuclear cells in neuroinflammatory and non-neuroinflammatory CNS diseases in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemokines such as MIP-3β/CCL19 are important factors in the mechanism of cell migration and pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory reactions. The hypothesis of this study is that CCL19, also known as MIP-3β, is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and non-inflammatory CNS diseases of dogs. Experiments were performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of dogs affected with steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) during the acute phase as well as during treatment. Dogs with SRMA were compared to dogs with presumed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO), and both groups sub-categorized into dogs receiving no therapy and with patients receiving prednisolone therapy. Idiopathic epilepsy (IE), a group with normal CSF cell count, was used as a control. Additionally, dogs with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) of varying severity were analyzed. Chemokine concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Migration assays were performed on seven selected CSF samples using a disposable 96-well chemotaxis chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCL19 was detectable in CSF samples of all dogs. Dogs with untreated SRMA and MUO displayed pronounced CCL19 elevations compared to the control group and patients receiving glucocorticosteroid treatment. CSF cell counts of untreated SRMA and MUO patients were significantly positively correlated with the CCL19 CSF concentration. IVDD patients also had elevated CCL19 concentration compared to controls, but values were considerably lower than in inflammatory CNS diseases. Selected CSF samples displayed chemotactic activity for mononuclear cells in the migration assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCL19 CSF concentrations were markedly elevated in patients affected with the neuroinflammatory diseases SRMA and MUO and showed a strong correlation with the CSF cell count. This chemokine may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SRMA and MUO. The elevation of CSF CCL19 in IVDD suggests that it may also be involved in the secondary wave of spinal cord injuries.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Brett G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schatzberg
authors.forename: Lijing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 9, Hannover 30559, Germany. andrea.tipold@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tipold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D054415:Chemokine CCL19 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D054415:Chemokine CCL19