title: The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because early life growth has long-lasting metabolic and behavioral consequences, intervention during this period of developmental plasticity may alter long-term obesity risk. While modifiable factors during infancy have been identified, until recently, preventive interventions had not been tested. The Intervention Nurses Starting Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT). Study is a longitudinal, randomized, controlled trial evaluating a responsive parenting intervention designed for the primary prevention of obesity. This "parenting" intervention is being compared with a home safety control among first-born infants and their parents. INSIGHT's central hypothesis is that responsive parenting and specifically responsive feeding promotes self-regulation and shared parent-child responsibility for feeding, reducing subsequent risk for overeating and overweight.
  
  
  METHODS
  316 first-time mothers and their full-term newborns were enrolled from one maternity ward. Two weeks following delivery, dyads were randomly assigned to the "parenting" or "safety" groups. Subsequently, research nurses conduct study visits for both groups consisting of home visits at infant age 3-4, 16, 28, and 40 weeks, followed by annual clinic-based visits at 1, 2, and 3 years. Both groups receive intervention components framed around four behavior states: Sleeping, Fussy, Alert and Calm, and Drowsy. The main study outcome is BMI z-score at age 3 years; additional outcomes include those related to patterns of infant weight gain, infant sleep hygiene and duration, maternal responsiveness and soothing strategies for infant/toddler distress and fussiness, maternal feeding style and infant dietary content and physical activity. Maternal outcomes related to weight status, diet, mental health, and parenting sense of competence are being collected. Infant temperament will be explored as a moderator of parenting effects, and blood is collected to obtain genetic predictors of weight status. Finally, second-born siblings of INSIGHT participants will be enrolled in an observation-only study to explore parenting differences between siblings, their effect on weight outcomes, and carryover effects of INSIGHT interventions to subsequent siblings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With increasing evidence suggesting the importance of early life experiences on long-term health trajectories, the INSIGHT trial has the ability to inform future obesity prevention efforts in clinical settings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01167270. Registered 21 July 2010.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, HS83, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr,, Hershey 17033, PA, USA. ipaul@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anzman-Frasca
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Beiler
authors.forename: Kateryna D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Makova
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Lindsey B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rzucidlo
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verdiglione
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mindell
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional / Q000379:methods*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009765:Obesity / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D016487:Parenting; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design