title: Performance optimization of current focusing and virtual electrode strategies in retinal implants.
abstract: The electrode configuration in an implanted visual prosthesis array affects the spatial electric field distribution within the retina, contributing to current focusing and virtual electrode (VE) stimulation strategies. In this paper, a finite element model incorporating various electrode configurations was used to study the interaction between electrode size and electrode-to-cell distance in current focusing and VE stimulation paradigms. The electrode array unit comprises an active electrode, six flanking return electrodes and a distant monopolar return. A quasi-monopolar (QMP) fraction is defined as the proportion of current which can be preferentially returned through the distant return, in comparison with the more adjacent flanking electrodes. The simulation results indicate that current focusing and VE strategies can be optimized by tuning the QMP fraction. The QMP fraction is adjusted to optimize the electric field spread based on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density in the degenerate retina, thereby offsetting the effect of inhomogeneous distribution of surviving RGCs and leading to a uniform stimulation paradigm across electrodes. Importantly, there is negligible difference in functional performance across electrode configurations for distances less than the electrode diameter, implying that the stimulation mode does not significantly affect activation threshold or activated retinal area for electrode diameters greater than the retinal thickness. Furthermore, the QMP fraction has a significant effect on VE performance, defined by activation threshold and activated retinal area, when threshold current is evenly divided between two adjacent active electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khalili Moghaddam
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Nigel H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert G H
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Gregg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Suaning
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: s.dokos@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Socrates
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dokos
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D057488:Visual Prosthesis
keywords: Current steering; Neuroprosthesis; Retinal implant; Virtual electrode