title: One-week intervention period led to improvements in glycemic control and reduction in DNA damage levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which reduces cellular antioxidant defenses and induces several DNA lesions. We investigated the effects on DNA damage of a seven-day hospitalization period in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to achieve adequate blood glucose levels through dietary intervention and medication treatment, compared with non-diabetic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA damage levels were evaluated by the alkaline comet assay (with modified and without conventional use of hOGG1 enzyme, which detects oxidized DNA bases) for 10 patients and 16 controls. Real time PCR array method was performed to analyze the transcriptional expression of a set of 84 genes implicated in antioxidant defense and response to oxidative stress in blood samples from T2DM patients (n=6) collected before and after the hospitalization period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seven-day period was sufficient to improve glycemic control and to significantly decrease (p<0.05) DNA damage levels in T2DM patients, although those levels were slightly higher than those in control subjects. We also found a tendency towards a decrease in the levels of oxidative DNA damage in T2DM patients after the hospitalization period. However, for all genes analyzed, a statistically significant difference in the transcriptional expression levels was not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that although the transcriptional expression of the genes studied did not show significant alterations, one-week of glycemic control in hospital resulted in a significant reduction in DNA damage levels detected in T2DM patients, highlighting the importance of an adequate glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Manoel-Caetano
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Foss-Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milton C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Donadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Disciplines of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: etshojo@usp.br.
authors.forename: Elza T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Sakamoto-Hojo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Comet assay; Hyperglycemia; Oxidative stress; PCR array; Type 2 diabetes mellitus