title: Neighborhood Characteristics and ADHD: Results of a National Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the association of neighborhood social and physical characteristics with ADHD, accounting for individual and family factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2007 National Survey of Child Health, a nationally representative data set, was used (N = 64,076). Three neighborhood scales were generated: social support, amenities, and disorder. Logistic and ordinal logistic regressions were conducted to examine the association of these scales with ADHD diagnosis and severity while adjusting for individual and family characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight percent had a child with ADHD: 47% described as mild, 40% moderate, and 13% severe. In adjusted models, lower neighborhood support was associated with increased ADHD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.66 [1.05, 2.63]) and severity (OR = 3.74 [1.71, 8.15]); neighborhood amenities or disorder were not significantly associated. Poor parental mental health was associated with ADHD prevalence and severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood social support is a potential area of intervention for children with ADHD and their caregivers. Research challenges and opportunities are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA nrazani@mail.cho.org.
authors.forename: Nooshin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Razani
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Halpern-Felsher
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Megumi J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Holly E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Morrell
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Irene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012944:Social Support
keywords: ADD/ADHD; childhood; neighborhood characteristics; parental functioning; parks; physical activity