title: Evaluation of stem injection for managing giant reed (Arundo donax).
abstract: Giant reed is an emergent aquatic plant that may be weedy in riparian habitats. Two herbicides approved for controlling giant reed in the US are glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) and imazapyr (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid). Foliar applications of these herbicides may be restricted in some areas, such as those, which are within the range of threatened or endangered species. We conducted two field experiments at sites in northern and central California. The first experiment evaluated the effects of three aquatic herbicides (glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid) injected into all of the stems within a giant reed (5 mL stem(-1)). In this experiment, leaf chlorophyll content, the proportion of living stems, and the number of new stems produced during the year after treatment declined (>80%) following injection of either full strength glyphosate or imazapyr. The effects of injecting full strength triclopyr were considerably less. In a second experiment, different proportions (0, 10%, 25%, or 100%) of the stems within a plant were injected with full strength glyphosate. Results indicated that it was necessary to inject all of the stems within a clump to achieve the greatest reduction in the plant growth characteristics measured. These results imply that giant reed may be successfully controlled by injecting full strength glyphosate (5 mL stem(-1)) into all of the stems within a clump. While labor intensive and thus potentially more costly this method, offers a new method for managing giant reed in sensitive sites where foliar spray applications may be restricted.
authors.affiliation: a US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Davis , California , USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006016:Glycolates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009525:Niacin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000187:drug effects; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects*; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006016:Glycolates; D006540:Herbicides; D007093:Imidazoles; D009525:Niacin; D000097797:Glyphosate; C076656:imazapyr; C032742:triclopyr
keywords: Glyphosate; SPAD; clonal growth; imazapyr; stem injection efficacy