title: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy visualizes pharmaceutical tablets during dissolution.
abstract: Traditional pharmaceutical dissolution tests determine the amount of drug dissolved over time by measuring drug content in the dissolution medium. This method provides little direct information about what is happening on the surface of the dissolving tablet. As the tablet surface composition and structure can change during dissolution, it is essential to monitor it during dissolution testing. In this work coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy is used to image the surface of tablets during dissolution while UV absorption spectroscopy is simultaneously providing inline analysis of dissolved drug concentration for tablets containing a 50% mixture of theophylline anhydrate and ethyl cellulose. The measurements showed that in situ CARS microscopy is capable of imaging selectively theophylline in the presence of ethyl cellulose. Additionally, the theophylline anhydrate converted to theophylline monohydrate during dissolution, with needle-shaped crystals growing on the tablet surface during dissolution. The conversion of theophylline anhydrate to monohydrate, combined with reduced exposure of the drug to the flowing dissolution medium resulted in decreased dissolution rates. Our results show that in situ CARS microscopy combined with inline UV absorption spectroscopy is capable of monitoring pharmaceutical tablet dissolution and correlating surface changes with changes in dissolution rate.
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente; A.L.Fussell@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fussell
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine University.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleinebudde
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herek
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki.
authors.forename: Clare J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.affiliation: Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente.
authors.forename: Herman L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012995:Solubility; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets