title: Topical delivery of aceclofenac: challenges and promises of novel drug delivery systems.
abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA), a common musculoskeletal disorder, is projected to affect about 60 million people of total world population by 2020. The associated pain and disability impair the quality of life and also pose economic burden to the patient. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed in OA, while diclofenac is the most prescribed one. Oral NSAIDs are not very patient friendly, as they cause various gastrointestinal adverse effects like bleeding, ulceration, and perforation. To enhance the tolerability of diclofenac and decrease the common side effects, aceclofenac (ACE) was developed by its chemical modification. As expected, ACE is more well-tolerated than diclofenac and possesses superior efficacy but is not completely devoid of the NSAID-tagged side effects. A series of chemical modifications of already planned drug is unjustified as it consumes quanta of time, efforts, and money, and this approach will also pose stringent regulatory challenges. Therefore, it is justified to deliver ACE employing tools of drug delivery and nanotechnology to refine its safety profile. The present review highlights the constraints related to the topical delivery of ACE and the various attempts made so far for the safe and effective topical delivery employing the novel materials and methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer District, Rajasthan 305 801, India.
authors.forename: Kaisar
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8159-8005
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer District, Rajasthan 305 801, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer District, Rajasthan 305 801, India.
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer District, Rajasthan 305 801, India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
authors.forename: Gajanand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
authors.forename: Manmeet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Katare
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; C056498:aceclofenac