title: Explaining pragmatic performance in traumatic brain injury: a process perspective on communicative errors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to investigate the pragmatic abilities of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several studies in the literature have previously reported communicative deficits in individuals with TBI, however such research has focused principally on communicative deficits in general, without providing an analysis of the errors committed in understanding and expressing communicative acts. Within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Pragmatics theory and Cooperative principle we focused on intermediate communicative errors that occur in both the comprehension and the production of various pragmatic phenomena, expressed through both linguistic and extralinguistic communicative modalities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the pragmatic abilities of individuals with TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 30 individuals with TBI and a matched control group took part in the experiment. They were presented with a series of videotaped vignettes depicting everyday communicative exchanges, and were tested on the comprehension and production of various kinds of communicative acts (standard communicative act, deceit and irony). The participants' answers were evaluated as correct or incorrect. Incorrect answers were then further evaluated with regard to the presence of different intermediate errors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with TBI performed worse than control participants on all the tasks investigated when considering correct versus incorrect answers. Furthermore, a series of logistic regression analyses showed that group membership (TBI versus controls) significantly predicted the occurrence of intermediate errors. This result holds in both the comprehension and production tasks, and in both linguistic and extralinguistic modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants with TBI tend to have difficulty in managing different types of communicative acts, and they make more intermediate errors than the control participants. Intermediate errors concern the comprehension and production of the expression act, the comprehension of the actors' meaning, as well as the respect of the Cooperative principle.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Angeleri
authors.forename: Katiuscia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Bruno G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Bara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001037:Aphasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D032882:Comprehension; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010700:Phonetics; D000067404:Social Communication Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D055815:Young Adult