title: Brain 18F-FDG-PET characteristics in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome and its correlation with clinical and MRI findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the imaging characteristics and clinical and MRI correlates of brain F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG)-PET imaging in patients with paraneoplatic neurological syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of patients diagnosed with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome were retrospectively reviewed using the electronic medical records of the patients, looking specifically at records of hospital stays, laboratory findings and imaging reports. Both brain MRI and F-FDG-PET imaging characteristics were analyzed and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19 patients (ages 26-78; 13 female and six male patients) with clinical diagnoses of PNS were analyzed in this study. Limbic encephalitis (paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis) was found in 10 patients, seven of whom had a diagnosis of cancer. Brain F-FDG-PET showed bilaterally increased mesial temporal F-FDG uptake in eight of 10 patients with limbic encephalitis; seven of these eight patients exhibited memory loss. There was also a notable reduction in general cortical F-FDG uptake (including in the primary visual cortex) in six of the 10 patients with limbic encephalitis; three of the six patients had their primary motor cortices spared, two of them being spared bilaterally. Five of the seven limbic encephalitis patients with diagnosed cancer and two of the three without it had the aforementioned cortical and temporal lobe findings. Of the eight patients with onconeuronal antibodies, seven had temporal lobe enhancement and a total of six had diffuse cortical dysfunction. One patient with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis without antibodies had demonstrated severely increased F-FDG uptake in both occipital lobes extending to the temporal lobes. The other patient without antibodies had a normal PET scan. Only one patient among four with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration had demonstrated decreased cerebellar uptake on F-FDG-PET that correlated with atrophy of the cerebellar vermis on MRI. Three patients had a clinical diagnosis of sensory neuropathy, of whom one demonstrated mild bilateral decrease in F-FDG uptake in the mesial temporal lobes, one showed notable increase in F-FDG uptake in the right mesial temporal lobe (with normal MRI) and the other had a normal brain F-FDG-PET. One patient was found to have cerebellar findings paired with oculomotor findings and showed increased F-FDG uptake in the cerebellum. One patient with stiff-person syndrome had normal brain F-FDG-PET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of abnormalities in the brain F-FDG-PET images usually correlates well with the corresponding clinical settings and presentations. Although quite frequently findings correlate with those of MRI, at times F-FDG-PET can demonstrate functional abnormality in the absence of any MRI finding, which could give a therapeutic window before anatomical changes set in.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA bRadiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Mumbai, India cDepartment of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masangkay
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Mateen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moghbel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kwee
authors.forename: Abass
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alavi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D020363:Limbic Encephalitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020362:Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D020361:Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016750:Stiff-Person Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18