title: The addition of tramadol to the standard of i.v. acetaminophen and morphine infusion for postoperative analgesia in neonates offers no clinical benefit: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tramadol is used following neonatal cardiac and general surgery. However, its ability to opioid-spare or facilitate earlier extubation in postoperative neonates is unquantified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This randomized placebo-controlled trial aimed to assess whether tramadol's addition to standard analgesia resulted in earlier extubation or reduced analgesic/sedative requirements in postsurgical neonates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonates born ≥32 weeks postmenstrual age received either tramadol [T] 2 mg·kg(-1) or placebo [P] 6-hourly for up to 5 days postthoracoabdominal surgery in addition to morphine (commenced at 20 mcg·kg(-1) ·h(-1)) and 6-hourly i.v. acetaminophen. Time to extubation, morphine and midazolam amounts, hourly pain scores, and seizure activity were compared using an intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-one neonates participated. Median survival time to extubation was similar between the groups (T 67 h [95% CI 51, 84] vs P 52 h [95%CI 43, 65]; P = 0.4), and similar numbers were extubated by 96 h (T 69% vs P 77%; difference -8%, 95%CI -28, 13%). Morphine and midazolam exposure was similar, with low pain scores in both groups (mean percentage of time with a pain score >5/20 during the 5 days: T 13% vs P 11%, difference in means 2.8 [95% CI -1.8, 7.6], P = 0.20). Most participants had normal cranial ultrasounds (T 86% vs P 86%); no seizures occurred clinically or electroencephalographically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol's addition to standard analgesia in this small group of postsurgical neonates did not appear to have any positive effect on time to extubation, morphine or midazolam exposure, or pain scores. This questions the benefit of tramadol for postsurgical neonates. Importantly, no seizures occurred in these ill neonates who may potentially be at greater risk of tramadol toxicity compared with adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatal Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC., Australia; Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olischar
authors.forename: Greta M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orsini
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Everest
authors.forename: Noel E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Cranswick
authors.forename: Rod W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hunt
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014147:Tramadol; D009020:Morphine
keywords: acetaminophen; analgesics; electroencephalography; infant; intensive care; neonatal; newborn; opioid; pain; parenteral; postoperative; surgery; tramadol