title: Weight cycling and depressive symptoms in diabetes: a community-based study of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Quebec.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The problems of obesity and depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus are well documented, yet the role of weight cycling in relation to these 2 chronic conditions has not been examined. The study objective was to determine whether weight cycling predicts the development of depressive symptoms in the course of 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study of 1100 adults with type 2 diabetes participating in the Diabetes Health and Well-Being Study (telephone survey using the random-digit-dialling method) had complete data at the 1-year follow up on depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) and weight cycling frequency (going on a diet and losing >10 kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 56.5% of subjects reported weight cycling on at least 1 occasion in their lifetime; it was found to be associated with baseline body mass index, depression, sex and age (p<0.05). Regression analyses indicated that severe weight cycling (≥4 times) was not associated with the development of major depressive symptoms; however, it was associated with maintaining major depressive symptoms (p=0.038) but significance disappeared after adjusting for body mass index, physical activity, smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Development and maintenance of major depressive symptoms were associated with physical inactivity (p<0.05); maintenance of major depressive symptoms was also associated with higher body mass index values (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Weight cycling is a widespread phenomenon in diabetes. It was associated with depression, but severe cycling was not an independent predictor of the development and maintenance of major depressive symptoms. Clinicians should consider physical inactivity when evaluating and addressing depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Lyne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Messier
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elisha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gariepy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: JianLi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: irene.strychar@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Strychar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011792:Quebec; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: depression; diabète de type 2; dépression; type 2 diabetes; variation cyclique du poids; weight cycling