title: Advances in pathogenesis and management of pruritus in cholestasis.
abstract: Chronic pruritus is a burdensome feature of numerous hepatobiliary disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholangiocarcinoma, inherited forms of cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Bile salts, μ-opioids, serotonin, histamine and steroids have been controversially discussed in the pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. However, for these substances neither a correlation with itch severity nor a causative link has ever been established. Recent findings indicate that the potent neuronal activator lysophosphatidic acid and autotaxin, the enzyme forming lysophosphatidic acid, may play a key element in the pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. Serum activity of autotaxin correlated with itch intensity and response to antipruritic treatment in patients with cholestatic pruritus, but not other forms of pruritus. Autotaxin activity thereby represents the first biomarker for pruritus and had a positive predictive value of 70% in differentiating cholestatic pruritus from other forms of pruritus. Treatment options for patients with cholestatic pruritus include the anion exchange resin colestyramine, the PXR agonist rifampicin, the μ-opioid antagonist naltrexone, and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline. These drugs are recommended by evidence-based guidelines as a stepwise therapeutic approach. Patients unresponsive to these drugs should be referred to specialized centers to receive experimental approaches such as UVB phototherapy, albumin dialysis, plasmapheresis or nasobiliary drainage. This review discusses pruritogen candidates in cholestasis, gives novel insights into the neuronal signaling pathway of pruritus and summarizes evidence-based treatment options for patients suffering from pruritus in cholestasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolier
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Ronald P J
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Oude Elferink
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beuers
mesh_terms: D002779:Cholestasis / Q000150:complications*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011537:Pruritus / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D015398:Signal Transduction