title: Effect of antiretroviral HIV therapy on hepatitis B virus replication and pathogenicity.
abstract: Coinfections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV are very frequent. Although HBV is a DNA virus, it replicates via reverse transcription like HIV. Structural similarities between the enzymatic pocket of the HBV DNA polymerase and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are the basis that certain drugs inhibit both enzymes and thus the replication of both viruses. HBV components increase the pathogenic action of HIV and vice versa directly by certain proteins like HBsAg in the case of HBV and HIV-encoded Tat and Vpr and by disturbing the cytokine balance in affected cells. Antiretroviral therapy is highly beneficial for HIV/HBV-coinfected patients, but carries the risk of drug-induced resistance development and hepatotoxicity. Even with restoration of the immune capacity, signs of hepatic inflammation may develop even after 10 years of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Max von Pettenkofer Institute, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gürtler
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068698:Tenofovir; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D054322:tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D000068679:Emtricitabine; D000225:Adenine