title: Development and evaluation of a measure to assess restorative sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are validated measures assessing insomnia and disturbed sleep, but few psychometrically sound instruments to assess perceptions of the restorative or inadequate properties of sleep are available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and evaluate a new instrument, the Restorative Sleep Questionnaire (RSQ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups were conducted using participants with and without nonrestorative sleep complaints. Questions were designed to elicit the feelings and experiences people have about their sleep and their view of daytime consequences of sleep. Expert panels confirmed the importance of nonrestorative sleep (NRS) as a frequently encountered problem either with or without other sleep complaints. The resulting RSQ was administered in three studies: (1) a telephone interview with healthy controls and individuals with sleep problems; (2) a randomized clinical trial of patients with primary insomnia assessed by polysomnography (PSG); (3) a PSG study of subjects with NRS complaints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all studies, the new measures were shown to be significantly correlated with health-related quality of life (HRQL) domains hypothesized to be related to NRS. The RSQ had good psychometric properties (α > 0.90; rtest-retest > 0.80), and factor analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the measure. The RSQ was able to distinguish between healthy controls, patients with primary insomnia, and insomnia patients with isolated NRS complaints but without PSG defined sleep onset, duration, or maintenance problems. Normal sleepers reported sleep that was about a standard deviation more restorative than that of those with NRS on the RSQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study provide support for the reliability and validity of the RSQ as a measure of NRS in subjects with and without self-reported or PSG confirmed sleep initiation and maintenance difficulties.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00655369; NCT00705601.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morlock
authors.affiliation: Medivation Inc, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Fong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shikiar
authors.affiliation: MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD.
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Downey
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007407:Interviews as Topic / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem
keywords: NRS; next day consequences; patient reported outcome; sleep perception; sleep quality