title: Patient-reported outcome measures for systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trials: a review of content validity, face validity and psychometric performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite overall progress in treatment of autoimmune diseases, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience many inflammatory symptoms representing an unmet medical need. This study aimed to create a conceptual model of the humanistic and economic burden of SLE, and review the patient-reported outcomes (PROs) used to measure such concepts in SLE clinical trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  A conceptual model for SLE was developed from structured review of published articles from 2007 to August 2013 identified from literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, EconLit) plus other sources (PROLabels, FDA/EMA websites, Clinicaltrials.gov). PROs targeting key symptoms/impacts were identified from the literature. They were reviewed in the context of available guidance and assessed for face and content validity and psychometric properties to determine appropriateness for use in SLE trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conceptual model identified fatigue, pain, cognition, daily activities, emotional well-being, physical/social functioning and work productivity as key SLE concepts. Of the 68 articles reviewed, 38 reported PRO data. From these and the other sources, 15 PROs were selected for review, including SLE-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures (n = 5), work productivity (n = 1), and generic measures of fatigue (n = 3), pain (n = 2), depression (n = 2) and HRQoL (n = 2). The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue Scale (FACIT-Fatigue), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-SF) and LupusQoL demonstrated the strongest face validity, conceptual coverage and psychometric properties measuring key concepts in the conceptual model. All PROs reviewed, except for three Lupus-specific measures, lacked qualitative SLE patient involvement during development. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Short Form [36 item] Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2), EuroQoL 5-dimensions (EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L) and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Lupus (WPAI:Lupus) showed suitability for SLE economic models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the identification of key symptoms and impacts of SLE using a scientifically sound conceptual model, we conclude that SLE is a condition associated with high unmet need and considerable burden to patients. This review highlights the availability and need for disease-specific and generic patient-reported measures of relevant domains of disease signs and symptoms, HRQoL and work productivity, providing useful insight for SLE clinical trial design.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pilling
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Højbjerre
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strandberg-Larsen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Allé 1, Bagsvaerd, 2880, Denmark. bbkh@novonordisk.com.
authors.forename: Brian Bekker
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires