title: A Picea abies linkage map based on SNP markers identifies QTLs for four aspects of resistance to Heterobasidion parviporum infection.
abstract: A consensus linkage map of Picea abies, an economically important conifer, was constructed based on the segregation of 686 SNP markers in a F1 progeny population consisting of 247 individuals. The total length of 1889.2 cM covered 96.5% of the estimated genome length and comprised 12 large linkage groups, corresponding to the number of haploid P. abies chromosomes. The sizes of the groups (from 5.9 to 9.9% of the total map length) correlated well with previous estimates of chromosome sizes (from 5.8 to 10.8% of total genome size). Any locus in the genome has a 97% probability to be within 10 cM from a mapped marker, which makes the map suited for QTL mapping. Infecting the progeny trees with the root rot pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum allowed for mapping of four different resistance traits: lesion length at the inoculation site, fungal spread within the sapwood, exclusion of the pathogen from the host after initial infection, and ability to prevent the infection from establishing at all. These four traits were associated with two, four, four and three QTL regions respectively of which none overlapped between the traits. Each QTL explained between 4.6 and 10.1% of the respective traits phenotypic variation. Although the QTL regions contain many more genes than the ones represented by the SNP markers, at least four markers within the confidence intervals originated from genes with known function in conifer defence; a leucoanthocyanidine reductase, which has previously been shown to upregulate during H. parviporum infection, and three intermediates of the lignification process; a hydroxycinnamoyl CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a 4-coumarate CoA ligase, and a R2R3-MYB transcription factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Källman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute for Systems and Integrative Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bousquet
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Giusi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaina
authors.affiliation: Skogforsk, Svalöv, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elfstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lascoux
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stenlid
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D028222:Picea / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers