title: Sugar-sweetened soda consumption and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sugar-sweetened soda consumption is consistently associated with an increased risk of several chronic inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Whether it plays a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune inflammatory disease, remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the association between sugar-sweetened soda consumption and risk of RA in US women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 79,570 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1980-2008) and 107,330 women from the NHS II (1991-2009). Information on sugar-sweetened soda consumption (including regular cola, caffeine-free cola, and other sugar-sweetened carbonated soda) was obtained from a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline and approximately every 4 y during follow-up. Incident RA cases were validated by medical record review. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate HRs after adjustment for confounders. Results from both cohorts were pooled by an inverse-variance-weighted, fixed-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 3,381,268 person-years of follow-up, 857 incident cases of RA were documented in the 2 cohorts. In the multivariable pooled analyses, we found that women who consumed ≥1 serving of sugar-sweetened soda/d had a 63% (HR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.30; P-trend = 0.004) increased risk of developing seropositive RA compared with those who consumed no sugar-sweetened soda or who consumed <1 serving/mo. When we restricted analyses to those with later RA onset (after age 55 y) in the NHS, the association appeared to be stronger (HR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.56, 4.46; P-trend < 0.0001). No significant association was found for sugar-sweetened soda and seronegative RA. Diet soda consumption was not significantly associated with risk of RA in the 2 cohorts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened soda, but not diet soda, is associated with increased risk of seropositive RA in women, independent of other dietary and lifestyle factors.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Karen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Costenbader
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Daabil
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Karlson
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy (YH, KHC, DHS, EWK, MA-D, JAS, and BL) and the Channing Division of Network Medicine (FBH and XG), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (FBH).
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000032:analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor