title: Endoscopic removal of subgaleal hematoma in a 7-year-old patient treated with anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subgaleal hematomas frequently occur in children after head trauma and extend over the cranial sutures. Although conservative treatment suffices in most cases, surgical removal of a subgaleal hematoma is indicated when the patient presents with anemia and headache associated with its progressive enlargement.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a 7-year-old boy who was medicated with warfarin and aspirin due to a hypoplastic left ventricle and fell from a rock wherein he hit his head in the frontal region. Although a computed tomography scan of the head revealed no intracranial lesion, an extracranial hematoma was found to extend over the cranial sutures, leading to the diagnosis of subgaleal hematoma. The hematoma continued to grow gradually despite the cessation of warfarin and aspirin therapy immediately after the head trauma. Since the patient's headache and anemia were progressing as the hematoma enlarged, removal of the hematoma was performed 3 days after admission. Endoscopic hematoma removal was planned to enable accurate coagulation of the sites of bleeding and removal of the maximal amount of hematoma through minimal incision. The hematoma was completely removed, and the patient's postoperative course was excellent with alleviation of both the anemia and the headache. No sign of hematoma recurrence could be detected during 2 years follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An angled endoscope can allow visualization of the deep subgaleal space, and this technique enabled direct visualization of the bleeding sites and accurate coagulation to prevent recurrence of hematoma. Endoscopic techniques, such as minimally invasive techniques, can allow sufficient removal of subgaleal hematoma with minimal morbidity, especially in patients such as ours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 13-1, Takara machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 13-1, Takara machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 13-1, Takara machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 13-1, Takara machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 13-1, Takara machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamada
keywords: Anticoagulant agent; endoscope; removal; subgaleal hematoma