title: Textile-templated electrospun anisotropic scaffolds for regenerative cardiac tissue engineering.
abstract: For patients with end-stage heart disease, the access to heart transplantation is limited due to the shortage of donor organs and to the potential for rejection of the donated organ. Therefore, current studies focus on bioengineering approaches for creating biomimetic cardiac patches that will assist in restoring cardiac function, by repairing and/or regenerating the intrinsically anisotropic myocardium. In this paper we present a simplified, straightforward approach for creating bioactive anisotropic cardiac patches, based on a combination of bioengineering and textile-manufacturing techniques in concert with nano-biotechnology based tissue-engineering stratagems. Using knitted conventional textiles, made of cotton or polyester yarns as template targets, we successfully electrospun anisotropic three-dimensional scaffolds from poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), and thermoplastic polycarbonate-urethane (PCU, Bionate(®)). The surface topography and mechanical properties of textile-templated anisotropic scaffolds significantly differed from those of scaffolds electrospun from the same materials onto conventional 2-D flat-target electrospun scaffolds. Anisotropic textile-templated scaffolds electrospun from both PLGA and PCU, supported the adhesion and proliferation of H9C2 cardiac myoblasts cell line, and guided the cardiac tissue-like anisotropic organization of these cells in vitro. All cell-seeded PCU scaffolds exhibited mechanical properties comparable to those of a human heart, but only the cells on the polyester-templated scaffolds exhibited prolonged spontaneous synchronous contractility on the entire engineered construct for 10 days in vitro at a near physiologic frequency of ∼120 bpm. Taken together, the methods described here take advantage of straightforward established textile manufacturing strategies as an efficient and cost-effective approach to engineering 3D anisotropic, elastomeric PCU scaffolds that can serve as a cardiac patch.
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: hgs24@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: H Gözde
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Şenel Ayaz
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: Anatperets@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perets
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: hasan.ayaz@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. Electronic address: kyle.gilroy@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Kyle D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Gilroy
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia University, School of Engineering & Textiles, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA. Electronic address: govindarajm@philau.edu.
authors.forename: Muthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindaraj
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia University, School of Engineering & Textiles, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA. Electronic address: yarnboy@aol.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brookstein
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Dept. Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, PA 19127, USA. Electronic address: pilelkes@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lelkes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D016880:Anisotropy; D002460:Cell Line; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013784:Textiles; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Electrospinning; PLGA; Polyurethane; Textile-template; Tissue engineering