title: Role of lymphatic vasculature in regional and distant metastases.
abstract: In cancer, lymphatic vasculature has been traditionally viewed only as a transportation system for metastatic cells. It has now become clear that lymphatics perform many additional functions which could influence cancer progression. Lymphangiogenesis, induced at the primary tumor site and at distant sites, potently augments metastasis. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) control tumor cell entry and exit from the lymphatic vessels. LECs also control immune cell traffic and directly modulate adaptive immune responses. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic vessels, and in particular lymphatic endothelium, impact metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Podgrabinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Electronic address: mihaela.skobe@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skobe
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: CCL1; CCR8; Chemokine; Immunoregulation; Lymph node; Lymphangiogenesis; Lymphatic endothelium; Metastasis; VEGF-C; VEGFR-3