title: Convergence accommodation to convergence CA/C ratio: convergence versus divergence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the convergence accommodation to convergence (CA/C) ratio during divergence with base-in (BI) prisms is of a similar or different magnitude to that measured during convergence with base-out (BO) prisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen participants with normal binocular single vision were recruited. The participants viewed a pseudo-Gaussian target, which consisted of a light emitting diode (LED) behind a diffusing screen at 40 cm. After 5 minutes of dark adaptation, the refractive status of the eye was measured without any prism using a Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor. The participant held the selected prism (5Δ or 10Δ BO or BI, counterbalanced) in front of their right eye and obtained a single, fused image of the target while refractive measures were taken with each. A 30-second rest period was given between measurements. The mean age of the participants was 20.6±3.22 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean CA/C ratios for the 5Δ BO, 10Δ BO, 5Δ BI, and 10Δ BI were 0.108 (±0.074) D/Δ, 0.110 (±0.056) D/Δ, 0.100 (±0.090) D/Δ, and 0.089 (±0.055) D/Δ, respectively. A 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA found that the CA/C ratio did not significantly change with differing levels of prism-induced convergence and divergence (p=0.649).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Change in accommodation induced by manipulating vergence is similar whether convergence or divergence are induced. The CA/C ratio did not show any change with differing levels of prism-induced convergence and divergence.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield , Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX , UK.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Alison Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Firth
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Binocular single vision; convergence accommodation/convergence ratio; divergence; open loop accommodation