title: Characterization of living skin using multi-view stereo and isogeometric analysis.
abstract: Skin is our interface with the outside world. In its natural environment, it displays unique mechanical characteristics, such as prestretch and growth. While there is a general agreement on the physiological importance of these features, they remain poorly characterized, mainly because they are difficult to access with standard laboratory techniques. Here we present a new, inexpensive technique to characterize living skin using multi-view stereo and isogeometric analysis. Based on easy-to-create hand-held camera images, we quantify prestretch, deformation and growth in a controlled porcine model of chronic skin expansion. Over a period of 5 weeks, we gradually inflate an implanted tissue expander, take weekly photographs of the experimental scene, reconstruct the geometry from a tattooed surface grid and create parametric representations of the skin surface. After 5 weeks of expansion, our method reveals an average area prestretch of 1.44, an average area stretch of 1.87 and an average area growth of 2.25. Area prestretch is maximal in the ventral region with a value of 2.37, whereas area stretch and area growth are maximal above the center of the expander, with values of 4.05 and 4.81, respectively. Our study has immediate impact on understanding living skin to optimize treatment planning and decision making in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Beyond these direct implications, our experimental design has broad applications in clinical research and basic sciences: it serves as a simple, robust, low cost, easy-to-use tool to reconstruct living membranes, which are difficult to characterize in a conventional laboratory setup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Adrián Buganza
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Tepole
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gart
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gosain
authors.affiliation: Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: ekuhl@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuhl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature
keywords: Growth; Isogeometric analysis; Multi-view stereo; Prestretch; Skin