title: Ecological and social outcomes of a new protected area in Tanzania.
abstract: Balancing ecological and social outcomes of conservation actions is recognized in global conservation policy but is challenging in practice. Compensation to land owners or users for foregone assets has been proposed by economists as an efficient way to mitigate negative social impacts of human displacement from protected areas. Joint empirical assessments of the conservation and social impacts of protected area establishment involving compensation payments are scarce. We synthesized social and biological studies related to the establishment of the Derema forest corridor in Tanzania's biodiverse East Usambara Mountains. This lengthy conservation process involved the appropriation of approximately 960 ha of native canopy agroforest and steep slopes for the corridor and monetary compensation to more than 1100 claimants in the surrounding villages. The overarching goals from the outset were to conserve ecological processes while doing no harm to the local communities. We evaluated whether these goals were achieved by analyzing 3 indicators of success: enhancement of forest connectivity, improvement of forest condition, and mitigation of negative impacts on local people's livelihoods. Indicators of forest connectivity and conditions were enhanced through reductions of forest loss and exotic species and increases in native species and canopy closure. Despite great efforts by national and international organizations, the intervention failed to mitigate livelihood losses especially among the poorest people. The Derema case illustrates the challenges of designing and implementing compensation schemes for conservation-related displacement of people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Florida, P.O Box 117315, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A.. jaclynha@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Jaclyn M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Salla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rantala
authors.forename: Heini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vihemäki
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jambiya
authors.forename: Roy E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gereau
authors.forename: Fortunatus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Makonda
authors.forename: Fadhili
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Njilima
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sumbi
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kizaji
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics*; D065928:Forests; D013636:Tanzania
keywords: Arco Este; East Usambara; Eastern Arc; Usambara Oriental; biodiversidad; biodiversity; compensación; compensation; corredor; corridor; protected areas; áreas protegidas