title: Pathophysiology of flow impairment during carotid artery stenting with an embolus protection filter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a well-accepted treatment for atherosclerotic stenosis of carotid arteries. Since the occurrence of distal embolization with CAS is still a major concern embolus protection devices (EPD) are usually employed during the procedure. We examined two types of embolus protection filters (Angioguard XP (AG); Filterwire EZ (FW)) and evaluated the function. Thus, the filter was examined postoperatively and the cause of intraoperative flow impairment was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAS was performed for 54 patients with carotid artery stenosis (55 lesions: 25 AG; 27 FW; 3 others). After completing CAS the filter membrane was stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) solution and removed from the filter strut. Once mounted on a glass slide the filter was evaluated under a microscope. The area occupied with debris was measured and the relationship to intraoperative flow impairment was evaluated. Furthermore, the relationship between perioperative ischemic complications and intraoperative flow impairment was statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic observation of the slide revealed the pore density of the FW was 1.5 times higher than that of the AG and the filter area of the FW was 2.5 times wider than than the AG. HE staining facilitated characterization of the debris composition. The area occupied with debris was significantly more in the AG (0.241 ± 0.13 cm(2)) than in the FW (0.129 ± 0.093 cm(2)). Thus, fibrin was significantly more precipitated in the AG. Flow impairment occurred in 6 AG cases (24.0 %) and 4 FW cases (14.8 %). It was induced by filter obstruction in the AG and by vasospasms in the FW. Three cases treated with AG (12.0 %) were complicated with cerebral infarction and all of them were related to flow impairment. One FW case (3.7 %) was complicated with cerebral infarction in presence of preserved flow throughout the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Filter function is different according to each design. The cause of flow impairment was attributable to filter obstruction in the AG group and to vasospasms in the FW group. Filter obstruction tends to result in cerebral infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Sakamoto 1-7-1, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan, kenkuni@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morofuji
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumo
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagata
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D057505:Embolic Protection Devices; D004867:Equipment Design; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology