title: Pediatric drug formulations: a review of challenges and progress.
abstract: Children differ from adults in many aspects of pharmacotherapy, including capabilities for drug administration, medicine-related toxicity, and taste preferences. It is essential that pediatric medicines are formulated to best suit a child's age, size, physiologic condition, and treatment requirements. To ensure adequate treatment of all children, different routes of administration, dosage forms, and strengths may be required. Many existing formulations are not suitable for children, which often leads to off-label and unlicensed use of adult medicines. New regulations, additional funding opportunities, and innovative collaborative research initiatives have resulted in some recent progress in the development of pediatric formulations. These advances include a paradigm shift toward oral solid formulations and a focus on novel preparations, including flexible, dispersible, and multiparticulate oral solid dosage forms. Such developments have enabled greater dose flexibility, easier administration, and better acceptance of drug formulations in children. However, new pediatric formulations address only a small part of all therapeutic needs in children; moreover, they are not always available. Five key issues need to be addressed to stimulate the further development of better medicines for children: (1) the continued prioritization of unmet formulation needs, particularly drug delivery in neonates and treatment gaps in pediatric cancers and childhood diseases in developing countries; (2) a better use of existing data to facilitate pediatric formulation development; (3) innovative technologies in adults that can be used to develop new pediatric formulations; (4) clinical feedback and practice-based evidence on the impact of novel formulations; and (5) improved access to new pediatric formulations.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands;Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev, Republic of Macedonia; vericaivanovska@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Verica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivanovska
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; and.
authors.forename: Carin M A
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.affiliation: NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Liset
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands;
authors.forename: Aukje K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mantel-Teeuwisse
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003906:Developing Countries; D004304:Dosage Forms; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004358:Drug Therapy; D005260:Female; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D056687:Off-Label Use; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D013649:Taste; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004304:Dosage Forms; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: administration; age groups; oral medications; pediatric; therapeutics