title: Effects of factor Xa on the expression of proteins in femoral arteries from type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Further to its pivotal role in haemostasis, factor Xa (FXa) promotes effects on the vascular wall. The purpose of the study was to evaluate if FXa modifies the expression level of energy metabolism and oxidative stress-related proteins in femoral arteries obtained from type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage vasculopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Femoral arteries were obtained from 12 type 2 diabetic patients who underwent leg amputation. Segments from the femoral arteries were incubated in vitro alone and in the presence of 25 nmol l(-1) FXa and 25 nmol l(-1) FXa + 50 nmol l(-1) rivaroxaban.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the femoral arteries, FXa increased triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isotype 1 expression but decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase expression. These facts were accompanied by an increased content of acetyl-CoA. Aconitase activity was reduced in FXa-incubated femoral arteries as compared with control. Moreover, FXa increased the protein expression level of oxidative stress-related proteins which was accompanied by an increased malonyldialdehyde arterial content. The FXa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, failed to prevent the reduced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase induced by FXa but reduced acetyl-CoA content and reverted the decreased aconitase activity observed with FXa alone. Rivaroxaban + FXa but not FXa alone increased the expression level of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II, two mitochondrial long chain fatty acid transporters. Rivaroxaban also prevented the increased expression of oxidative stress-related proteins induced by FXa alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In femoral isolated arteries from type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage vasculopathy, FXa promoted disruption of the aerobic mitochondrial metabolism. Rivaroxaban prevented such effects and even seemed to favour long chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: López-Farré
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Sierra
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Modrego
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.forename: Naiara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martín-Palacios
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saiz
authors.forename: José J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zamorano-León
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moñux
mesh_terms: D000105:Acetyl Coenzyme A / Q000032:analysis; D000368:Aged; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000378:metabolism*; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009025:Morpholines; D013876:Thiophenes; D000105:Acetyl Coenzyme A; D000069552:Rivaroxaban; D002334:Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; D015951:Factor Xa
keywords: energy metabolism; factor Xa; femoral arteries; oxidative stress; protein expression