title: Nitrate attenuation potential of hypersaline lake sediments in central Spain: flow-through and batch experiments.
abstract: Complex lacustrine systems, such as hypersaline lakes located in endorheic basins, are exposed to nitrate (NO3(-)) pollution. An excellent example of these lakes is the hypersaline lake located in the Pétrola basin (central Spain), where the lake acts as a sink for NO3(-) from agricultural activities and from sewage from the surrounding area. To better understand the role of the organic carbon (Corg) deposited in the bottom sediment in promoting denitrification, a four-stage flow-through experiment (FTR) and batch experiments using lake bottom sediment were performed. The chemical, multi-isotopic and kinetic characterization of the outflow showed that the intrinsic NO3(-) attenuation potential of the lake bottom sediment was able to remove 95% of the NO3(-) input over 296days under different flow conditions. The NO3(-) attenuation was mainly linked with denitrification but some dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium was observed at early days favored by the high C/N ratio and salinity. Sulfate reduction could be neither confirmed nor discarded during the experiments because the sediment leaching masked the chemical and isotopic signatures of this reaction. The average nitrogen reduction rate (NRR) obtained was 1.25mmold(-1)kg(-1) and was independent of the flow rate employed. The amount of reactive Corg from the bottom sediment consumed during denitrification was 28.8mmol, representing approximately 10% of the total Corg of the sediment (1.2%). Denitrification was produced coupled with an increase in the isotopic composition of both δ(15)N and δ(18)O. The isotopic fractionations (ε of (15)N-NO3(-) and (18)O-NO3(-)) produced during denitrification were calculated using batch and vertical profile samples. The results were -14.7‰ for εN and -14.5‰ for εO.
authors.affiliation: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: raulcarrey@ub.edu.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrey
authors.affiliation: Grup d'Hidrologia Subterrània (GHS), Departamentd'Enginyeria del Terreny, Cartogràfica i Geofìsica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, JordiGirona 1-3, Mòdul D-2, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: prescales@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Escales
authors.affiliation: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: notero@ub.edu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otero
authors.affiliation: Grup d'Hidrologia Subterrània (GHS), Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: cayora1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ayora
authors.affiliation: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: albertsoler@ub.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.affiliation: Hydrogeology Group, Institute for Regional Development (IRD), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario de Albacete, 02071 Albacete, Spain. Electronic address: JuanJose.Gomez@uclm.es.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Alday
mesh_terms: D058440:Denitrification; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D060106:Lakes; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D054712:Salinity; D013030:Spain; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bottom lake sediment; DNRA; Denitrification; Flow-through experiment; Hyper-saline lake; Isotopic fractionation; Kinetic model