title: Potentially bioactive organotin(IV) compounds: synthesis, characterization, in vitro bioactivities and interaction with SS-DNA.
abstract: Fourteen new organotin(IV) complexes with general formula R2SnL2 or R3SnL where R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9, C6H5, C6H11, CH2-C6H5, C(CH3)3, C8H17 and L = N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)]-4-oxo-4-[oxy]butanamide were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (119)Sn), mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystallographic data for four triorganotin(IV) complexes (R3SnL, R = CH3, C2H5, C4H9, CH2-C6H5) showed the tin has approximate trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the R groups in the trigonal plane. The carboxylate groups of ligands L bridge adjacent tin atoms, resulting in polymeric chains. In case of the diorganotin(IV) derivatives a six-coordinate geometry at the tin atom is proposed from spectroscopic evidence. The Me-Sn-Me bond angle in complex 7 was determined from the (2)J[(119)Sn-(1)H] value as 166.3° that falls in the range of six-coordinate geometry. The ligand and its complexes (1-14) were screened for their antimicrobial, antitumor, cytotoxic and antileishmanial activities and found to be biologically active. The ligand and its complexes bind to DNA via intercalative interactions resulting in hypochromism and minor bathochromic shifts as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Based on in vitro studies such as the potato disc method, the synthesized compounds were found to possess significant antitumor activity. Also, from cytotoxicity and DNA interaction studies, these compounds can also be used for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Gel electrophoresis assay was used to investigate the damage to double stranded super coiled plasmid pBR322 DNA by the synthesized compounds and compounds 1 and 7 were found to cause the maximum damage. All the synthesized compounds exhibit strong antileishmanial activity that was even higher than that of Amphotericin B, with significant cytotoxicity. This study, therefore, demonstrated the potential use of these compounds as source of novel agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan. Electronic address: m.siraj09@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sirajuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan. Electronic address: drsa54@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Saqib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: Vickie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence for Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Manzar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohail
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hammad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pasha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000187:drug effects; D008024:Ligands; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010941:Plant Tumors / Q000382:microbiology; D010957:Plasmids; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D008024:Ligands; D009947:Organotin Compounds
keywords: Antileishmanial activity; Antimicrobial activity; Antitumor activity; Cytotoxicity; DNA interaction; Organotin(IV) compound