title: Virtual reality walking and dopamine: opening new doorways to understanding freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling form of gait disturbance that is common in the advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its prevalence, methods of studying and assessing FOG are limited. We have previously shown that a virtual reality paradigm was able to distinguish between those who report FOG ("freezers") and those who do not report FOG ("non-freezers"). In this paradigm, 'freezers' were found to have prolonged footstep latency in response to known triggers of FOG including doorways, sliding doors and dual-tasking. In this study, we employed the same paradigm to assess performance of 27 freezers and 14 non-freezers in their clinical 'on' and 'off' medication states. In this study, only participants in the freezing group demonstrated statistically significant increases in latencies experienced in the 'off' state compared to the 'on' state in response to wide and narrow doorways and the opening of a sliding door. By contrast, these behavioral differences were not apparent in non-freezers. Furthermore the delay was specific to environmental cues and was not due to generalized slowing in the 'off' state. The findings suggest that this motor delay when processing environmentally salient cues is specific to freezers and is partially mediated by dopamine-dependent neurocircuitry.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matar
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shine
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Naismith
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease Clinic, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: simonl@med.usyd.edu.au.
authors.forename: S J G
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004298:Dopamine; D005260:Female; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Doorways; Dopamine; Freezing of gait; Parkinson's disease; Salience; Virtual reality