title: An elastic band exercise program for older adults using wheelchairs in Taiwan nursing homes: a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The number of older adults using wheelchairs in nursing homes is over 50% of that population, and many of them use wheelchairs due to muscle weakness in the lower extremities. Muscles of older adults are trainable, and progressive resistance exercises using elastic bands can increase muscle strength in older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of six-month Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band exercises on the functional fitness of older adults in nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten nursing homes, southern Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  127 participants were recruited, and 114 of them completed the study. Inclusion criteria were: (1) aged 65 and over, (2) using wheelchairs for mobility, (3) living in the facility for at least three months, (4) cognitively intact, and (5) heavily or moderate dependency in their activities of daily living. The mean age of the participants was 79.15 (7.03) years, and 98.20% of them had chronic illnesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (five nursing homes, n=59) or the control (five nursing homes, n=55) group based on the nursing homes where they stayed. A 40-min Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band exercise program was implemented three times per week for six months for the experimental group participants. The functional fitness (activities of daily living, lung capacity, body flexibilities, muscle power and endurance) of the participants was examined at baseline, after three months, and at the end of the six months study. The mixed-design, two-way analysis of variance was used to detect the interaction effects, and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were performed to analyze the within-group and between-group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the end of the six-month study, the Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band group had better performances in all of the functional fitness indicators than the control group (all p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Wheelchair-bound Senior Elastic Band exercises significantly improved the functional fitness of the older adults in wheelchairs. It is suggested that the program be incorporated as a part of daily activities for nursing home older adults in wheelchairs.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanming District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Electronic address: kmc@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Kuei-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, No. 15, Lane 420, Dachang 2nd Rd., Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80776, Taiwan. Electronic address: numa@ms.yuhing.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chun-Huw
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanming District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Electronic address: hui7742@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Ya-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanming District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Electronic address: qwety789@livemail.tw.
authors.forename: Hsin-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanming District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Electronic address: kuyin3641@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Yin-Yin
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013624:Taiwan; D014910:Wheelchairs
keywords: Cluster randomized trial; Elastic band; Functional fitness; Nursing home; Older adults; Wheelchair exercise