title: Factors influencing breast symptoms in breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to explore postpartum stress and breast symptoms in postpar-tum breastfeeding of parturient mothers as well as to identify the factors influencing the breast symptoms in breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 162 breastfeeding women after cesarean section delivery were recruited from five hospitals in Taiwan. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The five highest postpartum stress comes from the flabby flesh of maternal belly, the baby getting sick suddenly, interrupted sleep, insufficient breast milk, and discomfort due to breast engorgement. The most two common breast symptoms in breastfeeding encountered by subjects in this study were breast engorgement and breast hardening, whereas the least common one was nipple bloody discharge. Cesarean section women with early suckling on the operating table had more breast symptoms in postpartum breastfeeding; and the higher the postpartum stress of them, the more the breast symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfeeding in a comfortable condition is a key factor of precipitating breast milk secretion, so early suckling on the operating table may result in discomfort and stress of the woman and interfere with the secretion or production of breast milk. Additionally, it is a crucial factor of the success in breastfeeding that the nursing personnel can provide women help in maintaining breast milk production and secretion, taking care of a baby, and reminding women's families (especially their husbands) of giving their assistance, encouragement and praises to relieve women's postpartum stress.
authors.affiliation: Nurse, Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung City, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Chia-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lisien
authors.affiliation: Physician and Director, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung City, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Jung-Chung
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Physician and Director, Meinong District Public Health Center, Kaohsiung City, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Cheng-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Huey-Shyan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lin