title: Detection of oral human papillomavirus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men 3 years after baseline: a follow up cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The natural history of oral HPV in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detection of oral human papillomavirus in 173 HIV-positive MSM using oral rinse samples 3 years apart was investigated. HPV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and genotyped by Roche Linear Array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 173 men tested in 2010, 30 had at least one HPV genotype (17%, 95% CI: 12-23), 15 at least one hr-HPV (9%, 95% CI: 5-14) and 8 had HPV 16 (5%, 95% CI: 2-9) detected. In 2013, 33 had at least one HPV genotype (19%, 95% CI: 14-26), 20 had at least one hr-HPV (12%, 95% CI: 7-17) and 7 had HPV 16 (4%, 95% CI: 2-8) detected. Of 30 men at baseline (2010) with any HPV detected, 14 (47%, 95% CI: 28-66) had at least one persistent genotype. Of the 15 men in 2010 with high risk (hr-) HPV, 6 men (40%, 95% CI: 16-68) had at least one persistent hr-HPV genotype. The incidence rate of detection of at least one new HPV genotype was 4.8 per 100 person years (95% CI: 3.1-7.0), of at least one hr-HPV genotype was 3.2 per 100 person years (95% CI: 1.8-5.1) and of HPV 16 was 0.8 per 100 person years (95% CI: 0.2-2.0). The clearance rate was 14.9 per 100 person years (95% CI: 8.2-24.2) for any HPV, 18.2 per 100 person years (95% CI: 8.2-32.7) for hr-HPV and 17.4 per 100 person years (95% CI: 5.0-38.8) for HPV-16. Persistent HPV detection was associated with duration of HIV (OR 1.13 (per additional year), 95% CI: 1.00-1.26) and tonsillectomy (OR 8.17, 95% CI: 1.30-51.40).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The same oral HPV genotype was detected again after 3 years in nearly half of HIV-positive men who have sex with men.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim R H
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Read
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lenka A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Vodstrcil
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Catriona S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Lab Net Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Regional HPV Lab Net Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sepehr N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.affiliation: Regional HPV Lab Net Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cornall
authors.affiliation: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grulich
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hocking
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Fairley
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000821:virology*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior