title: Exposure to chlorinated solvents and lung cancer: results of the ICARE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents in lung cancer aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICARE (Investigation of occupational and environmental CAuses of REspiratory cancers) is a French, multicentre, population-based, case-control study. Information on the lifelong work history of 2926 cases and 3555 controls was collected using standardised questionnaires. Occupational exposures were assessed using job-exposure matrices for five chlorinated solvents. Solvents were studied separately and in combinations. ORs were computed using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for classic risk factors, including a history of cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos. Adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) was also made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for exposure to asbestos, we observed a positive, statistically significant association with lung cancer for men and women exposed to a combination of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene and dichloromethane (DCM). Further adjustment for SES slightly decreased this association. In contrast, no statistically significant associations were found for other solvent combinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that exposure to PCE may constitute a risk factor for lung cancer, especially among women, who seem to have a higher prevalence of exposure than men.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France University of Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattei
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France University of Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U955, Créteil Cedex, France Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal, Créteil Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matrat
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France University of Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cenée
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit-UMS 011 INSERM-UVSQ, Villejuif, France University of Versailles St-Quentin, UMS 011, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cyr
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France University of Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radoi
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Villejuif, France Sorbonne University, UPMC University of Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Gwenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menvielle
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France University of Versailles St-Quentin, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jellouli
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit-UMS 011 INSERM-UVSQ, Villejuif, France University of Versailles St-Quentin, UMS 011, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carton
authors.affiliation: Registre des Cancers de la Manche, Cherbourg-Octeville, France.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bara
authors.affiliation: Registre des Cancers du Haut-Rhin, Mulhouse, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marrer
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U 1085_IRSET, Campus de Fouillole-BP 145, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies University of Rennes 1, Campus de Fouillole-BP 145, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, French West Indies.
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luce
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMRS 1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France University of Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stücker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002273:Carcinogens; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D012997:Solvents; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D008752:Methylene Chloride; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene
keywords: Case-Control Study; Chlorinated Solvents; Lung Cancer; Occupational Exposure