title: A brain centred view of psychiatric comorbidity in tinnitus: from otology to hodology.
abstract: Introduction. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are frequent among patients affected by tinnitus. There are mutual clinical influences between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders, as well as neurobiological relations based on partially overlapping hodological and neuroplastic phenomena. The aim of the present paper is to review the evidence of alterations in brain networks underlying tinnitus physiopathology and to discuss them in light of the current knowledge of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Methods. Relevant literature was identified through a search on Medline and PubMed; search terms included tinnitus, brain, plasticity, cortex, network, and pathways. Results. Tinnitus phenomenon results from systemic-neurootological triggers followed by neuronal remapping within several auditory and nonauditory pathways. Plastic reorganization and white matter alterations within limbic system, arcuate fasciculus, insula, salience network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, auditory pathways, ffrontocortical, and thalamocortical networks are discussed. Discussion. Several overlapping brain network alterations do exist between tinnitus and psychiatric disorders. Tinnitus, initially related to a clinicoanatomical approach based on a cortical localizationism, could be better explained by an holistic or associationist approach considering psychic functions and tinnitus as emergent properties of partially overlapping large-scale neural networks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8600-3090
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salviati
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Saverio
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7555-8020
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5829-7682
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valeriani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Amedeo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Minichino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziella Francesca
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4624-6108
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7625-6390
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Testugini
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altissimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cianfrone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*