title: Dual method use at last sexual encounter: a nationally representative, episode-level analysis of US men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Male condom use in conjunction with other contraceptives increases protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. However, few analyses contextualize dual method use within the sexual episode, include reports from men or explore gendered patterns in reporting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed dual method use patterns using a nationally representative dataset of 18-44 years old in the US (N=404 men, 416 women). Respondents indicated contraceptive methods used at last penile-vaginal intercourse, condom practices and relationship and sexual information about that particular partner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than one-in-three penile-vaginal intercourse episodes (40%) involved male condom use: 28% condom only and 12% condom plus a highly effective method. Dual method reporting did not differ significantly by gender. Among dual method users, only 59% reported condom use during the entire intercourse episode, while 35% began intercourse without one and 6% removed the condom during intercourse. A greater proportion of men than women reported incorrect use of condoms (49% versus 35%), though this difference was not statistically significant. Only 50% of dual method users reported condom use in all of their last 10 intercourse episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many people classified as "dual users" in previous studies may not be using dual methods consistently or correctly. Researchers and practitioners should inquire how and how often condoms are used when assessing and addressing dual method use. Furthermore, though men have rarely been surveyed about dual method use, they can provide consistent contraceptive estimates and may be more likely to report condom practices such as late application or early removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many US women and men reporting dual method use also reported late application and early removal of condoms, as well as multiple condom-less prior sexual acts with that partner. Clinicians may wish to inquire how and how often clients use condoms; they may also wish to provide condom instruction and/or tips on better integrating condoms into the sexual experience with one's partner.
authors.affiliation: Gender & Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Electronic address: jahiggins2@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schick
authors.affiliation: The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. Electronic address: debby@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herbenick
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.affiliation: Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dodge
authors.affiliation: Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: J Dennis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003075:Coitus; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Condoms; Dual method use; Dual protection; Men's contraceptive use; Sexual and relational aspects of contraceptive use