title: Pedal errors among younger and older individuals during different pedal operating conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of pedal errors by younger and older drivers that relate to sudden unintended acceleration (SUA) accidents.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  SUA during an accident is a serious issue that causes numerous critical injuries and deaths every year. Previous studies have indicated that the major factor in these accidents is pedal error; however, the characteristics that relate to SUA accidents in older drivers remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty younger drivers (YDs; 23.1 +/- 0.22 years) and 20 older drivers (ODs; 68.9 +/- 1.16 years) used either one or both feet to participate in six tasks that involved pressing accelerator or brake pedals in response to various visual stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the reaction times (RTs) and the pedal error rates of theYD and OD groups significantly increased with the difficulty of the task. Other than the simple reaction condition, we found that the pedal error rates were significantly higher for the OD group than for the YD group; the OD group also demonstrated longer RTs. Moreover, the rates of accelerator error were consistently two or three times higher than the rates of brake error in both theYD and OD groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the older population, the use of the left foot to operate the brake pedal and the right foot to operate the accelerator could decrease the accelerator error rate and may reduce the rate of SUA-related accidents that are caused by pedal error.
authors.forename: Jinglong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshitake
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult