title: [Attachment style and cytokine levels in patients with fibromyalgia. A prospective longitudinal study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between attachment style and subjective pain is controversially discussed and the influence of attachment styles on cytokine levels in chronic pain has received little attention in research. In this prospective longitudinal clinical study, we evaluated the relationship between cytokines, attachment style and subjective pain intensity as well as pain-related functioning in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) who underwent a 4-week multidisciplinary pain therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The attachment style was determined in 43 patients with FM using the relationship questionnaire (RQ-2) and subjective pain with the German version of the West Haven-Yale multidimensional pain inventory. Serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were assessed before and after treatment and additionally once only in 18 healthy controls (Bio-Plex system).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with FM syndrome were significantly more often insecurely attached than healthy controls (p = 0.001). Serum levels of TNF-α (p = 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.039) were significantly higher in FM patients compared to controls. Attachment was unrelated to IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10 levels. Insecurely attached FM patients had significantly higher levels of TNF-α (p = 0.002). than securely attached patients. Insecurely and securely attached patients did not differ in subjective levels of pain severity, activity or functional interference. Cytokine levels were not correlated with subjective levels of pain severity or functional interference. Multidisciplinary pain therapy significantly reduced cytokine levels, pain severity, anxiety and depression independent of attachment style.
authors.affiliation: Tagesklinik für Schmerztherapie, Konservative Orthopädie, Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schiltenwolf
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amelung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019962:Reactive Attachment Disorder / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines