title: Microscopic contact area and friction between medical textiles and skin.
abstract: The mechanical contact between medical textiles and skin is relevant in the health care for patients with vulnerable skin or chronic wounds. In order to gain new insights into the skin-textile contact on the microscopic level, the 3D surface topography of a normal and a new hospital bed sheet with a regular surface structure was measured using a digital microscope. The topographic data was analysed concerning material distribution and real contact area against smooth surfaces as a function of surface deformations. For contact conditions that are relevant for the skin of patients lying in a hospital bed it was found that the order of magnitude of the ratio of real and apparent contact area between textiles and skin or a mechanical skin model lies between 0.02 and 0.1 and that surface deformations, i.e. penetration of the textile surface asperities into skin or a mechanical skin model, range from 10 to 50µm. The performed analyses of textile 3D surface topographies and comparisons with previous friction measurement results provided information on the relationship between microscopic surface properties and macroscopic friction behaviour of medical textiles. In particular, the new bed sheet was found to be characterised by a trend towards a smaller microscopic contact area (up to a factor of two) and by a larger free interfacial volume (more than a factor of two) in addition to a 1.5 times lower shear strength when in contact with counter-surfaces. The applied methods can be useful to develop improved and skin-adapted materials and surfaces for medical applications.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland. Electronic address: siegfried.derler@empa.ch.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derler
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G-M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Rotaru
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: El  Issawi-Frischknecht
authors.affiliation: Schoeller Textil AG, Bahnhofstrasse 17, CH-9475 Sevelen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kellenberger
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Center, Guido A. Zäch Strasse 1, CH-6207 Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheel-Sailer
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D019245:Compressive Strength; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin; D013499:Surface Properties; D013784:Textiles; D055698:Touch Perception
keywords: Bio-tribology; Human skin; Macroscopic friction; Medical textiles; Microscopic contact area