title: Metabolic changes of Vitis vinifera berries and leaves exposed to Bordeaux mixture.
abstract: Since the development of Bordeaux mixture in the late 1800's, copper-based fungicides have been widely used against grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) diseases, mainly in organic but also in conventional viticulture; however their intensive use has raised phytotoxicity concerns. In this study, the composition of grape berries and leaves upon Bordeaux mixture treatment was investigated during the fructification season by a metabolomic approach. Four applications of Bordeaux mixture till 3 weeks before harvest were performed following the regular management practices of organic viticulture. Results showed that the copper-based treatment affected the content in sugars, organic acids, lipids and flavan-3-ols of grapes and leaves at specific developmental stages. Nonetheless, the levels of sucrose, glucose and fructose, and of tartaric and malic acids were not significantly affected in mature grapes. In contrast, a sharp decrease in free natural amino acids was observed, together with a reduction in protein content and in mineral nitrogen forms. The treatment with Bordeaux mixture increased by 7-fold the copper levels in tissue extracts from surface-washed mature berries.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar - Agrobioplant, Departamento de Biologia, Escola Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. Electronic address: vmartins@bio.uminho.pt.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar - Agrobioplant, Departamento de Biologia, Escola Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. Electronic address: antonio.teixeira@bio.uminho.pt.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis 95616, USA. Electronic address: esbassil@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bassil
authors.affiliation: Dept of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis 95616, USA. Electronic address: eblumwald@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blumwald
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Portugal; Grupo de Investigação em Biologia Vegetal Aplicada e Inovação Agroalimentar - Agrobioplant, Departamento de Biologia, Escola Ciências, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. Electronic address: geros@bio.uminho.pt.
authors.forename: Hernâni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerós
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D027843:Vitis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; C006788:Bordeaux mixture
keywords: Bordeaux mixture; Copper; Grape berry; Metabolomic profile; Vitis vinifera