title: Radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells using a histone deacetylase inhibitor (SAHA) comparing carbon ions with X-rays.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prognosis for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, and new treatments are needed. Here we used a combination of two novel treatment modalities: Carbon ions and a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi). We compared these to conventional X-rays, measuring the increased effectiveness of carbon ions as well as radiosensitization using HDACi.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was used at a non-toxic concentration of 0.5 μM in combination with 85 keV μm(-1) carbon ions, and 250 kVp X-rays for comparison. Effects were assayed using clonogenic survival, γH2AX foci repair kinetics and measuring chromatin decondensation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dose toxicity curves showed that human GBM LN18 cells were more sensitive to SAHA compared to U251 cells at higher doses, but there was little effect at low doses. When combined with radiation, clonogenic assays showed that the Sensitizer Enhancement Ratio with carbon ions at 50% survival (SER(50)) was about 1.2 and 1.5 for LN18 and U251, respectively, but was similar for X-rays at about 1.3. The repair half-life of γH2AX foci was slower for cells treated with SAHA and was most noticeable in U251 cells treated with carbon ions where after 24 h, more than double the number of foci remained in comparison to the untreated cells. Hoechst fluorescent dye incorporation into the nucleus showed significant chromatin decondensation and density homogenization with SAHA treatment for both cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a vital role of histone deacetylases (HDAC) in the modulation of DNA damage response and support the use of SAHA for the treatment of GBM through the combination with heavy ion therapy.
authors.affiliation: Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barazzuol
authors.forename: J Charles G
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jeynes
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Merchant
authors.forename: Anne-Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wéra
authors.forename: Miriam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kirkby
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077337:Vorinostat; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: C468783:H2AX protein, human; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D000077337:Vorinostat; D002244:Carbon; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA double-strand break repair; High-LET; chromatin decondensation; clonogenic assay