title: Monetary delay discounting in gambling and cocaine dependence with personality comorbidities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cocaine addiction and pathological gambling are commonly associated with steeper (impulsive) discounting of delayed rewards, which promotes ongoing drug and gambling behaviors. However, it is yet unclear whether impulsive delay discounting is a stable trait in cocaine and gambling disorders during abstinence, and whether it is significantly impacted by dysfunctional personality beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to compare the delay discounting rates of four groups: 47 cocaine users with comorbid personality disorders, 41 cocaine users without psychiatric comorbidities, 28 pathological gamblers without psychiatric comorbidities, and 36 healthy comparison individuals. We also examined the association between dysfunctional personality beliefs and delay discounting rates. Participants completed the Kirby Delay Discounting Questionnaire and the Beck Personality Belief Questionnaire as part of a larger battery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used non-parametric tests to compare discounting rates between the groups, and bivariate correlation analyses to examine the association between beliefs and discounting rates within each of the groups. We found that discounting rates were significantly higher in individuals with disordered gambling compared to controls. Specifically in cocaine users with Cluster B personality disorders, higher discounting rates were associated with the intensity of "dependent" dysfunctional beliefs (e.g., "I am needy and weak"). Conclusion:We conclude that impulsive delay discounting is increased in gambling relative to controls and linked to personality beliefs in cocaine users with Cluster B personality disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Building BC, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Hwy, VIC 3125, Australia. Electronic address: natalia.alur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albein-Urios
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias, Calle San Juan de Dios, 11. Hospital de San Juan de Dios, 18001 Granada, Spain. Electronic address: jmmgonz@dipgra.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez-González
authors.affiliation: Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Spain; Department of Psychology, Universidad de Huelva, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Campus de El Carmen, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, S/N, 21071 Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: oscar.lozano@dpsi.uhu.es.
authors.forename: Óscar
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Universidad de Granada, Spain; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, 3800 Wellington Road, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: antonio.verdejo@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdejo-Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000187:drug effects*; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D014040:Token Economy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cocaine; Delay discounting; Dysfunctional beliefs; Gambling