title: Incense and joss stick making in small household factories, Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incense and joss stick are generally used in the world. Most products were made in small household factories. There are many environmental and occupational hazards in these factories.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the workplace environmental and occupational hazards in small household incense and joss stick factories in Roi-Et, Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine small household factories in rural areas of Roi-Et, Thailand, were studied. Dust concentration and small aerosol particles were counted through real time exposure monitoring. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for quantitative measurement of heavy metal residue in incense products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several heavy metals were found in dissolved dye and joss sticks. Those included barium, manganese, and lead. Rolling and shaking processes produced the highest concentration of dust and aerosols. Only 3.9% of female workers used personal protection equipment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dust and chemicals were major threats in small household incense and joss stick factories in Thailand. Increasing awareness towards using personal protection equipment and emphasis on elimination of environmental workplace hazards should be considered to help the workers of this industry.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siripanich
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. wattasit.s@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siriwong
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keawrueang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borjan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014934:Wood / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D019216:Metals, Heavy