title: Triplex intermediates in folding of human telomeric quadruplexes probed by microsecond-scale molecular dynamics simulations.
abstract: We have carried out extended set of μs-scale explicit solvent MD simulations of all possible G-triplexes which can participate in folding pathways of the human telomeric quadruplex. Our study accumulates almost 60 μs of simulation data, which is by about three orders of magnitude larger sampling compared to the earlier simulations of human telomeric G-DNA triplexes. Starting structures were obtained from experimental quadruplex structures by deleting either the first or the last strand. The life-times of antiparallel triplexes with lateral and diagonal loops are at least on μs-scale, which should be sufficient to contribute to the folding pathways. However, the triplex states may involve structures with various local deviations from the ideal triplexes, such as strand tilting and various alternative and incomplete triads. The simulations reveal easy rearrangements between lateral and diagonal loop triplex topologies. Propeller loops of antiparallel triplexes may to certain extent interfere with the G-triplexes but these structures are still viable candidates to participate in the folding. In contrast, all-parallel all-anti triplexes are very unstable and are unlikely to contribute to the folding. Although our simulations demonstrate that antiparallel G-triplexes, if folded, would have life-times sufficient to participate in the quadruplex folding, the results do not rule out the possibility that the G-triplexes are out-competed by other structures not included in our study. Among them, numerous possible misfolded structures containing guanine quartets can act as off-path intermediates with longer life-times than the triplexes. Besides analyzing the structural dynamics of a diverse set of G-DNA triplexes, we also provide a brief discussion of the limitations of the simulation methodology, which is necessary for proper understanding of the simulation data.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stadlbauer
authors.affiliation: CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Campus Bohunice, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lukáš
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trantírek
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Cheatham
authors.affiliation: CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Campus Bohunice, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koča
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Campus Bohunice, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: sponer@ncbr.muni.cz.
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sponer
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D054856:G-Quadruplexes; D006801:Humans; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D016615:Telomere / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009696:Nucleic Acids; D004247:DNA
keywords: G-DNA folding; Molecular dynamics; Quadruplex; Telomere; Triplex