title: Patterns of adherence to and compliance with the Portuguese smoke-free law in the leisure-hospitality sector.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, the Portuguese smoke-free law came into effect including partial bans in the leisure-hospitality (LH) sector. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of smoking control policies (total ban, smoking permission and designated smoking areas) adopted by the LH sector in Portugal. The levels of noncompliance with each policy are investigated as well as the main factors associated with smoking permission and noncompliance with the law.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study conducted between January 2010 and May 2011. A random sample of venues was selected from the Portuguese LH sector database, proportionally stratified according to type, size and geographical area. All venues were assessed in loco by an observer. The independent effects of venues' characteristics on smoking permission and the level of noncompliance with the law were explored using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1.412 venues were included. Total ban policy was adopted by 75.9% of venues, while 8.4% had designated smoking areas. Smoking ban was more prevalent in restaurants (85.9%). Only 29.7% of discos/bars/pubs opted for complete ban. Full or partial smoking permission was higher in discos/bar/pubs (OR = 7.37; 95%CI 4.87 to 11.17). Noncompliance with the law was higher in venues allowing smoking and lower in places with complete ban (33.6% and 7.6% respectively, p<0.001). Discos/bars/pubs with full smoking permission had the highest level of noncompliance (OR = 3.31; 95%CI 1.40 to 7.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show a high adherence to smoking ban policy by the Portuguese LH sector. Nonetheless, one quarter of the venues is fully or partially permissive towards smoking, with the discos/bars/pubs considerably contributing to this situation. Venues with smoking permission policies were less compliant with the legislation. The implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free law, without any exceptions, is essential to effectively protect people from the second hand smoke.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Fátima
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Namorado
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Precioso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Baltazar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Data Unit, Eurotrials, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Pereira
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Miguel
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D011174:Portugal; D011640:Public Policy; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution