title: Assessment of two different types of bias affecting the results of outcome-based evaluation in undergraduate medical education.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimating learning outcome from comparative student self-ratings is a reliable and valid method to identify specific strengths and shortcomings in undergraduate medical curricula. However, requiring students to complete two evaluation forms (i.e. one before and one after teaching) might adversely affect response rates. Alternatively, students could be asked to rate their initial performance level retrospectively. This approach might threaten the validity of results due to response shift or effort justification bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two consecutive cohorts of medical students enrolled in a six-week cardio-respiratory module were enrolled in this study. In both cohorts, performance gain was estimated for 33 specific learning objectives. In the first cohort, outcomes calculated from ratings provided before (pretest) and after (posttest) teaching were compared to outcomes derived from comparative self-ratings collected after teaching only (thentest and posttest). In the second cohort, only thentests and posttests were used to calculate outcomes, but data collection tools differed with regard to item presentation. In one group, thentest and posttest ratings were obtained sequentially on separate forms while in the other, both ratings were obtained simultaneously for each learning objective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using thentest ratings to calculate performance gain produced slightly higher values than using true pretest ratings. Direct comparison of then- and posttest ratings also yielded slightly higher performance gain than sequential ratings, but this effect was negligibly small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the small effect sizes, using thentests appears to be equivalent to using true pretest ratings. Item presentation in the posttest does not significantly impact on results.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiekirka
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. raupach@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raupach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult