title: Apple flavonols and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil lowers blood C-reactive protein in rats with hypercholesterolemia and acute inflammation.
abstract: Both quercetin glycosides and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are well established for their individual health benefits in ameliorating metabolic disease. However, their combined effects are not well documented. It was hypothesized that the beneficial properties of quercetin glycosides can be enhanced when provided in combination with n-3 PUFA. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of apple flavonols (AF) and fish oil (FO), alone and in combination, on proinflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12) and fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. One of the 5 groups of rats was used as the high-fat control. The other 4 groups of rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally, 5 hours before euthanization. One of these 4 groups was used as the hypercholerolemic and inflammatory control (high-fat with lipopolysaccharide [HFL]), and the other 3 received AF (HFL + 25 mg/kg per day AF), FO (HFL + 1 g/kg per day FO), or the combination (HFL + AF + FO). Compared to the HFL group, the AF, FO, and AF + FO groups showed lower serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The AF, FO, and AF + FO also had lowered serum triacylglycerol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, but higher HDL-C levels relative to the HFL group. An additive effect was observed on serum CRP in the AF + FO group as compared with the AF or FO groups. The results demonstrated that AF and FO inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators and showed an improved efficacy to lower serum CRP when administered in combination, and they significantly improved blood lipid profiles in rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia and LPS-induced acute inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Satvir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekhon-Loodu
authors.affiliation: Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catalli
authors.affiliation: Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kulka
authors.affiliation: Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9 Canada.
authors.forename: Fereidoon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shahidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada. Electronic address: vrupasinghe@dal.ca.
authors.forename: H P Vasantha
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Rupasinghe
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D044948:Flavonols; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Apple flavonols; C-reactive protein; Cytokines; Fish oil; Hyperlipidemia; Inflammation; Rats