title: Vitamin D and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a significant global health problem because of the increased risk of total and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common in patients with CKD, and serum levels of vitamin D appear to have an inverse correlation with kidney function. Growing evidence has indicated that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to deteriorating renal function, as well as increased morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. Recent studies have suggested that treatment with active vitamin D or its analogues can ameliorate renal injury by reducing fibrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation in animal models; this treatment also decreases proteinuria and mortality in patients with CKD. These renoprotective effects of vitamin D treatment are far beyond its classical role in the maintenance of bone and mineral metabolism, in addition to its pleiotropic effects on extra-mineral metabolism. In this review, we discuss the altered metabolism of vitamin D in kidney disease, and the potential renoprotective mechanisms of vitamin D in experimental and clinical studies. In addition, issues regarding the effects of vitamin D treatment on clinical outcomes are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Seong
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Mortality; Renal insufficiency, chronic; Vitamin D