title: Metabolic and inflammatory profiles of biomarkers in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes in a Mediterranean population. DARIOS Inflammatory study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of data regarding the differences in the biomarker profiles of patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus as compared to a healthy, normal weight population. We aimed to study the biomarker profile of the metabolic risk continuum defined by the transition from normal weight to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a pooled analysis of data from 7 cross-sectional Spanish population-based surveys. An extensive panel comprising 20 biomarkers related to carbohydrate metabolism, lipids, inflammation, coagulation, oxidation, hemodynamics, and myocardial damage was analyzed. We employed age- and sex-adjusted multinomial logistic regression models for the identification of those biomarkers associated with the metabolic risk continuum phenotypes: obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2851 subjects were included for analyses. The mean age was 57.4 (8.8) years, 1269 were men (44.5%), and 464 participants were obese, 443 had metabolic syndrome, 473 had diabetes mellitus, and 1471 had a normal weight (healthy individuals). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein B100, leptin, and insulin were positively associated with at least one of the phenotypes of interest. Apolipoprotein A1 and adiponectin were negatively associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are differences between the population with normal weight and that having metabolic syndrome or diabetes with respect to certain biomarkers related to the metabolic, inflammatory, and lipid profiles. The results of this study support the relevance of these mechanisms in the metabolic risk continuum. When metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are compared, these differences are less marked.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular GRIMEX, Programa de Investigación Cardiovascular (PERICLES), Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain; Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva, Gerencia de Área de Salud Don Benito-Villanueva, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain. Electronic address: polonibo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández-Bergés
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular GRIMEX, Programa de Investigación Cardiovascular (PERICLES), Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain; Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Consuegra-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Epidemiología y Genética Cardiovascular, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peñafiel
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria y del Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabrera de León
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Epidemiología y Genética Cardiovascular, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Cardiovascular GRIMEX, Programa de Investigación Cardiovascular (PERICLES), Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain; Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Félix-Redondo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura-Fragoso
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud Universitario San Pablo, Distrito Sanitario de Atención Primaria Sevilla, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Seville, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lapetra
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Investigación, Innovación y Formación Sanitaria, Departamento de Salud, Gobierno de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Riesgo Vascular en Navarra (RIVANA), Spain.
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guembe
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grupo de Riesgo Cardiovascular y Nutrición, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitó
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Epidemiología y Genética Cardiovascular, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elosua
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Riesgo Cardiovascular y Nutrición, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicina, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Epidemiología y Genética Cardiovascular, Programa de Investigación en Procesos Inflamatorios y Cardiovasculares, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marrugat
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Biomarcadores; Biomarkers; Diabetes mellitus; Metabolic syndrome; Obesidad; Obesity; Síndrome metabólico