title: Monitoring plant response to environmental stimuli by ultrasonic sensing of the leaves.
abstract: Described here is the application of a technique based on the excitation, sensing and spectral analysis of thickness resonances of plant leaves using air-coupled and wide-band ultrasound pulses (150-900 kHz) to monitor variations in leaf properties caused by plant responses to different environmental stimuli, such as a sudden variation in light intensity (from 2000 to 150 μmol m(-2) s(-1)), sudden watering after a drought period, and along the diurnal cycle (3-5 days, with continuous variation in light intensity from 150 to 2000 μmol m(-2) s(-1) and change in temperature of about 5°C). Four different widely available species, both monocots and dicots and evergreen and deciduous, with different leaf features (shape, size, thickness, flatness, vascular structure), were selected to test the technique. After a sudden decrease in light intensity, and depending on the species, there was a relative increase in the thickness resonant frequency from 8% to 12% over a 25- to 50-min period. After sudden watering, the relative increase in the resonant frequency varied from 5% to 30% and the period from 10 to 400 min. Finally, along the diurnal cycle, the measured relative variation is between 4% and 10%. The technique revealed differences in both the amplitude of the frequency oscillations and the kinetics of the leaf response for different species and also within the same species, but for specimens grown under different conditions that present different cell structures at the tissue level. The technique can be equally applied to the leaves of any species that present thickness resonances.
authors.affiliation: Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fariñas
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sancho Knapik
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Peguero Pina
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Eustaquio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gil Pelegrin
authors.affiliation: Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: t.gomez@ia.csic.es.
authors.forename: Tomás E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gómez Álvarez-Arenas
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008027:Light; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D014159:Transducers; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Air-coupled ultrasound; Diurnal cycles; Drought stress; Monitoring; Plant leaves; Ultrasonic spectroscopy; Water content