title: Trends in incidence, mortality, and survival for kidney cancer in Canada, 1986-2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kidney cancer is one of the fastest rising cancers worldwide. We aimed to examine the trends in incidence, mortality, and survival for this cancer in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence data for kidney cancer for 1986-2010 were from the Canadian Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System. These data were only available up to 2007 for the province of Quebec and consequently for the same year nationally, for Canada. Mortality data for 1986-2009 were from the Canadian Vital Statistics Death Database. Changes in age-standardized rates were analyzed by Joinpoint regression. Incidence rates were projected to 2025 using a Nordpred age-period-cohort model. Five-year relative survival ratios (RSR) were analyzed for 2004-2008 and earlier periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1986 and 2007, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) per 100,000 rose from 13.4 to 17.9 in males and 7.7 to 10.3 in females. Annual increases in ASIR were greatest for age groups <65 years (males) and ≥65 years (females). The ASIRs increased significantly over time in both sexes for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but not for other kidney cancer types. RCC rates are projected to increase until at least 2025. Mortality rates decreased only slightly in each sex since 1986 (0.4%/year in males; 0.8%/year in females). The 5-year RSR for kidney cancer was 68% but differed largely by morphology and age, and has increased slightly over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence rate of kidney cancer in Canada has risen since at least 1986, led largely by RCC. Increasing detection of incidental tumors, and growing obesity and hypertension rates are possible factors associated with this increase. Greater prevention of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer is needed.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Control Policy, Canadian Cancer Society, 55 St Clair Ave West, Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, prithwish.de@cancer.ca.
authors.forename: Prithwish
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Otterstatter
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Semenciw
authors.forename: Larry F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Loraine D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Marrett
authors.forename: Dagny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dryer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult