title: Advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants.
abstract: Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
authors.affiliation: Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India.
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.affiliation: Division of Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Yash
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Amar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LLRUVAS), Hisar 125004, India.
authors.forename: Minakshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prasad