title: Real-time three-dimensional imaging of epidermal splitting and removal by high-definition optical coherence tomography.
abstract: While real-time 3-D evaluation of human skin constructs is needed, only 2-D non-invasive imaging techniques are available. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) for real-time 3-D assessment of the epidermal splitting and decellularization. Human skin samples were incubated with four different agents: Dispase II, NaCl 1 M, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100. Epidermal splitting, dermo-epidermal junction, acellularity and 3-D architecture of dermal matrices were evaluated by High-definition optical coherence tomography before and after incubation. Real-time 3-D HD-OCT assessment was compared with 2-D en face assessment by reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). (Immuno) histopathology was used as control. HD-OCT imaging allowed real-time 3-D visualization of the impact of selected agents on epidermal splitting, dermo-epidermal junction, dermal architecture, vascular spaces and cellularity. RCM has a better resolution (1 μm) than HD-OCT (3 μm), permitting differentiation of different collagen fibres, but HD-OCT imaging has deeper penetration (570 μm) than RCM imaging (200 μm). Dispase II and NaCl treatments were found to be equally efficient in the removal of the epidermis from human split-thickness skin allografts. However, a different epidermal splitting level at the dermo-epidermal junction could be observed and confirmed by immunolabelling of collagen type IV and type VII. Epidermal splitting occurred at the level of the lamina densa with dispase II and above the lamina densa (in the lamina lucida) with NaCl. The 3-D architecture of dermal papillae and dermis was more affected by Dispase II on HD-OCT which corresponded with histopathologic (orcein staining) fragmentation of elastic fibres. With SDS treatment, the epidermal removal was incomplete as remnants of the epidermal basal cell layer remained attached to the basement membrane on the dermis. With Triton X-100 treatment, the epidermis was not removed. In conclusion, HD-OCT imaging permits real-time 3-D visualization of the impact of selected agents on human skin allografts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Jean Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Draye
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verween
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pirnay
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verbeken
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Vos
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jennes
authors.forename: Gregor B E
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jemec
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Del Marmol
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D003199:Computer Systems; D020405:Dermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases; D004817:Epidermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D017830:Octoxynol; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D017830:Octoxynol; D003094:Collagen; D010450:Endopeptidases; C023139:dispase
keywords: epidermal splitting; high-definition optical coherence tomography; human skin allograft; reflectance confocal microscopy; three dimensional real-time non-invasive imaging