title: Cost analysis and exploratory cost-effectiveness of youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services in the Republic of Moldova.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services (YFHS) have high priority in many countries. Yet, little is known about the cost and cost-effectiveness of good quality YFHS in resource limited settings. This paper analyses retrospectively costs and potential cost-effectiveness of four well performing youth-friendly health centres (YFHC) in Moldova. This study assesses: (1) what were the costs of YFHSs at centre level, (2) how much would scaling-up to a national good quality YFHS programme cost, and (3) was the programme potentially cost-effective?
  
  
  METHODS
  Four well performing YFHCs were selected for the study. YFHS costs were analysed per centre, funding source, service and person reached. The costing results were extrapolated to estimate cost of a good quality national YFHS programme in Moldova. A threshold analysis was carried out to estimate the required impact level for the YFHSs to break-even (become cost saving).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average annual cost of a well performing YFHC was USD 26,000 in 2011. 58% was financed by the National Health Insurance Company and the rest by external donors (42%). Personnel salaries were the largest expense category (47%). The annual implementation costs of a good quality YFHSs in all 38 YFHCs of Moldova were estimated to be USD 1.0 million. The results of the threshold analysis indicate that the annual break-even impact points in a YFHC for: 1) STI services would be >364 averted STIs, 2) early pregnancy and contraceptive services >178 averted unwanted pregnancies, and 3) HIV services only >0.65 averted new HIV infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costing results highlight the following: 1) significant additional resources would be required for implementation of a good quality national YFHS programme, 2) the four well performing YFHCs rely heavily on external funding (42%), 3) which raises questions about financial sustainability of the programme. At the same time results of the threshold analysis are encouraging. The result suggest that, together the three SRH components (STI, early pregnancy and contraception, and HIV) are potentially cost saving. High cost savings resulting from averted lifetime treatment cost of HIV infected persons are likely to off-set the costs of STIs and unwanted pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Qalys Health Economics, Middenweg 239 I, 1098AP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jari.kempers@Qalys.eu.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kempers
authors.forename: Evert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ketting
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lesco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016497:Adolescent Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008966:Moldova; D011247:Pregnancy; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies