title: Genome-wide analysis reveals divergent patterns of gene expression during zygotic and somatic embryo maturation of Theobroma cacao L., the chocolate tree.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Theobroma cacao L. is a tropical fruit tree, the seeds of which are used to create chocolate. In vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE) of cacao is a propagation system useful for rapid mass-multiplication to accelerate breeding programs and to provide plants directly to farmers. Two major limitations of cacao SE remain: the efficiency of embryo production is highly genotype dependent and the lack of full cotyledon development results in low embryo to plant conversion rates. With the goal to better understand SE development and to improve the efficiency of SE conversion we examined gene expression differences between zygotic and somatic embryos using a whole genome microarray.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of 28,752 genes was determined at 4 developmental time points during zygotic embryogenesis (ZE) and 2 time points during cacao somatic embryogenesis (SE). Within the ZE time course, 10,288 differentially expressed genes were enriched for functions related to responses to abiotic and biotic stimulus, metabolic and cellular processes. A comparison ZE and SE expression profiles identified 10,175 differentially expressed genes. Many TF genes, putatively involved in ethylene metabolism and response, were more strongly expressed in SEs as compared to ZEs. Expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and seed storage protein genes were also differentially expressed in the two types of embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large numbers of genes were differentially regulated during various stages of both ZE and SE development in cacao. The relatively higher expression of ethylene and flavonoid related genes during SE suggests that the developing tissues may be experiencing high levels of stress during SE maturation caused by the in vitro environment. The expression of genes involved in the synthesis of auxin, polyunsaturated fatty acids and secondary metabolites was higher in SEs relative to ZEs despite lack of lipid and metabolite accumulation. These differences in gene transcript levels associated with critical processes during seed development are consistent with the fact that somatic embryos do not fully develop the large storage cotyledons found in zygotic embryos. These results provide insight towards design of improved protocols for cacao somatic embryogenesis.
authors.forename: Siela N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Maximova
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Florez
authors.forename: Xiangling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niemenak
authors.forename: Yufan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science and Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. mjg9@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guiltinan
mesh_terms: D002099:Cacao / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018548:Cotyledon / Q000196:embryology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000235:genetics; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000196:embryology; D014157:Transcription Factors; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D055314:Seed Storage Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors