title: Anatomical status of the human musculus uvulae and its functional implications.
abstract: In our ongoing series of anatomical studies to determine the three-dimensional architecture of the human velar muscles, we have previously reported on the palatopharyngeus. The present study deals with the musculus uvulae (MU), in which the positional relationships of its origin to the posterior nasal spine and the palatine aponeurosis, as well as the interrelation between its anatomical status and functions, have yet to be clarified. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed on 25 and 2 cadavers, respectively. In the former, bilateral MUs and their adjacent structures were exposed mainly from the nasal aspect. In the latter, the soft palates embedded in paraffin were cut into frontal and sagittal sections and alternately processed with HE and Azan stains. The left and right MUs adjacent to each other were found to run longitudinally along the midline beneath the nasal aspect of velum. It was overlaid by glandular tissue that increased in amount as it coursed distally. After originating from the oral surface of palatine aponeurosis, it ran backward to cross above the sling formed by the levator veli palatini muscles of both sides and reached the tip of uvula with its muscle fibers intermingled with glandular tissue. Past studies have proposed three functions of MU to enhance the efficiency of velopharyngeal closure: space occupier, stiffness modifier, and velar extensor. All of the above-described anatomical characteristics of MU could be explained as being adapted for these functions. This implies that MU is actively responsible for maintaining the velopharyngeal closure efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kashiwaya
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masui
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Kikuji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Seiichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D010159:Palate / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D014609:Uvula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: musculus uvulae; palatine aponeurosis; velopharyngeal closure