title: Influence of naturally occurring dissolved organic matter, colloids, and cations on nanofiltration of pharmaceutically active and endocrine disrupting compounds.
abstract: This study examined the rejection of selected pharmaceutically active (PhAC) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) when using nanofiltration as a function of naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM), colloidal particles, cations and their interactions. Lake Ontario water served as a source of natural DOM and colloidal particles. PhAC/EDC rejection experiments were conducted using raw Lake Ontario water and Lake Ontario water that was pre-treated with either ultrafiltration to remove colloidal particles, or fluidized ion exchange resins to remove DOM. Additionally, the concentration of cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+)) in the raw and pre-treated water matrices was varied. While ionic PhACs and EDCs exhibited high rejections from all the water matrices examined, neutral compounds were most effectively rejected in water containing DOM and no colloids, and least effectively rejected from colloid-containing water with increased cations but no DOM. The presence of DOM significantly improved compound rejection and the increase in cation concentration significantly decreased rejection. The presence of colloids had comparatively little effect except to mitigate the impact of increased cation concentration, apparently providing some cation-buffering capacity. The sequence in which constituents are removed from waters during treatment may significantly impact PhAC and EDC removal, especially of neutral compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada. Electronic address: anwar.sadmani@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: A H M Anwar
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Sadmani
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3295, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bagley
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005374:Filtration; D006812:Humic Substances; D060106:Lakes; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009864:Ontario; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D003102:Colloids; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006812:Humic Substances; D052638:Particulate Matter; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cations; Colloidal particles; Dissolved organic matter; Endocrine disrupting compounds; Nanofiltration; Pharmaceutically active compounds