title: The politics of tuberculosis and HIV service integration in Ghana.
abstract: The need to integrate TB/HIV control programmes has become critical due to the comorbidity regarding these diseases and the need to optimise the use of resources. In developing countries such as Ghana, where public health interventions depend on donor funds, the integration of the two programmes has become more urgent. This paper explores stakeholders' views on the integration of TB/HIV control programmes in Ghana within the remits of contingency theory. With 31 purposively selected informants from four regions, semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted between March and May 2012, and the data collected were analysed using the inductive approach. The results showed both support for and opposition to integration, as well as some of the avoidable challenges inherent in combining TB/HIV control. While those who supported integration based their arguments on clinical synergies and the need to promote the efficient use of resources, those who opposed integration cited the potential increase in workload, the clinical complications associated with joint management, the potential for a leadership crisis, and the "smaller the better" propositions to support their stance. Although a policy on TB/HIV integration exists, inadequate 'political will' from the top management of both programmes has trickled down to lower levels, which has stifled progress towards the comprehensive management of TB/HIV and particularly leading to weak data collection and management structures and unsatisfactory administration of co-trimoxazole for co-infected patients. It is our view that the leadership of both programmes show an increased commitment to protocols involving the integration of TB/HIV, followed by a commitment to addressing the 'fears' of frontline service providers to encourage confidence in the process of service integration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Electronic address: Joshua.amo-adjei@ucc.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amo-Adjei
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Akwasi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumi-Kyereme
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Administration, Valley View University, Oyibi, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fosuah Amo
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kofi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Awusabo-Asare
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005869:Ghana; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006291:Health Policy / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D011057:Politics; D018511:Systems Integration; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Ghana; HIV; Integration; Services; Tuberculosis