title: Comparison of brain white matter hyperintensities in methamphetamine and methadone dependent patients and healthy controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have proven the development of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in methamphetamine and opioid users. Opiates and methamphetamines (MA) are the most common addictive agents in Iran. The adverse effects of drugs on the CNS is of concern to specialists and researchers, and given that the neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine is greater than opioids, it is hypothesized that the severity of WMH in patients with methamphetamine dependence is more than opioid drug-dependent individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge, this is the first research comparing the effect of methamphetamine and methadone (M) on the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a historical cohort study, we compared WMH in the brain MRI of 50 methamphetamine-dependent patients, 50 methadone-dependent patients and 50 healthy volunteers who were matched for age, sex and dominant hand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WMH was detected in 18 methamphetamine users, in 12 methadone users and in seven controls (P = 0.038). The site of brain lesions in MA users was mostly in the frontal lobe in 17 cases, in M users in the frontal lobe in 12 cases and in the control group, it was in the parietal lobe in four cases (P=0.001). The frontal lobes were the predominant locations of WMH in MA and M groups (P = 0.001). The frequency of brain lesions was mostly in the deep WM in 18 cases in MA users, in 12 cases in M users and in two cases in the control group (P=0.007). Hyper-signal foci of deep WM in the MA group were grade I (punctuate) in 12 cases, grade II (beginning confluence) in five cases and grade III (large confluent) in four cases. In the M group, there were six cases in grade I, three cases in grade II and one case in grade III. In the control group, there were three grade I cases, two grade II cases, and no grade III cases. Except for periventricular WMH (P = 0.13), there were statistical significant differences in the deep WMH (P = 0.007) and subcortex WMH (P = 0.01) between the three groups. The history of using other drugs and the duration of MA and M consumption were similar. The prevalence of brain lesions was generally higher in both drug user groups compared with the healthy controls. Increased WMH in the MA group was higher than the M group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A greater number of blood flow defects and ischemic lesions in the brain of MA users compared to opiate users may explain the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdulrasool
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zarghami
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farnia
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khademloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Traditional Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Talayeh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khoddad
keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Methadone; Methamphetamine; White Matter Hyperintensitiess