title: Psychosocial outcomes after traumatic brain injury: life satisfaction, community integration, and distress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between life satisfaction, community integration, and emotional distress in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an archival study of a longitudinal data set on the outcome and recovery process of persons with TBI. Participants were 253 consecutive adults with mild complicated, moderate, and severe TBI who were enrolled in a large, longitudinal study of persons with TBI. Main measures included the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Positive Affective and Negative Affective Schedule, the Craig Hospital Assessment and Reporting Technique Short-Form, the Community Integration Measure, and the Brief Symptom Inventory-18.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three-factor model adequately fit the data, and a higher-order model did not necessarily improve model fit but revealed significant relationships with first-order constructs and one second-order construct.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life satisfaction, community integration, and emotional distress were found to be related yet unique concepts in persons with TBI. Life satisfaction was positively related to community involvement and inversely related to emotional distress. Community integration was inversely related to emotional distress. In addition, these concepts are related to a higher-order concept of psychosocial status, a global representation of subjective and objective functioning. These findings demonstrate the interrelated and dynamic nature of psychosocial well-being after brain injury and highlight the need for integrative and holistic treatment plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Rapport
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Millis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wayne State University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hanks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D062309:Community Integration / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult