title: Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder in animals and humans: a unique opportunity to understand how supramedullary structures regulate breathing.
abstract: The control of breathing is commonly viewed as being a "brainstem affair". As the topic of this special issue of Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology indicates, we should consider broadening this notion since the act of breathing is also tightly linked to many functions other than close regulation of arterial blood gases. Accordingly, "non-brainstem" structures can exert a powerful influence on the core elements of the respiratory control network and as it is often the case, the importance of these structures is revealed when their dysfunction leads to disease. There is a clear link between respiration and anxiety and key theories of the psychopathology of anxiety (including panic disorders; PD) focus on respiratory control and related CO2 monitoring system. With that in mind, we briefly present the respiratory manifestations of panic disorder and discuss the role of the dorso-medial/perifornical hypothalamus, the amygdalar complex, and the periaqueductal gray in respiratory control. We then present recent advances in basic research indicating how adult rodent previously subjected to neonatal stress may provide a very good model to investigate the pathophysiology of PD.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. Electronic address: Richard.Kinkead@crsfa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinkead
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tenorio
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Drolet
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bretzner
authors.affiliation: Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Luciane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gargaglioni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000068797:Orexins; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000068797:Orexins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Chemoreflex; Control of breathing; Hypercapnic response; Panic disorder