title: Biomechanical and performance implications of weapon design: comparison of bullpup and conventional configurations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shooter accuracy and stability were monitored while firing two bullpup and two conventional configuration rifles of the same caliber in order to determine if one style of weapon results in superior performance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Considerable debate exists among police and military professionals regarding the differences between conventional configuration weapons, where the magazine and action are located ahead of the trigger, and bullpup configuration, where they are located behind the trigger (closer to the user). To date, no published research has attempted to evaluate this question from a physical ergonomics standpoint, and the knowledge that one style might improve stability or result in superior performance is of interest to countless military, law enforcement, and industry experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A live-fire evaluation of both weapon styles was performed using a total of 48 participants. Shooting accuracy and fluctuations in biomechanical stability (center of pressure) were monitored while subjects used the weapons to perform standard drills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bullpup weapon designs were found to provide a significant advantage in accuracy and shooter stability, while subjects showed considerable preference toward the conventional weapons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many mechanical and maintenance issues must be considered before committing to a bullpup or conventional weapon system, it is clear in terms of basic human stability that the bullpup is the more advantageous configuration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results can be used by competitive shooter, military, law enforcement, and industry experts while outfitting personnel with a weapon system that leads to superior performance.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Brandon F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Bryce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosenquist
authors.forename: Darin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Ryswyk
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eichorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult