title: Examining the timing of changes in cigarette smoking upon learning of pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Timeline Follow-back interviews were conducted with 107 pregnant women enrolling in smoking cessation and relapse prevention clinical trials in the Burlington, VT area between 2006 and 2009 to examine the time course of changes in smoking between learning of pregnancy and the first prenatal care visit. We know of no systematic studies of this topic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women reported learning of pregnancy at 5.1±2.2 weeks gestation and attending a first prenatal care visit at 10.1±3.6 weeks gestation. In the intervening five weeks, 22% of women became abstainers, 62% reduced their smoking, and 16% maintained or increased their smoking. Women who made changes typically reported doing so within the first 2 days after learning of pregnancy, with few changes occurring beyond the first week after learning of pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this first effort to systematically characterize the time course of changes in smoking upon learning of pregnancy, the majority of pregnant smokers who quit or made reductions reported doing so soon after receiving the news. Further research is needed to assess the reliability of these results and to examine whether devising strategies to provide early interventions for women who continue smoking after learning of pregnancy is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA. Electronic address: sarah.heil@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Evan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Practice, University of Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Ira M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013997:Time Factors; D014707:Vermont / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Behavior change; Pregnancy; Smoking; Time course; Timeline Follow-back