title: What happens to coroners' recommendations for improving public health and safety? Organisational responses under a mandatory response regime in Victoria, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several countries of the British Commonwealth, including Australia and the United Kingdom, vest in coroners the power to issue recommendations for protecting public health and safety. Little is known about whether and how organisations that receive recommendations act on them. Concerns that recommendations are frequently ignored prompted the government of Victoria, Australia, to introduce a requirement in 2008 compelling organisations that receive recommendations to provide a written statement of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study of organisations that received recommendations from Victorian coroners over a 33-month period. Using an online survey, we asked representatives of "recipient organisations" what action (if any) their organisations took, and what factors influenced their decision. We also probed views of the quality of the recommendations and the mandatory response regime in general. Responses were analysed at the recommendation- and recipient organisation-level by calculating counts and proportions and using chi-square analyses to test for sub-group differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety of 153 recipient organisations surveyed responded (59% response rate); they received 164 recommendations (mean = 1.9; range, 1-7) from 74 cases. A total of 37% (60/164) of the recommendations were accepted and implemented, 27% (45/164) were rejected, and for 36% (59/164) the recommended action was "supplanted" (i.e., action had already been taken). In nearly half of rejected recommendations (18/45), recipient organisations indicated implementation was not logistically viable. In half of supplanted recommendations, an internal investigation had prompted the action. Three quarters (67/90) of recipient organisations believed the introduction of a mandatory response regime was a good idea, but fewer regarded the recommendations they received as appropriate (52/90) or likely to be effective in preventing death and injury (45/90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a third of coroners' recommendations were implemented by the organisations to which they were directed. In drawing policy lessons, it is important to separate recommendations that were rejected from those in which action had already been taken. Rejected recommendations raise questions about the quality of the recommendations, the reasonableness of the organisation's response, or both. Supplanted recommendations focus attention on the adequacy of consultation between coroners and affected organisations and the length of time it takes for recommendations to be issued.
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Lyndal
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bugeja
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sewell
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pirkis
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA. studdert@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Studdert
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011634:Public Health / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014739:Victoria