title: Adulteration and cultivation region identification of American ginseng using HPLC coupled with multivariate analysis.
abstract: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is originally grown in North America. Due to price difference and supply shortage, American ginseng recently has been cultivated in northern China. Further, in the market, some Asian ginsengs are labeled as American ginseng. In this study, forty-three American ginseng samples cultivated in the USA, Canada or China were collected and 14 ginseng saponins were determined using HPLC. HPLC coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis was developed to identify the species. Subsequently, an HPLC-linear discriminant analysis was established to discriminate cultivation regions of American ginseng. This method was successfully applied to identify the sources of 6 commercial American ginseng samples. Two of them were identified as Asian ginseng, while 4 others were identified as American ginseng, which were cultivated in the USA (3) and China (1). Our newly developed method can be used to identify American ginseng with different cultivation regions.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, JS 223003, China; Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chunhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Electronic address: cwang@dacc.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Chong-Zhi
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, JS 223003, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Jie
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huai'an, JS 223001, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Lide
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Su
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002170:Canada; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004340:Drug Contamination; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins
keywords: Cultivation region identification; HPLC-linear discriminant analysis; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Panax quinquefolius; Principal component analysis