title: Acute and joint toxicity of three agrochemicals to Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles.
abstract: We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals (chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability water tests. Results showed that the three agrochemicals increased tadpole mortality. For acute toxicity, the LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam exposure were 5.37, 4.90 and 4.68 mg/L; 0.035, 0.025 and 0.021 mg/L; 1.74, 1.45 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. The safety concentrations (SC) of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam to the tadpoles were 1.23, 0.30 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Based on these findings, chlorantraniliprole and penoxsulam were moderately toxic, while flubendiamide-abamectin was highly toxic. All pairwise joint toxicity tests showed moderate toxicity. The LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure were 7.08, 6.61 and 6.03 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+penoxsulam, with corresponding values of 2.455, 2.328 and 2.183 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+flubendiamide-abamectin, and 1.132, 1.084 and 1.050 mg/L for penoxsulam+flubendiamide-abamectin, with safe concentrations of 1.73, 0.63 and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three agrochemicals, only the joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide-abamectin after 24 h was found to be synergistic, whereas all other tests were antagonistic. Our findings provide valuable information on the toxic effects of agrochemicals on amphibians and how various types of agrochemicals can be reasonably used in agricultural areas.
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
authors.forename: Wei-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China.
authors.forename: Miao-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China. zhlin1015@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D011898:Ranidae; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acute toxicity; Agrochemical; Hoplobatrachus chinensis; Joint toxicity; LC50; Safe concentration