title: Novel and effective balanced intravenous-inhalant anaesthetic protocol in swine by using unrestricted drugs.
abstract: Nowadays, because of increasing employment of swine for experimental studies and medical training, it is hopeful to investigate novel and effective anaesthetic protocols for preserving the animal welfare in medical investigation and concurrently improving the quality of research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate a novel and effective anaesthetic protocol in swine undergoing major surgery, by translating know-how of combined anaesthesia from human protocols. Seven landrace swine were anaesthetized for three hours by a combined trial anaesthetic protocol (sedation: medetomidine, acepromazine, atropine and tramadol; induction: propofol, medetomidine and acepromazine; anaesthesia: isofluorane, propofol, medetomidine and acepromazine) and both clinical and haemodynamic parameters were compared with those of five swine anaesthetized with a control protocol (sedation: diazepam, ketamine and atropina; induction: diazepam and ketamine; anaesthesia: isofluorane). Both cardiac frequency (CF) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were significantly (P<0.05) more stable in trial protocol (CF: 78.3 ± 4.6-81.1 ± 5, MBP: 63.9 ± 10.7-96.4 ± 13.0) compared to control protocol (CF: 93.7 ± 5.5-102.5 ± 8.5, MBP: 71.0 ± 6.6-108.7 ± 7.2). The body temperature remained stable in trial protocol (°C: 36.9 ± 0.7-37.2 ± 0.3) compared to control anaesthesia (°C: 36.4 ± 0.3-37.3 ± 0.2, P<0.05). Haematosis improved undergoing combined anaesthesia (+2%, P<0.05) whereas did not change in control animals. There were no differences in respiratory rate between trial and control protocols. This study demonstrates that the proposed balanced intravenous-inhalant protocol permits to carry out a very effective, stable and safe anaesthesia in swine undergoing deep anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Systems Approaches and Non-Communicable Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247-00166 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calzetta
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alfonsi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonizzi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roncada
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montuori
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pistocchini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mauti
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattei
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000379:methods*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D001831:Body Temperature; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012449:Safety; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics