title: Does family history of metabolic syndrome affect the metabolic profile phenotype in young healthy individuals?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early identification of high-risk individuals is key for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of a family history of metabolic syndrome (fhMetS) on the risk of metabolic disorders (abnormal body mass, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and blood pressure) in healthy young individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied CVD risk factors in 90 healthy volunteers, aged 27-39 years; of these, 78 had fhMetS and 12 were without fhMetS (control group). Fasting serum lipids, glucose, and insulin levels were assayed, and anthropometric parameters and blood pressure using, an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring system, were measured. Nutritional and physical activity habits were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite similar nutritional and physical activity habits, abnormal body mass was found in 53.2% of the fhMetS participants and 46.1% of the control participants (p = 0.54). The occurrence of obesity was 19.4% and 0%, respectively (p = 0.69). Compared to the control participants, fhMetS was associated with significantly higher total cholesterol (5.46 mmol/L vs. 4.69 mmol/L, p < 0.030), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 3.28 mmol/L vs. 2.90 mmol/L, p < 0.032), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( 3.74 mmol/L vs. 3.25 mmol/L, p < 0.016) levels, in addition to lower fasting glucose levels ( 4.51 mmol/L vs. 4.81 mmol/L, p < 0.042). A positive correlation between fasting glucose and insulin levels (r = 0.28; p < 0.015) was detected in the fhMetS participants. Higher mean daytime systolic blood pressure (121.5 mmHg vs. 113.3 mmHg, p < 0.035), mean daytime diastolic blood pressure ( 79.0 mmHg vs. 74.5 mmHg, p < 0.045), and mean nighttime diastolic blood pressure ( 64.0 mmHg vs. 59.5 mmHg, p < 0.019) were observed in the fhMetS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than 50% of the fhMetS participants had excess weight or a lipid disorder, which may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the need for regular ambulatory assessment of serum lipid concentrations in young people with a family history of MetS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koczaj-Bremer
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jankowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaźmierczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciurzyński
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ou-Pokrzewińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mikocka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Marszałkowska 24, 00-567 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demkow
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley'a 4, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pruszczyk
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Family history; Metabolic syndrome; Risk factors