title: Imaging Findings of Isolated Bronchial Anthracofibrosis: A Computed Tomography Analysis of Patients With Bronchoscopic and Histologic Confirmation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the chest computed tomography (CT) findings of patients with isolated bronchial anthracofibrosis confirmed by bronchoscopy and histopathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight patients with isolated bronchial anthracofibrosis (29 females; mean age, 70 years) were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of bronchial anthracofibrosis was made based on both bronchoscopy and pathology findings in all patients. The various chest CT images were retrospectively reviewed by two chest radiologists who reached decisions in consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Central peribronchial soft tissue thickening (n=37, 63.8%) causing bronchial narrowing (n=37, 63.8%) or obstruction (n=11, 19%) was identified as an important finding on imaging. Multiple bronchial stenoses with concurrent involvement of 2, 3, and 5 bronchi were seen in 12 (21%), 9 (15%), and 2 (3.4%) patients, respectively. Segmental atelectasis and lobar or multilobar collapse were detected. These findings mostly occurred in the right lung, predominantly in the right middle lobe. Mosaic attenuation patterns, scattered parenchymal nodules, nodular patterns, and calcified or non-calcified lymph nodes were also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On chest CT, isolated bronchial anthracofibrosis appeared as peribronchial soft tissue thickening, bronchial narrowing or obstruction, segmental atelectasis, and lobar or multilobar collapse. The findings were more common in the right side, with simultaneous involvement of multiple bronchi in some patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kahkouee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán; Department of Radiology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán. Electronic address: ramin_p2005@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pourghorban
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitarafan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán.
authors.forename: Katayoun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Najafizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Teherán, Irán.
authors.forename: Seyed Shahabeddin Mohammad
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Makki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution; D055008:Anthracosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001982:Bronchial Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology; D032921:Consensus; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010858:Pigmentation; D010994:Pleura / Q000473:pathology; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014505:Urban Population
keywords: Anthracosis; Antracosis; Atelectasia pulmonar; Bronchi; Bronquios; Computed tomography; Ganglios linfáticos; Lymph nodes; Pulmonary atelectasis; Tomografía computarizada