title: Microwave-assisted radiosynthesis of the hypoxia marker 1-α-D-(5- deoxy-5-[18F]fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole ([18F]FAZA).
abstract: The routine manufacture of most short-lived positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals (PERs) involves conventional heating to accelerate the radiolabeling process. Nucleophilic radiofluorination reactions are generally slow at lower temperatures, and are accompanied by thermal decomposition of both precursor and product at higher temperatures. This necessitates HPLC purification and results in lower recovered radiochemical yields (rRCYs). [(18)F]FAZA, a PER for clinical imaging of focal tissue hypoxia, is routinely manufactured in-house in 3-12% rRCY using a Health Canada approved conventional heating procedure. The microwave-assisted (MW) radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FAZA is now reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manual (MRDS) and automated (ASU) reagent delivery systems coupled to a commercial MW unit were built in-house. The MW unit controlled power, irradiation time and monitored reaction temperature (Tmax control), while the acetylAZA tosylate precursor and QMA Accel(TM) cartridge eluent reagents (K2CO3, K2.2.2) were dispensed by the MRDS or ASU. The radiofluorination yields (RFYs) and the chemical and radiochemical TLC profiles of the post-labeling reaction mixtures were compared to those obtained using the conventional heating production method and to those reported for optimized literature methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MW RFYs for [(18)F]FAZA reached >76% (n=3) in 3 min. Post-labeling analysis of the MW-assisted reaction mixtures demonstrated cleaner UV and radiochemical TLC profiles than those obtained from conventional heating in routine production runs; the relatively clean MW reactions allowed rapid HPLC isolation of [(18)F]FAZA in overall rRCYs of 55±4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In practical terms, the MW process provided only small gains in reaction time and RFY, but produced only a few secondary impurities, thereby improving the rRCY in comparison to conventional heating methods. These findings provide a rationale for adaptation of the MW-assisted method for the routine production of clinical [(18)F]FAZA.
authors.forename: Piyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ortlieb
authors.forename: Arjun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncologic Imaging, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, and Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA T6G 1Z2. pkumar@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Leonard I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Wiebe
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000473:pathology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008872:Microwaves; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D011854:Radiochemistry / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C498052:fluoroazomycin arabinoside