title: Widespread 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in affluent and nonaffluent pregnant Indian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study primarily aimed to assess vitamin D adequacy in the third trimester of pregnancy using 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and explore lifestyle characteristics (sun exposure index, diet, and economic indicators) associated with serum 25(OH)D. The secondary aim was to examine the relationship of serum 25(OH)D with birth weight and gestational age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum 25(OH)D was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay in 150 pregnant women from Mumbai. Sun exposure index was computed. Dietary calcium, phytate : calcium ratio, and dietary phosphorus was calculated using the 24-hour diet recall method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All women had 25(OH)D levels < 30.00 ng/ml. Multivariable linear regression showed that nonaffluent women had poorer 25(OH)D status than their affluent counterparts (β = -0.20; P = 0.03). Higher sun exposure index was associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations (β = 0.31; P < 0.001), which remained significant after controlling for covariates. At the bivariate level, mothers of infants weighing <2500 g had lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to mothers whose infants weighed ≥ 2500 g (P = 0.02). This association became non-significant after controlling for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency was universally prevalent in the cohort studied. There is a need to develop culturally sensitive strategies for improving the 25(OH)D status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SNDT Women's University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India.
authors.forename: Rati
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SNDT Women's University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India.
authors.forename: Suhaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SNDT Women's University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India.
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Munipally
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SNDT Women's University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India.
authors.forename: Padmini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghugre
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SNDT Women's University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400049, India.
authors.forename: Shobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Udipi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium