title: Combined alcohol and energy drink use: hedonistic motives, adenosine, and alcohol dependence.
abstract: Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with both short- and long-term risks beyond those observed with alcohol alone. AmED use has been associated with heavy episodic (binge) drinking, risky behaviors, and risk of alcohol dependence. Laboratory research has demonstrated that AmED beverages lead to greater motivation to drink versus the same amount of alcohol consumed alone. However, the reason consumers find AmED beverages particularly appealing has been unclear. A recent report by Droste and colleagues (Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2087-2095) is the first study to investigate motivations related to AmED consumption and to determine which motives predict AmED consumption patterns, experience of drinking-related harms, and risk of alcohol dependence. The findings of this study significantly enhance our understanding of why AmED consumption is related to the risk of alcohol dependence and change our understanding of why consumers choose AmED beverages. The authors report that hedonistic motives strongly predicted AmED use and the harms associated with use. While intoxication-reduction motives predicted self-reported accidents and injuries, these motives did not predict AmED consumption patterns and risk of dependence. The risk of alcohol dependence may arise from repeated experiences when drinking alcohol is more pleasurable when energy drinks are consumed with the alcohol. This commentary will focus on why energy drinks might increase the rewarding properties of alcohol in social drinkers. In addition, discussion is provided explaining why more research on the neurotransmitter, adenosine, may actually inform us about the mechanisms contributing to the development of alcohol dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Science (CAM), Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Cecile A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marczinski
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D061215:Energy Drinks; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010684:Philosophy; D057181:Pleasure; D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D058915:Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: Adenosine; Alcohol; Caffeine; Dependence; Energy Drinks