title: Regulation of RIG-I-like receptor signaling by host and viral proteins.
abstract: Vertebrate innate immunity is characterized by an effective immune surveillance apparatus, evolved to sense foreign structures, such as proteins or nucleic acids of invading microbes. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of viral RNA species in the host cell cytoplasm. Activation of RLRs in response to viral RNA triggers an antiviral defense program through the production of hundreds of antiviral effector proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and host restriction factors that directly interfere with distinct steps in the virus life cycle. To avoid premature or abnormal antiviral and proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host, the signaling activities of RLRs and their common adaptor molecule, MAVS, are delicately controlled by cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to modulate RLR-MAVS signal transduction to escape from immune surveillance. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of RLR signaling through host factors and viral antagonistic proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Meredith E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: michaela_gack@hms.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Michaela U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Gack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008954:Models, Biological; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D014764:Viral Proteins; C452820:RIGI protein, human; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases
keywords: Innate immunity; MDA5; RIG-I; Type-I interferon; Viral immune evasion