title: Surface morphology analysis of dental implants following insertion into bone using scanning electron microscopy: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental implants have become essential in reconstructive dentistry. Primary healing is determined by the design of their surface. The aim of this pilot study has been to investigate whether the morphology of the sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA(®) ) surface remains unaffected after the insertion process into human bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two edentulous-atrophied human jaw specimens were used. Six brand new Straumann Standard RN implants with an SLA(®) surface and having a diameter of 3.3 mm and a length of 12 mm were inserted. Another two implants of the same type, but not inserted into bone, served as a reference. After explantation, the four implants were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and two were left uncleaned. All eight implants were inspected by SEM for qualitative surface changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four implants showed relevant changes of the topography at the apical thread flanks. The non-cleaned implants showed an almost complete coverage of the surface by a honeycomb-like structure, consistent with bone residues. The reference implants showed no changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that, for the osseointegration of dental implants, subtractive modifications of implant surfaces are less important than the reestablishment of the destroyed TiO2 layer. Further studies of other implant surfaces are required to verify the present results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Restaurative Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grünberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mücke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: Anatomische Anstalt der Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus-Ulrich
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: dental implant; implant surface; surface morphology