title: Relationship between momentary affect states and self-efficacy in adolescent smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Relapse to smoking after making a quit attempt is both common and rapid in adolescent smokers. Momentary self-efficacy (SE)-that is, momentary shifts in one's confidence in the ability to abstain from smoking-predicts the occurrence and timing of relapse among adolescent smokers. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that are associated with changes in momentary SE early in a quit attempt. This study examined the relationship between affect states (including positive, negative, and nicotine withdrawal states) and momentary SE at various stages of a quit attempt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent daily smokers interested in making a quit attempt (n = 202) completed ecological momentary assessments (EMA) each day for 1 week leading up to and 2 weeks after a quit attempt. In each assessment, they reported current SE and affect state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESULTS of linear mixed models indicated that most of the examined affect states were related to momentary SE. Contrary to expectation, they were related to momentary SE both immediately before and after the quit attempt. Moderation effects were observed for select affect states, where higher baseline SE was related to lower momentary SE in the presence of increasing negative high activation, boredom, and difficulty concentrating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that both positive and negative affect states are related to SE, and that thereby positive affect enhancement may be a promising, underutilized treatment target.
authors.affiliation: Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Bettina B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hoeppner
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences.
authors.forename: Chad J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gwaltney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*