title: Hydrocephalus in patients with closed neural tube defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydrocephalus is common in patients with open neural tube defects (NTDs), but association with closed NTDs has rarely been reported. We describe three patients with untreated closed NTDs who required surgery for hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case 1: A full-term newborn presented with a skin-covered midline lumbar spine lipoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan demonstrated a lipomyelomeningocele. An ultrasound at birth showed mild ventriculomegaly but cerebrospinal fluid diversion was not offered because his fontanelle was soft. He was lost to follow-up and then presented at age 6 months with signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus. An endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus coagulation were performed, and the lipomyelomeningocele was subsequently repaired electively. Case 2: A full-term neonate presented with a skin-covered midline lumbar spine lesion consistent with a meningocele on MRI scan. He was additionally noted to have macrocephaly, a full fontanelle, and ventriculomegaly on MRI scan. At age 2 days, an endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus coagulation were performed. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was required 1 month later. Three months after birth, an elective spinal cord untethering procedure was performed. Case 3: A neonate presented with a midline lumbar skin tag. An MRI scan demonstrated a lipomyelomeningocele, and surgery was planned electively. On preoperative evaluation at age 3 months, the patient had a tense fontanelle. The surgery was postponed, and a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed after imaging studies revealed hydrocephalus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with closed NTDs should be assessed for clinical signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus because of this rare but possible association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurological Surgery, Departments of Pediatric Surgery and Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, and Mischer Neuroscience Institute, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.144, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chance
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sandberg
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*