title: Biomarkers of tolerance: searching for the hidden phenotype.
abstract: Induction of transplantation tolerance remains the ideal long-term clinical and logistic solution to the current challenges facing the management of renal allograft recipients. In this review, we describe the recent studies and advances made in identifying biomarkers of renal transplant tolerance, from study inceptions, to the lessons learned and their implications for current and future studies with the same goal. With the age of biomarker discovery entering a new dimension of high-throughput technologies, here we also review the current approaches, developments, and pitfalls faced in the subsequent statistical analysis required to identify valid biomarker candidates.
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London , London, UK ; Medical Research Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London, UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perucha
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London, UK.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rebollo-Mesa
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London , London, UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London , London, UK ; Section of Immunoregulation and Immune Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Pervinder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sagoo
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London , London, UK ; Medical Research Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London, UK ; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Fuentes
keywords: biomarkers; immunosupression; renal transplantation; tolerance; validation