title: Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II activation by exercise regulates saturated & unsaturated fatty acids and improves some metabolic syndrome markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of Calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CaMK)-II by exercise has a plethora of benefits in health. Fatty acids play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Prevention of MetS and treatment of its main characteristics are very significant to fight against type 2 diabetes. CaMKII activation in the regulation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in relation to type 2 diabetes and MetS has not been studied, which became the focus of this present study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, we investigated saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Quantitative real time PCR was also used to assess the gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that both palmitoleic acid and oleic acid which are monounsaturated fatty acids were increased in response to CaMKII activation. On the other hand, myristic acid and palmitic acid which are saturated fatty acids known to increase the risk factors of MetS and type 2 diabetes were decreased by exercise induction of CaMKII. Conversely, lauric acid also a saturated fatty acid was increased in response to CaMKII activation by exercise. This fatty acid is known to have beneficial effects in alleviating symptoms of both type 2 diabetes and MetS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our knowledge, this is the first study to show that CaMKII activation by exercise regulates fatty acids essential in type 2 diabetes and MetS. CaMKII can be an avenue of designing novel therapeutic drugs in the management and treatment of type 2 diabetes and MetS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa. Electronic address: emukwevho@uj.ac.za.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mukwevho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jitcy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000032:analysis; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D019814:Myristic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007850:Lauric Acids; D019814:Myristic Acid; C030358:lauric acid; C008757:palmitoleic acid; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
keywords: CaMKII; Exercise; MetS; Saturated fatty acids; Type 2 diabetes; Unsaturated fatty acids