title: Association of a dietary inflammatory index with inflammatory indices and metabolic syndrome among police officers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII) is associated with inflammatory or metabolic biomarkers and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among police officers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study were derived from saliva and fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, long-term shiftwork histories, and demographic, stress/depression, and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Metabolic syndrome was defined using standard criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Officers in DII quartiles 2 to 4 were more likely to exceed a threshold of 3.0 mg/L for C-reactive protein (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.02 to 3.45; OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.19 to 3.95; OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 0.85 to 2.88, respectively) compared with quartile 1. The glucose intolerance component of MetSyn was more prevalent among officers in DII quartile 4 than among those in quartile 1 (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.08 to 3.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pro-inflammatory diet was associated with elevated CRP and with the glucose intolerance component of MetSyn.
authors.affiliation: From the Cancer Prevention and Control Program (Dr Wirth, Dr Burch, Dr Shivappa, Dr Steck, Mr Hurley, and Dr Hébert) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Burch, Shivappa, Steck, and Hébert), University of South Carolina, Columbia; WJB Dorn VA Medical Center (Dr Burch), Columbia, SC; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Dr Violanti), School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch (Dr Burchfiel, Dr Fekedulegn, Dr Andrew, Dr Hartley, Ms Mnatsakanova, and Dr Charles) and Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch (Dr Miller), Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WV; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Dr Vena), College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, and Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Violanti
authors.forename: Cecil M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Burchfiel
authors.forename: Desta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fekedulegn
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: Tara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.forename: Diane B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mnatsakanova
authors.forename: Luenda E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Vena
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016495:Police; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein