title: Impalement brain injury from steel rod causing injury to jugular bulb: case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of impalement penetrating brain injuries (IPBI) from non-missile objects is extremely challenging, especially when vascular structures are involved. Cerebral angiography is a crucial tool in initial evaluation to assess for vascular injury as standard non-invasive imaging modalities are limited by foreign body artifact, especially for metallic objects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reports a case of an IPBI caused by a segment of steel rebar resulting in injury to the left jugular bulb and posterior temporal lobe. It describes the initial presentation, radiology, management and outcome in this patient and reviews the literature of similar injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA .
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grossbach
authors.forename: Taylor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Janel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smietana
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dahdaleh
authors.forename: Meryl A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Severson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasan
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D000328:Adult; D001041:Aphasia, Wernicke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003252:Construction Materials; D056424:Decompressive Craniectomy; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006423:Hemianopsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013232:Steel; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014139:Tracheostomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D013232:Steel
keywords: Angiogram; rebar; traumatic brain injury; vascular