title: A high-fiber, low-fat diet improves periodontal disease markers in high-risk subjects: a pilot study.
abstract: Periodontal disease is related to aging, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, and systemic inflammation. However, there remains limited evidence about causality from intervention studies. An effective diet for prevention of periodontal disease has not been well established. The current study was an intervention study examining the effects of a high-fiber, low-fat diet on periodontal disease markers in high-risk subjects. Forty-seven volunteers were interviewed for recruitment into the study. Twenty-one volunteers with a body mass index of at least 25.0 kg/m(2) or with impaired glucose tolerance were enrolled in the study. After a 2- to 3-week run-in period, subjects were provided with a test meal consisting of high fiber and low fat (30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight) 3 times a day for 8 weeks and followed by a regular diet for 24 weeks. Four hundred twenty-five teeth from 17 subjects were analyzed. Periodontal disease markers assessed as probing depth (2.28 vs 2.21 vs 2.13 mm; P < .0001), clinical attachment loss (6.11 vs 6.06 vs 5.98 mm; P < .0001), and bleeding on probing (16.2 vs 13.2 vs 14.6 %; P = .005) showed significant reductions after the test-meal period, and these improvements persisted until the follow-up period. Body weight (P < .0001), HbA1c (P < .0001), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = .038) levels showed improvement after the test-meal period; they returned to baseline levels after the follow-up period. In conclusion, treatment with a high-fiber, low-fat diet for 8 weeks effectively improved periodontal disease markers as well as metabolic profiles, at least in part, by effects other than the reduction of total energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: kon@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; R&D Department, Sunstar Inc, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: ishikado@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikado
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: morino@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Katsutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan. Electronic address: ynishio@m3.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: sugi@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ugi
authors.affiliation: Sunstar Foundation for Oral Health Promotion, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: sadae.kajiwara@jp.sunstar.com.
authors.forename: Sadae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kajiwara
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: kuri@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: iwakawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwakawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: kein@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: R&D Department, Sunstar Inc, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: syoko.uesaki@jp.sunstar.com.
authors.forename: Syoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uesaki
authors.affiliation: R&D Department, Sunstar Inc, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: yasutami.shigeta@jp.sunstar.com.
authors.forename: Yasutami
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shigeta
authors.affiliation: R&D Department, Sunstar Inc, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: hiromichi.imanaka@jp.sunstar.com.
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: yosizaki@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshizaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: sekine@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: R&D Department, Sunstar Inc, 3-1 Asahi-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan. Electronic address: taketoshi.makino@jp.sunstar.com.
authors.forename: Taketoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: maegawa@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maegawa
authors.affiliation: Section on Vascular Cell Biology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: george.king@joslin.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: kasiwagi@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Dietary fiber; Glucose tolerance test; Intervention study; Obesity; Periodontal diseases; Prediabetic state