title: The mysterious Spotted Green Pigeon and its relation to the Dodo and its kindred.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The closely related and extinct Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and Rodrigues Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria), both in the subfamily Raphinae, are members of a clade of morphologically very diverse pigeons. Genetic analyses have revealed that the Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) is the closest living relative of these birds, thereby highlighting their ancestors' remarkable migration and morphological evolution. The Spotted Green Pigeon (Caloenas maculata) was described in 1783 and showed some similarities to the Nicobar Pigeon. Soon however the taxon fell into obscurity, as it was regarded as simply an abnormal form of the Nicobar Pigeon. The relationship between both taxa has occasionally been questioned, leading some ornithologists to suggest that the two may in fact be different taxa. Today only one of the original two specimens survives and nothing is known about the origin of the taxon. Due to its potential close relationship, the Spotted Green Pigeon may hold clues to the historical migration, isolation and morphological evolution of the Dodo and its kindred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We use ancient DNA methodologies to investigate the phylogeny and authenticity of the Spotted Green Pigeon. A novel extraction method with the ability to retain and purify heavily fragmented DNA is used to investigate two feathers from the sole surviving specimen. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses reveal that the Spotted Green Pigeon is a unique lineage and together with the Nicobar Pigeon, is basal to the Dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distance observed for the Spotted Green Pigeon and Nicobar Pigeon is larger than that observed within other Pigeon species, indicating that the Spotted Green pigeon is a unique taxon, thereby also indicating it is a genuine addition to the list of extinct species. The phylogenetic placement of the Spotted Green Pigeon indicates that the ancestors of both Caloenas and therefore Raphinae displayed and shared the following traits: ability of flight, semi-terrestrial habits and an affinity towards islands. This set of traits supports the stepping stone hypothesis, which states that the Raphinae got to their respective localities by island hopping from India or Southeast Asia.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia. t.heupink@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Tim H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Heupink
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Grouw
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010856:Columbidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009144:Museums; D010802:Phylogeny