title: Need for a standardized protocol for stress echocardiography in provoking subaortic and valvular gradient in various cardiac conditions.
abstract: (Semi) supine exercise testing has an established role in the evaluation of patients with valvular heart disease and can help clinical decision making. Stress echocardiography has the advantages of its wide availability, low cost, and versatility for the assessment of disease severity. However, exercise-induced changes in valve hemodynamics, left ventricular outflow obstruction and pulmonary artery pressure depended on load variation. Changing position from supine to upright rapidly decreases load conditions for the ventricles. Therefore several cardiac centers have proposed exercise stress echocardiography in the upright position with gradient monitoring sometimes also in post-exercise recovery. Doppler measurement of subaortic gradient has been a very helpful and informative examination in several heart diseases (especially in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valve heart diseases, prosthesis dysfunction).
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Cardiology CMUJ, 31-501 Cracow, Poland. dimitrow@mp.pl.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petkow Dimitrow
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cotrim
authors.forename: Tsung O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000592:standards*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000592:standards*; D038622:Internationality; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000592:standards*; D011187:Posture; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity