title: Chinese wild-growing Vitis amurensis ICE1 and ICE2 encode MYC-type bHLH transcription activators that regulate cold tolerance in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Winter hardiness is an important trait for grapevine breeders and producers, so identification of the regulatory mechanisms involved in cold acclimation is of great potential value. The work presented here involves the identification of two grapevine ICE gene homologs, VaICE1 and VaICE2, from an extremely cold-tolerant accession of Chinese wild-growing Vitis amurnensis, which are phylogenetically related to other plant ICE1 genes. These two structurally different ICE proteins contain previously reported ICE-specific amino acid motifs, the bHLH-ZIP domain and the S-rich motif. Expression analysis revealed that VaICE1 is constitutively expressed but affected by cold stress, unlike VaICE2 that shows not such changed expression as a consequence of cold treatment. Both genes serve as transcription factors, potentiating the transactivation activities in yeasts and the corresponding proteins localized to the nucleus following transient expression in onion epidermal cells. Overexpression of either VaICE1 or VaICE2 in Arabidopsis increase freezing tolerance in nonacclimated plants. Moreover, we show that they result in multiple biochemical changes that were associated with cold acclimation: VaICE1/2-overexpressing plants had evaluated levels of proline, reduced contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of electrolyte leakage. The expression of downstream cold responsive genes of CBF1, COR15A, and COR47 were significantly induced in Arabidopsis transgenically overexpressing VaICE1 or VaICE2 upon cold stress. VaICE2, but not VaICE1 overexpression induced KIN1 expression under cold-acclimation conditions. Our results suggest that VaICE1 and VaICE2 act as key regulators at an early step in the transcriptional cascade controlling freezing tolerance, and modulate the expression levels of various low-temperature associated genes involved in the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) pathway.
authors.affiliation: School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Weirong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuntong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ningbo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dongming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China; Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center of Grape and Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011392:Proline; D015534:Trans-Activators