title: Estimating daily salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-69 years in Shandong, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  24 h urinary sodium extretion was used to estimate the daily salt intake of shandong residents aged from 18 to 69 years in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 selected counties/districts in Shandong stratified by geographic region (Eastern, Central Southern and North Western) and residence type (urban vs rural).
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 2184 randomly selected adults, 2061 provided usable 24 h urine samples. Urine volume <500 mL or male creatinine <3.81 (female creatinine <4.57) are not included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean sodium level excreted over 24 h was 237.61 mmol (95% CI 224.77 to 250.44) mmol. Overall, the estimated mean salt intake was 13.90 g/day (95% CI 13.15 to 14.65). The mean salt intake among rural residents was higher than that among urban residents (14.00 vs 13.68 g; p<0.01). Salt intake in men was higher than that in women (14.40 vs 13.37 g; p<0.01). Approximately 96% of the survey participants had a dietary salt intake of ≥6 g/day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The salt intake in Shandong is alarmingly higher than the current recommended amount (6 g/day). Thus, effective interventions to reduce salt intake levels to combat the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases need to be developed and implemented.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Ji-Yu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liu-Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Li
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ji-Xiang
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Bi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; NUTRITION & DIETETICS