title: Safety of robotic prostatectomy over time: a national study of in-hospital injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess national trends of iatrogenic complications and associated burden of care among patients undergoing open and minimally invasive prostatectomy using a population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the nationally representative cohort, we identified patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer, and underwent prostatectomy during 2001 and 2011. We determined the risk of iatrogenic complication and length of stay (LOS) over time among open and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) patients. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the changes over time and elucidate independent predictors of iatrogenic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 556,932 and 219,434 prostate cancer patients undergoing open and minimally invasive prostatectomy. We found that iatrogenic complications for MIS were less frequent in later years (years 09-11 vs. year 01-02 odds ratio (OR), 0.21; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.09-0.40). MIS was associated with higher risk of iatrogenic complications in early period (years 01-02 OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.72-8.41), but lower risk in late period (years 09-11 OR 0.72 95% CI 0.61-0.86). Patients who experienced iatrogenic complications tended to have longer LOS (Median: Open vs. MIS, 4 days vs. 3 day) than those who didn't (Median: Open vs. MIS, 2 days vs. 1 day), regardless of procedure type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that minimally invasive prostatectomy is associated with lower risk of iatrogenic complications when compared with open surgery (OS). However, as "learning curve" is overcome over time, MIS becomes safer than OS. Iatrogenic complications are not benign and seem to be associated with higher burden of inpatient care.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chughtai
authors.forename: Abby J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Te
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sedrakyan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology