title: Characterization of karyopherins in androgen receptor intracellular trafficking in the yeast model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanisms regulating androgen receptor (AR) subcellular localization represent an essential component of AR signaling. Karyopherins are a family of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking factors. In this paper, we used the yeast model to study the effects of karyopherins on the subcellular localization of the AR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yeast mutants deficient in different nuclear transport factors were transformed with various AR based, GFP tagged constructs and their localization was monitored using microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that yeast can mediate androgen-induced AR nuclear localization and that in addition to the import factor, Importinα/β, this process required the import karyopherin Sxm1. We also showed that a previously identified nuclear export sequence (NES(AR)) in the ligand binding domain of AR does not appear to rely on karyopherins for cytoplasmic localization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that while AR nuclear import relies on karyopherin activity, AR nuclear export and/or cytoplasmic localization may require other undefined mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute PA 15232, USA.
authors.forename: Minh M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute PA 15232, USA.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D028884:Karyopherins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen
keywords: Androgen receptor; karyopherin; nucleocytoplasmic trafficking