title: Oscillatory fluid flow influences primary cilia and microtubule mechanics.
abstract: Many tissues are sensitive to mechanical stimuli; however, the mechanotransduction mechanism used by cells remains unknown in many cases. The primary cilium is a solitary, immotile microtubule-based extension present on nearly every mammalian cell which extends from the basal body. The cilium is a mechanosensitive organelle and has been shown to transduce fluid flow-induced shear stress in tissues, such as the kidney and bone. The majority of microtubules assemble from the mother centriole (basal body), contributing significantly to the anchoring of the primary cilium. Several studies have attempted to quantify the number of microtubules emanating from the basal body and the results vary depending on the cell type. It has also been shown that cellular response to shear stress depends on microtubular integrity. This study hypothesizes that changing the microtubule attachment of primary cilia in response to a mechanical stimulus could change primary cilia mechanics and, possibly, mechanosensitivity. Oscillatory fluid flow was applied to two different cell types and the microtubule attachment to the ciliary base was quantified. For the first time, an increase in microtubules around primary cilia both with time and shear rate in response to oscillatory fluid flow stimulation was demonstrated. Moreover, it is presented that the primary cilium is required for this loading-induced cellular response. This study has demonstrated a new role for the cilium in regulating alterations in the cytoplasmic microtubule network in response to mechanical stimulation, and therefore provides a new insight into how cilia may regulate its mechanics and thus the cells mechanosensitivity.
authors.affiliation: LAETA, IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Lina C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Espinha
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.forename: Paulo R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Hélder C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D051379:Mice; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012212:Rheology; D014162:Transfection; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C490898:Tg737Rpw protein, mouse; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: cell mechanosensitivity; centriole; cytoskeleton; mechanical stimulus; mechanotransduction