title: Does hyaluronic acid decrease the apoptotic effect of bupivacaine?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to study the anti-apoptotic effects of hyaluronic acid on the apoptotic effects of bupivacaine in cultured rat chondrocytes in a time and dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rat chondrocytes were treated with 7.69 µM, 76.9 µM, and 384.5 µM bupivacaine and 50 µg/ml hyaluronic acid concentrations for six, 24, and 48 hours. At the end of the treatment period, cells were stained with mixture of acridine orange and ethidium bromide. Apoptosis was evaluated using a fluorescence microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant protective effect of hyaluronic acid on chondrocytes against bupivacaine exposure at 7.69 µM and 76.9 µM concentrations, particularly was observed. There was also a significant protective effect in the exposure time at six and 24 hours for 7.69 µM and 76.9 µM bupivacaine doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study results show that hyaluronic acid against chondrotoxicity of bupivacaine may have a protective effect in a time and dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty of Gazi University, 06500 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey. irserkez@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: İrfan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.forename: Akın
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ergün
authors.forename: Akif Muhtar
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaya
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002045:Bupivacaine