title: Assessment of the influence of body composition on bone mass in children and adolescents based on a functional analysis of the muscle-bone relationship.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The functional model of skeletal development considers the mechanical factor to be the most important skeletal modulant. The aim of the study was a functional analysis of the bone-muscle relationship in children with low and normal bone mass.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 149 children with low and 99 children with normal bone mass (control group). All patients underwent a densitometry examination (DXA). Low bone mass was diagnosed if the Z-score was below <1.01. Means and standard deviations of parameters required for the functional analysis according to Jaworski and Płudowski were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study found lower mean values of Z-scores for all parameters in children with low bone mass as compared to the control group. Children with low bone mass had lower content of adipose and muscle tissue and a marked deficit of muscle tissue with regard to height (which according to mechanostat theory leads to lower muscle-generated strain on bones). This group of children had also lower TBBMC/LBM Z-scores, which indicates greater fracture susceptibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Functional analysis, which showed associations between bone and muscle tissues, can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring skeletal system disorders as well as making therapeutic decisions.2. The study emphasizes the role of proper nutrition and physical activities, which contribute to proper body composition, in the prevention of bone mineralization disorders in childhood and adolescence. 3. The study showed the inadequacy of the classic reference ranges used in interpreting DXA data in children and demonstrated the usefulness of continuous variables for that purpose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Propedeutics and Metabolic Bone Disease, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golec
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Propedeutics and Metabolic Bone Disease, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chlebna-Sokół
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values