title: Evolutionary rescue in a changing world.
abstract: Evolutionary rescue occurs when adaptive evolutionary change restores positive growth to declining populations and prevents extinction. Here we outline the diagnostic features of evolutionary rescue and distinguish this phenomenon from demographic and genetic rescue. We then synthesize the rapidly accumulating theoretical and experimental studies of evolutionary rescue, highlighting the demographic, genetic, and extrinsic factors that affect the probability of rescue. By doing so, we clarify the factors to target through management and conservation. Additionally, we identify several putative cases of evolutionary rescue in nature, but conclude that compelling evidence remains elusive. We conclude with a horizon scan of where the field might develop, highlighting areas of potential application, and suggest areas where experimental evaluation will help to evaluate theoretical predictions.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA. Electronic address: smcarlson@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Curry J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
authors.forename: Peter A H
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Westley
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004777:Environment; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D005828:Genetics, Population; D010944:Plants; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012641:Selection, Genetic