title: Preterm subtypes by immigrants' length of residence in Norway: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reduction of the preterm delivery (PTD) rate is a maternal and child health target. Elevated rates have been found among several immigrant groups, but few studies have distinguished between PTD according to the mode of birth start. In addition, migrants' birth outcomes have further been shown to be affected by the time in residence; however, the association to PTD subtypes has not previously been assessed. In this study we examined if the risk of spontaneous and non-spontaneous, or iatrogenic, PTD among immigrants in Norway varied according to the length of residence and the country of birth, and compared with the risks among the majority population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked population-based birth and immigration data for 40 709 singletons born to immigrant women from Iraq, Pakistan, the Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam and 868 832 singletons born to non-immigrant women from 1990-2009. Associations between the length of residence and subtypes of PTD were estimated as relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from multivariable models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 48 191 preterm births occurred. Both spontaneous and non-spontaneous PTD rates were higher among immigrants (4.8% and 2.0%) than among non-immigrants (3.6% and 1.6%). Only non-spontaneous PTD was associated with longer lengths of residence (p trend <0.001). Recent immigrants (<5 years of residence) and non-immigrants had a similar risk of non-spontaneous PTD, whereas immigrants with lengths of residence of 5-9 years, 10-14 years and ≥ 15 years had adjusted RRs of 1.18 [95% CI 1.03,1.35], 1.43 [95% CI 1.20,1.71] and 1.66 [95% CI 1.41,1.96]. The association was reduced after further adjustments for maternal and infant morbidity. Conversely, the risk of spontaneous PTD among immigrants was not mitigated by length of residence, but varied with country of birth according to the duration of pregnancy in term births.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-spontaneous PTD increased with the length of residence whereas spontaneous PTD remained elevated regardless of the length of residence. Policies to improve birth outcomes in ethnically mixed populations should address the modifiable causes of PTD rather than aiming to reduce absolute PTD rates.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Resource Centre for Women's Health, Women and Children's Division, Oslo University Hospital, P,O, Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. isorbye@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Ingvil K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Sørbye
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Daltveit
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundby
authors.forename: Siri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vangen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007493:Iraq / Q000208:ethnology; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012998:Somalia / Q000208:ethnology; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000208:ethnology; D013997:Time Factors; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult