title: Bacterial degradation of naproxen--undisclosed pollutant in the environment.
abstract: The presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is an emerging problem due to their potential influence on human health and biocenosis. This is the first report on the biotransformation of naproxen, a polycyclic NSAID, by a bacterial strain. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 transformed naproxen within 35 days with about 28% degradation efficiency. Under cometabolic conditions with glucose or phenol as a carbon source degradation efficiency was 78% and 40%, respectively. Moreover, in the presence of naproxen phenol monooxygenase, naphthalene dioxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase and gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase were induced. This suggests that degradation of naproxen occurs by its hydroxylation to 5,7,8-trihydroxynaproxen, an intermediate that can be cleaved by hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase. The cleavage product is probably further oxidatively cleaved by gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. The obtained results provide the basis for the use of cometabolic systems in the bioremediation of polycyclic NSAID-contaminated environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: danuta.wojcieszynska@us.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wojcieszyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: doroteadomar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Domaradzka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: katarzyna.hupert-kocurek@us.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hupert-Kocurek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: urszula.guzik@us.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Guzik
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D009288:Naproxen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009288:Naproxen
keywords: Biodegradation; Cometabolism; Naproxen; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2