title: Quality of life in indigenous and non-indigenous older adults: assessing the CASP-12 factor structure and identifying a brief CASP-3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed whether the original three-factor structure of the older adult CASP-12 Quality of Life (QOL) scale was stable for both indigenous and non-indigenous older adult populations in the same non-European country (i.e. New Zealand).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3076 New Zealanders aged 50-84 (Māori = 1,130; non-Māori sample = 1,946) completed a postal survey for the first data collection wave of the New Zealand Longitudinal Study of Ageing in 2010. The survey included the CASP-12, a chronic health conditions checklist, CES-D-10, de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale, and the WHOQOL single-item QOL indicator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the CASP-12 responses resulted in a revised two-factor structure for both Māori and non-Māori we called the NZCASP-11, which included a new three-item global indicator of QOL (CASP-3) that consistently cross-loaded on both factors. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the NZCASP-11 factor structure over the original CASP-12 model, and further assessment validated both the utility of the NZCASP-11 as an indicator of QOL in New Zealand and illustrated the utility of the CASP-3 as a brief screen for global QOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While CASP items coalesce to provide a robust QOL indicator of indigenous and non-indigenous QOL in a single-country setting, the actual factor structure underpinning this CASP indicator (i.e. the NZCASP-11) is not entirely reflective of that found in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, we revealed that three CASP items (i.e. the CASP-3) may reflect a stable brief indicator of QOL applicable for assessing QOL across cultures within a single setting.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Services, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand, A.J.Towers@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Towers
authors.forename: Polly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alpass
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D005060:Europe; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom