title: Use of botulinum toxin in pediatric otolaryngology and laryngology.
abstract: The use of botulinum toxin in adult otolaryngology has been commonly used in conditions such as spasmodic dysphonia, cricopharyngeal spasm, palatal myoclonus, sialorrhea, and for cosmetic reasons. The current use of botulinum toxin in pediatric otolaryngology and laryngology has primarily been off label and in children older than 2 years of age. This review discusses the different applications of botulinum toxin in pediatric patients and its effectiveness in treating different pediatric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea Nath
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shogan
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infimary, USA.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infimary, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hartnick
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA. Electronic address: jkerschner@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kerschner
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000379:methods*; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: Botox; Paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction; Pediatric