title: Association between VNTR polymorphism in promoter region of prodynorphin (PDYN) gene and heroin dependence.
abstract: Within the core promoter region of prodynorphin (PDYN), a 68-bp sequence was found to occur as a polymorphism element, either singular or as tandemly repeated two, three or four times. We report the sequence of a novel allele (5-repeats). Our study revealed the existence of an ancestral nucleotide (A) at 29th position of the VNTR in human. In total, 442 heroin addicts and 799 controls were included in this study. The present findings revealed a male-limited association between VNTR polymorphism and heroin dependence risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
authors.forename: Khyber
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saify
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saadat
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: saadat@shirazu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saadat
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D011498:Protein Precursors; C026769:pro-enkephalin-Leu; D004743:Enkephalin, Leucine; C033660:preproenkephalin
keywords: Heroin dependence; PDYN; VNTR