title: An Integrated Model of Executive Functioning is Helpful for Understanding ADHD and Associated Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to test the discriminative capacity of executive function (EF) tasks to better define the cognitive functioning of children with ADHD and comorbidities.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred four children were presented with a battery of new EF tasks and a rating scale filled out by parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary analysis of the neuropsychological tasks revealed the presence of five factors: Speed of Processing, Inhibition, Planning, Execution, and Retrospective Memory. All children with ADHD were impaired in Execution (a measure describing the capacity to achieve a goal). ADHD-only children were specifically impaired in Planning, while ADHD + reading disorder (RD) children were impaired in Speed of Processing and Retrospective Memory. Children with ADHD + oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) did not show impairment in any other EF domains. The five EF processes correlated with the EF Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study describes different cognitive profiles in children with ADHD with or without comorbid disorders using neuropsychological EF measures.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy alessandro.crippa@bp.lnf.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.affiliation: University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Marco
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Marzocchi
authors.affiliation: Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piroddi
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Besana
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Alessandria, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giribone
authors.affiliation: Hospital of San Donà di Piave, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vio
authors.affiliation: Hospital of San Donà di Piave, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maschietto
authors.affiliation: Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Emiddio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fornaro
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Repossi
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ADHD; comorbidity; executive function