title: Patch test study of 90 patients with tattoo reactions: negative outcome of allergy patch test to baseline batteries and culprit inks suggests allergen(s) are generated in the skin through haptenization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tattoo reactions, especially in red tattoos, are often suggested as allergic in nature, however, systematic evaluation by patch testing has not performed in the past.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of patch testing in 90 patients with non-infectious chronic tattoo reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2013 at the 'Tattoo Clinic', Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 90 patients were patch tested with batteries of baseline allergens, disperse dyes/textile allergens, and a selection of tattoo ink stock products, which, according to case observations, were problematic, supplemented with individual culprit inks when accessible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with reactions to the tattoo colour red, the most predominant colour associated with skin reactions, showed negative patch test results with common allergens. Outcomes were also negative in patients who had experienced concomitant reactions in another hitherto tolerated tattoo of the same colour as the problematic tattoo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The allergen or allergens responsible for tattoo reactions are not present directly in tattoo ink stock products. This is despite the fact that clinical histories suggest that the vast majority of clinical reactions, especially reactions to red and red nuances, are likely to be allergic events caused by the injected inks. We suggest that the responsible allergen results from a complicated and slow process of haptenization, which may even include photochemical cleavage of red azo pigment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, The 'Tattoo Clinic', Bispebjerg University Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serup
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hutton Carlsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006241:Haptens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology*; D013653:Tattooing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004396:Coloring Agents; D006241:Haptens
keywords: allergy; ink; patch testing; pigment; reaction; tattoo; textile