title: Wireless monitoring of liver hemodynamics in vivo.
abstract: Liver transplants have their highest technical failure rate in the first two weeks following surgery. Currently, there are limited devices for continuous, real-time monitoring of the graft. In this work, a three wavelengths system is presented that combines near-infrared spectroscopy and photoplethysmography with a processing method that can uniquely measure and separate the venous and arterial oxygen contributions. This strategy allows for the quantification of tissue oxygen consumption used to study hepatic metabolic activity and to relate it to tissue stress. The sensor is battery operated and communicates wirelessly with a data acquisition computer which provides the possibility of implantation provided sufficient miniaturization. In two in vivo porcine studies, the sensor tracked perfusion changes in hepatic tissue during vascular occlusions with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.135 mL/min/g of tissue. We show the possibility of using the pulsatile wave to measure the arterial oxygen saturation similar to pulse oximetry. The signal is also used to extract the venous oxygen saturation from the direct current (DC) levels. Arterial and venous oxygen saturation changes were measured with an RMSE of 2.19% and 1.39% respectively when no vascular occlusions were induced. This error increased to 2.82% and 3.83% when vascular occlusions were induced during hypoxia. These errors are similar to the resolution of a commercial oximetry catheter used as a reference. This work is the first realization of a wireless optical sensor for continuous monitoring of hepatic hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tony J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Akl
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: M Nance
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farquhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gerard L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Coté
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D059015:Wireless Technology