title: Evaluation of HODE-15, FDE-15, CDE-15, and BDE-15 toxicity on adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: Diphenyl ether and its derivatives are widely used in the industry of spices, dyes, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Following the previous study, we selected 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether, 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether as research objects. The LC50 (96 h) values for these compounds in adult zebrafish were determined with the acute test. Also, developmental toxicities of the four substances to zebrafish embryos were observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf. All the LC50 (96 h) values of these compounds were between 1 and 10 mg/L, suggesting that they all had moderate toxicity to adult zebrafish. The embryonic test demonstrated that with increasing doses, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether decreased the hatching rate, while 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether delayed the hatching time but had little effect on final hatchability at 96 hpf. All of these compounds inhibited larval growth, especially 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether. Exposure to these chemicals induced embryo yolk sac and pericardial edema. Spine deformation was visible in hatched larvae after 96 hpf 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether exposure, while tail curvature was observed for the halogenated compounds. The overall results indicated that 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether, 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether all had significant toxicity on adult and embryonic zebrafish.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhongbo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zunyao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers