title: Origins and activation of prophenoloxidases in the digestive tract of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus.
abstract: The function of Phenoloxidases (POs) in sclerotization and defense in insects is well understood, but little is known concerning their occurrence, origins, and function in the digestive tract. In Gyrllus bimaculatus gut all of the PO activity is found in the lumen of the digestive tract, and no detectible activity is found in homogenates of the gut epithelium or secretions from incubated epithelial tissues. Prophenoloxidases (PPOs) are synthesized in the hemocytes of  Bombyx mori and are transported into the cuticle. It is suggested that the PPOs in the caecal lumen of G. bimaculatus likewise are synthesized in hemocytes and are transported by unknown means into the caecal lumen, where they are activated to POs by trypsin. Peristalsis transports the POs both forward into the crop and posterior within the peritrophic membrane into the hind gut. The PPOs in the hemolymph consist of a trimer (270-280 kDa) and a tetramer (340-370 kDa). The active POs in the gut lumen consist of a monomer (85-95 kDa) in addition to an activated trimer and tetramer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Woodring
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Joseph
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000201:enzymology; D006135:Gryllidae / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D004792:Enzyme Precursors; C038451:pro-phenoloxidase; D004156:Catechol Oxidase
keywords: gut; hemocytes; hemolymph; monomer; prophenoloxidase; tetramer; translocation; trimer; trypsin activation