title: Development and validation of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method for the determination of imidacloprid and its metabolites in soil.
abstract: A simplified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was standardized and validated for the estimation of residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites from different types of soil comprising sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam soil. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, clean up by treatment with primary secondary amine sorbent and graphitized carbon. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a technique to separate and quantitate residues of polar, nonvolatile and thermolabile chemical compounds, using high-pressure pumps, short and narrow columns packed with microparticulate phases and a detector. The residues were estimated using HPLC equipped with a photodiode array detector system, C18 column. Acetonitrile and water (30 : 70) were used as an isocratic mobile phase at 0.3 mL/min. Imidacloprid and its metabolites presented distinct peaks at retention factors of 4.93 min (6-chloronicotinic acid), 7.91 min (nitroguanidine), 9.12 min (olefin), 11.32 min (nitrosimine), 13.82 min (urea), 15.45 min (5-hydroxy) and 22.47 min (imidacloprid). Consistent recoveries above 80% for imidacloprid and its metabolites were observed when samples were spiked at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg levels. The limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The analytical method was validated in terms of parameters including selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy of the detection system.
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India romi.ak9@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Romila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akoijam
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India.
authors.forename: Balwinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India.
authors.forename: Kousik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandal