title: Quaternized chitosan oligomers as novel elicitors inducing protection against B. cinerea in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Chitosan oligomers prepared from enzyme hydrolysis of chitosan have for many years been recognized as potent elicitors of plant innate immunity, but their efficacy is limited by the degree of polymerization and the degree of acetylation. In this study, we presented a new type of chitosan oligomers (COS), with the name of quaternized chitosan oligomers (QCOS) that were prepared by reacting COS with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride and overcome these problems. First, QCOS clearly induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition in Arabidopsis seedlings. Second, we found that PAD3 expression was significantly upregulated more than 5-fold by QCOS as compared to COS. Further, PAD3 expression activated by QCOS was required for inducing Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, independent of salicylic acid signaling. These results demonstrate that quaternized modifications of COS possess better elicitor properties than the original COS and that QCOS stimulate plant protection against B. cinerea attack in Arabidopsis. Importantly, our work provides a novel and valuable strategy for enhancing elicitor activities of other types of oligosaccharides for plant innate immunity.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Huafeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: wmcai@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Weiming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China. Electronic address: zhwqing@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wenqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000737:chemistry; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D048271:Chitosan; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C417307:PAD3 protein, Arabidopsis; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: B. cinerea; Plant defense elicitors; Quaternized chitosan oligomers