title: Association between contraceptive use and gestational diabetes: Missouri Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2007-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy and safety of contraceptives have been questioned for decades; however, whether a relationship exists between hormonal contraceptives and gestational diabetes (GDM) is undetermined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal risk for GDM was influenced by type of contraceptive method used before pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected in 2007 and 2008 by the Missouri Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were analyzed to determine if type of contraception before pregnancy influenced maternal risk for GDM. We used a logistic regression model to determine the adjusted odds for GDM given exposure to hormonal forms of contraception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2,741 women who completed the 2007-2008 PRAMS survey, 8.3% were diagnosed with gestational diabetes, and 17.9% of the respondents had used hormonal contraceptive methods. Women who used hormonal methods of birth control had higher odds for gestational diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-1.55) than did women who used no contraception. A protective effect was also observed for women who had used barrier methods of contraception (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72-0.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest there may be a relationship between type of contraceptive method and GDM. More research is needed to verify contraception as a potential risk factor for GDM.
authors.affiliation: Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Brittney A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kintzel
authors.affiliation: Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Office of Epidemiology, Maternal and Child Health, 920 Wildwood Dr, P.O. Box 570, Jefferson City, MO 65102. E-mail: Venkata.Garikapaty@health.mo.gov.
authors.forename: Venkata
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garikapaty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D008423:Maternal Age; D008484:Medicaid; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned / Q000523:psychology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal