title: Relationship between bladder cancer and total fluid intake: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological findings regarding the association between total fluid intake and bladder cancer risk have yielded varying results. Our objective is to examine the possible associations between total fluid intake and bladder cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases searched include the EMBASE and PUBMED, from inception to February 2014, with no limits on study language. We also reviewed the reference lists of identified studies. Stratified analyses were performed. A random-effect model was used to summarize the estimates of odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall,17 case-control and four cohort studies were included. The overall OR of bladder cancer for the highest versus the lowest fluid intake was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.88-1.27). In the subgroup analyses, the overall ORs for coffee, green, and black tea intake were 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03-1.33), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.95), and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65-0.97), respectively. A significantly decreased risk was observed in Asian people (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10-0.72). Among smokers, a suggestive inverse association was observed between total fluid intake and overall bladder cancer risk (OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.62-1.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although this meta-analysis suggested that greater consumption of fluid may have a protective effect on bladder cancer in Asian people, there was no convincing evidence on this association because of the limitations of the individual trials.
authors.forename: Yunjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Haichao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Chunxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Xiang#37, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. hanpingwch@163.com.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004326:Drinking; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*