title: Safety and Tolerability of Linagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis of 22 Placebo-controlled Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are an increasingly used antihyperglycemic therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Linagliptin, an orally administered DPP-4 inhibitor, has demonstrated favorable efficacy/safety in clinical trials. The aim of this post hoc pooled analysis was to expand current knowledge of the safety of linagliptin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Safety data for once-daily linagliptin 5 mg (1 study of linagliptin 2.5 mg twice daily) were analyzed from 22 randomized, double-blind, Phase I-III, placebo-controlled clinical trials of ≤102 weeks' duration. Assessments of pooled data included incidence of patient-reported adverse events (AEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 7400 patients (linagliptin, 4810; placebo, 2590) were pooled. Most patients (58.4%) had T2DM diagnosis for >5 years; approximately 75% were receiving ≥1 type of background therapy in addition to linagliptin/placebo. Overall exposure to the study drug was 2412.8 years for linagliptin and 1481.4 years for placebo (mean [SD], 183 [120] days and 209 [150] days, respectively). Overall frequencies of AEs were similar for linagliptin- and placebo-treated patients (57.3% and 61.8%, respectively). The incidence of neoplastic AEs was low (0.6% and 0.9%, respectively); there were no reports of pancreatic neoplasia. Pancreatitis was observed in 2 linagliptin-treated patients (<0.1%) and 1 placebo-treated patient (<0.1%). The occurrence of cardiac disorder AEs was similar in linagliptin- and placebo-treated patients (3.2% [n = 153] and 3.3% [n = 83], respectively); the incidence of heart failure AEs for linagliptin- and placebo-treated patients was 0.2% (n = 11) and 0.3% (n = 7), respectively. Overall, linagliptin was weight neutral. Occurrence of investigator-defined hypoglycemic AEs was low for both linagliptin and placebo (11.5% vs 14.0%). In patients receiving concomitant sulfonylurea therapy, investigator-defined hypoglycemic AEs were more frequent with linagliptin versus placebo (22.1% [238/1079] vs 14.5% [61/421], respectively). Subgroup analyses showed similar frequencies of AEs for linagliptin- and placebo-treated patients across different age groups and renal function levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This updated and expanded pooled, post hoc analysis of 22 placebo-controlled trials of linagliptin 5 mg daily supports previous findings of the acceptable overall safety/tolerability profile of linagliptin when administered to a broad range of patients with T2DM. Linagliptin-treated patients demonstrated a low overall risk of hypoglycemia (risk increased by concomitant sulfonylurea therapy). As with all pooled analyses, this study is limited by the use of data from different studies, and the relatively short duration of some included studies, although use of individual patient data from consistently designed trials should minimize methodological differences between trials. Results from ongoing clinical trials will provide additional insight into the long-term safety/tolerability of linagliptin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehrke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Bracknell, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seck
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Ingelheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Eynatten
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Norway KS, Asker, Norway. Electronic address: odd-erik.johansen@boehringer-ingelheim.com.
authors.forename: Odd Erik
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D000069476:Linagliptin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D000069476:Linagliptin
keywords: DPP4-inhibitor; hypoglycemia; linagliptin; safety; type 2 diabetes mellitus