title: Understanding cervical cancer: an exploration of lay perceptions, beliefs and knowledge about cervical cancer among the Acholi in northern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in Uganda; yet community understanding of the disease is limited. We explored community perceptions, beliefs and knowledge about the local names, causes, symptoms, course, treatment, and prognosis of cervical cancer in order to inform targeted interventions to promote early help-seeking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty four focus group discussions (FGD) with men and women aged 18 - 59 years and ten key informant interviews with persons aged ≥ 60 years were conducted at two sites in Gulu district between May and June 2012. A semi-structured interview guide informed by Kleinman's illness explanatory model and literature on community awareness of cervical cancer was used to collect data. Data analysis was supported with use of ATLAS.ti 6.1 in coding, organizing and tracking data segments. We used content analysis technique in data analysis and organised data into a structured format under distinct themes and categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical cancer was known by the local name "two remo", meaning "an illness that manifests with bleeding." Respondents believed that early onset of sexual activity, multiple male sexual partners and multi-parity cause cervical cancer. Respondents in half of FGDs also reported that use of condoms and family planning pills and injections cause cervical cancer. Symptoms of cervical cancer reported included vaginal bleeding, watery vaginal discharge and lower abdominal and waist pain. Respondents in most of the FGDs and key informants perceived cervical cancer as a chronic illness and that it can be treated with both modern and traditional medicines. The majority thought that cervical cancer treatment was supportive; the illness is not curable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While some lay beliefs about the causes of cervical cancer suggest some understanding of aetiology of the disease, other perceived causes particularly those related to use of family planning and condoms are potentially hurtful to public health. Awareness campaigns to promote early help-seeking for cervical cancer symptoms need to be culturally-sensitive and context-specific; and include messages on symptoms, risk factors, course, treatment and prognoses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health sciences, Makerere University, P,O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. mwakaad@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Amos Deogratius
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mwaka
authors.forename: Elialilia Sarikiaeli
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kiguli
authors.forename: Elizeus
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rutebemberwa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017280:Condoms; D003267:Contraception / Q000523:psychology*; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014454:Uganda; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female