title: Endoscopic assessment of reflux esophagitis concurrent with hiatal hernia in male Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathogenetic relationship underlying the high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains unclear. In addition, GERD has not been adequately assessed by endoscopy in patients with OSA. The purpose of this study was to use endoscopy to investigate potential interactions among reflux esophagitis, hiatal hernia (HH) and OSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 243 consecutive male Japanese participants who underwent both overnight ambulatory polygraphic monitoring and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were retrospectively evaluated in a cross-sectional study. The prevalence and severity of HH and reflux esophagitis were assessed according to the Los Angeles classification and the Makuuchi classification, respectively. Associations among reflux esophagitis, HH and OSA were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OSA was diagnosed in 98 individuals (40.3%). Endoscopy-confirmed esophagitis (p = 0.027) and HH (p < 0.001) were significantly more prevalent among patients with OSA. Multivariate regression model analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, visceral obesity represented by waist circumference, presence of OSA, concurrence of OSA and HH, smoking, and alcohol consumption yielded OSA as the only variable significantly associated with HH (odds ratio [OR], 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-4.99; p = 0.004), while concurrence of OSA and HH was related to reflux esophagitis (OR, 3.59; CI, 1.87-6.92; p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSA was associated with HH and concurrent OSA and HH with reflux esophagitis in male Japanese patients with OSA. Our results support the hypothesis that complicating HH may link reflux esophagitis to OSA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hokuriku Central Hospital of Japan Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers , Toyama , Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zenda
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamazaki
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hagishita
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Junzo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Hidekuni
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inadera
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D004942:Esophagitis, Peptic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: endoscopy; gastroesophageal reflux disease; hiatal hernia; obstructive sleep apnea; reflux esophagitis