title: Pain experiences among a population-based cohort of current, former, and never regular smokers with lung and colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking and pain are prevalent and comorbid among patients with cancer. Limited work has compared pain experiences among current, former, and never (regular) smokers with lung and colorectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied pain experiences of patients with lung (n = 2390) and colorectal (n = 2993) cancer participating in the multi-regional Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance study. We examined reports of pain, pain treatment, pain severity, and pain-related interference within each cancer group by smoking status, adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and cancer characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among lung cancer patients, current smokers reported pain and receiving pain treatment more often than former smokers. Never smokers did not differ from current and former smokers on endorsement of pain; however, they reported pain treatment less often than their counterparts. Current smokers reported greater pain severity than former smokers after adjusting for other contributing factors; however, no differences were detected between current and never smokers. There were no differences in pain-related interference. Among colorectal cancer patients, current smokers reported pain and pain treatment more often than former and never smokers; however, the latter 2 groups did not differ. Current smokers also reported greater pain severity than never smokers after adjustments; however, no differences were detected between current and former smokers. An identical pattern of findings was observed for pain-related interference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many smokers with lung and colorectal cancer experience pain following a cancer diagnosis. Future work should assess if comprehensive smoking cessation treatments that address pain can reduce pain and facilitate smoking cessation among patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Japuntich
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Yulei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Streck
authors.forename: Elyse R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation
keywords: colorectal cancer; lung cancer; pain; smoking