title: The preventive effects of natural adjuvants, G2 and G2F on tracheal responsiveness and serum IL-4 and IFN-γ (th1/th2 balance) in sensitized guinea pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of natural adjuvants on lung inflammation and tracheal responsiveness were examined in sensitized guinea pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The responses of guinea pig tracheal chains and the serum levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma were examined in control pigs and three other groups of guinea pigs: the sensitized group and two other sensitized groups treated with either adjuvant G2 or adjuvant G2F (n=7 for each group). Sensitization of the animals was achieved by injection and inhalation of ovalbumin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that sensitized animals had increased tracheal responsiveness and increased serum levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma compared to controls (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatments with either G2 or G2F prevented the increase in tracheal responsiveness and serum interleukin-4 (p<0.01 to p<0.001). However, the serum levels of interferon-gamma and the interleukin-4-to-interferon-gamma ratio was increased in the treated groups (p<0.001 for all cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate important preventive effects of two natural adjuvants, particularly G2, on the changes in tracheal responsiveness, serum cytokines and the interleukin-4-to-interferon-gamma ratio (T helper 1/T helper 2 balance) in sensitized guinea pigs.
authors.affiliation: Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Boskabady
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neamati
authors.affiliation: Dr. Mohaghegh's Foundation Research on Industrial Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Saleh Mohaghegh
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hazrati
authors.affiliation: Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran Zakaria Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khakzad
authors.affiliation: NHLI, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Shakeeb Hassan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Moosavi
authors.affiliation: Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gholamnezhad
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007114:Immunization; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D010047:Ovalbumin; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance / Q000187:drug effects*; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D016085:Bronchoconstrictor Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D010938:Plant Oils; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D015847:Interleukin-4; D010047:Ovalbumin