title: Underrepresentation of heroin involvement in unintentional drug overdose deaths in Allegheny County, PA.
abstract: Drugs contributing to overdose deaths are listed on death certificates, but their validity is rarely studied. To assess the accuracy of "morphine" and "codeine" listings on death certificates for unintentional overdose deaths in Allegheny County, PA, investigative and laboratory reports were reviewed. Deaths were reclassified as heroin-related if documentation showed 6-monoacetylmorphine in blood or urine, "stamp bags" or drug paraphernalia at scene, history of heroin use, or track marks. Deaths were considered morphine-related if notes indicated morphine use, prescription, or morphine at scene, or codeine-related if the codeine blood level exceeded morphine. Of 112 deaths with morphine but not heroin listed on the death certificate, 74 met heroin criteria and 21 morphine criteria. Of 20 deaths with both morphine and heroin listed, only one met morphine criteria. Of 34 deaths with codeine listed, only five were attributed to codeine. Consideration of patient history, death scene evidence, and expanded toxicology testing may improve the accuracy of death certificate drug listings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261.
authors.forename: Kristen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mertz
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Karl E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D003061:Codeine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners; D003644:Death Certificates; D004340:Drug Contamination; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D009021:Morphine Dependence / Q000401:mortality; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; C026979:6-O-monoacetylmorphine; D003061:Codeine
keywords: forensic science; heroin; morphine; opioid analgesics; overdose; poisoning