title: Enhancement of mechanical properties, microstructure, and antimicrobial activities of zein films cross-linked using succinic anhydride, eugenol, and citric Acid.
abstract: Zein constitutes about half of the endosperm proteins in corn. Recently, attempts have been made to utilize zein for food coatings and biodegradable materials, which require better physical properties, using chemical modification of zein. In this study, zein proteins were modified using citric acid, succinic anhydride, and eugenol as natural cross-linking agents in the wet state. The cross-linkers were added either separately or combined in increment concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%). The effects of those agents on the mechanical properties, microstructure, optical properties, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and antibacterial activities of zein were investigated. The addition of cross-linking agents promoted changes in the arrangement of groups in zein film-forming particles. Regarding the film properties, incorporation of cross-linking agents into zein films prepared in ethanol resulted in two- to three-fold increases in tensile strength (TS) values. According to the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and Hunter parameters there were no remarkable changes in the structure and color of zein films. Transparency of zein films was decreased differentially according to the type and cross-linker concentration. The mechanical and optical properties of zein films were closely related to their microstructure. All cross-linked films showed remarkable antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus ATCC 49064 and Salmonella enterica ATCC 25566. Food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria were affected in a film-dependent manner. Our experimental results show that even with partial cross-linking the mechanical properties and antipathogen activities of zein films were significantly improved, which would be useful for various industrial applications.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Protein Technology , Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications , Borg Elarab , Alexandria , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.forename: Sahar F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Deraz
authors.forename: Somia Abd
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Elrahman
authors.forename: Gomaa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: El-Fawal
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013387:Succinic Anhydrides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015028:Zein / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013387:Succinic Anhydrides; D019343:Citric Acid; D005054:Eugenol; C031801:succinic anhydride; D015028:Zein
keywords: antimicrobial activities; citric acid; eugenol; mechanical properties; microstructure FTIR; succinic anhydride; zein