title: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the determination of imazalil, prochloraz and thiabendazole in apples, cherry tomatoes and grape juice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruit and vegetables are frequently treated with fungicides to reduce possible spoilage. As a result, fungicide residues may be accumulated in derived products. This important group of chemical compounds has been heavily regulated because of their potential toxicity. Therefore, a simple and rapid method to determine fungicides is desired.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A simple non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been proposed for the determination of imazalil, prochloraz and thiabendazole fungicides in fruits and juice samples. Separation buffer consisted of a methanol-acetonitrile mixture (35:65, v/v) containing 30 mmol L⁻¹ ammonium chloride and 0.5% phosphoric acid. The optimum DLLME conditions were 80 µL trichloromethane as extraction solvent, 0.5 mL tetrahydrofuran as disperser solvent, sample solution pH at 6.0, 5% (w/v) NaCl and 10 s extraction time. Recoveries obtained for various samples ranged from 72% to 102%, with relative standard deviation lower than 6.4%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.47 to 0.72 µg kg⁻¹.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed method takes the advantages of DLLME and NACE. It is rapid, accurate, sensitive and reproducible for the determination of imazalil, prochloraz and thiabendazole in fruit samples.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Huitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D002138:Calibration; D002681:China; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005513:Food Inspection / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013827:Thiabendazole / Q000032:analysis; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; C017435:enilconazole; C045362:prochloraz; D013827:Thiabendazole
keywords: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME); fruits; fungicides; non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE)