title: Phototherapy for treating pressure ulcers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A pressure ulcer is defined as "an area of localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear". The use of phototherapy - that is, light (or laser) used as an adjuvant, non-surgical intervention, with the aim of having a therapeutic effect on healing - has increased recently.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of phototherapy on the healing of pressure ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In January 2014, we searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid EMBASE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); and EBSCO CINAHL. We did not restrict the search by language or publication date.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment) with sham phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment), another type of phototherapy (in addition to standard treatment) or standard or conventional treatment alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors assessed studies for relevance and design according to the selection criteria, extracted data and evaluated study quality. The authors made attempts to obtain missing data by contacting study authors. Disagreement was resolved by consensus and discussion with a third review author.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified seven RCTs involving 403 participants. All the trials were at unclear risk of bias. Trials compared the use of phototherapy with standard care only (six trials) or sham phototherapy (one trial). Only one of the trials included a third arm in which another type of phototherapy was applied. Overall, there was insufficient evidence to determine the relative effects of phototherapy for healing pressure ulcers. Time to complete healing was reported in three studies. Two studies showed the ultraviolet (UV) treated group had a shorter mean time to complete healing than the control group (mean difference -2.13 weeks (95% CI -3.53 to -0.72, P value 0.003)). One study reported that the laser group had a longer mean time to complete healing than the control group (mean difference 5.77 weeks; 95% CI -0.25 to 11.79). However, this result should be interpreted with caution, as these were small studies and the findings may have been due to chance. Three studies reported proportions of ulcers healed with a variety of results. One study reported a different outcome measure, and the other two studies had different treatment durations. These variations did not allow us to pool the studies and draw any conclusions as to whether phototherapy is effective or not. Adverse effects were reported in only two studies that compared phototherapy with control; the risk ratio for adverse events was imprecise. One study reported risk ratio (RR) 0.72 (95%CI 0.18 to 2.80). However, another study reported RR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.71 to 1.12) based on the number of events in each group, rather than the number of people with events. Among five studies reporting the rate of change in ulcer area, three studies found no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Pooling was not undertaken because of differences in outcome measures reported. The results were based on data from trials with unclear risk of bias for which generation of the randomisation sequence, concealment allocation and blinding of outcome assessors were unclear. No studies reported on quality of life, length of hospital stay, pain or cost.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are very uncertain as to the effects of phototherapy in treating pressure ulcers. The quality of evidence is very low due to the unclear risk of bias and small number of trials available for analysis. The possibility of benefit or harm of this treatment cannot be ruled out. Further research is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University - Wan Fang Hospital, No. 111, Section 3, Hsing-Long Rd, Tapei, Taiwan, 11696.
authors.forename: Chiehfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wen-Hsuan
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Edwin S Y
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Heng-Lien Daniel
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014467:Ultraviolet Therapy / Q000379:methods; D014945:Wound Healing