title: Nitrosamines in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment plants with ozonation.
abstract: Ozone-based treatment trains offer a sustainable option for potable reuse applications, but nitrosamine formation during ozonation poses a challenge for municipalities seeking to avoid reverse osmosis and high-dose ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Six nitrosamines were monitored in full-scale and pilot-scale wastewater treatment trains. The primary focus was on eight treatment trains employing ozonation of secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents, but two treatment trains with chlorination or UV disinfection of tertiary wastewater effluent and another with full advanced treatment (i.e., reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation) were also included for comparison. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were the most prevalent nitrosamines in untreated (up to 89 ng/L and 67 ng/L, respectively) and treated wastewater. N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were detected at one facility each, while N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPrA) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) were less than their method reporting limits (MRLs) in all samples. Ozone-induced NDMA formation ranging from <10 to 143 ng/L was observed at all but one site, but the reasons for the variation in formation remain unclear. Activated sludge, biological activated carbon (BAC), and UV photolysis were effective for NDMA mitigation. NMOR was also removed with activated sludge but did not form during ozonation.
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States. Electronic address: Daniel.Gerrity@unlv.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerrity
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States.
authors.forename: Aleksey N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Pisarenko
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marti
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Trenholm
authors.affiliation: Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerringer
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reungoat
authors.affiliation: Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States. Electronic address: Eric.Dickenson@snwa.com.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dickenson
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine; D009602:Nitrosamines; D010126:Ozone; D062065:Wastewater; C002741:N-nitrosomorpholine
keywords: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); Nitrosamine; Ozone; Potable reuse; Wastewater