title: Consequence of altered nitrogen cycles in the coupled human and ecological system under changing climate: The need for long-term and site-based research.
abstract: Anthropogenically derived nitrogen (N) has a central role in global environmental changes, including climate change, biodiversity loss, air pollution, greenhouse gas emission, water pollution, as well as food production and human health. Current understanding of the biogeochemical processes that govern the N cycle in coupled human-ecological systems around the globe is drawn largely from the long-term ecological monitoring and experimental studies. Here, we review spatial and temporal patterns and trends in reactive N emissions, and the interactions between N and other important elements that dictate their delivery from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, and the impacts of N on biodiversity and human society. Integrated international and long-term collaborative studies covering research gaps will reduce uncertainties and promote further understanding of the nitrogen cycle in various ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan, shiba@fsc.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Branquinho
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Myron J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Don T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Monteith
authors.forename: Jianwu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arvola
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Daniela F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.forename: Lubos
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halada
authors.forename: Jiří
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kopáček
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Máguas
authors.forename: Samson
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajidu
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokuchi
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Záhora
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle