title: [Treatment of tardive syndromes].
abstract: Tardive syndromes associated with dopamine-receptor blocking agents have heterogeneous appearance. The treatment of tardive dyskinesia, dystonia, myoclonus, tourettism, tremor and akathisia is challenging for both psychiatrists and neurologists. Lack of randomized and controlled examinations for many routinely applied clinical therapeutic options make the development of clinical guidelines difficult. The present review article summarizes the available evidence for the treatment of tardive syndromes. According to the treatment guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology in 2013, the usage of clonazepam, ginkgo biloba, amantadine and tetrabenazine has enough evidence to draw conclusions. Although lowering or stopping the eliciting agent, changing to atypical antipsychotics, and adding anticholinergics are widely used techniques, there are no convincing controlled studies available to support their efficacy. The usage of Vitamin E, levetiracetam, propranolol, botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation may be promising treatment options in the future.
authors.affiliation: Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem, Klinikai Idegtudomanyok Doktori Iskola, Pecs, Hungary, E-mail: kovacsnorbert06@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Krisztina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Horváth
authors.forename: Zsuzsanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aschermann
authors.forename: Sámuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komoly
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kovács
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006801:Humans; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010889:Piracetam / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D011433:Propranolol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013577:Syndrome; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D014810:Vitamin E; D000077287:Levetiracetam; D002998:Clonazepam; D011433:Propranolol; D000547:Amantadine; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D013747:Tetrabenazine; D010889:Piracetam