title: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in arginase-II-mediated eNOS-uncoupling in obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-uncoupling links obesity-associated insulin resistance and type-II diabetes to the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Studies have indicated that increased arginase is involved in eNOS-uncoupling through competing with the substrate L-arginine. Given that arginase-II (Arg-II) exerts some of its biological functions through crosstalk with signal transduction pathways, and that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38mapk) is involved in eNOS-uncoupling, we investigated here whether p38mapk is involved in Arg-II-mediated eNOS-uncoupling in a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obesity was induced in wild type (WT) and Arg-II-deficient (Arg-II(-/-)) mice on C57BL/6 J background by high-fat diet (HFD, 55% fat) for 14 weeks starting from age of 7 weeks. The entire aortas were isolated and subjected to 1) immunoblotting analysis of the protein level of eNOS, Arg-II and p38mapk activation; 2) arginase activity assay; 3) endothelium-dependent and independent vasomotor responses; 4) en face staining of superoxide anion and NO production with Dihydroethidium and 4,5-Diaminofluorescein Diacetate, respectively, to assess eNOS-uncoupling. To evaluate the role of p38mapk, isolated aortas were treated with p38mapk inhibitor SB203580 (10 μmol/L, 1 h) prior to the analysis. In addition, the role of p38mapk in Arg-II-induced eNOS-uncoupling was investigated in cultured human endothelial cells overexpressing Arg-II in the absence or presence of shRNA against p38mapk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFD enhanced Arg-II expression/activity and p38mapk activity, which was associated with eNOS-uncoupling as revealed by decreased NO and enhanced L-NAME-inhibitable superoxide in aortas of WT obese mice. In accordance, WT obese mice revealed decreased endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine despite of higher eNOS protein level, whereas Arg-II(-/-) obese mice were protected from HFD-induced eNOS-uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction, which was associated with reduced p38mapk activation in aortas of the Arg-II(-/-) obese mice. Moreover, overexpression of Arg-II in human endothelial cells caused eNOS-uncoupling and augmented p38mapk activation. The Arg-II-induced eNOS-uncoupling was prevented by silencing p38mapk. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of p38mapk recouples eNOS in isolated aortas from WT obese mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taking together, we demonstrate here for the first time that Arg-II causes eNOS-uncoupling through activation of p38 mapk in HFD-induced obesity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. yi.yu@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. angana.guptarajapakse@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: Angana G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. jean-pierre.montani@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Montani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. zhihong.yang@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland. xiu-fen.ming@unifr.ch.
authors.forename: Xiu-Fen
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ming
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C477631:ARG2 protein, human; C481673:Arg2 protein, mouse; D001119:Arginase