title: Quality of vitamin K antagonist control and outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients frequently require anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to prevent thromboembolic events, but their use increases the risk of hemorrhage. We evaluated time spent in therapeutic range (TTR), proportion of international normalized ratio (INR) measurements in range (PINRR), adverse events in relation to INR, and predictors of INR control in AF patients using VKAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE (1990-June 2013) for studies of AF patients receiving adjusted-dose VKAs that reported INR control measures (TTR and PINRR) and/or reported an INR measurement coinciding with thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five articles were included. Sixty-eight VKA-treated study groups reported measures of INR control, while 43 studies reported an INR around the time of the adverse event. Patients spent 61% (95% CI, 59-62%), 25% (95% CI, 23-27%) and 14% (95% CI, 13-15%) of their time within, below or above the therapeutic range. PINRR assessments were within, below, and above range 56% (95% CI, 53-59%), 26% (95% CI, 23-29%) and 13% (95% CI, 11-17%) of the time. Patients receiving VKA management in the community spent less TTR than those managed by anticoagulation clinics or in randomized trials. Patients newly receiving VKAs spent less TTR than those with prior VKA use. Patients in Europe/United Kingdom spent more TTR than patients in North America. Fifty-seven percent (95% CI, 50-64%) of thromboembolic events and 42% (95% CI, 35 - 51%) of hemorrhagic events occurred at an INR <2.0 and >3.0, respectively; while 56% (95% CI, 48-64%) of ischemic strokes and 45% of intracranial hemorrhages (95% CI, 29-63%) occurred at INRs <2.0 and >3.0, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients on VKAs for AF frequently have INRs outside the therapeutic range. While, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events do occur patients with a therapeutic INR; patients with an INR <2.0 make up many of the cases of thromboembolism, while those >3.0 make up many of the cases of hemorrhage. Managing anticoagulation outside of a clinical trial or anticoagulation clinic is associated with poorer INR control, as is, the initiation of therapy in the VKA-naïve. Patients in Europe/UK have better INR control than those in North America.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA ; Hartford Hospital Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102-5037, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Mearns
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA ; Hartford Hospital Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102-5037, USA.
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA ; Hartford Hospital Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102-5037, USA.
authors.forename: Christine G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
authors.forename: Ju-Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Schein
authors.affiliation: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Monika K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Raut
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA ; Hartford Hospital Division of Cardiology, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102-5037, USA.
authors.forename: Craig I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Coleman
keywords: Anticoagulation; Atrial fibrillation; International normalized ratio; Vitamin K antagonists