title: Development of EHop-016: a small molecule inhibitor of Rac.
abstract: The Rac inhibitor EHop-016 was developed as a compound with the potential to inhibit cancer metastasis. Inhibition of the first step of metastasis, migration, is an important strategy for metastasis prevention. The small GTPase Rac acts as a pivotal binary switch that is turned "on" by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) via a myriad of cell surface receptors, to regulate cancer cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Unlike the related GTPase Ras, Racs are not usually mutated, but overexpressed or overactivated in cancer. Therefore, a rational Rac inhibitor should block the activation of Rac by its upstream effectors, GEFs, and the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 was developed using this rationale. However, this compound is ineffective at inhibiting the elevated Rac activity of metastatic breast cancer cells. Therefore, a panel of small molecule compounds were derived from NSC23766 and screened for Rac activity inhibition in metastatic cancer cells. EHop-016 was identified as a compound that blocks the interaction of Rac with the GEF Vav in metastatic human breast cancer cells with an IC50 of ~1μM. At higher concentrations (10μM), EHop-016 inhibits the related Rho GTPase Cdc42, but not Rho, and also reduces cell viability. Moreover, EHop-016 inhibits the activation of the Rac downstream effector p21-activated kinase, extension of motile actin-based structures, and cell migration. Future goals are to develop EHop-016 as a therapeutic to inhibit cancer metastasis, either individually or in combination with current anticancer compounds. The next generation of EHop-016-based Rac inhibitors is also being developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA. Electronic address: su.d@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Suranganie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dharmawardhane
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Eliud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vlaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015195:Drug Design; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C572775:N4-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-N2-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine; D011743:Pyrimidines; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins
keywords: Actin cytoskeletal changes; Cancer metastasis; EHop-016; Rac inhibitor