title: Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) as novel therapeutics for prostate cancer.
abstract: Mislocalization of proteins is a common feature of cancer cells. Since localization of proteins is tightly linked to its function, cancer cells can inactivate function of a tumor suppressor protein through mislocalization. The nuclear exportin CRM1/XPO 1 is upregulated in many cancers. Targeting XPO 1 can lead to nuclear retention of cargo proteins such as p53, Foxo, and BRCA1 leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We demonstrate that selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) can functionally inactivate XPO 1 in prostate cancer cells. Unlike the potent, but toxic, XPO 1 inhibitor leptomycin B, SINE inhibitors (KPT-185, KPT-330, and KPT-251) cause a decrease in XPO 1 protein level through the proteasomal pathway. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with SINE inhibitors lead to XPO 1 inhibition, as evaluated by RevGFP export assay, leading to nuclear retention of p53 and Foxo proteins, consequently, triggering apoptosis. Our data reveal that treatment with SINE inhibitors at nanomolar concentrations results in decrease in proliferation and colonogenic capacity of prostate cancer cells by triggering apoptosis without causing any cell cycle arrest. We further demonstrate that SINE inhibitors can be combined with other chemotherapeutics like doxorubicin to achieve enhanced growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells. Since SINE inhibitors offer increased bioavailability, reduced toxicity to normal cells, and are orally available they can serve as effective therapeutics against prostate cancer. In conclusion, our data reveals that nucleocytoplasmic transport in prostate cancer can be effectively targeted by SINE inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendonca
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Anup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Hae-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hammers
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meeker
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Marzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carducci
authors.affiliation: Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.affiliation: Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, MA.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shacham
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Sushant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kachhap
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents