title: The protective effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on endometrium and ovary in a rat model of diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the endometrium and ovaries in an experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 18 female Sprague-Dawley albino mature rats (8 weeks, 200-220 g) were used in this study. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozocin randomly in 12 rats. No drug was administered to the remainder of the rats (control group, group 1, n = 6). The other 12 rats were randomly divided into 2 groups; 1 ml/kg i.p. saline was given as vehicle to group 2 (diabetic nontreated control group, n = 6) and 100 µg/kg/day of i.p. G-CSF was given to group 3 (G-CSF-treated group, n = 6) for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected and hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy was performed for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean endometrial gland degeneration and stromal fibrosis scores were significantly higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3. Ovarian follicle degeneration, stromal degeneration and stromal fibrosis scores were significantly higher in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3. Plasma TGF-β and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in groups 1 and 3 compared with group 2. Antimüllerian hormone levels were significantly lower in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose toxicity occurred severely in the ovaries and endometrium of the DM rats. After G-CSF treatment, ovarian and endometrial injury and fibrosis scores decreased significantly. The effects of G-CSF in rat models give hope to improved treatment of human DM complications such as premature ovarian failure and endometrial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Perinatology, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Halil Gursoy
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Emel Ebru
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Artunc Ulkumen
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aktug
authors.forename: Altug
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yavasoglu
authors.forename: Huseyin Anil
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.forename: Oytun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erbas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010053:Ovary / Q000473:pathology; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D008315:Malondialdehyde