title: Current state of mTOR targeting in human breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mammalian, or mechanistic, target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in several models of human oncogenesis. Research in the role of mTOR in human oncogenesis remains a field of intense activity. In this mini-review, we intend to recount our current understanding of the mTOR pathway, its interactions, and its role in human carcinogenesis in general, and breast cancer in particular.
  
  
  METHODS
  We herein outline the discrete components of the two complexes of mTOR, and attempt to define their distinct roles and interactions. Furthermore, we review current developments in the therapeutic targeting of mTOR in human breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our understanding of the organisation and interactions of the mTOR pathway continues to evolve. There has been significant incremental, albeit slow, progress in the therapeutic targeting of the mTOR pathway in human breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued progress in the field would require a better understanding of the role of the mTOR pathway in human breast cancer. By summarizing the current literature, this review will provide useful information on the topic.
authors.affiliation: The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, U.K. Department of Breast Surgery, St. George's Hospital and Medical School, University of London, London, U.K.
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wazir
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wazir
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute (CUPUCI), University Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Zubair S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Khanzada
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University-Peking University Cancer Institute (CUPUCI), University Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, U.K.
authors.forename: Wen G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast Surgery, St. George's Hospital and Medical School, University of London, London, U.K.
authors.forename: Anup K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: The London Breast Institute, Princess Grace Hospital, London, U.K. Department of Breast Surgery, St. George's Hospital and Medical School, University of London, London, U.K.
authors.forename: Kefah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mokbel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: DAP1; PIKK; Rictor; breast; cancer; mTOR; rapamycin; review