title: Simultaneous association of total energy consumption and activity-related energy expenditure with risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes among postmenopausal women.
abstract: Total energy consumption and activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) estimates that have been calibrated using biomarkers to correct for measurement error were simultaneously associated with the risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes among postmenopausal women who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative at 40 US clinical centers and followed from 1994 to the present. Calibrated energy consumption was found to be positively related, and AREE inversely related, to the risks of various cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes. These associations were not evident in most corresponding analyses that did not correct for measurement error. However, an important analytical caveat relates to the role of body mass index (BMI) (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)). In the calibrated variable analyses, BMI was regarded, along with self-reported data, as a source of information on energy consumption and physical activity, and BMI was otherwise excluded from the disease risk models. This approach cannot be fully justified with available data, and the analyses herein imply a need for improved dietary and physical activity assessment methods and for longitudinal self-reported and biomarker data to test and relax modeling assumptions. Estimated hazard ratios for 20% increases in total energy consumption and AREE, respectively, were as follows: 1.49 (95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.88) and 0.80 (95% confidence interval: 0.69, 0.92) for total cardiovascular disease; 1.43 (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 1.73) and 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.73, 0.96) for total invasive cancer; and 4.17 (95% confidence interval: 2.68, 6.49) and 0.60 (95% confidence interval: 0.44, 0.83) for diabetes.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.forename: Chongzhi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mossavar-Rahmani
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seguin
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Manini
authors.forename: Andrea Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: LaCroix
authors.forename: Ross L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prentice
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: body mass index; cancer; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; energy consumption; hazard ratio; measurement error; physical activity