title: Medial prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity and motor memory consolidation in depression and schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overnight memory consolidation is disturbed in both depression and schizophrenia, creating an ideal situation to investigate the mechanisms underlying sleep-related consolidation and to distinguish disease-specific processes from common elements in their pathophysiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated patients with depression and schizophrenia, as well as healthy control subjects (each n = 16), under a motor memory consolidation protocol with functional magnetic resonance imaging and polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a sequential finger-tapping task associated with the degree of hippocampal-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity during the task, significantly less overnight improvement was identified as a common deficit in both patient groups. A task-related overnight decrease in activation of the basal ganglia was observed in control subjects and schizophrenia patients; in contrast, patients with depression showed an increase. During the task, schizophrenia patients, in comparison with control subjects, additionally recruited adjacent cortical areas, which showed a decrease in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation overnight and were related to disease severity. Effective connectivity analyses revealed that the hippocampus was functionally connected to the motor task network, and the cerebellum decoupled from this network overnight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While both patient groups showed similar deficits in consolidation associated with hippocampal-prefrontal cortex connectivity, other activity patterns more specific for disease pathology differed.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Electronic address: LGenzel@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genzel
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dresler
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cornu
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czisch
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goya-Maldonado
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005385:Fingers / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D017286:Polysomnography; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Depression; Hippocampus; Procedural memory consolidation; Schema; Schizophrenia; Sleep; fMRI