title: Relation between freezing of gait and frontal function in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the pathophysiological mechanism of FOG is unknown, previous studies have suggested that frontal dysfunction is associated with FOG. The Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) battery, which is wide-ranging neurological battery composed of six subtests, evaluates frontal function and is more sensitive to executive dysfunction (ED) than other tools in PD patients. This is the first study to assess the relation between FOG in the 'on' state and frontal dysfunction evaluated using BADS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 65 patients with PD. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to compare the age-controlled standardized BADS score, age, disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage, levodopa-equivalent daily dose, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score across patients with FOG (n = 43) and patients without FOG (n = 22). Score on each of the six BADS subtests were compared across patients with and without FOG using the Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that FOG was related to lower age-controlled standardized BADS score (P = 0.022) and higher HY stage (P = 0.009) but not to disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, or MMSE score. Among the six BADS subtests, score on the Zoo Map Test, which evaluates problem solving and planning, was lower in patients with FOG than in patients without FOG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a relation between on-state FOG and frontal dysfunction in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, 173-8610 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teramoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, 173-8610 Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: morita.akihiko@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, 173-8610 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, 173-8610 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shiota
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, 173-8610 Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamei
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology*; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; Executive dysfunction; Freezing of gait; Planning; Problem solving