title: Management and treatment of gamma butyrolactone withdrawal syndrome: a case report and review.
abstract: Gamma butyrolactone (GBL) is an increasingly popular drug of abuse that is readily available in most countries, and it is often purchased over the Internet. In addition to the acute hazards of intoxication and overdose, users who are dependent on GBL can also experience severe withdrawal reactions, including hallucinations, agitation, confusion, delusions, delirium, rhabdomyolysis, and seizures. Most of the existing literature suggests the use of a high-dose benzodiazepine as a first-line treatment for GBL withdrawal. However, several cases of resistance to benzodiazepines have been observed, which likely reflect some pharmacological differences between benzodiazepines and GBL. Specifically, the effects of benzodiazepines are primarily mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors, while GBL and its analogues act mainly at GABA-B receptors, with possible additional effects via the ionotropic GABA-A receptors. In this regard, recent studies have found that GBL and its analogues possess a high affinity for a specific form of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors that are strongly activated by barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, but that are insensitive to benzodiazepines. Taken together, these findings suggest that barbiturates could be evaluated as first-choice agents for the treatment of GBL/gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal instead of benzodiazepines. In support of this view, we describe a clinical case of difficult to manage GBL withdrawal symptoms in a 42-year-old male. We also review the literature on treatment options for GBL/GHB withdrawal, including benzodiazepine-resistant withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: GHIO, CERVETTI, RESPINO, and AMORE: University of Genoa, Italy; MURRI: University of Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghio
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cervetti
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Respino
authors.forename: Martino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belvederi Murri
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amore
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010634:Phenobarbital / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001463:Barbiturates; D012997:Solvents; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D010634:Phenobarbital