title: Effects of pesticide exposure and the amphibian chytrid fungus on gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) metamorphosis.
abstract: Pesticides are detectable in most aquatic habitats and have the potential to alter host-pathogen interactions. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with amphibian declines around the world. However, Bd-associated declines are more prominent in some areas, despite nearly global distribution of Bd, suggesting other factors contribute to disease outbreaks. In a laboratory study, the authors examined the effects of 6 different isolates of Bd in the presence or absence of a pesticide (the insecticide carbaryl or the fungicide copper sulfate) to recently hatched Cope's gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) tadpoles reared through metamorphosis. The authors found the presence or absence of pesticides differentially altered the mass at metamorphosis of tadpoles exposed to different Bd isolates, suggesting that isolate could influence metamorphosis but not in ways expected based on origin of the isolate. Pesticide exposure had the strongest impact on metamorphosis of all treatment combinations. Whereas copper sulfate exposure reduced the length of the larval period, carbaryl exposure had apparent positive effects by increasing mass at metamorphosis and lengthening larval period, which adds to evidence that carbaryl can stimulate development in counterintuitive ways. The present study provides limited support to the hypothesis that pesticides can alter the response of tadpoles to isolates of Bd and that the insecticide carbaryl can alter developmental decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gaietto
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rumschlag
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Boone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000378:metabolism*; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects*; D011898:Ranidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012721:Carbaryl
keywords: Anuran; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Carbaryl; Copper sulfate; Multiple stressors