title: Facial cutaneous necrosis associated with suspected levamisole toxicity from tainted cocaine abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to illustrate the otorhinolaryngologic manifestations of levamisole toxicity and illuminate the features of this diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe a case of a known cocaine abuser with suspected levamisole toxicity who developed cutaneous necrosis of the cheeks, earlobes, nose, upper and lower lip, and the midline hard palate. We also review the existing clinical literature about this emerging phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levamisole is a common adulterant in cocaine distributed in the United States and has been reported to cause microvascular thrombosis and vasculitis with resultant skin necrosis in cocaine abusers. The distribution of skin findings characteristically involves the cheeks, earlobes, nose, lips, and hard palate and responds variably to cessation of cocaine use. In its most severe cases, immune suppression and/or surgical debridement may be required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levamisole toxicity can frequently involve the ears, nose, and throat tissues. Otorhinolaryngologists should recognize these manifestations to expeditiously diagnose and manage this condition. Failure to do so promptly can lead to complications that may necessitate reconstructive or amputation surgery.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA eric_formeister@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Formeister
authors.affiliation: Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Falcone
authors.affiliation: Charlotte Eye Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D004340:Drug Contamination; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005148:Facial Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007978:Levamisole / Q000633:toxicity*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D011693:Purpura / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000473:pathology; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D007978:Levamisole
keywords: adverse drug reaction; cocaine; levamisole; necrosis; purpura; vasculitis