title: Inbreeding in Mimulus guttatus reduces visitation by bumble bee pollinators.
abstract: Inbreeding in plants typically reduces individual fitness but may also alter ecological interactions. This study examined the effect of inbreeding in the mixed-mating annual Mimulus guttatus on visitation by pollinators (Bombus impatiens) in greenhouse experiments. Previous studies of M. guttatus have shown that inbreeding reduced corolla size, flower number, and pollen quantity and quality. Using controlled crosses, we produced inbred and outbred families from three different M. guttatus populations. We recorded the plant genotypes that bees visited and the number of flowers probed per visit. In our first experiment, bees were 31% more likely to visit outbred plants than those selfed for one generation and 43% more likely to visit outbred plants than those selfed for two generations. Inbreeding had only a small effect on the number of flowers probed once bees arrived at a genotype. These differences were explained partially by differences in mean floral display and mean flower size, but even when these variables were controlled statistically, the effect of inbreeding remained large and significant. In a second experiment we quantified pollen viability from inbred and self plants. Bees were 37-54% more likely to visit outbred plants, depending on the population, even when controlling for floral display size. Pollen viability proved to be as important as floral display in predicting pollinator visitation in one population, but the overall explanatory power of a multiple regression model was weak. Our data suggested that bees use cues in addition to display size, flower size, and pollen reward quality in their discrimination of inbred plants. Discrimination against inbred plants could have effects on plant fitness and thereby reinforce selection for outcrossing. Inbreeding in plant populations could also reduce resource quality for pollinators, potentially resulting in negative effects on pollinator populations.
authors.affiliation: Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: T'ai H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Roulston
authors.affiliation: Southeastern High School, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Haley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D007178:Inbreeding; D032241:Mimulus / Q000235:genetics*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D011336:Probability