title: The evolution of embryo implantation.
abstract: Embryo implantation varies widely in placental mammals. We review this variation in mammals with a special focus on two features: the depth of implantation and embryonic diapause. We discuss the two major types of implantation depth, superficial and interstitial, and map this character on a well-resolved molecular phylogenetic tree of placental mammals. We infer that relatively deep interstitial implantation has independently evolved at least eight times within placental mammals. Moreover, the superficial type of implantation represents the ancestral state for placental mammals. In addition, we review the genes involved in various phases of implantation, and suggest a future direction in investigating the molecular evolution of implantation-related genes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. dwildman@wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McGowen
authors.forename: Offer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Derek E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wildman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000235:genetics*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005796:Genes / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny