title: The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metalaxy-M on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
abstract: As the main optical isomer of metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M has been widely used worldwide in recent years because of its notable effect on the prevention and control of crop diseases. Together with the toxicity and degradation of metalaxyl-M, the chemical has attracted the attention of researchers. The present study examined the toxic effects of metalaxyl-M on earthworms at 0 mg kg(-1) , 0.1 mg kg(-1) , 1 mg kg(-1) , and 3 mg kg(-1) on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after exposure. The results showed that metalaxyl-M could cause an obvious increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the concentration was higher than 0.1 mg kg(-1) , which led to lipid peroxidation in earthworms. Metalaxyl-M can induce DNA damage in earthworms, and the level of DNA damage markedly increased with increasing the concentration of metalaxyl-M. Metalaxyl-M also has a serious influence on the activities of antioxidant enzymes, which results in irreversible oxidative damage in cells. The changes of these indicators all indicated that metalaxyl-M may cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on earthworms.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Peoples Republic of China, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yingnan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C028175:metalaxyl; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000409:Alanine
keywords: Antioxidative enzyme; Environmental toxicology; Fungicide; ROS; Risk assessment