title: Synergistic disinfection and removal of biofilms by a sequential two-step treatment with ozone followed by hydrogen peroxide.
abstract: Synergistic disinfection and removal of biofilms by ozone (O3) water in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution was studied by determining disinfection rates and observing changes of the biofilm structure in situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using an established biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescence. The sequential treatment with O3, 1.0-1.7 mg/L, followed by H2O2, 0.8-1.1%, showed synergistic disinfection effects, while the reversed treatment, first H2O2 followed by O3, showed only an additive effect. The decrease of synergistic disinfection effect by addition of methanol (CH3OH), a scavenger of hydroxyl radical (OH), into the H2O2 solution suggested generation of hydroxyl radicals on or in the biofilm by the sequential treatment with O3 followed by H2O2. The primary treatment with O3 increased disinfection rates of H2O2 in the secondary treatment, and the increase of O3 concentration enhanced the rates. The cold temperature of O3 water (14 °C and 8 °C) increased the synergistic effect, suggesting the increase of O3 adsorption and hydroxyl radical generation in the biofilm. CLSM observation showed that the sequential treatment, first with O3 followed by H2O2, loosened the cell connections and thinned the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in the biofilm. The hydroxyl radical generation in the biofilm may affect the EPS and biofilm structure and may induce effective disinfection with H2O2. This sequential treatment method may suggest a new practical procedure for disinfection and removal of biofilms by inorganic oxidants such as O3 and H2O2.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan. Electronic address: tachikawa.mariko@nihon-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010126:Ozone; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Biofilm; Hydrogen peroxide; Ozone; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Sequential treatment; Synergistic disinfection effects