title: Deaf children with cochlear implants do not appear to use sentence context to help recognize spoken words.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors investigated the ability of deaf children with cochlear implants (CIs) to use sentence context to facilitate the perception of spoken words.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deaf children with CIs (n = 24) and an age-matched group of children with normal hearing (n = 31) were presented with lexically controlled sentences and were asked to repeat each sentence in its entirety. Performance was analyzed at each of 3 word positions of each sentence (first, second, and third key word).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas the children with normal hearing showed robust effects of contextual facilitation-improved speech perception for the final words in a sentence-the deaf children with CIs on average showed no such facilitation. Regression analyses indicated that for the deaf children with CIs, Forward Digit Span scores significantly predicted accuracy scores for all 3 positions, whereas performance on the Stroop Color and Word Test, Children's Version (Golden, Freshwater, & Golden, 2003) predicted how much contextual facilitation was observed at the final word.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of results suggests that some deaf children with CIs do not use sentence context to improve spoken word recognition. The inability to use sentence context may be due to possible interactions between language experience and cognitive factors that affect the ability to successfully integrate temporal-sequential information in spoken language.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Joanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deocampo
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walk
authors.forename: Esperanza M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Anaya
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pisoni
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D012048:Correction of Hearing Impairment / Q000379:methods; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D013067:Speech Perception