title: A controlled trial of sputum induction and routine collection methods for TB diagnosis in a South African community.
abstract: The diagnostic yield of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by sputum induction (SI) at the first point of contact with health services, conducted in all patients with suspected TB regardless of the ability to expectorate spontaneously, has not been evaluated. We compared the diagnostic yield of SI to routine sputum collection in a South African community setting. Ambulatory patients with suspected TB provided a 'spot' expectorated sputum sample, an SI sample by hypertonic (5 %) saline nebulization, and early morning expectorated sputum sample. The diagnostic yield of sputum smear microscopy and liquid culture (denominator all subjects with any positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture), and time-to-positivity of culture were compared between SI and expectorated samples. A total of 555 subjects completed the SI procedure, of whom 132 (24 %) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected. One hundred and twenty-nine samples (129, 23 %) were M. tuberculosis culture-positive. The time-to-positivity of Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture was shorter for SI (median difference 2 days, p = 0.63) and for early morning expectorated sputum (median difference 2 days, p = 0.02) compared to spot expectorated sputum. However, there was no difference in the culture-positive diagnostic yield between SI and spot expectorated sputum [difference +0.7 %; confidence interval (CI) -7.0 to +8.5 %, p = 0.82] or SI and early morning expectorated sputum (difference +4.7 %; CI -3.2 to +12.5 %, p = 0.20) for all subjects or for HIV-infected subjects. SI reduces the time to positive M. tuberculosis culture, but does not increase the rate of positive culture compared to routine expectorated sputum collection. SI cannot be recommended as the routine collection method at first contact among ambulatory patients with suspected TB in high-burden communities.
authors.affiliation: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, hennie.geldenhuys@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Geldenhuys
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitelaw
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tameris
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van As
authors.forename: K K A
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Luabeya
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hanekom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatherill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013019:South Africa; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology