title: Experimental study of PLLA/INH slow release implant fabricated by three dimensional printing technique and drug release characteristics in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local slow release implant provided long term and stable drug release in the lesion. The objective of this study was to fabricate biodegradable slow release INH/PLLA tablet via 3 dimensional printing technique (3DP) and to compare the drug release characteristics of three different structured tablets in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different drug delivery systems (columnar-shaped tablet (CST), doughnut-shaped tablet (DST) and multilayer doughnut-shaped tablet (MDST)) were manufactured by the three dimensional printing machine and isoniazid was loaded into the implant. Dynamic soaking method was used to study the drug release characteristics of the three implants. MTT cytotoxicity test and direct contact test were utilized to study the biocompatibility of the implant. The microstructures of the implants' surfaces were observed with electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PLLA powder in the tablet could be excellently combined through 3DP without disintegration. Electron microscope observations showed that INH distributed evenly on the surface of the tablet in a "nest-shaped" way, while the surface of the barrier layer in the multilayer doughnut shaped tablet was compact and did not contain INH. The concentration of INH in all of the three tablets were still higher than the effective bacteriostasis concentration (Isoniazid: 0.025 ~ 0.05 μg/ml) after 30 day's release in vitro. All of the tablets showed initial burst release of the INH in the early period. Drug concentration of MDST became stable and had little fluctuation starting from the 6th day of the release. Drug concentration of DST and CST decreased gradually and the rate of decrease in concentration was faster in DST than CST. MTT cytotoxicity test and direct contact test indicated that the INH-PLLA tablet had low cytotoxicity and favorable biocompatibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three dimensional printing technique was a reliable technique to fabricate complicated implants. Drug release pattern in MDST was the most stable among the three implants. It was an ideal drug delivery system for the antibiotics. Biocompatibility tests demonstrated that the INH-PLLA implant did not have cytotoxicity. The multilayer donut-shaped tablet provided a new constant slow release method after an initial burst for the topical application of the antibiotic.
authors.forename: Gui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Weigang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science And Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China. zhengqxwh@sina.com.
authors.forename: Qixin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jingfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Zhilei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000737:chemistry*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D007538:Isoniazid