title: Risk assessment of marine environments from ballast water discharges with laboratory-scale hydroxyl radicals treatment in Tianjin Harbor, China.
abstract: For the majority of ballast water treatment system (BWTS) that employ active substances (e.g., oxidative compounds), relevant chemicals (RCs) formation is an issue owing to their potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Accordingly, BWTS must be approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the approval procedure requires environmental risk assessment. The most commonly employed harbor used to calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) for RCs in treated ballast water is the GESAMP-BWWG (Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection-Ballast Water Working Group) model harbor. However, there is very little assessment data available regarding the associated environmental impacts in ports and harbors of China. Therefore, in this study the concentration of fifteen RCs from the existing laboratory-scale BWTS using hydroxyl radicals was obtained and input into the MAMPEC (Marine Antifoulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentrations) model to compute PECs in Tianjin Harbor, China. The potential risks to the aquatic environment posed by treated ballast water in Tianjin Harbor were further assessed based on the calculated ratio of PECs and predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Only monochloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid were found to have potential risks, and the ratios of PECs and PNECs to the other measured RCs were less than 1, indicating that the environmental risk posed by treated ballast water discharged into Tianjin Harbor is of little concern. The concentration of total residual oxidant recommended by the IMO (<0.2 mg/L) in treated ballast water at discharge was found to be at levels that may pose a risk to the aquatic environment in Tianjin Harbor.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Nahui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China. Electronic address: mindong.bai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mindong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Zhitao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Cao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Xiangying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical
keywords: Ballast water treatment; Laboratory-scale; Marine environmental risk assessment; Predicted environmental concentrations; Predicted no effect concentrations; Tianjin harbor