title: The persistence of Salmonella following desiccation under feed processing environmental conditions: a subject of relevance.
abstract: Although Salmonella persistence has been predominantly linked to biofilm formation, the physiological state of Salmonella should also be considered as a possible pathway for persistence and survival in the feed industry. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess the extent of viability of Salmonella cells through long-term desiccation periods under conditions typically found in feed processing environments, and whether these same cells could resuscitate and cause salmonellosis in vivo. We showed that upon desiccation, Salmonella Agona, a representative feed industry isolate and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, a laboratory strain, were induced into a nonculturable state at 35 and 85% relative humidity conditions, at defined temperatures of 30 and 12°C, respectively. Although the reduction in culturable cells was more than 6 log10 , metabolic activity was found in more than 1% of the population. Desiccation-induced nonculturable Salm. Typhimurium could not be revived and were nonvirulent in a mouse model following infection through oral gavage. These results suggest that the specific conditions for reviving nonculturable Salmonella after long periods of desiccation are yet to be fully identified. The need for mapping key factors involved in the persistence of Salmonella would help better detect it and improve feed safety measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While Salmonella has been shown to persist for years in feed processing environments, it is still unknown how temperature and humidity affect the persistence of Salmonella cells over time in terms of their metabolic states and cultivability. Here, we show that long-term exposure to feed processing environmental conditions induces Salmonella into a nonculturable state even though about 1% of the population remains metabolically active. This has significant implications when monitoring Salmonella from the environment which could yield false-negative results using conventional pre-enrichment detection methods.
authors.affiliation: Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fishery and Aquaculture, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Habimana
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Nesse
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Møretrø
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heir
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Vestby
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Langsrud
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D003890:Desiccation; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D006813:Humidity; D051379:Mice; D050296:Microbial Viability; D012475:Salmonella / Q000254:growth & development*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013696:Temperature; D014774:Virulence
keywords: Salmonella; active but nonculturable; desiccation; survival; virulence