title: The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) as a model paradigm for the management of adolescents with substance use disorders and co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Integrated treatment for youth with substance use disorders (SUDs) and co-occurring psychiatric disorders is recommended; however, there are few studies that have evaluated integrated treatment approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper includes a brief review of cognitive-behavioral and family therapies, since they have been demonstrated to be effective treatments for the disorders that commonly co-occur with substance use. It also describes how an integrated treatment paradigm has been implemented using one Empirically Supported Treatment, the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is existing research that supports the use of several A-CRA procedures to treat substance use and commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of further research, it is reasonable in the interim to train clinicians in treatments that incorporate components that have been found to be effective for both substance use and commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders. These treatments can then be adapted as needed based on an individual youth's set of problems. Further research is needed to test treatments for various combinations of SUDs and psychiatric disorders (i.e., depression, trauma-related problems, conduct disorder/behavior problems, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]).
authors.affiliation: a Chestnut Health Systems , Normal , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Godley
authors.forename: Jane Ellen
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lora L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Passetti
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005196:Family Therapy; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Adolescent; Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach; co-occurring disorders; co-occurring psychiatric disorders; integrated treatment; substance use treatment