title: Vitamin D and macular thickness in the elderly: an optical coherence tomography study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Our objective was to determine whether low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was associated with macular thickness among older adults with no signs of macular dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two French older community-dwellers with no patent macular dysfunction (mean ± SD, 71.2 ± 5.0 years; 45.2% female) included in the Gait and Alzheimer Interaction Tracking (GAIT) study (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01315717) were separated into two groups according to serum 25OHD level (i.e., insufficient < 50 nmol/L or sufficient ≥ 50 nmol/L). The macular thickness was measured on 1000 μm central macula with optical coherence tomography, and further binarized according to normal values of macular thickness (i.e., 267.74 μm for males, and 255.60 μm for females). Age, sex, number of comorbidities, cognitive disorders, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, serum calcium concentration and season of testing were considered as potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean serum 25OHD concentration was 61.2 ± 26.3 nmol/L. Patients with vitamin D insufficiency had a reduced macular thickness compared to those without (232.9 ± 40.4 μm vs. 253.3 ± 32.1 μm, P = 0.042). After adjustment for potential confounders, vitamin D insufficiency was associated with a decreased macular thickness (β = -59.4 μm, P = 0.001). Consistently, the participants with vitamin D insufficiency had a 3.7-fold higher risk of having abnormally low macular thickness compared with those with sufficient 25OHD level (P = 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with reduced macular thickness among older patients with no patent macular dysfunction. This implies that vitamin D insufficiency may be involved in macular thinning, and provides a scientific base for vitamin D replacement trials in age-related macular degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beauchet
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fantino
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, and Duke-NUS, Neuroscience and Behavioral Diseases, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milea
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic of Angers, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France Robarts Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annweiler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: age-related macular degeneration; macular thickness; neuroendocrinology; older adults; retina; vitamin D