title: PERSYVE - Design and validation of a questionnaire about adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire to measure perceived symptoms associated with antihypertensive drugs (PERSYVE).
  
  
  METHODS
  THE PERSYVE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION INCLUDED FOUR STAGES: 1) item development (bibliographic review and questionnaire elaboration); 2) face and content validation; 3) field testing (pre-test); and 4) test-retest validation, assessment of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and reproducibility over time (intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa coefficient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PERSYVE IS DIVIDED INTO SIX SECTIONS ACCORDING TO RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW: (1) drug adherence, (2) perceived symptoms and how they affect quality of life (five-point Likert scale), (3) communication with health professionals, (4) perception of symptoms as adverse reactions, (5) influence on therapy compliance, and (6) adoption of non-pharmacological methods for blood pressure control. Content and face validation of the questionnaire led to some vocabulary changes and the introduction of section 2.1. Field-testing (n=26) revealed high comprehensibility of the questions. The Cronbach's alpha, calculated for section 2 (five-point Likert scale) was 0.850. PERSYVE was reproducible (n=167): kappa values presented fair to substantial reproducibility and, in section 2, ICC values resulted in good to excellent reproducibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed that PERSYVE is a well-structured, objective, patient-friendly, valid and reliable questionnaire. PERSYVE can be a very useful instrument in hypertensive patients' monitoring and in the screening of adverse effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra; & CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde. Coimbra ( Portugal ). daniela.duarte@ipsn.cespu.pt.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duarte-Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela; & Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP) . Santiago de Compostela ( Spain ). Adolfo.figueiras@usc.es.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Figueiras
authors.affiliation: CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde; & Center for Cell Biology, University of Aveiro; & Center for Health Technology . Porto ( Portugal ). teresaherdeiro@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Herdeiro
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell Biology, University of Aveiro; & Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra . Coimbra ( Portugal ). at.afonso@ua.pt.
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra . Coimbra ( Portugal ). fabiosbranco@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Silva Branco
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto; & Unit of Hypertension, Pedro Hispano General Hospital . Matosinhos ( Portugal ). jjpolonia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polónia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra; & Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra; & IBILI - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra . Coimbra ( Portugal ). isabel@ff.uc.pt.
authors.forename: Isabel V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
keywords: Antihypertensive Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Medication Adherence; Portugal; Questionnaires; Validation Studies as Topic