title: The establishment of metabolic syndrome model by induction of fructose drinking water in male Wistar rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome can be caused by modification of diet by means of consumption of high carbohydrate and high fat diet such as fructose.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a metabolic syndrome rat model by induction of fructose drinking water (FDW) in male Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen male Wistar rats were fed with FDW 20% and FDW 25% for a duration of eight weeks. The physiological changes with regard to food and fluid intake, as well as calorie intake, were measured. The metabolic changes such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia were determined. Data was presented in mean ± SEM subjected to one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male Wistar rats fed with FDW 20% for eight weeks developed significant higher obesity parameters compared to those fed with FDW 25%. There was hypertrophy of adipocytes in F20 and F25. There were also systolic hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the metabolic syndrome rat model is best established with the induction of FDW 20% for eight weeks. This was evident in the form of higher obesity parameter which caused the development of the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Discipline, Surgical Science Cluster, Medical Faculty, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norshalizah
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9776-3810
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mamikutty
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zar Chi
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Thent
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shaiful Ridzwan
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sapri
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Natasya Nadia
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Sahruddin
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Rafizul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mohd Yusof
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Farihah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haji Suhaimi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D060766:Drinking Water; D002149:Energy Intake; D005632:Fructose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D005632:Fructose