title: Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture.
abstract: Thermal treatment at temperatures between 46.0°C and 55.0°C was evaluated as a method for sanitization of organic waste, a temperature interval less commonly investigated but important in connection with biological treatment processes. Samples of dairy cow feces inoculated with Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophage ϕX174, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) were thermally treated using block thermostats at set temperatures in order to determine time-temperature regimes to achieve sufficient bacterial and viral reduction, and to model the inactivation rate. Pasteurization at 70°C in saline solution was used as a comparison in terms of bacterial and viral reduction and was proven to be effective in rapidly reducing all organisms with the exception of PPV (decimal reduction time of 1.2 h). The results presented here can be used to construct time-temperature regimes in terms of bacterial inactivation, with D-values ranging from 0.37 h at 55°C to 22.5 h at 46.0°C and 0.45 h at 55.0°C to 14.5 h at 47.5°C for Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively and for relevant enteric viruses based on the ϕX174 phage with decimal reduction times ranging from 1.5 h at 55°C to 16.5 h at 46°C. Hence, the study implies that considerably lower treatment temperatures than 70°C can be used to reach a sufficient inactivation of bacterial pathogens and potential process indicator organisms such as the ϕX174 phage and raises the question whether PPV is a valuable process indicator organism considering its extreme thermotolerance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Josefine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elving
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vinnerås
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albihn
authors.forename: Jakob R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ottoson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D010584:Bacteriophage phi X 174 / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000502:physiology; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D050296:Microbial Viability; D028323:Parvovirus, Porcine / Q000502:physiology; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000502:physiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Bovine feces; D-value; PPV; Salmonella; sanitization treatment; z-value