title: Effect of flow rate of side-type orifice intake on withdrawn water temperature.
abstract: Side-type orifice intake is a type of selective withdrawal facility used in managing reservoirs to mitigate the negative effects of low-temperature water. Based on the temperature data of a thermal stratified reservoir in China, an experiment was conducted in flume to study the influence of intake flow rate on withdrawn water temperature with different temperature distributions. Results indicated that withdrawn water temperature changed with different flow rates. The temperature change was determined by the water temperature gradients above and below the intake, whereas the change trend of temperature depended on the difference between the water temperature gradient above and below the intake. We likewise proposed a new equation with which the withdrawn water temperature of a thermal stratified reservoir using a side-type orifice could be calculated. These findings could be directly applied to the design and operation of side-type orifice intake in thermal stratified reservoirs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Xueping
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0330-9209
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Guangning
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5795-8709
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D012621:Seasons; D014872:Water Movements; D062066:Water Resources; D014881:Water Supply