title: Optimized aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon for production of a saponin-enriched bitter melon powder.
abstract: Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), aqueous extracts are proposed to have health-promoting properties due to their content of saponins and their antioxidant activity. However, the optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon and the effects of spray drying have not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the aqueous extraction of the saponins from bitter melon, using response surface methodology, prepare a powder using spray drying, and compare the powder's physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity with aqueous and ethanol freeze-dried bitter melon powders and a commercial powder. The optimal aqueous extraction conditions were determined to be 40 °C for 15 min and the water-to-sample ratio was chosen to be 20:1 mL/g. For many of its physical properties, components, and antioxidant capacity, the aqueous spray-dried powder was comparable to the aqueous and ethanol freeze-dried bitter melon powders and the commercial powder. The optimal conditions for the aqueous extraction of saponins from bitter melon followed by spray drying gave a high quality powder in terms of saponins and antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights that bitter melon is a rich source of saponin compounds and their associated antioxidant activities, which may provide health benefits. The findings of the current study will help with the development of extraction and drying technologies for the preparation of a saponin-enriched powdered extract from bitter melon. The powdered extract may have potential as a nutraceutical supplement or as a value-added ingredient for incorporation into functional foods.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Univ. of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
authors.forename: Sing P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Quan V
authors.initials: QV
authors.lastname: Vuong
authors.forename: Costas E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stathopoulos
authors.forename: Sophie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Roach
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005612:Freeze Drying; D029777:Momordica charantia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D012503:Saponins; D014867:Water
keywords: antioxidant activity; aqueous extraction; bitter melon; saponins; spray drying