title: Household ventilation may reduce effects of indoor air pollutants for prevention of lung cancer: a case-control study in a Chinese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified various indoor air pollutants as carcinogenic to humans, few studies evaluated the role of household ventilation in reducing the impact of indoor air pollutants on lung cancer risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between household ventilation and lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was conducted in a Chinese population from 2003 to 2010. Epidemiologic and household ventilation data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,424 lung cancer cases and 4,543 healthy controls, inverse associations were observed for good ventilation in the kitchen (ORadj = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.98), bedroom (ORadj = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.03), and both kitchen and bedroom (ORadj = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.00). Stratified analyses showed lung cancer inversely associated with good ventilation among active smokers (ORadj = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72, 1.00), secondhand smokers at home (ORadj = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.94), and those exposed to high-temperature cooking oil fumes (ORadj = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.99). Additive interactions were found between household ventilation and secondhand smoke at home as well as number of household pollutant sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A protective association was observed between good ventilation of households and lung cancer, most likely through the reduction of exposure to indoor air pollutants, indicating ventilation may serve as one of the preventive measures for lung cancer, in addition to tobacco cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangyin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ren-Qiang
authors.initials: RQ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Shan
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dafeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Ming
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Yi
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qing-Yi
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Claire H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Kou
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014691:Ventilation