title: Chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We review selected important clinical observations in chronic pancreatitis reported in 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis remains difficult, although newer techniques utilizing endoscopic ultrasonography-elastography and MRI hold promise. Patients with chronic pancreatitis are at risk of nutritional deficiencies. Osteoporosis, osteopenia, and bone fracture are particularly common in these patients, and require active intervention and treatment. Diabetes caused by chronic pancreatitis, type 3c diabetes, has specific characteristics and requires careful management. Antioxidants and neuromodulators may decrease pain in some patients with chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic treatment is effective and can be utilized in patients with painful chronic pancreatitis, although randomized trials demonstrate that surgical therapy is somewhat more durable and effective. Although surgery has typically been a last resort, some advocate early surgical intervention but the optimal time remains unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis of pancreatitis may be improved by newer techniques associated with endoscopic ultrasonography imaging. Treatment of nutritional deficiencies and diabetes is an important aspect of treating chronic pancreatitis. Pain relief with adjunct means of pain modulation should be tried before starting narcotics for pain control. Endoscopic therapy is appropriate for treating chronic pancreatitis and its local complications and surgical intervention can be considered early in carefully selected individuals.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida bDivision of Gastroenterology, Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Anand R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gupte
authors.forename: Chris E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Forsmark
mesh_terms: D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography; D006801:Humans; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*