title: Stability of urea in solution and pharmaceutical preparations.
abstract: The stability of urea in solution and pharmaceutical preparations was analyzed as a function of temperature (25°-60°C), pH (3.11-9.67), and initial urea concentration (2.5%-20%). This study was undertaken to (i) obtain more extensive, quantitative information relative to the degradation of urea in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions and in pharmaceutical preparations, and (ii) test the effects of initial urea concentration, pH, buffer, and temperature values on urea degradation. The stability analysis shows that urea is more stable at the pH range of 4-8 and the stability of urea decreases by increase in temperature for all pH values. Within the experimental range of temperature and initial urea concentration values, the lowest urea degradation was found with lactate buffer pH 6.0. The urea decomposition rate in solution and pharmaceutical preparations shows the dependence of the initial urea concentrations. At higher initial urea concentrations, the rate of degradation is a decreasing function with time. This suggests that the reverse reaction is a factor in the degradation of concentrated urea solution. For non-aqueous solvents, isopropanol showed the best effort in retarding the decomposition of urea. Since the losses in urea is directly influenced by its stability at a given temperature and pH, the stability analysis of urea by the proposed model can be used to prevent the loss and optimize the operating condition for urea-containing pharmaceutical preparations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Nattakan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panyachariwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steckel
mesh_terms: D004355:Drug Stability; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D013696:Temperature; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D014508:Urea