title: Inhalation and dermal exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated carcinogenic risks in a relatively small city.
abstract: The aim of this study was to conduct a carcinogenic risk assessment for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via routes of inhalation and dermal contact. Concentrations of 19 PAH species were determined during a heating period at a site in the city of Balikesir, Turkey. Two questionnaires were administered to a sample of inhabitants to determine time-activity budgets and demographic information. The assessment was conducted for each participant and Balikesir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to determine the population exposure-risk probability distributions. The estimates were based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) total PAH concentrations calculated using toxic equivalency factors. The mean and median BaPeq concentrations of gaseous and particulate phases were 3.25 and 1.34, and 38.5 and 34.0ng/m(3), respectively. Carcinogenic risk for inhalation exposure route was estimated by using two different slope factor values (3.9 and 304.5(mg/kg-day)(-1)), recommended by two different organizations, resulting in two (order(s) of magnitude apart) population risk ranges: 1.32×10(-7)-2.23×10(-4), and 1.61×10(-5)-7.95×10(-3), respectively. The population risks associated with dermal exposure were lower compared to those of inhalation, ranging from 6.58×10(-9) to 2.57×10(-6). The proportion of the population with risks higher than the general acceptable level (1.0×10(-6)) was estimated as >99 percent, for inhalation, and as 28 percent for dermal exposure route.
authors.affiliation: Izmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gungormus
authors.affiliation: Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Semra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuncel
authors.affiliation: Namik Kemal University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 59860 Corlu, Tekirdag, Turkey. Electronic address: lhtecer@nku.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Lokman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hakan Tecer
authors.affiliation: Izmir Institute of Technology, Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gulbahce, Urla 35430 Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: cemilsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Sait C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014421:Turkey; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Balikesir; Carcinogenic risk; Exposure; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons