title: A new description of scapulothoracic motion during arm movements in healthy subjects.
abstract: The participation of scapula motion in arm movement is clinically well known and recent three dimensional (3D) analyses using kinematic techniques have confirmed its importance. Scapular motion relative to the thorax has a theoretical maximum of 6 degrees of freedom (DoF), resulting from rotations at both clavicular joints (3 rotational DoF each). However, most recent kinematic studies have only analysed the 3D rotations of the scapula relative to the thorax. In the present study, the 3D translations of the barycentre of the scapula were considered in order to complete the description of movement at the shoulder complex. Eight healthy subjects performed arm elevation in the sagittal and frontal planes, simulated activities of daily living (hair combing and back washing) and maximum voluntary scapula movement (forward and backward rolling). Measurements were recorded using a 6 DoF electromagnetic device and the acromial method of analysis was used. The results showed that 3D scapular rotations and translation of its barycentre were functionally consistent for all tasks. A principal component analysis (PCA) yielded three factors, explaining 97.6% of the variance. The first two factors (protraction and shrug, according to clinical descriptions) combined rotations and translations, consistent with the hypothesis that the scapula rolls over the curved thoracic surface. The third factor related to lateral-medial rotation, thus representing rotation in the plane tangential to the thorax. The PCA suggested that scapular motion can be described using these 3 DoF. This should be studied in a larger group of individuals, including patients with pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roren
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Martine
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lefevre-Colau
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, INSERM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poiraudeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Fouad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.affiliation: ISIR (Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics), CNRS UMR 7222, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France; ISIR-AGATHE, INSERM U 1150, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pasqui
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; ISIR (Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics), CNRS UMR 7222, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France; ISIR-AGATHE, INSERM U 1150, Paris, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche sur le Handicap, INSERM, Paris, France. Electronic address: roby-brami@isir.upmc.fr.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roby-Brami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002968:Clavicle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012540:Scapula / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Clavicle; Kinematics; Protraction; Scapula rotation