title: Frameless neuronavigation based only on 3D digital subtraction angiography using surface-based facial registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrovascular lesions can have complicated abnormal anatomy that is not completely characterized by CT or MR angiography. Although 3D rotational angiography provides superior spatial and temporal resolution, catheter angiograms are not easily registered to the patient, limiting the use of these images as a source for neuronavigation. However, 3D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) contains not only vascular anatomy but also facial surface anatomy data. The authors report a novel technique to register 3D DSA images by using only the surface anatomy contained within the data set without having to fuse the DSA image set to other imaging modalities or use fiducial markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cadaver model was first created to assess the accuracy of neuronavigation based on 3D DSA images registered by facial surface anatomy. A 3D DSA scan was obtained of a formalin-fixed cadaver head, with acquisitions of mask and contrast runs. The right common carotid artery was injected prior to the contrast run with a 45% contrast solution diluted with water-soluble red liquid latex. One week later, the head was registered to a neuronavigation system loaded with the 3D DSA images acquired earlier using facial surface anatomy. A right pterional craniotomy was performed and 10 different vascular landmarks were identified and measured for accuracy using the neuronavigation system. Neuronavigation based only on 3D DSA was then used to guide an open clipping procedure for a patient who presented with a ruptured distal lenticulostriate aneurysm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of the measurements for the cadaver model was 0.71 ± 0.25 mm (mean ± SE), which is superior to the 1.8-5 mm reported for neuronavigation. The 3D DSA-based navigation-assisted surgery for the distal lenticulostriate aneurysm aided in localization, resulting in a small craniotomy and minimal brain dissection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first example of frameless neuronavigation based on 3D catheter angiography registered by only the surface anatomy data contained within the 3D DSA image set. This is an easily applied technique that is beneficial for accurately locating vascular pathological entities and reducing the dissection burden of vascular lesions.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stidd
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wewel
authors.forename: Ali J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ghods
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munich
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serici
authors.forename: Kiffon M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keigher
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Theessen
authors.forename: Roham
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moftakhar
authors.forename: Demetrius K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D020144:Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: 3D laser surface registration; AVM = arteriovenous malformation; BA = basilar artery; CCA = common carotid artery; CTA = CT angiography; DSA = digital subtraction angiography; FDCT = flat-panel detector CT; ICA = internal carotid artery; LSA = lenticulostriate artery; MRA = MR angiography; PCA = posterior cerebral artery; VA = vertebral artery; digital subtraction angiography cadaver model; distal lenticulostriate aneurysm; neuronavigation; rotational angiography; surgical technique