title: Epidermal UV-A absorbance and whole-leaf flavonoid composition in pea respond more to solar blue light than to solar UV radiation.
abstract: Plants synthesize phenolic compounds in response to certain environmental signals or stresses. One large group of phenolics, flavonoids, is considered particularly responsive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, here we demonstrate that solar blue light stimulates flavonoid biosynthesis in the absence of UV-A and UV-B radiation. We grew pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. Meteor) outdoors, in Finland during the summer, under five types of filters differing in their spectral transmittance. These filters were used to (1) attenuate UV-B; (2) attenuate UV-B and UV-A < 370 nm; (3) attenuate UV-B and UV-A; (4) attenuate UV-B, UV-A and blue light; and (5) as a control not attenuating these wavebands. Attenuation of blue light significantly reduced the flavonoid content in leaf adaxial epidermis and reduced the whole-leaf concentrations of quercetin derivatives relative to kaempferol derivatives. In contrast, UV-B responses were not significant. These results show that pea plants regulate epidermal UV-A absorbance and accumulation of individual flavonoids by perceiving complex radiation signals that extend into the visible region of the solar spectrum. Furthermore, solar blue light instead of solar UV-B radiation can be the main regulator of phenolic compound accumulation in plants that germinate and develop outdoors.
authors.affiliation: Plant Biology Division, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Siipola
authors.forename: Titta
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotilainen
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sipari
authors.forename: Luis O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Anders V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Lindfors
authors.forename: T Matthew
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Aphalo
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols
keywords: growth; kaempferol; phenolic compounds; quercetin; solar radiation