title: Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite growing interest in the relationship between exercise and short-term neural plasticity, the effects of exercise on motor cortical (M1) excitability are not well studied. Acute, lower-limb aerobic exercise may potentially modulate M1 excitability in working muscles, but the effects on muscles not involved in the exercise are unknown. Here we examined the excitability changes in an upper limb muscle representation following a single session of lower body aerobic exercise. Investigating the response to exercise in a non-exercised muscle may help to determine the clinical usefulness of lower-body exercise interventions for upper limb neurorehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess input-output curves, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) in the extensor carpi radialis muscle in twelve healthy individuals following a single session of moderate stationary biking. Additionally, we examined whether the presence of a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene would affect the response of these measures to exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed significant increases in ICF and decreases in SICI following exercise. No changes in LICI were detected, and no differences were observed in input-output curves following exercise, or between BDNF groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results demonstrate that the modulation of intracortical excitability following aerobic exercise is not limited to those muscles involved in the exercise, and that while exercise does not directly modulate the excitability of motor neurons, it may facilitate the induction of experience-dependent plasticity via a decrease in intracortical inhibition and increase in intracortical facilitation. These findings indicate that exercise may create favourable conditions for adaptive plasticity in M1 and may be an effective adjunct to traditional training or rehabilitation methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Amaya M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Neva
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: W Richard
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Staines
keywords: Aerobic exercise; Intracortical facilitation; Intracortical inhibition; Primary motor cortex; Transcranial magnetic stimulation