title: Differential circadian catecholamine and cortisol responses between healthy women with and without a parental history of hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies suggest that otherwise healthy individuals who have a parental history of hypertension (PH+) have an accentuated reactive rise in catecholamines and cortisol to laboratory stressors as well as elevated plasma levels when compared with those with no parental history (PH-); however, few, if any, studies have evaluated whether parental history affects the responses of these hormones to changing environmental circumstances in everyday life. The purpose of this study was to compare urinary catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and cortisol excretion and ambulatory blood pressures (BPs) across three daily microenvironments between women with and without a parental history of hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The women in the study (PH+, N = 62, age = 35.2 ± 9.1; PH-, N = 72, age = 33.8 ± 10.0) worked in clerical, technical, or professional positions at a major medical center in New York City. Urinary hormone excretion rates and ambulatory BP were measured across three daily microenvironments: work (11 am to 3 p.m.), home (approximately 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.), and during sleep (approximately 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.). History group comparisons by microenvironment were made using repeated-measures ANCOVA and ANOVA analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that epinephrine excretion among PH+ women was 36% higher than PH- women (P < 0.008) over the entire day and that nocturnal cortisol excretion was also greater among PH+ women (P < 0.045). PH+ women also had statistically significantly higher systolic (4 mm Hg higher; P < 0.01) and diastolic (2 mm Hg higher, P < 0.03) BP when compared with PH- women across all daily microenvironments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that there may be genetically linked mechanisms which elevate tonic epinephrine levels and nocturnal cortisol levels that contribute to elevating circadian BP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902; Decker School of Nursing, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902; Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Alexandria S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alfarano
authors.forename: Helene M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van Berge-Landry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000652:urine*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine*; D010290:Parents
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine