title: Habitat-based polymorphism is common in stream fishes.
abstract: Morphological differences (size and shape) across habitats are common in lake fish where differences relate to two dominant contrasting habitats: the pelagic and littoral habitat. Repeated occurrence of littoral and pelagic morphs across multiple populations of several lake fish species has been considered as important evidence that polymorphism is adaptive in these systems. It has been suggested that these habitat-based polymorphic differences are due to the temporal stability of the differences between littoral and pelagic habitats. Although streams are spatially heterogeneous, they are also more temporally dynamic than lakes and it is still an open question whether streams provide the environmental conditions that promote habitat-based polymorphism. We tested whether fish from riffle, run and pool habitats, respectively, differed consistently in their morphology. Our test compared patterns of morphological variation (size and shape) in 10 fish species from the three stream habitat types in 36 separate streams distributed across three watersheds. For most species, body size and shape (after controlling for body size) differed across riffle, run and pool habitats. Unlike many lake species, the nature of these differences was not consistent across species, possibly because these species use these habitat types in different ways. Our results suggest that habitat-based polymorphism is an important feature also in stream fishes despite the fact that streams are temporally variable in contrast to lake systems. Future research is required to assess whether the patterns of habitat-based polymorphism encountered in streams have a genetic basis or they are simply the result of within generation phenotypic plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.|Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Senay
authors.affiliation: Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boisclair
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.|Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Peres-Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011792:Quebec; D045483:Rivers; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: environmental heterogeneity; evolutionary ecology; morphometrics; multivariate analysis; parallel evolution; phenotypic plasticity