title: Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the postoperative analgesic effects of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of either fentanyl (FENT), lidocaine (LIDO), ketamine (KET), dexmedetomidine (DEX), or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Treatments were intravenous (IV) administration of a bolus at start of anesthesia, followed by an IV CRI until the end of anesthesia, then a CRI at a decreased dose for a further 4 hours: CONTROL/BUT (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg(-1), infusion rate of saline 0.9% 2 mLkg(-1) hour(-1)); FENT (5 μg kg(-1), 10 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), then 2.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)); KET (1 mgkg(-1) , 40 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), then 10 μg kg(-1) minute(-1) ; LIDO (2 mg kg(-1), 100 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), then 25 μg kg(-1) minute(-1)); DEX (1 μgkg(-1), 3 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), then 1 μg kg(-1) hour(-1)); or a combination of LKD at the aforementioned doses. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Glasgow composite pain scale, University of Melbourne pain scale, and numerical rating scale. Rescue analgesia was morphine and carprofen. Data were analyzed using Friedman or Kruskal-Wallis test with appropriate post-hoc testing (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals requiring rescue analgesia included CONTROL/BUT (n = 8), KET (n = 3), DEX (n = 2), and LIDO (n = 2); significantly higher in CONTROL/BUT than other groups. No dogs in LKD and FENT groups received rescue analgesia. CONTROL/BUT pain scores were significantly higher at 1 hour than FENT, DEX and LKD, but not than KET or LIDO. Fentanyl and LKD sedation scores were higher than CONTROL/BUT at 1 hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yucatan Autonomous University, Merida, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Blanco
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Victoria-Mora
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ibancovichi-Camarillo
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sauri-Arceo
authors.forename: Manuel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bolio-González
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Arcique
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marin-Cano
authors.forename: Paulo Vm
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Steagall
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: analgesia; constant rate infusion; dog; pain scales