title: Microfunnel-supported liquid-phase microextraction: application to extraction and determination of Irgarol 1051 and diuron in the Persian Gulf seawater samples.
abstract: In the present work, microfunnel-supported liquid-phase microextraction method (MF-LPME) based on applying low density organic solvent was developed for the determination of antifoulings (Irgarol 1051, diuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline) from seawater samples. In this method, home-designed MF device was used for facile loading and retrieving of organic solvent during the extraction procedure. The extraction was carried out with introduction of 400 μL of toluene via syringe into the MF device placed on the surface of sample solution (300 mL) containing analytes. After the extraction, extractant layer was narrowed into the capillary part of MF by pushing the device inside the sample and withdrawn by using a syringe to evaporate by nitrogen purging. The residual redissolved into 50 μL methanol, diluted to 100 μL with deionized water and injected into the high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV). Several factors influencing the extraction such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, sample pH, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection in seawater were 1.4, 4.8 and 1.0 ng L(-1) for 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), diuron and Irgarol 1051, respectively. Enrichment factors were obtained 333, 150 and 373 for DCA, diuron and Irgarol 1051, respectively. The precision of the technique was evaluated in terms of repeatability which was less than 12.0% (n=5). The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of antifoulings from seawater samples collected from harbors of Bushehr located in northern Persian Gulf coast.
authors.affiliation: Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran. Electronic address: saleh@inio.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.affiliation: Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sheijooni Fumani
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi (Tarbiat Moallem) University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molaei
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006536:Heptanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019156:Indian Ocean; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis*; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D006536:Heptanes; D006586:Hexanes; D012997:Solvents; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C014464:3,4-dichloroaniline; C103341:irgarol 1051; D014050:Toluene; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D004237:Diuron
keywords: 3,4-Dichloroaniline; Diuron; Irgarol 1051; Liquid-phase microextraction; Microfunnel; Seawater