title: Intracranial stents past, present and the future trend: stents made with nano-particle or nanocomposite biomaterials.
abstract: Stroke or cerebral vascular accidents are among the leading causes of death in the world. With the availability of Digital Subtraction Angiography, transluminal angioplasty has become feasible in many situations and the role of intracranial stents is becoming ever more important in the management of cerebral vascular diseases. In current review, we outline the chronological development of various stents namely; balloon expandable stent, self-expandable open cell stent, self-expandable close cell stent and the flow diverting stent. Further we discuss their advantages and limitations in terms of stent migration, thromboemboli, damage to vessels during procedure, in-stent stenosis and hyper-perfusion damage. We also discuss the importance of in-situ endothelialization, controlled expandability and hemodynamic manipulation in stent design. Further, we summarized the role and need for further development in the areas of bio-compatible materials, endothelial progenitor cell capture technique, bio-functionalized-magnetic-nano-particles and nanotechnology which are significant in intracranial stent development.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kalaskar
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Farhatnia
authors.forename: Xiaoxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bulter
authors.affiliation: UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom. a.seifalian@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Seifalian
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006801:Humans; D053761:Nanocomposites; D036103:Nanotechnology; D010316:Particle Size; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials