title: Modified low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of atherosclerosis and type 1 diabetes macrovascular disease.
abstract: In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
authors: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia. a.h.opexob@gmail.com.
authors: Alexander N
authors: AN
authors: Orekhov
authors: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia. y.bobryshev@unsw.edu.au.
authors: Yuri V
authors: YV
authors: Bobryshev
authors: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia. igor.sobenin@gmail.com.
authors: Igor A
authors: IA
authors: Sobenin
authors: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia. zavod@ifarm.ru.
authors: Alexandra A
authors: AA
authors: Melnichenko
authors: Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia. dimitry.chistiakov@lycos.com.
authors: Dimitry A
authors: DA
authors: Chistiakov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000936:Antigen-Antibody Complex; D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL