title: Radiological studies on the best entry point and trajectory of anterior cervical pedicle screw in the lower cervical spine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the best entry point and trajectory of anterior cervical transpedicular screws in the lower cervical spine by radiological studies, and provide reference for clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were scanned by computed tomography and confirmed no obvious defect of the cervical spine. On horizontal axis, camber angle (α) and axial length (AL) were measured from C3 to C7. On sagittal view, the cranial or caudal angle (β) and sagittal length (SL) were also measured from C3 to C7. On the sagittal and horizontal planes vertebrae were respectively divided into four areas, ordered 1-4, on the anterior side of the pedicle. The areas and angles of pedicle intersect into the vertebral body were recorded. We inserted six anterior pedicle screws into the lower cervical spine of three patients by this technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On transverse plane, camber angle (α) of C3-C5 increased gradually, while it decreased from C5 to C7. On sagittal view, C3 and C4 pedicles showed cranial tilting, while C5 to C7 were caudally tilted. AL and SL values increased gradually from C3 to C7. The number of the intersections of C3-C7 in each area was also different. Six pedicle screws of three cases were inserted into the lower cervical spine with proper placement and no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anterior transpedicular screw (ATPS) is a theoretically feasible option for internal fixation. The technique described in this paper was subsequently used in three patients without complication. Future improvement of ATPS insertion remains necessary for this technically demanding procedure.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Hospital of Ningbo, 1059 Zhongshan East Road, Ningbo, 315040, People's Republic of China.
authors: Liujun
authors: L
authors: Zhao
authors: Guoqing
authors: G
authors: Li
authors: Jiayong
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Gregory M
authors: GM
authors: Benedict
authors: Nabil A
authors: NA
authors: Ebraheim
authors: Weihu
authors: W
authors: Ma
authors: Shaohua
authors: S
authors: Sun
authors: Rongming
authors: R
authors: Xu
authors: Chaoyue
authors: C
authors: Ruan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001860:Bone Plates; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed / Q000379:methods*