title: Effect of vitamin levels and different stocking densities on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood characteristics of growing pigs.
abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels and stocking densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood characteristics in growing pigs. A 2×3 factorial (two vitamin levels, three regimens of stocking densities) arrangement was utilized with 96 pigs (23.10×0.95 kg initial body weight and 63 d of age) for 36 d. The pigs were allocated to pens with different stocking density (0.64, 0.48, and 0.38 m(2)/pig, respectively). The diets used in this study were a normal diet (based on NRC) and a high level of vitamin diet (2-fold higher than normal diet). The ADG and ADFI of pigs were decreased as the stocking density increased (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively). The G/F of pigs was 5% lower in the high vitamin treatment (p = 0.03) as compared with the control treatment. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and N digestibility was negatively affected by the high level of vitamin in diets (p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, a significant and negative effect on the ATTD of N was detected in the large groups (linear, p = 0.02). Blood cortisol concentration was increased with increasing stocking density (linear, p = 0.05), and was decreased by high level of vitamin (p = 0.04) at the end of this experiment. Stocking density also caused a linear reduction in WBC concentration (p = 0.05). Our data indicated that the principal effect of stocking density was not reliant on dietary vitamin levels. In conclusion, results indicated that doubling the vitamin supplementation did not improve the growth performance of pigs in high density. However, the blood cortisol concentration was decreased but the ATTD of N digestibility was impaired by high level of vitamin diet.
authors: Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea.
authors: Z F
authors: ZF
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration of Korea, Korea.
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Park
authors: Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, Korea.
authors: I H
authors: IH
authors: Kim
keywords: Cortisol; Density; Growing pigs; Performance; Vitamin Level