title: CEUS and Fibroscan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine intra-hepatic blood flow and liver stiffness in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) using contrast-enhanced ultrasound and fibroscan.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study included 15 patients with NAFLD, 17 patients with NASH and 16 healthy controls. In each patient, real-time ultrasound was used to locate the portal vein (PV) and the right liver lobe, and 5 mL of SonoVue(®) was then injected intravenous in a peripheral vein of the left arm over a 4-s span. Digital recording was performed for 3 min thereafter. The recording was subsequently retrieved to identify an area of interest in the PV area and in the right liver parenchyma (LP) to assess the blood flow by processing the data using dedicated software (Qontrast(®), Bracco, Italy). The following parameters were evaluated: percentage of maximal contrast activity (Peak%), time to peak (TTP, s), regional blood volume (RBV, cm(3)), regional blood flow (RBF, cm(3)/s) and mean transit time (MTT, s). At 24-48 h post-injection, liver stiffness was evaluated using Fibroscan and measured in kPa. The statistical evaluation was performed using Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the PV, the Peak%, RBV and RBF were significantly reduced in the NAFLD and NASH patients compared with the controls (Peak%: NAFLD 26.3 ± 6.6, NASH 28.1 ± 7.3 vs controls 55.8 ± 9.9, P < 0.001; RBV: NAFLD 4202.3 ± 3519.7, NASH 3929.8 ± 1941.3 vs controls 7473 ± 3281, P < 0.01; RBF: NAFLD 32.5 ± 10.8, NASH 32.7 ± 12.1 vs controls 73.1 ± 13.9, P < 0.001). The TTP in the PV was longer in both patient groups but reached statistical significance only in the NASH patients compared with the controls (NASH 79.5 ± 37.8 vs controls 43.2 ± 30, P < 0.01). In the LP, the Peak%, RBV and RBF were significantly reduced in the NAFLD and NASH patients compared with the controls (Peak%: NAFLD 43.2 ± 7.3, NASH 41.7 ± 7.7 vs controls 56.6 ± 6.3, P < 0.001; RBV: NAFLD 4851.5 ± 2009, NASH 5069.4 ± 2292.5 vs controls 6922.9 ± 2461.5, P < 0.05; RBF: NAFLD 55.7 ± 10.1, NASH 54.5 ± 12.1 vs controls 75.9 ± 10.5, P < 0.001). The TTP was longer in both patient groups but did not reach statistical significance. The MTT in both the PV and LP in the NAFLD and NASH patients was not different from that in the controls. Liver stiffness was significantly increased relative to the controls only in the NASH patients (NASH: 6.4 ± 2.2 vs controls 4.6 ± 1.5, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blood flow derangement within the liver present not only in NASH but also in NAFLD suggests that a vascular flow alteration precedes liver fibrosis development.
authors: Sila Cocciolillo, Leonardo Marzio, Digestive Physiopathology Unit, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Pescara Civic Hospital, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors: Sila
authors: S
authors: Cocciolillo
authors: Sila Cocciolillo, Leonardo Marzio, Digestive Physiopathology Unit, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Pescara Civic Hospital, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors: Giustino
authors: G
authors: Parruti
authors: Sila Cocciolillo, Leonardo Marzio, Digestive Physiopathology Unit, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Pescara Civic Hospital, 65124 Pescara, Italy.
authors: Leonardo
authors: L
authors: Marzio
keywords: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Fibroscan; Hepatic blood flow; Liver stiffness; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis