title: Degradation of Jatropha curcas phorbol esters derived from Jatropha oil cake and their tumor-promoting activity.
abstract: Large amount of oil cake is generated during biodiesel production from Jatropha seeds. Although Jatropha oil cake is rich in plant nutrients, presence of toxic phorbol esters restricts the usage of oil cake as a fertilizer. The objective of this study is to evaluate the components and tumor promoting activity of phorbol esters in Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil and plants grown in the treated soil. Contents and their biological activity of Jatropha phorbol esters in soil and plants were sequentially analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and in vitro cell transformation assay, respectively. Disappearance of Jatropha phorbol-ester-specific peaks were followed with HPLC during incubation of Jatropha oil cake with soil for five weeks. Along with the degradation of Jatropha phorbol ester in soil, tumor-promoting activity in the sample was also attenuated and ultimately disappeared. Jatropha phorbol esters and tumor promoting activity were not detected from mustard spinach grown in the Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil. In addition, the esterase KM109 degrades DHPB (see definition below; Jatropha phorbol ester) and reduced its tumor-promoting activity. From these data, we conclude: (1) components and tumor promoting activity of Jatropha phorbol esters in the oil cake disappeared completely by incubation with soil for five-week, (2) Jatropha phorbol esters did not transfer into plants grown in the Jatropha oil cake-supplemented soil, and (3) DHPB can be degraded by esterase from soil bacterium. These observations are useful for utilization of Jatropha oil cake as a fertilizer.
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
authors: Motoyuki
authors: M
authors: Nakao
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
authors: Go
authors: G
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku 108-8641, Japan.
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Yasuhara
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan. Electronic address: guni0you@gmail.com.
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Ishihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D005308:Fertilizers; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D005308:Fertilizers; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D012987:Soil
keywords: Biodegradation; Esterase; Jatropha curcas; Phorbol ester; Soil