title: Revisiting cardiopulmonary exercise testing applications in heart failure: aligning evidence with clinical practice.
abstract: American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology class recommendations and associated level of evidence for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) have been put forth. A new paradigm is proposed for CPX use and interpretation in heart failure (HF). Evidence for this new paradigm will be provided, showing that clinical utilization, class recommendations, and the associated level of evidence for CPX in the HF population can be expanded significantly.
authors: 1Department of Physical Therapy and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL; 2Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology, University of Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy; 3Department of Physical Therapy, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL; and 4Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA.
authors: Ross
authors: R
authors: Arena
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Guazzi
authors: Lawrence P
authors: LP
authors: Cahalin
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Myers
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005080:Exercise Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome