title: Effect of interleukin-4 on orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a recognized immunomodulatory cytokine that regulates bone homeostasis. However, the influence of IL-4 on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and subsequent root resorption is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-4 on tooth movement and its associated root resorption in a mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The maxillary first molars of four male mice for each experimental group were subjected to mesial force by a nickel titanium coil spring for 12 days. Control mice were not given appliances and injections. Varying doses of IL-4 were injected locally, adjacent to the first molar. Two sets of experiments were designed. The first set was composed of three groups: the control, treatment with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), or 1.5 µg/day of IL-4. The second set was composed of five groups: the control, treatment with 0 (PBS only), 0.015, 0.15, or 1.5 µg/day of IL-4. The distance of OTM was measured and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive cells along the loaded alveolar bone and root surface were identified. The root resorption associated with OTM was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of OTM and the number of osteoclasts were significantly decreased in the IL-4-treated mice. Moreover, IL-4 significantly suppressed force-induced odontoclasts and root resorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-4 inhibits tooth movement and prevents root resorption in the mouse model. These results suggest that IL-4 could be used as a useful adjunct to regulate the extent of OTM and also to control root resorption.
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Zaki
authors: Z
authors: Hakami
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Kitaura
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Keisuke
authors: K
authors: Kimura
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Ishida
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Haruki
authors: H
authors: Sugisawa
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hiroto
authors: H
authors: Ida
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Saeed
authors: S
authors: Jafari
authors: Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan t-yamamo@m.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors: Teruko
authors: T
authors: Takano-Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008963:Molar / Q000187:drug effects; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000187:drug effects; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D015847:Interleukin-4; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase