title: Substrate specificities and conformational flexibility of 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylases.
abstract: KshA is the oxygenase component of 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, a Rieske oxygenase involved in the bacterial degradation of steroids. Consistent with its role in bile acid catabolism, KshA1 from Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269 had the highest apparent specificity (kcat/Km) for steroids with an isopropyl side chain at C17, such as 3-oxo-23,24-bisnorcholesta-1,4-diene-22-oate (1,4-BNC). By contrast, the KshA5 homolog had the highest apparent specificity for substrates with no C17 side chain (kcat/Km >10(5) s(-1) M(-1) for 4-estrendione, 5α-androstandione, and testosterone). Unexpectedly, substrates such as 4-androstene-3,17-dione (ADD) and 4-BNC displayed strong substrate inhibition (Ki S ∼100 μM). By comparison, the cholesterol-degrading KshAMtb from Mycobacterium tuberculosis had the highest specificity for CoA-thioesterified substrates. These specificities are consistent with differences in the catabolism of cholesterol and bile acids, respectively, in actinobacteria. X-ray crystallographic structures of the KshAMtb·ADD, KshA1·1,4-BNC-CoA, KshA5·ADD, and KshA5·1,4-BNC-CoA complexes revealed that the enzymes have very similar steroid-binding pockets with the substrate's C17 oriented toward the active site opening. Comparisons suggest Tyr-245 and Phe-297 are determinants of KshA1 specificity. All enzymes have a flexible 16-residue "mouth loop," which in some structures completely occluded the substrate-binding pocket from the bulk solvent. Remarkably, the catalytic iron and α-helices harboring its ligands were displaced up to 4.4 Å in the KshA5·substrate complexes as compared with substrate-free KshA, suggesting that Rieske oxygenases may have a dynamic nature similar to cytochrome P450.
authors: From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.
authors: Jonathan S
authors: JS
authors: Penfield
authors: From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.
authors: Liam J
authors: LJ
authors: Worrall
authors: From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.
authors: Natalie C
authors: NC
authors: Strynadka
authors: From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada leltis@mail.ubc.ca.
authors: Lindsay D
authors: LD
authors: Eltis
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D008024:Ligands; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000201:enzymology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012240:Rhodococcus / Q000201:enzymology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008024:Ligands; D002784:Cholesterol; C540657:3-ketosteroid 9alpha-hydroxylase, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases
keywords: Actinobacteria; Bacterial Metabolism; Bile Acid; Cholesterol; Metalloenzyme; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Oxygenase