title: Unexpected phenotypes of malformations induced in Xenopus tropicalis embryos by combined exposure to triphenyltin and 9-cis-retinoic acid.
abstract: Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 μg Sn/L triphenyltin (TPT), which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25-5 μg/L 9-cis retinoic acid (9c-RA), which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 μg Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. Electronic address: jmzhu1991@163.com.
authors: Jingmin
authors: J
authors: Zhu
authors: Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Yu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors: Lijiao
authors: L
authors: Wu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors: Lingling
authors: L
authors: Hu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. Electronic address: hhshi@des.ecnu.edu.cn.
authors: Huahong
authors: H
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D000818:Animals; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010641:Phenotype; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000819:agonists*; D064793:Teratogenesis; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000633:toxicity*; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D000077556:Alitretinoin; D014212:Tretinoin; C030665:triphenyltin
keywords: Xenopus tropicalis; embryos; notochord; retinoic acid; teratogenicity; triphenyltin