title: Activation of TLR9-dependent p38MAPK pathway in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome in NOD/Ltj mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of Toll-like receptor 9-dependent p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) in NOD/Ltj mouse, aiming to identify an ideal target therapy model for human pSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  NOD/Ltj mice were chosen as a model of pSS. The Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38 MAPK double-positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 4-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 15-week-old NOD/Ltj mouse were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expressions of Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38 MAPK in the submandibular gland (SMG) were also examined by immunohistochemistry. The change of stimulated salivary flow rate was dynamically measured, and the histopathology of SMG was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin stain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stimulated salivary flow rate in NOD/Ltj was reduced to 50-60% of the flow rate of control mice since the fifth week onwards. The Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38 MAPK double-positive PBMCs in both groups increased gradually from 5 weeks, peaked at 8 weeks and then gradually decreased at 10 weeks, yet the percentage of Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38MAPK double-positive PBMCs in 5-, 8-, and 10-week-old NOD/Ltj mouse was significantly increased compared with those in control subjects. After the 10th week onwards, there were no significant differences in the Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38 MAPK double-positive PBMCs between NOD/Ltj mice and controls. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Toll-like receptor 9 was positive in the acinar epithelium cells and infiltrating lymphocytes in NOD/Ltj mice. p-p38 MAPK was detected in infiltrating lymphocytes and few ductal or acinar epithelium cells adjacent to infiltrating lymphocytes in NOD/Ltj mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the fifth week till the tenth week, Toll-like receptor 9 and p-p38 MAPK double-positive PBMCs were significantly increased in NOD/Ltj mice, accompanied with reduced stimulated salivary flow rate and Toll-like receptor 9 or p-p38 MAPK positive infiltrating lymphocytes observed in the SMG of NOD/Ltj mouse. Our results indicated that activation of Toll-like receptor 9-depended p38 MAPK signal pathway in PBMCs was an early event in pSS which made NOD/Ltj as an ideal therapy model to test the treatment effects of p38 MAPK or Toll-like receptor 9 inhibitors on pSS.
authors: Department of Oral Surgery, Affiliated Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, China.
authors: Huan
authors: H
authors: Shi
authors: Chuang-Qi
authors: CQ
authors: Yu
authors: Li-Song
authors: LS
authors: Xie
authors: Zhi-Jun
authors: ZJ
authors: Wang
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: Ling-Yan
authors: LY
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004848:Epithelium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D018987:Salivary Ducts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C495370:Tlr9 protein, mouse; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: NOD/Ltj; Sjögren's syndrome; TLR9; flow cytometry; p38 MAPK