title: Store and prescription characteristics associated with primary medication nonadherence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary medication nonadherence (PMN) is any instance whereby patients fail to initiate a pharmacotherapy regimen after receiving a prescription for new therapy. The Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) has proposed a standardized definition for PMN and a quality measure to assess the rates of PMN in community pharmacies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) measure PMN using the proposed PQA measure with data available from a pharmacy dispensing system and (b) identify the prescription-level (patient, prescriber, and medication) and store-level (store and neighborhood) characteristics associated with PMN.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was approved by a southern university institutional review board, and a data use agreement was in place. A large national pharmacy grocery chain provided de-identified, transactional data for 2010 through January 2012, for 100 pharmacies (de-identified unique patient and store codes were available). The proposed PQA-PMN measure was used, and PMN rates were calculated. Investigators examined adult individuals with a new electronic prescription for any of the included medications during the measurement period and determined whether the medication or an appropriate alternative was claimed within 30 days. Multilevel logistic regression with a random intercept was used to evaluate prescription-level and store-level predictors of PMN. Prescription-level variables included prescriber type, PQA-defined drug class, patient gender and age, whether the prescription was accompanied by another prescription on the same day, payment source, and out-of-pocket costs. A daily average prescription volume variable was calculated for each pharmacy as a store-level variable. Additional store-level variables were derived from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey, available from the U.S. Census Bureau (median household income, educational level, percentage of minorities, and percentage aged 65 years and over in the census tracts where the pharmacies are located).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the e-prescriptions during the 1-year measurement period, 29,238 were for new therapies as defined by the PMN measure, and 3,570 (12.2%) of those new prescriptions were not claimed within a 30-day period. There was significant variability among the pharmacies (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.140). In the adjusted multilevel model, the estimated odds of an unclaimed prescription were significantly different among drug classes comprising the PQA-PMN measure and were higher as out-of-pocket costs increased, when the prescription was accompanied by another prescription on the same day, and for primary care physicians relative to physician assistants and advanced practice nurses. The estimated odds were slightly higher for younger individuals, when originating at stores with lower prescription volumes and when originating at stores located in neighborhoods with higher household incomes. Although neither the gender of the patient nor the payment source were related to whether the prescription went unclaimed in the multivariable model, these variables, along with out-of-pocket costs and the accompaniment of the prescription with another prescription on the same day, were involved in cross-level interactions with household income and educational level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is one of the first to use pharmacy prescription data to calculate PMN using the PQA standardized measure and to identify prescription-level and store-level factors associated with PMN. PMN remains a significant challenge in this setting, and there is significant variation in the outcome among pharmacies in the same chain, even after accounting for several potential store-level predictors. There is considerable opportunity for quality improvement to reduce the number of unclaimed prescriptions. Efforts directed at further understanding this behavior and how to design tailored interventions to reduce its occurrence are warranted.
authors: University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Faser Hall, Room 225, University, MS 38677. dswest@olemiss.edu.
authors: Tristen H
authors: TH
authors: Jackson
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Bentley
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: McCaffrey
authors: Pat
authors: P
authors: Pace
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Holmes
authors: Donna
authors: D
authors: West-Strum
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000191:economics; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics