title: A dispersive liquid-liquid micellar microextraction for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewaters using ultra-high-performace liquid chromatography with DAD detection.
abstract: A dispersive liquid-liquid micellar microextraction (DLLMME) method coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) using Diode Array Detector (DAD) detector was developed for the analysis of five pharmaceutical compounds of different nature in wastewaters. A micellar solution of a surfactant, polidocanol, as extraction solvent (100 μL) and chloroform as dispersive solvent (200 μL) were used to extract and preconcentrate the target analytes. Samples were heated above critical temperature and the cloudy solution was centrifuged. After removing the chloroform, the reduced volume of surfactant was then injected in the UHPLC system. In order to obtain high extraction efficiency, the parameters affecting the liquid-phase microextraction, such as time and temperature extraction, ionic strength and surfactant and organic solvent volume, were optimized using an experimental design. Under the optimized conditions, this procedure allows enrichment factors of up to 47-fold. The detection limit of the method ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 µg/L for the different pharmaceuticals. Relative standard deviations were <26% for all compounds. The procedure was applied to samples from final effluent collected from wastewater treatment plants in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain), and two compounds were measured at 67 and 113 µg/L in one of them.
authors: Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de G.C., 35017, Las Palmas de G.C., Spain.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Montesdeoca-Esponda
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Mahugo-Santana
authors: Zoraida
authors: Z
authors: Sosa-Ferrera
authors: José Juan
authors: JJ
authors: Santana-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D002110:Caffeine / Q000032:analysis; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000032:analysis; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008823:Micelles; D009288:Naproxen / Q000032:analysis; D009950:Ornidazole / Q000032:analysis; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013030:Spain; D013696:Temperature; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D002220:Carbamazepine; D002725:Chloroform; D007660:Ketoprofen; D008823:Micelles; D009288:Naproxen; D009950:Ornidazole; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012997:Solvents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: UHPLC; cloud point extraction; micellar solutions; microextraction; pharmaceutical products; water samples