title: Topical immunomodulators in the management of allergic eye diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Allergic eye diseases comprise a spectrum of diseases, with each condition being characterized by a complex immunopathology. The more severe and chronic conditions, such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, involve predominantly mast cells and eosinophils, while also being associated with a preponderance of T cells. Treatment with topical antihistamines or mast cell stabilizers is often unsatisfactory, and therapy depends on topical corticosteroids. Corticosteroids have significant side-effects with long-term use; therefore, they appear to be more appropriate for short-term pulse therapy. Immunomodulatory agents can also be used to inhibit T-cell activation and show encouraging results among patients with severe allergic eye conditions. The present review is an attempt to present a coherent picture of the recent investigations of topical immunomodulatory agents' therapy in severe allergic eye diseases, especially cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, and their mechanisms of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunomodulatory agents are commonly indicated for the treatment of severe and prolonged allergic conjunctivitis. This article reviews the recent studies of these drugs and the development of immunomodulatory treatments for severe allergic eye diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are currently available for the treatment of severe allergic conjunctivitis. These agents have led to improved therapeutic results for patients with severe and chronic allergic eye diseases.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors: Nir
authors: N
authors: Erdinest
authors: Abraham
authors: A
authors: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003233:Conjunctivitis, Allergic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus