title: Menopausal hormone therapy and lung cancer-specific mortality following diagnosis: the California Teachers Study.
abstract: Previous results from research on menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and lung cancer survival have been mixed and most have not studied women who used estrogen therapy (ET) exclusively. We examined the associations between MHT use reported at baseline and lung cancer-specific mortality in the prospective California Teachers Study cohort. Among 727 postmenopausal women diagnosed with lung cancer from 1995 through 2007, 441 women died before January 1, 2008. Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for lung-cancer-specific mortality were obtained by fitting multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models using age in days as the timescale. Among women who used ET exclusively, decreases in lung cancer mortality were observed (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.93). No association was observed for estrogen plus progestin therapy use. Among former users, shorter duration (<5 years) of exclusive ET use was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer mortality (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89), whereas among recent users, longer duration (>15 years) was associated with a decreased risk (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95). Smoking status modified the associations with deceases in lung cancer mortality observed only among current smokers. Exclusive ET use was associated with decreased lung cancer mortality.
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Clague
authors: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California, United States of America.
authors: Peggy
authors: P
authors: Reynolds
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: Katherine D
authors: KD
authors: Henderson
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Sullivan-Halley
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: Huiyan
authors: H
authors: Ma
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: James V
authors: JV
authors: Lacey
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Shine
authors: S
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors: George L
authors: GL
authors: Delclos
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Xianglin L
authors: XL
authors: Du
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Austin, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Michele R
authors: MR
authors: Forman
authors: Division of Cancer Etiology, Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America.
authors: Leslie
authors: L
authors: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017698:Postmenopause; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins