title: Effect of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, on the odontogenic activity of human dental pulp cells cultured with silicate-based materials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examines how calcium silicate cement extracts influence the behavior of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) through calcium channels and active mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, in particular extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK).
  
  
  METHODS
  HDPCs are treated with various silicon concentrations both with and without verapamil, after which the cells' viability and odontogenic differentiation markers are determined by using PrestoBlue assay and Western blot, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The silicon promoted cell proliferation and inhibited calcium channel blockers. It was also found that silicon increased ERK and p38 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it raised the expression and secretion of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and dentin matrix protein-1. In addition, statistically significant differences (P < .05) have been found in the secretion of osteocalcin in ERK inhibitor + verapamil between the silicon concentrations; these varations are dose-dependent and indicate that ERK signaling is involved in the silicon-induced odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study shows that silicon ions released from calcium silicate substrates play a key role in odontoblastic differentiation of hDPCs through calcium channels and modulate ERK activation.
authors: School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors: Buor-Chang
authors: BC
authors: Wu
authors: School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Tze
authors: CT
authors: Kao
authors: School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors: Tsui-Hsien
authors: TH
authors: Huang
authors: School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Jr
authors: CJ
authors: Hung
authors: Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan. Electronic address: eviltacasi@gmail.com.
authors: Ming-You
authors: MY
authors: Shie
authors: Department of Dentistry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors: Hsien-Yang
authors: HY
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000494:pharmacology; D017640:Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012825:Silicon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D014700:Verapamil / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D005419:Flavonoids; D015675:Osteocalcin; D010087:Oxides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D012823:Silicate Cement; D017640:Silicates; D012825:Silicon; D014700:Verapamil; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein; C513309:DMP1 protein, human; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C031293:calcium silicate; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
keywords: Calcium channel blocker; MAPK; calcium silicate cement; human dental pulp cells; odontogenic differentiation; verapamil