title: Characterizing the genetic differences between two distinct migrant groups from Indo-European and Dravidian speaking populations in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India is home to many ethnically and linguistically diverse populations. It is hypothesized that history of invasions by people from Persia and Central Asia, who are referred as Aryans in Hindu Holy Scriptures, had a defining role in shaping the Indian population canvas. A shift in spoken languages from Dravidian languages to Indo-European languages around 1500 B.C. is central to the Aryan Invasion Theory. Here we investigate the genetic differences between two sub-populations of India consisting of: (1) The Indo-European language speaking Gujarati Indians with genome-wide data from the International HapMap Project; and (2) the Dravidian language speaking Tamil Indians with genome-wide data from the Singapore Genome Variation Project.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We implemented three population genetics measures to identify genomic regions that are significantly differentiated between the two Indian populations originating from the north and south of India. These measures singled out genomic regions with: (i) SNPs exhibiting significant variation in allele frequencies in the two Indian populations; and (ii) differential signals of positive natural selection as quantified by the integrated haplotype score (iHS) and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH). One of the regions that emerged spans the SLC24A5 gene that has been functionally shown to affect skin pigmentation, with a higher degree of genetic sharing between Gujarati Indians and Europeans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our finding points to a gene-flow from Europe to north India that provides an explanation for the lighter skin tones present in North Indians in comparison to South Indians.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Ali
authors: Xuanyao
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Esakimuthu Nisha
authors: EN
authors: Pillai
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Chen
authors: Chiea-Chuen
authors: CC
authors: Khor
authors: Rick Twee-Hee
authors: RT
authors: Ong
authors: Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. statyy@nus.edu.sg.
authors: Yik-Ying
authors: YY
authors: Teo
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D006239:Haplotypes; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics