title: Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether long-term dexmedetomidine dosing is associated with lower opioid and benzodiazepine use without risk of significant hemodynamic changes and/or withdrawal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  PICU, cardiovascular ICU, and neonatal ICU in a single, tertiary care, academic children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all patients less than or equal to 21 years old, who received dexmedetomidine for greater than or equal to 72 hours from December 2008 to December 2010 resulting in a 98-subject cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median duration of dexmedetomidine use was 141 hours. A decrease in systolic blood pressure and heart rate was seen after initiation of dexmedetomidine. After dexmedetomidine was discontinued, systolic blood pressure was statistically significantly higher than baseline. Similarly, heart rate showed a significant increase from baseline following discontinuation of dexmedetomidine. Starting dexmedetomidine was not associated with a significant difference in the dosing of opiates or benzodiazepines. Comfort scores were significantly lower at 2 and 72 hours of dexmedetomidine infusion. After stopping dexmedetomidine, the comfort score for patients at 1 hour was statistically higher than for patients at cessation of the infusion. Thirty percent of patients who were taken off dexmedetomidine, whether weaned or abruptly stopped, had withdrawal symptoms and scores recorded with agitation, tremor, and decreased sleep being most prominent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine did not limit long-term use in this diverse population. After the addition of dexmedetomidine, opioid and benzodiazepine doses did not significantly escalate, and patients were more comfortable as evidenced by decreasing comfort scores. Withdrawal from dexmedetomidine may be an issue and manifests as agitation, tremors, and decreased sleep.
authors: Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.
authors: Lesta D
authors: LD
authors: Whalen
authors: Jane L
authors: JL
authors: Di Gennaro
authors: Gretchen A
authors: GA
authors: Irby
authors: Ofer
authors: O
authors: Yanay
authors: Jerry J
authors: JJ
authors: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D020927:Dexmedetomidine