title: Macrosomia has its roots in early placental development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to determine if early placental size, as measured by 3-dimensional ultrasonography, is associated with an increased risk of delivering a macrosomic or large-for-gestational age (LGA) infant.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected 3-dimensional ultrasound volume sets of singleton pregnancies at 11-14 weeks and 18-24 weeks. Birth weights were collected from the medical records. After delivery, the ultrasound volume set were used to measure the placental volume (PV) and placental quotient (PQ = PV/gestational age), as well as the mean placental and chorionic diameters (MPD and MCD, respectively). Placental measures were analyzed as predictors of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4000 g) and LGA (birth weight ≥90th percentile).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 578 pregnancies with first trimester volumes included 44 (7.6%) macrosomic and 43 (7.4%) LGA infants. 373 subjects also had second trimester volumes available. A higher PV and PQ were both significantly associated with macrosomia and LGA in both the first and second trimesters. Second trimester MPD was significantly associated with both outcomes as well, while second trimester MCD was only associated with LGA. The above associations remained significant after adjusting for maternal demographic variables such as race, ethnicity, age and diabetes. Adjusted models yielded moderate prediction of macrosomia and LGA (AUC: 0.71-0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonographic measurement of the early placenta can identify pregnancies at greater risk of macrosomia and LGA. Macrosomia and LGA are already determined in part by early placental growth and development.
authors: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Electronic address: schwartn@obgyn.upenn.edu.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Schwartz
authors: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Quant
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors: M D
authors: MD
authors: Sammel
authors: Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Parry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010929:Placentation; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Fetal growth; Large for gestational age; Macrosomia; Placenta; Ultrasound