title: Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury.
abstract: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) can disrupt communications between the brain and the body, resulting in loss of control over otherwise intact neuromuscular systems. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the central and peripheral nervous system can use these intact neuromuscular systems to provide therapeutic exercise options to allow functional restoration and to manage medical complications following SCI. The use of FES for the restoration of muscular and organ functions may significantly decrease the morbidity and mortality following SCI. Many FES devices are commercially available and should be considered as part of the lifelong rehabilitation care plan for all eligible persons with SCI.
authors: Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Room 1195, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada. Electronic address: chester.ho@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors: Chester H
authors: CH
authors: Ho
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, 151 AW/APT, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
authors: Ronald J
authors: RJ
authors: Triolo
authors: Chemical and Materials Engineering, W7-002 ECERF, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada.
authors: Anastasia L
authors: AL
authors: Elias
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland FES Center, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 230, Cleveland, OH 44106-3056, USA.
authors: Kevin L
authors: KL
authors: Kilgore
authors: MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Cleveland FES Center, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 230, Cleveland, OH 44106-3056, USA.
authors: Anthony F
authors: AF
authors: DiMarco
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, 151 AW/APT, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors: Kath
authors: K
authors: Bogie
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 4-9 Mechanical Engineering Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G8, Canada; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, 10230 - 111 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T5G 0B7, Canada.
authors: Albert H
authors: AH
authors: Vette
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, 151 AW/APT, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors: Musa L
authors: ML
authors: Audu
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, 151 AW/APT, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors: Rudi
authors: R
authors: Kobetic
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, 151 AW/APT, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
authors: Sarah R
authors: SR
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Group Centre, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors: K Ming
authors: KM
authors: Chan
authors: Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Room 1195, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Dukelow
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland FES Center, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 230, Cleveland, OH 44106-3056, USA.
authors: Dennis J
authors: DJ
authors: Bourbeau
authors: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland FES Center, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 230, Cleveland, OH 44106-3056, USA; Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Grosvenor Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors: Steven W
authors: SW
authors: Brose
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Cleveland FES Center, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 230, Cleveland, OH 44106-3056, USA.
authors: Kenneth J
authors: KJ
authors: Gustafson
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Room 1195, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.
authors: Zelma H T
authors: ZH
authors: Kiss
authors: Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, 5005 Katz Group Centre, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors: Vivian K
authors: VK
authors: Mushahwar
mesh_terms: D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D060726:Torso / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Electric stimulation; Electrodes; Muscle spasticity; Neurogenic urinary bladder; Paralysis; Pressure ulcer; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries