title: Predicting protein phosphorylation from gene expression: top methods from the IMPROVER Species Translation Challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using gene expression to infer changes in protein phosphorylation levels induced in cells by various stimuli is an outstanding problem. The intra-species protein phosphorylation challenge organized by the IMPROVER consortium provided the framework to identify the best approaches to address this issue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rat lung epithelial cells were treated with 52 stimuli, and gene expression and phosphorylation levels were measured. Competing teams used gene expression data from 26 stimuli to develop protein phosphorylation prediction models and were ranked based on prediction performance for the remaining 26 stimuli. Three teams were tied in first place in this challenge achieving a balanced accuracy of about 70%, indicating that gene expression is only moderately predictive of protein phosphorylation. In spite of the similar performance, the approaches used by these three teams, described in detail in this article, were different, with the average number of predictor genes per phosphoprotein used by the teams ranging from 3 to 124. However, a significant overlap of gene signatures between teams was observed for the majority of the proteins considered, while Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were enriched in the union of the predictor genes of the three teams for multiple proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression and protein phosphorylation data are available from ArrayExpress (E-MTAB-2091). Software implementation of the approach of Teams 49 and 75 are available at http://bioinformaticsprb.med.wayne.edu and http://people.cs.clemson.edu/∼luofeng/sbv.rar, respectively.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  gyanbhanot@gmail.com or luofeng@clemson.edu or atarca@med.wayne.edu
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Adel
authors: A
authors: Dayarian
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Romero
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Zhiming
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Biehl
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Erhan
authors: E
authors: Bilal
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Sahand
authors: S
authors: Hormoz
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Meyer
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Norel
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Kahn
authors: K
authors: Rhrissorrakrai
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Gyan
authors: G
authors: Bhanot
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Luo
authors: Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA, College of Plant Protection and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China, School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA, Johann Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Groningen, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10003, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and BioMaPS Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 and Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors: Adi L
authors: AL
authors: Tarca
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D012984:Software; D013045:Species Specificity; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins