title: Prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural India: the ICMR-INDIAB study.
abstract: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and its risk factors in urban and rural India. In Phase I of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study, individuals aged ⩾20 years were surveyed using a stratified multistage sampling design, in three states (Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Jharkhand) and one union territory (Chandigarh) of India. Blood pressure was measured in all study subjects (n=14 059). HTN was defined as systolic blood pressure ⩾140 mm Hg, and/or DBP ⩾90 mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensive drugs. Overall age-standardized prevalence of HTN was 26.3% (self-reported: 5.5%; newly detected: 20.8%). Urban residents of Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Chandigarh and Maharashtra (31.5, 28.9, 30.7 and 28.1%) had significantly higher prevalence of HTN compared with rural residents (26.2, 21.7, 19.8 and 24.0%, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that age, male gender, urban residence, generalized obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with HTN. Salt intake ⩾6.5 g per day, showed significantly higher risk for HTN (odds ratio: 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.9, P=0.042) even after adjusting for confounding variables. In conclusion, prevalence of undiagnosed HTN is high in India and this calls for regular screening.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bhansali
authors: Diabetes Care Center, Department of Diabetology, Ranchi, India.
authors: V K
authors: VK
authors: Dhandania
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Deepa
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: R M
authors: RM
authors: Anjana
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Lilavati Hospital, Mumbai, India.
authors: S R
authors: SR
authors: Joshi
authors: Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India.
authors: P P
authors: PP
authors: Joshi
authors: Department of Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.
authors: S V
authors: SV
authors: Madhu
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
authors: P V
authors: PV
authors: Rao
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Subashini
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Sudha
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Unnikrishnan
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Das
authors: Department of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors: D K
authors: DK
authors: Shukla
authors: Department of Non Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kaur
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Mohan
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Pradeepa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data