title: Hypertension and medical expenditure in the Japanese population: Review of prospective studies.
abstract: Hypertension is a major determinant of health and is likely to have an effect on medical economics. The economic burden due to hypertension may be attributable not only to antihypertensive medication but also to the very expensive procedures required for cases of cardiovascular disease that occur more frequently in hypertensive compared with normotensive individuals. The objective of this article was to review articles published on prospective cohort studies that measured medical expenditure attributable to hypertension in community-dwelling populations in Japan. Many medical services in these populations are provided under the medical insurance system that requires the enrolment of all Japanese residents. Personal medical expenditure attributable to hypertension increases with worsening severity of the condition. Medical expenditure was increased further in cases of hypertensive patients who have another concomitant cardiovascular risk factor. In particular, hypertension, especially moderate-to-severe untreated hypertension, increases the risk of long-term hospitalization resulting in considerably higher medical expenditure, compared with non-hospitalized cases. Therefore, assuming that the use of antihypertensive medication is essential for hypertensive patients to prevent serious vascular diseases, a cost-effective high-risk strategy needs to be considered to reduce both ill-health and the economic burden due to hypertension. However, from a population perspective, medical expenditure attributable to hypertension comes mainly from pre-to-mild hypertension. Therefore, there is also a need to consider a population strategy that aims to shift the entire population to lower levels of blood pressure.
authors: Koshi Nakamura, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors: Koshi
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: Koshi Nakamura, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors: Tomonori
authors: T
authors: Okamura
authors: Koshi Nakamura, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors: Katsuyuki
authors: K
authors: Miura
authors: Koshi Nakamura, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Okayama
keywords: Cohort study; Hypertension; Japan; Medical expenditure