title: Origin of the European avian-like swine influenza viruses.
abstract: The avian-like swine influenza viruses emerged in 1979 in Belgium and Germany. Thereafter, they spread through many European swine-producing countries, replaced the circulating classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses, and became endemic. Serological and subsequent molecular data indicated an avian source, but details remained obscure due to a lack of relevant avian influenza virus sequence data. Here, the origin of the European avian-like swine influenza viruses was analysed using a collection of 16 European swine H1N1 influenza viruses sampled in 1979-1981 in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and France, as well as several contemporaneous avian influenza viruses of various serotypes. The phylogenetic trees suggested a triple reassortant with a unique genotype constellation. Time-resolved maximum clade credibility trees indicated times to the most recent common ancestors of 34-46 years (before 2008) depending on the RNA segment and the method of tree inference.
authors: Institut für Virologie und Antivirale Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Andi
authors: A
authors: Krumbholz
authors: Institut für Virologie und Antivirale Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Jeannette
authors: J
authors: Lange
authors: Institut für Virologie und Antivirale Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Sauerbrei
authors: Genomanalyse, Leibniz-Institut für Altersforschung - Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Groth
authors: Genomanalyse, Leibniz-Institut für Altersforschung - Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Platzer
authors: Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors: Pumaree
authors: P
authors: Kanrai
authors: Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Pleschka
authors: Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Scholtissek
authors: Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Veterinärstrasse 2, D-85762 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Büttner
authors: Virale Vakzinen, Geschäftsbereich Tiergesundheit, IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, D-06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Dürrwald
authors: Institut für Virologie und Antivirale Therapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Zell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000821:virology*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral