title: Tympanic, infrared skin, and temporal artery scan thermometers compared with rectal measurement in children: a real-life assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body temperature measurement in children is of clinical relevance. Although rectal measurement is the gold standard, less invasive tools have become available. We aimed to describe the accuracy of tympanic, infrared skin, or temporal artery scan thermometers compared with rectal measurement to reflect core temperature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rectal (Filac 3000; Covidien, Mechelen, Belgium), tympanic (AccuSystem Genius2 Typmanic Infrared Ear Thermometer, Covidien, Mechelen, Belgium), temporal artery scan (Exergen, Exergen Corp, Watertown, Massachusetts), and infrared (ThermoFlash Contactless Medical Electronic Thermometer, Visiomedlab, Paris, France) body temperature measurements were randomly performed and readings were collected once. Temperature readings were described as median and range, and observations were compared with rectal temperature readings (using Wilcoxon, Bland-Altman, sensitivity, and specificity tests). The child's comfort was assessed by the child, parent, and nurse (using Likert scales) and ease of use was assessed by nurses (using visual analog scale).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on observations in 294 (median age = 3.2 years, range = 0.02-17 years) children, the mean difference was 0.49°C (tympanic scan; P < 0.0001), 0.34°C (infrared skin scan; P < 0.0001), and 0°C (temporal artery scan; P = 0.9288), respectively, when compared with rectal temperature readings. Based on visual inspection of Bland-Altman plots, all tools overestimated the temperature at lower body temperature and underestimated the temperature at higher body temperature, resulting in a sensitivity of 22% to 41% and a specificity of 98% to 100% for rectal temperatures above 38°C. The Likert scale scores and the visual analog scale scores for rectal measurement were only slightly higher when compared with the other methods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All noninvasive techniques underperformed compared with rectal measurement. The temporal artery scan deviations were smallest, but all noninvasive techniques overestimate lower temperatures and underestimate higher temperatures compared with rectal measurement. In our hands, temporal artery scan measurement seems to be second best, but not yet ideal.
authors: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Karel
authors: K
authors: Allegaert
authors: Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Casteels
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Ilse
authors: I
authors: van Gorp
authors: Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Urology, University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Bogaert
keywords: Bland-Altman; body temperature; infrared skin scan; rectal; temporal artery scan; tympanic scan