title: Effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on the migratory ability of HepG2 liver carcinoma cells: recruiting histone deacetylase and inhibiting activator protein 1 transcription factors.
abstract: In previous experiments, ginsenoside Rh2 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, which indicates a potential role for ginsenoside Rh2 in anticancer treatment. The effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on cancer is marked and ginsenoside Rh2 has been shown to inhibit pancreatic tumor migratory ability. In the present study, Transwell chambers were used in order to investigate whether ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the migratory ability of HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. Furthermore, to analyze activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor expression following Rh2 treatment, ten plasmids encoding Renilla luciferase coupled to the transcription factors were transiently transfected into the HepG2 cells and luciferase was detected by the Luciferase Reporter Assay system reagent. The results indicated that ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited HepG2 cell migratory ability. The expression levels of AP-1 transcription factors were increased in HepG2 cells following induction by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but ginsenoside Rh2 suppressed this induced AP‑1 expression. AP-1 transcription factors recruit histone deacetylase (HDAC)4 and affect its transcription, thus, the expression levels of HDAC4 were also analyzed, and these were found to be increased in the Rh2 treatment group. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), a gene downstream of AP-1, was then investigated, and the treatment group expressed reduced levels of MMP3 gene and protein. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on the migratory ability of HepG2 may be presumed to occur by the recruitment of HDAC and the resulting inhibition of AP‑1 transcription factors, in order to reduce the expression levels of MMP3 gene and protein.
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Qingqiang
authors: Q
authors: Shi
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Ziqiang
authors: Z
authors: Feng
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Lvcui
authors: L
authors: Zhao
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Lian
authors: L
authors: Luo
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Zhimei
authors: Z
authors: You
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Danyang
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Xia
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Guowei
authors: G
authors: Zuo
authors: Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, P.R. China.
authors: Dilong
authors: D
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000633:toxicity*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C020922:4-O-methyl-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate; C055305:ginsenoside Rh2; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C400300:HDAC4 protein, human; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate