title: Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species by phenotypic D-test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ziauddin University Hospital, Karachi, from July to December 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species were collected and identified by conventional microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and inducible clindamycin resistance was carried out by performing D-test using CLSI criteria. Methicillin resistance was detected by using Cefoxitin disk as a surrogate marker. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version-17.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 667 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species were obtained during the study period. In these isolates, 177 (26.5%) were Staphylococcus aureus, and 490 (73.5%) were coagulase negative Staphylococci. The total frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance among isolates of Staphylococcus species was 120/667 (18%). Frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance among coagulase negative Staphylococci group and Staphylococcus aureus group were 18.57% and 16.38% respectively. Median age of patients in D-test positive group was 19.5 (1 - 54) years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of inducible clindamycin resistance among Staphylococcus species may differ in different hospital setup. Clinical microbiology laboratories should implement testing simple and effective D-test on all Staphylococcus species. D-test positive isolates should be reported clindamycin resistant to decrease treatment failure.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi.
authors: Faisal Iqbal
authors: FI
authors: Afridi
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi.
authors: Mubarak
authors: M
authors: Zeb
authors: Department of Pathology, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi.
authors: Arif
authors: A
authors: Hussain
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi.
authors: Badar Jahan
authors: BJ
authors: Farooqi
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi.
authors: Ghulam
authors: G
authors: Murtuza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010641:Phenotype; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002981:Clindamycin