title: cAMP, cGMP, cCMP and cUMP concentrations across the tree of life: High cCMP and cUMP levels in astrocytes.
abstract: Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) are well-established second messengers, whereas the physiological role of the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cCMP) and uridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cUMP) is poorly understood. Certain mammalian nucleotidyl cyclases (NCs) and bacterial NC toxins can generate cCMP and cUMP. Human HEK293 cells and rat B103 neuroblastoma cells are of neuronal origin and possess high basal concentrations of cCMP and cUMP that can be attributed to soluble adenylyl cyclase activity. These data prompted us to conduct a systematic analysis of basal nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cNMP) concentrations across the tree of life. cCMP and cUMP were identified in many mammalian cell lines and primary cells. cNMP patterns varied broadly among cells, and in several systems, cCMP and cUMP concentrations were quite high. Prokaryotes, fungi, amoeba and invertebrates lacked cCMP and cUMP, whereas cAMP was found across the tree of life. High cCMP and cUMP concentrations were found in astrocytes. The distinct cNMP patterns support specific second messenger roles of cCMP and cUMP, specifically in astrocytes.
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: hartwig.christina@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Hartwig
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: baehre.heike@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Heike
authors: H
authors: Bähre
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: wolter.sabine@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Wolter
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: beckert-ulrike81@email.de.
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Beckert
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: kaever.volkhard@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Volkhard
authors: V
authors: Kaever
authors: Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: seifert.roland@mh-hannover.de.
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Seifert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D003563:Cyclic CMP / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005658:Fungi / Q000378:metabolism; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D011387:Prokaryotic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013045:Species Specificity; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D003563:Cyclic CMP; C045338:cyclic 3',5'-uridine monophosphate; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D014542:Uridine Monophosphate; D006152:Cyclic GMP
keywords: Astrocytes; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic CMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic UMP