title: Predicting phenotypes of asthma and eczema with machine learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing recognition that asthma and eczema are heterogeneous diseases. We investigated the predictive ability of a spectrum of machine learning methods to disambiguate clinical sub-groups of asthma, wheeze and eczema, using a large heterogeneous set of attributes in an unselected population. The aim was to identify to what extent such heterogeneous information can be combined to reveal specific clinical manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised a cross-sectional sample of adults, and included representatives of the general population enriched by subjects with asthma. Linear and non-linear machine learning methods, from logistic regression to random forests, were fit on a large attribute set including demographic, clinical and laboratory features, genetic profiles and environmental exposures. Outcome of interest were asthma, wheeze and eczema encoded by different operational definitions. Model validation was performed via bootstrapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 554 adults, 42% male, 38% previous or current smokers. Proportion of asthma, wheeze, and eczema diagnoses was 16.7%, 12.3%, and 21.7%, respectively. Models were fit on 223 non-genetic variables plus 215 single nucleotide polymorphisms. In general, non-linear models achieved higher sensitivity and specificity than other methods, especially for asthma and wheeze, less for eczema, with areas under receiver operating characteristic curve of 84%, 76% and 64%, respectively. Our findings confirm that allergen sensitisation and lung function characterise asthma better in combination than separately. The predictive ability of genetic markers alone is limited. For eczema, new predictors such as bio-impedance were discovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More usefully-complex modelling is the key to a better understanding of disease mechanisms and personalised healthcare: further advances are likely with the incorporation of more factors/attributes and longitudinal measures.
authors: Mattia Cf
authors: MC
authors: Prosperi
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Marinho
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Simpson
authors: Adnan
authors: A
authors: Custovic
authors: Iain E
authors: IE
authors: Buchan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D004485:Eczema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010641:Phenotype; D057285:Precision Medicine