title: Femtosecond X-ray diffraction from two-dimensional protein crystals.
abstract: X-ray diffraction patterns from two-dimensional (2-D) protein crystals obtained using femtosecond X-ray pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) are presented. To date, it has not been possible to acquire transmission X-ray diffraction patterns from individual 2-D protein crystals due to radiation damage. However, the intense and ultrafast pulses generated by an XFEL permit a new method of collecting diffraction data before the sample is destroyed. Utilizing a diffract-before-destroy approach at the Linac Coherent Light Source, Bragg diffraction was acquired to better than 8.5 Å resolution for two different 2-D protein crystal samples each less than 10 nm thick and maintained at room temperature. These proof-of-principle results show promise for structural analysis of both soluble and membrane proteins arranged as 2-D crystals without requiring cryogenic conditions or the formation of three-dimensional crystals.
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Frank
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: David B
authors: DB
authors: Carlson
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Hunter
authors: Linac Coherent Light Source , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors: Garth J
authors: GJ
authors: Williams
authors: Linac Coherent Light Source , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Messerschmidt
authors: Arizona State University , 300 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors: Nadia A
authors: NA
authors: Zatsepin
authors: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Barty
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: W Henry
authors: WH
authors: Benner
authors: Center for Biophotonics , 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Kaiqin
authors: K
authors: Chu
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Alexander T
authors: AT
authors: Graf
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Stefan P
authors: SP
authors: Hau-Riege
authors: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Kirian
authors: Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors: Celestino
authors: C
authors: Padeste
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Tommaso
authors: T
authors: Pardini
authors: Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors: Bill
authors: B
authors: Pedrini
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Brent
authors: B
authors: Segelke
authors: Linac Coherent Light Source , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors: M Marvin
authors: MM
authors: Seibert
authors: Arizona State University , 300 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors: John C H
authors: JC
authors: Spence
authors: Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors: Ching-Ju
authors: CJ
authors: Tsai
authors: Center for Biophotonics , 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors: Stephen M
authors: SM
authors: Lane
authors: Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors: Xiao-Dan
authors: XD
authors: Li
authors: Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors: Gebhard
authors: G
authors: Schertler
authors: Linac Coherent Light Source , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors: Sebastien
authors: S
authors: Boutet
authors: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Coleman
authors: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, USA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Evans
keywords: femtosecond crystallography; membrane protein; single layer X-ray diffraction; two-dimensional protein crystal