title: Effect of parathyroid hormone on early chondrogenic differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of articular cartilage injuries remains a difficult challenge due to the limited capacity for intrinsic repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into chondrocytes under certain culture conditions. This study focused on the modulatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on chondrogenic differentiation from MSCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSCs were treated with various concentrations of PTH under chondrogenic pellet culture condition. RNA was isolated for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene expressions of collagen type II α1 chain (Col2a1), collagen type X α1 chain, collagen type I α1 chain, SRY-box9 (Sox9), and type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) were examined. Chondrogenic differentiation was also evaluated by histological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTH had opposite effects on chondrogenesis, depending on the concentration. A low to moderate concentration of PTH promoted chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs with increased expression of Sox9, Col2a1, and PTH1R, whereas chondrogenesis of MSCs was inhibited rather than stimulated with a higher concentration of PTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides insights into the modulatory effect of PTH on chondrogenic differentiation from MSCs and the therapeutic potential for cartilage regeneration. Based on clinical experience regarding the efficacy and safety of PTH for bone metabolism, PTH may also be useful clinically for cartilage repair.
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Kumagai
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Saito
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000502:physiology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1 / Q000502:physiology; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; C473449:PTH1R protein, human; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human