title: Local-scale diversity and between-year "frozen evolution" of avian influenza A viruses in nature.
abstract: Influenza A virus (IAV) in wild bird reservoir hosts is characterized by the perpetuation in a plethora of subtype and genotype constellations. Multiyear monitoring studies carried out during the last two decades worldwide have provided a large body of knowledge regarding the ecology of IAV in wild birds. Nevertheless, other issues of avian IAV evolution have not been fully elucidated, such as the complexity and dynamics of genetic interactions between the co-circulating IAV genomes taking place at a local-scale level or the phenomenon of frozen evolution. We investigated the IAV diversity in a mallard population residing in a single pond in the Czech Republic. Despite the relative small number of samples collected, remarkable heterogeneity was revealed with four different IAV subtype combinations, H6N2, H6N9, H11N2, and H11N9, and six genomic constellations in co-circulation. Moreover, the H6, H11, and N2 segments belonged to two distinguishable sub-lineages. A reconstruction of the pattern of genetic reassortment revealed direct parent-progeny relationships between the H6N2, H11N9 and H6N9 viruses. Interestingly the IAV, with the H6N9 subtype, was re-detected a year later in a genetically unchanged form in the close proximity of the original sampling locality. The almost absolute nucleotide sequence identity of all the respective genomic segments between the two H6N9 viruses indicates frozen evolution as a result of prolonged conservation in the environment. The persistence of the H6N9 IAV in various abiotic and biotic environmental components was also discussed.
authors: State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic; National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Nagy
authors: State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Lenka
authors: L
authors: Cerníková
authors: National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Jiřincová
authors: National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Influenza, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Havlíčková
authors: State Veterinary Institute Prague, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Methods, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Jitka
authors: J
authors: Horníčková
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic