title: Is previous respiratory disease a risk factor for lung cancer?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous respiratory diseases have been associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Respiratory conditions often co-occur and few studies have investigated multiple conditions simultaneously.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Investigate lung cancer risk associated with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SYNERGY project pooled information on previous respiratory diseases from 12,739 case subjects and 14,945 control subjects from 7 case-control studies conducted in Europe and Canada. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between individual diseases adjusting for co-occurring conditions, and patterns of respiratory disease diagnoses and lung cancer. Analyses were stratified by sex, and adjusted for age, center, ever-employed in a high-risk occupation, education, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, and time since quitting smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic bronchitis and emphysema were positively associated with lung cancer, after accounting for other respiratory diseases and smoking (e.g., in men: odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.48 and OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.21-1.87, respectively). A positive relationship was observed between lung cancer and pneumonia diagnosed 2 years or less before lung cancer (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 2.33-4.70 for men), but not longer. Co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and/or pneumonia had a stronger positive association with lung cancer than chronic bronchitis "only." Asthma had an inverse association with lung cancer, the association being stronger with an asthma diagnosis 5 years or more before lung cancer compared with shorter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this large international case-control consortium indicate that after accounting for co-occurring respiratory diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema continue to have a positive association with lung cancer.
authors: 1 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Denholm
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Schüz
authors: Kurt
authors: K
authors: Straif
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Stücker
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Jöckel
authors: Darren R
authors: DR
authors: Brenner
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: De Matteis
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Boffetta
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Guida
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Brüske
authors: Heinz-Erich
authors: HE
authors: Wichmann
authors: Maria Teresa
authors: MT
authors: Landi
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Caporaso
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Siemiatycki
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Ahrens
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Pohlabeln
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Zaridze
authors: John K
authors: JK
authors: Field
authors: John
authors: J
authors: McLaughlin
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Demers
authors: Neonila
authors: N
authors: Szeszenia-Dabrowska
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Lissowska
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Rudnai
authors: Eleonora
authors: E
authors: Fabianova
authors: Rodica Stanescu
authors: RS
authors: Dumitru
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Bencko
authors: Lenka
authors: L
authors: Foretova
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Janout
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Kendzia
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Peters
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Behrens
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Vermeulen
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Brüning
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Kromhout
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: C Olsson
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: case–control study; data pooling; epidemiologic study; lung neoplasm; pulmonary disease