title: Updates in biological therapies for knee injuries: anterior cruciate ligament.
abstract: There have been many advances in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) techniques incorporating biological treatment. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent contributions that may enlighten our understanding of biological therapies for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and improve management decisions involving these enhancement options. Three main biological procedures will be analyzed: bio-enhanced ACL repair, bio-enhanced ACLR scrutinized under the four basic principles of tissue engineering (scaffolds, cell sources, growth factors/cytokines including platelet-rich plasma, and mechanical stimuli), and remnant-preserving ACLR. There is controversial information regarding remnant-preserving ACLR, since different procedures are grouped under the same designation. A new definition for remnant-preserving ACLR surgery is proposed, dividing it into its three major procedures (selective bundle augmentation, augmentation, and nonfunctional remnant preservation); also, an ACL lesion pattern classification and a treatment algorithm, which will hopefully standardize these terms and procedures for future studies, are presented.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783-5°Andar, Vila Clementino, 04038-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, cacarlos66@hotmail.com.
authors: Carlos Eduardo
authors: CE
authors: da Silveira Franciozi
authors: Sheila Jean McNeill
authors: SJ
authors: Ingham
authors: Guilherme Conforto
authors: GC
authors: Gracitelli
authors: Marcus Vinicius Malheiros
authors: MV
authors: Luzo
authors: Freddie H
authors: FH
authors: Fu
authors: Rene Jorge
authors: RJ
authors: Abdalla