title: Distribution of free-living amoebae in a treatment system of textile industrial wastewater.
abstract: Free-living amoebae have been found in soil, air and a variety of aquatic environments, but few studies have been conducted on industrial wastewater and none on wastewater from the textile industry. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and distribution of free-living amoebae in a biological treatment system that treats textile industrial wastewater. Samples were taken from input, aeration tank, sedimentation tank and output. Samples were centrifuged at 1200g for 15min, the sediment was seeded on non-nutritive agar with Enterobacter aerogenes (NNE) and the plates were incubated at 30 and 37°C. Free-living amoebae were present in all stages of the treatment system. The highest number of amoebic isolates was found in the aeration tank and no seasonal distribution was observed during the year. A total of 14 amoeba genera were isolated: Acanthamoeba, Echinamoeba, Korotnevella, Mayorella, Naegleria, Platyamoeba, Saccamoeba, Stachyamoeba, Thecamoeba, Vahlkampfia, Vannella, Vermamoeba, Vexillifera and Willaertia. The most frequently found amoebae were Acanthamoeba and Vermamoeba which were found in all treatment system stages. The constant presence and diversity of free-living amoebae in the treatment system were important findings due to the characteristics of the wastewater from the textile plant in terms of the residue content from colorants, fixers, carriers, surfactants, etc., used in fabric dyeing and finishing processes. The factors that determined the presence and distribution of amoebae in the activated sludge system were their capacity to form cysts, which allowed them to resist adverse conditions; food availability; an average temperature of 27-33°C; dissolved oxygen in average concentrations above 2mg/L, and pH in a range of 5.9-7.1.
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico. Electronic address: erf@unam.mx.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Ramirez
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Esperanza
authors: E
authors: Robles
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: Martinez
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Reynaldo
authors: R
authors: Ayala
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Guadalupe
authors: G
authors: Sainz
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: Martinez
authors: Environmental Conservation and Improvement Project, FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Maria Elena
authors: ME
authors: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008800:Mexico; D013696:Temperature; D013783:Textile Industry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Activated sludge; Free-living amoebae; Textile wastewater