title: Childhood dual burden of under- and overnutrition in low- and middle-income countries: a critical review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In low- and middle-income countries, the distribution of childhood nutritional diseases is shifting from a predominance of undernutrition to a dual burden of under- and overnutrition. This novel and complex problem challenges governments and health organizations to tackle opposite ends of the malnutrition spectrum. The dual burden may manifest within a community, household, or individual, but these different levels have not been addressed collectively.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically review literature on the prevalence, trends, and predictors of the dual burden, with a focus on children from birth to 18 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed literature since January 1, 1990, published in English, using the PubMed search terms nutrition transition, double burden, dual burden, nutrition status, obesity, overweight, underweight, stunting, body composition, and micronutrient deficiencies. The findings were classified and described according to dual burden level (community, household, or individual).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global trends indicate decreases in diseases of undernutrition, while overnutrition is increasing. On the community level, economic status may influence the extent of the dual burden, with obesity increasingly affecting the already undernourished poor. In a household, shared determinants of poor nutritional status among members can result in disparate nutritional status across generations. Within an individual, obesity may co-occur with stunting or anemia due to shared underlying determinants or physiologic links.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dual burden of malnutrition poses a threat to children's health in low- and middle-income countries. We must remain committed to reducing undernutrition while simultaneously preventing over-nutrition through integrated child health programs that incorporate prevention of infection, diet quality, and physical activity.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Tzioumis
authors: Linda S
authors: LS
authors: Adair
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000172:deficiency; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D044343:Overnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients