title: Microbial degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Insight into the enzymes and catabolic genes involved, their regulation and biotechnological implications.
abstract: A considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). 2,4-D biodegradation pathway has been elucidated in many microorganisms including Cupriavidus necator JMP134 (previously known as Wautersia eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha and Alcaligenes eutrophus) and Pseudomonas strains. It generally involves the side chain removal of 2,4-D by α-ketoglutarate-dependent 2,4-D dioxygenase (tfdA) to form 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP); hydroxylation of 2,4-DCP by 2,4-DCP hydroxylase (tfdB) to form dichlorocatechol; ortho or meta cleavage of dichlorocatechol by chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC) to form 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate; conversion of 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate to 2-chlorodienelactone by chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD); conversion of 2-chlorodienelactone to 2-chloromaleylacetate by chlorodienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) and, finally, conversion of 2-chloromaleylacetate to 3-oxoadepate via maleylacetate by chloromaleylacetate reductase and maleylacetate reductase (tfdF), respectively, which is funnelled to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The latest review on microbial breakdown of 2,4-D, other halogenated aromatic pesticides, and related compounds was compiled by Haggblom, however, a considerable progress has been made in this area of research since then. Thus, this review focuses on the recent advancement on 2,4-D biodegradation, the enzymes, and genes involved and their biotechlogical implications.
authors: a Department of Microbiology , School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu Natal , Westville Campus , Durban , South Africa and.
authors: Ajit
authors: A
authors: Kumar
authors: b Centro de Genómicay Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Mayor, Campus Huechuraba, Camino a La Pirámide , Santiago , Chile.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Trefault
authors: a Department of Microbiology , School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu Natal , Westville Campus , Durban , South Africa and.
authors: Ademola Olufolahan
authors: AO
authors: Olaniran
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C007017:4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
keywords: Cupriviadus necator JMP134, 2-chloromaleylacetate, dichlorocatechol, dichlorophenol, 2,4-dichloro-cis,cis-muconate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, maleylacetate, tfd genes