title: Evaluation of clinical and inflammatory markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess clinical and inflammatory markers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study included 180 Brazilian women (age ≥45 years and amenorrhea ≥12 months). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by the presence of at least three of the following indicators: Waist circumference (WC) >88 cm, triglycerides (TGs) ≥150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) <50 mg/dL; blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg; and glucose ≥100 mg/dL. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Participants were divided into three groups: Metabolic syndrome alone (n=53); metabolic syndrome+NAFLD (n=67); or absence of metabolic syndrome or NAFLD (control, n=60). Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables were quantified. The inflammatory profile included adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Data were submitted to statistical analysis using a Tukey test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-squared, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression (odds ratio, OR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with metabolic syndrome+NAFLD, abdominal obesity, high glucose, and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR were compared to women with metabolic syndrome alone and controls (P<0.05). High values of IL-6 and TNF-α and low values of adiponectin were observed among women with metabolic syndrome alone or metabolic syndrome+NAFLD when compared to controls (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, the variables considered as risk of NAFLD development were: High systolic blood pressure (SBP) [(OR 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.04]; large WC (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13); insulin resistance (OR 3.81, 95% CI 2.01-7.13); and metabolic syndrome (OR 8.68, 95% CI 3.3-24.1). Adiponectin levels reduced NAFLD risk (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.80-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In postmenopausal women, metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance were risk markers for the development of NAFLD, whereas higher adiponectin values indicated a protection marker.
authors: 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP , Sao Paulo, Brazil .
authors: Marcio Hipolito
authors: MH
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Anderson Souza
authors: AS
authors: Bruno
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Nahas-Neto
authors: Valeria C
authors: VC
authors: Sandrim
authors: Ludmila G
authors: LG
authors: Muniz
authors: Eliana Aguiar Petri
authors: EA
authors: Nahas
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers