title: Design and validation of a cadaveric knee joint loading device compatible with magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Design and validation of a magnetic resonance and computed tomography compatible device capable of applying physiologically relevant muscle forces to cadaveric knee joints with high levels of repeatability and reproducibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed with two porcine stifle joints. Load was applied to joints at full extension, five and 15 degrees of flexion through two cables simulating the lines of action of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles. Five repeatability and five reproducibility trials were performed at each flexion angle. Standard deviations (SDs) of joint angle and load were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For repeatability, the maximum SDs for joint angle were 1.26° (flexion), 1.54° (ab/adduction) and 0.90° (in/external rotation). The maximum SDs for joint load were 4.60 N (anterior/posterior), 7.36 N (medial/lateral), and 42.6N (axial). For reproducibility, the maximum SDs for joint angle were 0.84° (flexion), 0.66° (ab/adduction) and 0.92° (in/external rotation). The maximum SDs for joint load were 6.40 N (anterior/posterior), 11.7 N (medial/lateral), and 39.7 N (axial).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This level of repeatability and reproducibility is within intra-subject variability of measured gait kinematics. Therefore, this device is considered to be an effective tool for in vitro testing of knee soft tissue repair.
authors: School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1. Electronic address: L39chen@gmail.com.
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1. Electronic address: kgordon@uoguelph.ca.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Gordon
authors: Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1. Electronic address: mark.hurtig@gmail.com.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Hurtig
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: In vitro knee; Medical imaging; Orthopedic biomechanics