title: Multifaceted diversity-area relationships reveal global hotspots of mammalian species, trait and lineage diversity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define biome-scale hotspots of phylogenetic and functional mammalian biodiversity (PD and FD, respectively) and compare them to 'classical' hotspots based on species richness (SR) only.
  
  
  METHODS
  Global.
  
  
  METHODS
  SR, PD & FD were computed for 782 terrestrial ecoregions using distribution ranges of 4616 mammalian species. We used a set of comprehensive diversity indices unified by a recent framework that incorporates the species relative coverage in each ecoregion. We build large-scale multifaceted diversity-area relationships to rank ecoregions according to their levels of biodiversity while accounting for the effect of area on each diversity facet. Finally we defined hotspots as the top-ranked ecoregions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While ignoring species relative coverage led to a relative good congruence between biome top ranked SR, PD and FD hotspots, ecoregions harboring a rich and abundantly represented evolutionary history and functional diversity did not match with top ranked ecoregions defined by species richness. More importantly PD and FD hotspots showed important spatial mismatches. We also found that FD and PD generally reached their maximum values faster than species richness as a function of area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fact that PD/FD reach faster their maximal value than SR may suggest that the two former facets might be less vulnerable to habitat loss than the latter. While this point is expected, it is the first time that it is quantified at global scale and should have important consequences in conservation. Incorporating species relative coverage into the delineation of multifaceted hotspots of diversity lead to weak congruence between SR, PD and FD hotspots. This means that maximizing species number may fail at preserving those nodes (in the phylogenetic or functional tree) that are relatively abundant in the ecoregion. As a consequence it may be of prime importance to adopt a multifaceted biodiversity perspective to inform conservation strategies at global scale.
authors: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France; flo.mazel@gmail.com.
authors: Florent
authors: F
authors: Mazel
authors: Laboratoire ECOSYM Université Montpellier2, France; francoisguilhaumon@gmail.com.
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Guilhaumon
authors: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; nmouquet@univ-montp2.fr.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Mouquet
authors: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier2, France; vincent.devictor@univ-montp2.fr.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Devictor
authors: Université du Québec à Rimouski, Département de biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Québec, Canada; dominique_gravel@uqar.ca.
authors: Dominique
authors: D
authors: Gravel
authors: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France; julien.renaud.leca@gmail.com.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Renaud
authors: Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade federal de Goiàs, Goiâna, Brasil; cianciaruso@gmail.com.
authors: Marcus Vinicius
authors: MV
authors: Cianciaruso
authors: Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade federal de Goiàs, Goiâna, Brasil; rdiasloyola@gmail.com.
authors: Rafael Dias
authors: RD
authors: Loyola
authors: Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade federal de Goiàs, Goiâna, Brasil; diniz@ufg.br.
authors: José Alexandre Felizola
authors: JA
authors: Diniz-Filho
authors: Laboratoire ECOSYM Université Montpellier 2, France; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia ; david.mouillot@univmontp2.fr.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Mouillot
authors: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France; wilfried.thuiller@ujf-grenoble.fr.
authors: Wilfried
authors: W
authors: Thuiller
keywords: Hill’s numbers; conservation biogeography; diversity indices; functional diversity area-relationship; mammals; phylogenetic diversity area-relationship; species area-relationship