title: Co-rumination and co-problem solving in the daily lives of adolescents with major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines differences in the prevalence and nature of co-rumination during real-world social interactions with peers and parents among adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 youth (29 with current MDD and 31 controls without psychopathology) completed a self-report measure of co-rumination and a 3-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol that measured the nature of face-to-face social interactions with peers and parents after a negative event in the adolescents' daily lives. Specifically, EMA was used to assess rates of problem talk, including both co-rumination and co-problem solving. Group differences in self-report and EMA measures were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents with MDD reported co-ruminating more often than adolescents with no Axis 1 disorders during daily interactions with both parents (Cohen's d = 0.78) and peers (d = 1.14), and also reported more co-rumination via questionnaire (d = 0.58). Adolescents with MDD engaged in co-problem solving with peers less often than did healthy controls (d = 0.78), but no group differences were found for rates of co-problem solving with parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are consistent with previous research linking co-rumination and depression in adolescence and extend these self-report-based findings to assessment in an ecologically valid context. Importantly, the results support that MDD youth tend to co-ruminate more and to problem-solve less with peers in their daily lives compared to healthy youth, and that co-rumination also extends to parental relationships. Interventions focused on decreasing co-rumination with peers and parents and improving problem-solving skills with peers may be helpful for preventing and treating adolescent depression.
authors: University of Pittsburgh. Electronic address: jmw150@pitt.edu.
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Waller
authors: University of Pittsburgh.
authors: Jennifer S
authors: JS
authors: Silk
authors: University of Pittsburgh.
authors: Lindsey B
authors: LB
authors: Stone
authors: University of California, Berkeley.
authors: Ronald E
authors: RE
authors: Dahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D011340:Problem Solving; D011580:Psychological Techniques; D057566:Self Report; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013850:Thinking
keywords: co-rumination; depression; ecological momentary assessment; problem solving