title: Augmented depth perception visualization in 2D/3D image fusion.
abstract: 2D/3D image fusion applications are widely used in endovascular interventions. Complaints from interventionists about existing state-of-art visualization software are usually related to the strong compromise between 2D and 3D visibility or the lack of depth perception. In this paper, we investigate several concepts enabling improvement of current image fusion visualization found in the operating room. First, a contour enhanced visualization is used to circumvent hidden information in the X-ray image. Second, an occlusion and depth color-coding scheme is considered to improve depth perception. To validate our visualization technique both phantom and clinical data are considered. An evaluation is performed in the form of a questionnaire which included 24 participants: ten clinicians and fourteen non-clinicians. Results indicate that the occlusion correction method provides 100% correctness when determining the true position of an aneurysm in X-ray. Further, when integrating an RGB or RB color-depth encoding in the image fusion both perception and intuitiveness are improved.
authors: Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Fakultät für Informatik, Technische Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: jian.wang@cs.fau.de.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Medical Industry, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.kreiser@gmx.de.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Kreiser
authors: Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Fakultät für Informatik, Technische Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: wangle@in.tum.de.
authors: Lejing
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Fakultät für Informatik, Technische Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: navab@in.tum.de.
authors: Nassir
authors: N
authors: Navab
authors: Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Fakultät für Informatik, Technische Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: fallavol@in.tum.de.
authors: Pascal
authors: P
authors: Fallavollita
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique
keywords: 2D/3D registration; C-arm fluoroscopy; Color depth encoding; Depth encoding; Depth perception; Visualization; X-ray