title: Higher intake of carotenoid is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese adults: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The associations between specific carotenoid intake and colorectal cancer risk remain inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the association between specific dietary carotenoid intake with colorectal cancer risk in Chinese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 2010 to October 2013, 845 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 845 frequency-matched controls (age and sex) completed in-person interviews. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate dietary intake. Multivariate logistical regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of colorectal cancer risk after adjusting for various confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strong inverse association was found between β-cryptoxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile intake showed a risk reduction of 77% (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.17-0.33, P trend < 0.01) after adjustment for various confounding variables. The inverse associations were also observed for α-carotene (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37-0.68, P trend < 0.01), β-carotene (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.49-0.91, P trend < 0.01), and lycopene (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37-0.70, P trend < 0.01). There was no statistically significant association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk. These findings were consistent across cancer site, sources of controls, and smoking status. The inverse associations between dietary α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene intake and colorectal cancer risk were found in both males and females, while inverse associations between β-carotene intake and colorectal cancer risk were only observed in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. No significant association was found between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk.
authors: Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
authors: Min-Shan
authors: MS
authors: Lu
authors: Yu-Jing
authors: YJ
authors: Fang
authors: Yu-Ming
authors: YM
authors: Chen
authors: Wei-Ping
authors: WP
authors: Luo
authors: Zhi-Zhong
authors: ZZ
authors: Pan
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Zhong
authors: Cai-Xia
authors: CX
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D065366:Cryptoxanthins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D065366:Cryptoxanthins; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein