title: Reference intervals for acute phase protein and serum protein electrophoresis values in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).
abstract: Acute phase protein (APP) immunoassays and serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) are assays for evaluating the inflammatory response and have use as diagnostic tools in a variety of species. Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation that are highly conserved across different species while SPEP separates and quantifies serum protein fractions based on their physical properties. In the current study, serum samples from 35 clinically healthy Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were analyzed using automated assays for C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin and SPEP. Robust methods were used to generate reference intervals for the APPs: C-reactive protein (1.3-12.8 mg/l), serum amyloid A (0-47.5 mg/l), and haptoglobin (0-1.10 mg/ml). In addition, SPEP was performed on these samples to establish reference intervals for each protein fraction. A combination of APPs and SPEP measurements are valuable adjunctive diagnostic tools in elephant health care.
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Isaza, Wiedner, Hiser)The Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (Cray) isazar@ufl.edu.
authors: Ramiro
authors: R
authors: Isaza
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Isaza, Wiedner, Hiser)The Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (Cray).
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Wiedner
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Isaza, Wiedner, Hiser)The Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (Cray).
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Hiser
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL (Isaza, Wiedner, Hiser)The Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (Cray).
authors: Carolyn
authors: C
authors: Cray
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000662:veterinary*; D004606:Elephants / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D006242:Haptoglobins; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Acute phase protein; Asian elephants; Elephas maximus; acute phase response; serum amyloid A; serum protein electrophoresis