title: Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor.
abstract: Timor, an eastern Indonesian island linking mainland Asia with Australia and the Pacific world, had a complex history, including its role as a contact zone between two language families (Austronesian and Trans-New Guinean), as well as preserving elements of a rich Austronesian cultural heritage, such as matrilocal marriage practices. Using an array of biparental (autosomal and X-chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and uniparental markers (Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA), we reconstruct a broad genetic profile of Timorese in the Belu regency of West Timor, including the traditional princedom of Wehali, focusing on the effects of cultural practices, such as language and social change, on patterns of genetic diversity. Sex-linked data highlight the different histories and social pressures experienced by women and men. Measures of diversity and population structure show that Timorese men had greater local mobility than women, as expected in matrilocal communities, where women remain in their natal village, whereas men move to the home village of their wife. Reaching further back in time, maternal loci (mitochondrial DNA and the X chromosome) are dominated by lineages with immigrant Asian origins, whereas paternal loci (Y chromosome) tend to exhibit lineages of the earliest settlers in the eastern Indonesian region. The dominance of Asian female lineages is especially apparent in the X chromosome compared with the autosomes, suggesting that women played a paramount role during and after the period of Asian immigration into Timor, perhaps driven by the matrilocal marriage practices of expanding Austronesian communities.
authors: 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA [2] Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Meryanne K
authors: MK
authors: Tumonggor
authors: Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Tatiana M
authors: TM
authors: Karafet
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Downey
authors: 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA [2] Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
authors: J Stephen
authors: JS
authors: Lansing
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Norquest
authors: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors: Herawati
authors: H
authors: Sudoyo
authors: 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA [2] Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors: Michael F
authors: MF
authors: Hammer
authors: Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors: Murray P
authors: MP
authors: Cox
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011158:Population Growth; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012919:Social Behavior; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial