title: Detecting cannabis use on the human skin surface via an electronic nose system.
abstract: The most commonly used drug testing methods are based on the analysis of hair and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or immunoassay screening. These methods are time-consuming and partly expensive. One alternative method could be the application of an "electronic nose" (eNose). We have developed an eNose to detect directly on the human skin surface metabolic changes in the human body odor caused by cannabis consumption. Twenty cannabis-smoking and 20 tobacco-smoking volunteers were enrolled in this study. For the sensor signal data processing, two different methods were applied: Principle component analysis (PCA) with discriminant analysis, and the method of pattern recognition with subsequent support vector machines (SVM) processing. The PCA analysis achieved a correct classification of 70%, whereas the SVM obtained an accuracy of 92.5% (sensitivity 95%, specificity 90%) between cannabis-consuming volunteers and tobacco-smoking subjects. This study shows evidence that a low-cost, portable and fast-working eNose system could be useful for health protection, security agencies and for forensic investigations. The ability to analyze human body odor with an eNose opens up a wide field for diagnosing other drugs and also various diseases.
authors: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena 07745, Germany. andreas.voss@fh-jena.de.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Voss
authors: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena 07745, Germany. katharina.witt@fh-jena.de.
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Witt
authors: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena 07745, Germany. Tobias.Kaschowitz@gmx.de.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Kaschowitz
authors: Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena 07745, Germany. doppel.poitz@web.de.
authors: Wolf
authors: W
authors: Poitz
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum 44801, Germany. Andreas.Ebert@wkp-lwl.org.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Ebert
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum 44801, Germany. patrik.roser@gmail.com.
authors: Patrik
authors: P
authors: Roser
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena 07743, Germany. karl-juergen.baer@med.uni-jena.de.
authors: Karl-Jürgen
authors: KJ
authors: Bär
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D062609:Electronic Nose; D006801:Humans; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*; D012907:Smoking