title: Neurocognitive profiles in help-seeking individuals: comparison of risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder criteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurocognitive deficits are important aspects of the schizophrenic disorders because they have a strong impact on social and vocational outcomes. We expanded on previous research by focusing on the neurocognitive profiles of persons at high risk (HR) or ultra-high risk (UHR) for schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Our main aim was to determine whether neurocognitive measures are sufficiently sensitive to predict a group affiliation based on deficits in functional domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 207 help-seeking individuals identified as HR (n = 75), UHR (n = 102) or at high risk for bipolar disorder (HRBip; n = 30), who were compared with persons comprising a matched, healthy control group (CG; n = 50). Neuropsychological variables were sorted according to their load in a factor analysis and were compared among groups. In addition, the likelihood of group membership was estimated using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of HR and HRBip participants was comparable, and intermediate between the controls and UHR. The domain of processing speed was most sensitive in discriminating HR and UHR [odds ratio (OR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28-0.78, p = 0.004] whereas learning and memory deficits predicted a conversion to schizophrenic psychosis (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.87, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performances on neurocognitive tests differed among our three at-risk groups and may therefore be useful in predicting psychosis. Overall, cognition had a profound effect on the extent of general functioning and satisfaction with life for subjects at risk of psychosis. Thus, this factor should become a treatment target in itself.
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Metzler
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dvorsky
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Wyss
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Müller
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Traber-Walker
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,University of Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Walitza
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Theodoridou
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Rössler
authors: The Zurich Program for Sustainable Development of Mental Health Services (ZInEP),University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich,Switzerland.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Heekeren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult