title: Progesterone receptor and PTEN expression predict survival in patients with low- and intermediate-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The PI3K-AKT-mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway plays a crucial role in a subset of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). In breast and endometrial carcinoma, activation of this pathway inhibits progesterone receptor (PR) expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether combined low expression of PR and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), a negative regulator of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is a prognostic factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 resected PanNETs (89 low grade and 71 intermediate grade) were analyzed for PR and PTEN immunohistochemical positivity and staining was correlated with metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS). Progesterone receptor staining was scored as positive by using 1% or greater as cutoff. Weak/faint staining in greater than 90% of tumor cells was considered low PTEN positivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most PanNETs (110 cases, 69%) were both PR and PTEN positive, 45 (28%) were either PR or PTEN positive, and only 5 (3%) had a PR-negative and PTEN-low profile. Combined PR-PTEN positivity was significantly associated with MFS in patients with stage I and II disease (P <.001) and OS in all patients (P < .001) and remained a significant predictor of survival after adjusting for other factors. Patients with PR-negative-PTEN-low PanNETs had the shortest median MFS and OS, compared to those with tumors that were either PR or PTEN positive and with tumors positive for both PR and PTEN (P ≤ .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined immunohistochemical assessment of PR and PTEN may help identify a small subset of PanNETs with more aggressive behavior and may aid in risk stratification.
authors: From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Estrella, Broaddus, Wang, and Rashid), Immunology (Ms Mathews), Biostatistics (Ms Milton), and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, (Dr Yao), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors: Jeannelyn S
authors: JS
authors: Estrella
authors: Russell R
authors: RR
authors: Broaddus
authors: Amber
authors: A
authors: Mathews
authors: Denái R
authors: DR
authors: Milton
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Yao
authors: Huamin
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Asif
authors: A
authors: Rashid
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002173:Cancer Care Facilities; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013781:Texas
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human