title: Mixed reality ventriculostomy simulation: experience in neurosurgical residency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medicine and surgery are turning toward simulation to improve on limited patient interaction during residency training. Many simulators today use virtual reality with augmented haptic feedback with little to no physical elements. In a collaborative effort, the University of Florida Department of Neurosurgery and the Center for Safety, Simulation & Advanced Learning Technologies created a novel "mixed" physical and virtual simulator to mimic the ventriculostomy procedure. The simulator contains all the physical components encountered for the procedure with superimposed 3-D virtual elements for the neuroanatomical structures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To introduce the ventriculostomy simulator and its validation as a necessary training tool in neurosurgical residency.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the simulator in more than 260 residents. An algorithm combining time and accuracy was used to grade performance. Voluntary postperformance surveys were used to evaluate the experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrate that more experienced residents have statistically significant better scores and completed the procedure in less time than inexperienced residents. Survey results revealed that most residents agreed that practice on the simulator would help with future ventriculostomies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This mixed reality simulator provides a real-life experience, and will be an instrumental tool in training the next generation of neurosurgeons. We have now implemented a standard where incoming residents must prove efficiency and skill on the simulator before their first interaction with a patient.
authors: *Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Safety, Simulation & Advanced Learning Technologies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors: Kristopher G
authors: KG
authors: Hooten
authors: J Richard
authors: JR
authors: Lister
authors: Gwen
authors: G
authors: Lombard
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Lizdas
authors: Samsun
authors: S
authors: Lampotang
authors: Didier A
authors: DA
authors: Rajon
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Bova
authors: Gregory J A
authors: GJ
authors: Murad
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000193:education*; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000193:education*