title: Candidate biomarkers for cervical cancer treatment: Potential for clinical practice (Review).
abstract: Cervical cancer ranks high among the causes of female cancer mortalities and is an important disease in developing and developed countries. Current diagnosis of cervical cancer depends on colposcopy, pathological diagnosis and preoperative diagnosis using methods, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Advanced cervical cancer has a poor prognosis. The tumor marker squamous cell carcinoma is conventionally used for screening, but recent studies have revealed the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the factors associated with a poor prognosis in cervical cancer. These include epigenetic biomarkers, with the methylation level of the checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger gene being potentially useful for predicting the malignancy of cervical cancer and sensitivity to treatment with paclitaxel. The extent of methylation of the Werner DNA helicase gene is also useful for determining sensitivity to an anticancer agent, CPT-11. In addition to epigenetic changes, the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α subunit, epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 have been reported as possible biomarkers in cervical cancer. Novel prognostic factors, including angiogenic factors, fragile histidine triad, thymidylate synthase, glucose-related protein 58 and mucin antigens, have also been described, and hemoglobin and platelets may also be significant prognostic biomarkers. Utilization of these biomarkers may facilitate personalized treatment and improved outcomes in cervical cancer.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Iida
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kouji
authors: K
authors: Banno
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Megumi
authors: M
authors: Yanokura
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kanako
authors: K
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Masataka
authors: M
authors: Adachi
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Yuya
authors: Y
authors: Nogami
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kiyoko
authors: K
authors: Umene
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kenta
authors: K
authors: Masuda
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Iori
authors: I
authors: Kisu
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Iwata
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Kyoko
authors: K
authors: Tanaka
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Aoki
keywords: Werner DNA helicase; biomarker; cervical cancer; checkpoint with forkhead and ring finger; epidermal growth factor receptor; hypoxia inducible factor 1α