title: Predicting and controlling risks from human exposures to vibration and mechanical shock: flag waving and flag weaving.
abstract: At work or in leisure activities, many people are exposed to vibration or mechanical shocks associated with risks of injury or disease. This paper identifies information that can be used to decide whether there may be a risk from exposure to hand-transmitted vibration or whole-body vibration and shock, and suggests actions that can control the risks. The complex and time-varying nature of human exposures to vibration and shock, the complexity of the different disorders and uncertainty as to the mechanisms of injury and the factors influencing injury have prevented the definition of dose-response relationships well proven by scientific study. It is necessary to wave a flag indicating when there is a need to control risks from exposure to vibration and shock while scientific enquiry provides understanding needed to weave a better flag. It is concluded that quantifying exposure severity is often neither necessary nor sufficient to either identify risks or implement measures that control the risks.
  The identification of risks associated with exposure to vibration and mechanical shock cannot, and need not, rely solely on the quantification of exposure severity. Qualitative methods can provide a sufficient indication of the need for control measures, which should not be restricted to reducing standardised measures of exposure severity.
authors: a Human Factors Research Unit , Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Griffin
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods*; D014732:Vibration / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: control measures; hand-transmitted vibration; health and safety; mechanical shocks; risks; whole-body vibration