title: Intestinal microbiota, microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation in chronic HIV infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have increased microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Alterations in the intestinal microbiota may play a role in microbial translocation and inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We profiled the fecal microbiota by pyrosequencing the gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and measured markers of microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in 21 patients who had chronic HIV infection and were receiving suppressive ART (cases) and 16 HIV-uninfected controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fecal microbial community composition was significantly different between cases and controls. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichi, Erysipelotrichales, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Barnesiella was significantly enriched in cases, whereas that of Rikenellaceae and Alistipes was depleted. The plasma soluble CD14 level (sCD14) was significantly higher and the endotoxin core immunoglobulin M (IgM) level lower in cases, compared with controls. There were significant positive correlations between the relative abundances of Enterobacteriales and Enterobacteriaceae and the sCD14 level; the relative abundances of Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, and Enterobacteriaceae and the interleukin 1β (IL-1β) level; the relative abundances of Enterobacteriales and Enterobacteriaceae and the interferon γ level; and the relative abundances of Erysipelotrichi and Barnesiella and the TNF-α level. There were negative correlations between endotoxin core IgM and IL-1β levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who have chronic HIV infection and are receiving suppressive ART display intestinal dysbiosis associated with increased microbial translocation and significant associations between specific taxa and markers of microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. This was an exploratory study, the findings of which need to be confirmed.
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center.
authors: Duy M
authors: DM
authors: Dinh
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Department of Public Health and Community Medicine.
authors: Gretchen E
authors: GE
authors: Volpe
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center.
authors: Chad
authors: C
authors: Duffalo
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center.
authors: Seema
authors: S
authors: Bhalchandra
authors: Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors: Albert K
authors: AK
authors: Tai
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center.
authors: Anne V
authors: AV
authors: Kane
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Department of Public Health and Community Medicine.
authors: Christine A
authors: CA
authors: Wanke
authors: Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Department of Public Health and Community Medicine.
authors: Honorine D
authors: HD
authors: Ward
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D064307:Microbiota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: HIV; dysbiosis; inflammation; microbial translocation; microbiota