title: A 12-week sports-based exercise programme for inactive Indigenous Australian men improved clinical risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the effect of a 12-week sports-based exercise intervention on glucose regulation, anthropometry and inflammatory markers associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Indigenous Australian men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six inactive Indigenous Australian men (48.6±6.6 years) were randomized into exercise (n=16) or control (n=10)conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Training included ∼2-3 days/week for 12 weeks of sports and gym exercises in a group environment, whilst control participants maintained normal activity and dietary patterns. Pre- and post-intervention testing included: anthropometry, peak aerobic capacity, fasting blood chemistry of inflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, leptin, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and C-peptide. An oral glucose tolerance test measured glucose, insulin and C-peptide 30, 60, 90 and 120min post 75g glucose ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exercise condition decreased insulin area under the curve (25±22%), increased estimated insulin sensitivity (35±62%) and decreased insulin resistance (9±35%; p<0.05), compared with control (p>0.05). The exercise condition decreased in body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio (p<0.05), compared to control (p>0.05). Leptin decreased in the exercise group, with no changes for adiponectin (p>0.05) or inflammatory markers (p>0.05) in either condition. Aerobic fitness variables showed significant increases in peak oxygen consumption for the exercise condition compared to no change in control (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate positive clinical outcomes in metabolic, anthropometric and aerobic fitness variables. This study provides evidence for sport and group-based activities leading to improved clinical risk factors associated with T2DM development in clinically obese Indigenous Australian men.
authors: School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Australia. Electronic address: amendham@csu.edu.au.
authors: Amy E
authors: AE
authors: Mendham
authors: Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Duffield
authors: School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Australia.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Marino
authors: Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, UTS: Health, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia.
authors: Aaron J
authors: AJ
authors: Coutts
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin
keywords: Aboriginal; Body composition; Cytokines; Glucose; Inflammation; Insulin