title: Pituitary side effects of old and new drugs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pituitary function is influenced by several drugs, including anti-depressant, opioids, glucocorticoids, chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulators and the newly developed tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In most instances, treatment with these drugs negatively affects pituitary function, but in rare cases an activation of specific hypothalamic-pituitary axes may be observed. Several of the observed pituitary side effects are reversible after drug withdrawal, but pituitary function deficiency may persist long-term. In addition to the well known drugs, recent evidence shows that also non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs impair gonadal axis at pituitary level, while antipsychotic phenothiazines alter TSH response to TRH and TSH levels. Atypical antipsychotics may decrease TRH-stimulated TSH. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs interfere with the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis by decreasing TSH response to TRH. Anabolic-androgenic steroids, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamines, and opioid narcotics negatively impact fertility, also acting at hypothalamic-pituitary level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many of the drugs administered routinely in the intensive care unit significantly impact the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Therefore, an increased awareness on pituitary side effects of drugs commonly used in clinical practice is necessary in order to rule out possible pharmacological interference when assessing patients with pituitary deficiencies.
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100, Ferrara, Italy, ztlmch@unife.it.
authors: Maria Chiara
authors: MC
authors: Zatelli
authors: Maria Rosaria
authors: MR
authors: Ambrosio
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Bondanelli
authors: Ettore
authors: E
authors: Degli Uberti
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010900:Pituitary Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects*