title: Cardiac implanted electronic device-related infective endocarditis: clinical features, management, and outcomes of 80 consecutive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has expanded dramatically over the past decade, but net clinical benefit has been curtailed by increasing infectious complications. In particular, CIED-related infectious endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition with significant morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a single-center, retrospective study between July 2006 and February 2011 with CIED-related IE, defined by either lead vegetations detected on echocardiography or by fulfilling Duke criteria for definite endocarditis. Clinical parameters and outcomes were detailed by electronic medical record review and vital status was confirmed by the Social Security Death Index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty patients (median age 67, interquartile range 56-75, 58 M/22 F) were diagnosed with CIED-related IE. Overall mortality was 36% with a median time to death of 95 days from presentation. Over half (52%) of the deaths were infection related with a median time to death of 29 days. Multivariate analysis showed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection (odds ratio [OR] 0.158; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.047-0.534; P = .003) and concomitant valve endocarditis (OR 0.141, CI 0.041-0.491, P = .002) independently predicted mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this contemporary series, all-cause mortality in patients with CIED-related IE was high with a short time to death from onset of infection. MRSA and concomitant valve infection were the most powerful independent predictors of mortality.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors: David H
authors: DH
authors: Kim
authors: Jesalyn
authors: J
authors: Tate
authors: William F
authors: WF
authors: Dresen
authors: Frank C
authors: FC
authors: Papa
authors: Karen C
authors: KC
authors: Bloch
authors: Spyros A
authors: SA
authors: Kalams
authors: Christopher R
authors: CR
authors: Ellis
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Baker
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Lenihan
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Mendes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ICD; echocardiography; endocarditis; pacemaker