title: Risk factors of breast problems in mothers and its effects on newborns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During lactation, especially the first few days after birth, some breast problems can cause pain and inadequate milk emptying.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of breast problems and their effect on neonatal complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was conducted on 566 infants referred to Mashhad Ghaem Hospital clinic (from 2008 to 2012) in Iran. Researchers filled out the questionnaire with the relevant neonatal and maternal information. They also recorded the mothers' breasts problems after examination. Then the infants were divided into two groups: Infants whose mothers complained from breast problems (case group), and the infants whose mothers did not have any breast problems (control group). Finally, two groups were compared with respect to the maternal and neonatal risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  THE TWO GROUPS WERE MATCHED ON THESE VARIABLES: parity (P = 0.861), maternal weight (P = 0.577), education level (P = 0.807), pregnancy complications (P = 0.383), gestational age (P = 0.161), Apgar score (P = 0.530), birth weight (P = 0.090), infant gender (P = 0.439), and infant age (P = 0.152). Case group vs. control group showed significant differences regarding prenatal care, mode of delivery, lactation status and the letdown reflex, serum sodium, frequency of urination and defecation, new weight and supplementation (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our study, breast problems were fewer in mothers who had prenatal care, normal vaginal delivery, proper breastfeeding position, and let down reflex. Neonatal complications of breast problems include pathologic weight loss and decrease in the frequency of urination. Therefore, special attention to mother's breasts during pregnancy and in the early days of delivery, and their appropriate treatment may reduce breast problems and related neonatal complications.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Boskabadi
authors: Department of Midwifery, Bardsir Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bardsir, IR Iran.
authors: Mahjoubeh
authors: M
authors: Ramazanzadeh
authors: Department of Midwifery, College of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Zakerihamidi
authors: School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors: Farzaneh
authors: F
authors: Rezagholizade Omran
keywords: Breast; Mastitis; Neonatal Complications; Nipple; Risk Factors