title: Metabolomic, behavioral, and reproductive effects of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole hydrochloride on the unionid mussel Lampsilis fasciola.
abstract: Androgen-induced masculinization of female aquatic biota poses concerns for natural population stability. This research evaluated the effects of a twelve day exposure of fadrozole hydrochloride on the metabolism and reproductive status of the unionid mussel Lampsilis fasciola. Although this compound is not considered to be widespread in the aquatic environment, it was selected as a model aromatase (enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol) inhibitor. Adult mussels were exposed to a control and 3 concentrations of fadrozole (2μg/L, 20μg/L, and 50μg/L), and samples of gill tissue were taken on days 4 and 12 for metabolomics analysis. Gills were used because of the variety of critical processes they mediate, such as feeding, ion exchange, and siphoning. Daily observed mussel behavior included female mantle display, foot protrusion, siphoning, and larval (glochidia) releases. Glochidia mortality was significantly higher in the 20μg/L treatment. Fewer conglutinate (packets of glochidia) releases were observed in the 50μg/L treatment, and mortality was highly correlated to release numbers. Foot protrusion was significantly higher in females in nearly all treatments, including the control, during the first 4days of observations. However, this sex difference was observed only in the 50μg/L treatment during the last 8days. Generally, metabolites were significantly altered in female gill tissue in the 2μg/L treatment whereas males were mostly affected only at the highest (50μg/L) treatment. Both sexes also revealed significant reductions in fadrozole-induced metabolic effects in gill tissue sampled after 12days compared to tissue sampled after 4days, indicating time-dependent mechanisms of disruptions in metabolic pathways and homeostatic processes to compensate for such disruptions.
authors: Department of Applied Ecology, Box 7617, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States. Electronic address: jaleonar@ncsu.edu.
authors: Jeremy A
authors: JA
authors: Leonard
authors: Department of Applied Ecology, Box 7617, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
authors: W Gregory
authors: WG
authors: Cope
authors: Department of Biology, 901 South Avenue, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, United States.
authors: M Christopher
authors: MC
authors: Barnhart
authors: Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Bringolf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D017316:Fadrozole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D049876:Unionidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D017316:Fadrozole
keywords: Aromatase inhibitor; Bivalve; Glochidia; Metabolomics; Unionid