title: Real-time ultrasound and freehand-SPECT. Experiences with sentinel lymph node mapping.
abstract: Aim of this work is to report first experiences of the feasibility and applicability of a hybrid freehandSPECT/ultrasound (fh-SPECT/US) imaging concept, with regard to SLN imaging, in patients with breast cancer and malignant melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 patients with breast cancer or malignant melanoma received standard SLN scintigraphy. Following this, fh-SPECT using declipse®SPECT (SurgicEye, Munich, Germany) was performed, a handheld-gamma camera-based method to visualize activity distribution within a region of interest as a cross-sectional data set. These data were transferred to an ultrasound device and sensor-navigated ultrasound was performed combining fh-SPECT data with ultrasound images, displaying superimposed images. Quality of fh-SPECT and co-registration accuracy was assigned to one of four categories and occurrence of artefacts was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4/18 examinations, there was a no deviation regarding co-registration of both data sets. For 9/18 patients, there was a deviation of <1 cm (mean 0.7±0.3 cm, range 0.3-1.0 cm). For 3/18 patients, a deviation >1 cm was present (mean 1.7±0.3 cm, range 1.5-2.0 cm). In 2/18 examinations no lymph node was found in the region of highest activity. Fh-SPECT reconstruction artifacts occurred in 6/18 examinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fusion imaging concept combining SLN information with ultrasound images presented here proves to be feasible and technically successful. However, significant technical limitations were shown in fh-SPECT quality and fusion precision. Subject to technical optimisation of SPECT quality and co-registration, a meaningful contribution to the preoperative planning of lymph node therapy is imaginable. Thus, fundamentally a preoperative histological examination by fh-SPECT/US-guided biopsy is possible.
authors: Martin Freesmeyer, M.D., Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Bachstraße 18, 07743 Jena, Germany, Tel. +49/(0)36 41/93 32 20, Fax +49/(0)36 41/93 32 44, E-mail: martin.freesmeyer@med.uni-jena.de.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Freesmeyer
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Winkens
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Opfermann
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Elsner
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Runnebaum
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Darr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003199:Computer Systems; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Hybrid imaging; SPECT/US fusion; SPECT/ultrasound; fh-SPECT/US fusion; freehand-SPECT