title: Does the tympanic membrane have a natural opening? The historical saga of the foramen of Rivinus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From the end of the 17th century until well into the 20th century, the question of whether the tympanic membrane possesses a natural opening or not in its normal state has been the subject of much controversy. The aim of this study was to go back to the original documents describing this tympanic foramen, and to follow through the centuries the various controversies and discussions surrounding the presence or not of this foramen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected otological textbooks and articles from the end of the 17th century until the second part of the 20th century.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrates the tenacity of the human brain in its regular review of questions that seem to have been answered, even when universal acceptation of said answer is almost present. The controversy around the foramen of Rivinus spanned nearly 300 years, until the mid-20th century.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of the regular use of an ear microscope to practice otoscopy gave the definitive answer: the tympanic membrane does not have a natural opening in its normal state.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Mudry
mesh_terms: D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000266:history*; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: History; Rivinus; otology; tympanic membrane opening