title: Anti-inflammatory effect of 635 nm irradiations on in vitro direct/indirect irradiation model.
abstract: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been promoted for its beneficial effects on tissue healing and pain relief. As during laser treatment it is possible to irradiate only a small area of the surface body or wound and, correspondingly, of a very small volume of the circulating blood, it is necessary to explain how its photomodification can lead to a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. To establish the experimental model for indirect irradiation, irradiation with 635 nm was performed on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (IGFs) in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The irradiated medium was transferred to non-irradiated IGFs which were compared with direct irradiated IGFs. The protein expressions were assessed by Western blot, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCF-DA; cytokine profiles were assessed using a human inflammation antibody array. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and PGE2 production were significantly increased in the LPS-treated group and decreased in both direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. Unlike direct irradiated IGFs, ROS level in indirect irradiated IGFs was decreased by time-dependent manners. There were significant differences of released granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), regulated on activated normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and I-TAC level observed compared with direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. In addition, in the indirect irradiation group, phosphorylations of C-Raf and Erk1/2 increased significantly compared with the direct irradiation group. Thus, we suggest that not only direct exposure with 635 nm light, but also indirect exposure with 635 nm light can inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory mediators and may be clinically useful as an anti-inflammatory tool.
authors: Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Bug-Gu, Gwangju, Korea; The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: WonBong
authors: W
authors: Lim
authors: Hongran
authors: H
authors: Choi
authors: Jisun
authors: J
authors: Kim
authors: Sangwoo
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: SangMi
authors: S
authors: Jeon
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Zheng
authors: DoMan
authors: D
authors: Kim
authors: Youngjong
authors: Y
authors: Ko
authors: Donghwi
authors: D
authors: Kim
authors: HongMoon
authors: H
authors: Sohn
authors: OkJoon
authors: O
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000528:radiation effects; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11 / Q000528:radiation effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000528:radiation effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000528:radiation effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000528:radiation effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000528:radiation effects; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000528:radiation effects; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000528:radiation effects; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000528:radiation effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: C515202:CXCL11 protein, human; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D054371:Chemokine CXCL11; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; C535150:MAPK1 protein, human; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: 635 nm irradiation; indirect irradiation; lipopolysaccharides