title: Multi-virulence-locus sequence typing of Staphylococcus lugdunensis generates results consistent with a clonal population structure and is reliable for epidemiological typing.
abstract: Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an emergent virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcus responsible for severe infections similar to those caused by Staphylococcus aureus. To understand its potentially pathogenic capacity and have further detailed knowledge of the molecular traits of this organism, 93 isolates from various geographic origins were analyzed by multi-virulence-locus sequence typing (MVLST), targeting seven known or putative virulence-associated loci (atlLR2, atlLR3, hlb, isdJ, SLUG_09050, SLUG_16930, and vwbl). The polymorphisms of the putative virulence-associated loci were moderate and comparable to those of the housekeeping genes analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). However, the MVLST scheme generated 43 virulence types (VTs) compared to 20 sequence types (STs) based on MLST, indicating that MVLST was significantly more discriminating (Simpson's index [D], 0.943). No hypervirulent lineage or cluster specific to carriage strains was defined. The results of multilocus sequence analysis of known and putative virulence-associated loci are consistent with a clonal population structure for S. lugdunensis, suggesting a coevolution of these genes with housekeeping genes. Indeed, the nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary substitutions (dN/dS) ratio, the Tajima's D test, and Single-likelihood ancestor counting (SLAC) analysis suggest that all virulence-associated loci were under negative selection, even atlLR2 (AtlL protein) and SLUG_16930 (FbpA homologue), for which the dN/dS ratios were higher. In addition, this analysis of virulence-associated loci allowed us to propose a trilocus sequence typing scheme based on the intragenic regions of atlLR3, isdJ, and SLUG_16930, which is more discriminant than MLST for studying short-term epidemiology and further characterizing the lineages of the rare but highly pathogenic S. lugdunensis.
authors: Laboratoire G.R.A.M. (EA 2656 IRIB), University of Rouen, Rouen, France.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Didi
authors: Laboratoire G.R.A.M. (EA 2656 IRIB), University of Rouen, Rouen, France Service de Microbiologie, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
authors: Ludovic
authors: L
authors: Lemée
authors: Laboratoire G.R.A.M. (EA 2656 IRIB), University of Rouen, Rouen, France Service de Microbiologie, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
authors: Laure
authors: L
authors: Gibert
authors: Laboratoire Ecosystème Intestinal, Probiotiques, Antibiotiques (EA 4065 IMTCE), University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Pons
authors: Laboratoire G.R.A.M. (EA 2656 IRIB), University of Rouen, Rouen, France Service de Microbiologie, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France martine.pestel-caron@chu-rouen.fr.
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Pestel-Caron
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D057787:Staphylococcus lugdunensis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors