title: Evaluation of pharmaceuticals in surface water: reliability of PECs compared to MECs.
abstract: Due to the current analytical processes that are not able to measure all the pharmaceutical molecules and to the high costs and the consumption of time to sample and analyze PhACs, models to calculate Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) have been developed. However a comparison between MECs and PECs, taking into account the methods of calculations and peculiarly the parameters included in the calculation (consumption data, pharmacokinetic parameters, elimination rate in STPs and in the environment), is necessary to assess the validity of PECs. MEC variations of sixteen target PhACs [acetaminophen (ACE), amlodipine (AML), atenolol (ATE), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CAR), doxycycline (DOX), epoxycarbamazepine (EPO), fluvoxamine (FLU), furosemide (FUR), hydrochlorothiazide (HYD), ifosfamide (IFO), losartan (LOS), pravastatin (PRA), progesterone (PROG), ramipril (RAM), trimetazidine (TRI)] have been evaluated during one hydrological cycle, from October 2011 to October 2012 and compared to PECs calculated by using an adaptation of the models proposed by Heberer and Feldmann (2005) and EMEA (2006). Comparison of PECs and MECS has been achieved for six molecules: ATE, CAR, DOX, FUR, HYD and PRA. DOX, FUR and HYD present differences between PECs and MECs on an annual basis but their temporal evolutions follow the same trends. PEC evaluation for these PhACs could then be possible but need some adjustments of consumption patterns, pharmacokinetic parameters and/or mechanisms of (bio)degradation. ATE, CAR and PRA are well modeled; PECs can then be used as reliable estimation of concentrations without any reserve.
authors: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6524, LMV, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France; IRD, R 163, LMV, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France. Electronic address: h.celle-jeanton@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr.
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Celle-Jeanton
authors: Agence Régionale de Santé d'Auvergne, 60 Avenue de l'Union Soviétique, 63057 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors: Dimitri
authors: D
authors: Schemberg
authors: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6524, LMV, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France; IRD, R 163, LMV, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Bordeaux, EA 4592 Géoressources & Environnement, ENSEGID, 1 allée F. Daguin, F-33607 Pessac, France.
authors: Nabaz
authors: N
authors: Mohammed
authors: Université de Corse Pascal Paoli, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire d'Hydrogéologie, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France; CNRS, UMR 6134, SPE, 20250 Corte, France.
authors: Frédéric
authors: F
authors: Huneau
authors: University of Sao Paulo, Instituto de Geosciências, Centro de Pesquisas de Água Subterrânea, Rua do lago, 562 Cidade universitaria, 05508-80, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Guillaume
authors: G
authors: Bertrand
authors: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6524, LMV, 63038 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, 23 rue du Dr. Michelon, 42023 Saint Etienne, France.
authors: Véronique
authors: V
authors: Lavastre
authors: Université de Bordeaux, EA 4592 Géoressources & Environnement, ENSEGID, 1 allée F. Daguin, F-33607 Pessac, France.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Le Coustumer
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs); Pharmaceutical compounds; Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs); Surface water