title: Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural antioxidants from mustard seed cultivars.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modified mustard varieties can produce edible oil with reduced amounts of erucic acid and glucosinolates and enhanced antioxidant potential. Therefore, this work focused on the optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of compounds with high antioxidant capacity from three white mustard seed cultivars using response surface methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted optimum solvent polarity (57.2, 56.5 and 57.6) and ultrasound power-to-sonication time ratio (4.5, 4.8 and 4.3 W min(-1)) resulted in antioxidant capacities determined by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay [54.37, 65.75 and 68.55 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE) kg(-1)] and the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method (141.65, 175.26 and 185.10 mmol TE kg(-1)) and total phenolics content (23.70, 27.16 and 11.29 mg sinapic acid g(-1)) for extracts obtained from one traditional and two modified mustard seed varieties. The highest FRAP and DPPH values (69.51 and 197.73 mmol TE kg(-1)) revealed 50% methanolic extract prepared from modified mustard seed cultivar without erucic acid and glucosinolates treated with ultrasound for 30 min (ultrasound power/ultrasound time = 4 W min(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound-assisted extraction was found to be a more rapid, convenient and appropriate extraction method with higher yield of antioxidants, shorter time and lower solvent consumption in comparison to conventional extraction.
authors: Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Gagarina 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
authors: Aleksandra
authors: A
authors: Szydłowska-Czerniak
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Tułodziecka
authors: György
authors: G
authors: Karlovits
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Szłyk
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013010:Sonication; D013045:Species Specificity; D017365:Spices; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C073734:sinapinic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: antioxidant capacity; mustard seed; optimisation; ultrasound-assisted extraction