title: Practice does not make perfect: no causal effect of music practice on music ability.
abstract: The relative importance of nature and nurture for various forms of expertise has been intensely debated. Music proficiency is viewed as a general model for expertise, and associations between deliberate practice and music proficiency have been interpreted as supporting the prevailing idea that long-term deliberate practice inevitably results in increased music ability. Here, we examined the associations (rs = .18-.36) between music practice and music ability (rhythm, melody, and pitch discrimination) in 10,500 Swedish twins. We found that music practice was substantially heritable (40%-70%). Associations between music practice and music ability were predominantly genetic, and, contrary to the causal hypothesis, nonshared environmental influences did not contribute. There was no difference in ability within monozygotic twin pairs differing in their amount of practice, so that when genetic predisposition was controlled for, more practice was no longer associated with better music skills. These findings suggest that music practice may not causally influence music ability and that genetic variation among individuals affects both ability and inclination to practice.
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet miriam.mosing@ki.se.
authors: Miriam A
authors: MA
authors: Mosing
authors: Department of Psychology, Umeå University.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Madison
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet.
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Pedersen
authors: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet.
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Kuja-Halkola
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
authors: Fredrik
authors: F
authors: Ullén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude; D015984:Causality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic
keywords: causality; expertise; heritability; music ability; practice; training; twin