title: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance bone formation in orthodontically expanded maxillae in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To transplant bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the interpremaxillary suture after rapid maxillary expansion with the aim of increasing new bone formation in the suture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (control, n  =  9; experimental, n  =  10). Both groups were subjected to expansion for 5 days, and 50 cN of force was applied to the maxillary incisors with a helical spring. Pkh67(+) (green fluorescent dye)-labeled MSCs were applied to the interpremaxillary suture after force application into the interpremaxillary suture of rats. Bone formation in the sutural area was histomorphometrically evaluated, including the amount of new bone formation (µm(2)), number of osteoblasts, number of osteoclasts, and number of vessels. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical evaluation at the P < .05 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 10 days of retention, Pkh67(+) can be detected in suture mostly in the injection site under fluorescence microscope. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that a single local injection of MSCs into the midpalatal suture increased the new bone formation in the suture by increasing the number of osteoblasts and new vessel formation, compared with controls injected with phosphate-buffered saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preclinical study might provide foundations for the underlying potential clinical use of MSCs after maxillary expansion. Given the fact that MSCs are currently in use in clinical trials, this approach might be a feasible treatment strategy to accelerate new bone tissue formation in midpalatal suture and to shorten the treatment period for patients undergoing maxillary expansion reinforcement.
authors: a  Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors: Abdullah
authors: A
authors: Ekizer
authors: Mehmet Emir
authors: ME
authors: Yalvac
authors: Tancan
authors: T
authors: Uysal
authors: Mehmet Fatih
authors: MF
authors: Sonmez
authors: Fikrettin
authors: F
authors: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C451241:PKH67
keywords: Bone marrow–derived stem cells; Bone regeneration; Maxillary expansion; Orthodontics