title: Effects of implementing electronic medical records on primary care billings and payments: a before-after study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several barriers to the adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) by family physicians have been discussed, including the costs of implementation, impact on work flow and loss of productivity. We examined billings and payments received before and after implementation of EMRs among primary care physicians in the province of Ontario. We also examined billings and payments before and after switching from a fee-for-service to a capitation payment model, because EMR implementation coincided with primary care reform in the province.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used information from the Electronic Medical Record Administrative Data Linked Database (EMRALD) to conduct a retrospective before-after study. The EMRALD database includes EMR data extracted from 183 community-based family physicians in Ontario. We included EMRALD physicians who were eligible to bill the Ontario Health Insurance Plan at least 18 months before and after the date they started using EMRs and had completed a full 18-month period before Mar. 31, 2011, when the study stopped. The main outcome measures were physicians' monthly billings and payments for office visits and total annual payments received from all government sources. Two index dates were examined: the date physicians started using EMRs and were in a stable payment model (n = 64) and the date physicians switched from a fee-for-service to a capitation payment model (n = 42).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monthly billings and payments for office visits did not decrease after the implementation of EMRs. The overall weighted mean annual payment from all government sources increased by 27.7% after the start of EMRs among EMRALD physicians; an increase was also observed among all other primary care physicians in Ontario, but it was not as great (14.4%). There was a decline in monthly billings and payments for office visits after physicians changed payment models, but an increase in their overall annual government payments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of EMRs by primary care physicians did not result in decreased billings or government payments for office visits. Further economic analyses are needed to measure the effects of EMR implementation on productivity and the costs of implementing an EMR system, including the costs of nonclinical work by physicians and their staff.
authors: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont. ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.
authors: R Liisa
authors: RL
authors: Jaakkimainen
authors: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Shultz
authors: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont. ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Tu