title: Evaluation of a direct 4D reconstruction method using generalised linear least squares for estimating nonlinear micro-parametric maps.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimation of nonlinear micro-parameters is a computationally demanding and fairly challenging process, since it involves the use of rather slow iterative nonlinear fitting algorithms and it often results in very noisy voxel-wise parametric maps. Direct reconstruction algorithms can provide parametric maps with reduced variance, but usually the overall reconstruction is impractically time consuming with common nonlinear fitting algorithms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work we employed a recently proposed direct parametric image reconstruction algorithm to estimate the parametric maps of all micro-parameters of a two-tissue compartment model, used to describe the kinetics of [[Formula: see text]F]FDG. The algorithm decouples the tomographic and the kinetic modelling problems, allowing the use of previously developed post-reconstruction methods, such as the generalised linear least squares (GLLS) algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results on both clinical and simulated data showed that the proposed direct reconstruction method provides considerable quantitative and qualitative improvements for all micro-parameters compared to the conventional post-reconstruction fitting method. Additionally, region-wise comparison of all parametric maps against the well-established filtered back projection followed by post-reconstruction non-linear fitting, as well as the direct Patlak method, showed substantial quantitative agreement in all regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed direct parametric reconstruction algorithm is a promising approach towards the estimation of all individual microparameters of any compartment model. In addition, due to the linearised nature of the GLLS algorithm, the fitting step can be very efficiently implemented and, therefore, it does not considerably affect the overall reconstruction time.
authors: Faculty of Health Sciences and Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia, georgios.angelis@sydney.edu.au.
authors: Georgios I
authors: GI
authors: Angelis
authors: Julian C
authors: JC
authors: Matthews
authors: Fotis A
authors: FA
authors: Kotasidis
authors: Pawel J
authors: PJ
authors: Markiewicz
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Lionheart
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Reader
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008959:Models, Neurological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18