title: Surface dose characterisation of the Varian Ir-192 HDR conical surface applicator set with a vertically orientated source.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conical surface applicators with an Ir-192 high-dose-rate brachytherapy source are a common modality for the treatment of non-melanomatous skin cancer with high tumour control rates. Surface dose characterisation of the Varian Varisource GammaMed+ IX afterloader vertical type surface applicators is performed two dimensionally using high-resolution film dosimetry.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The focus of this study was to determine if Varian surface applicators with a vertical source suffer from the dose distribution irregularities reported for comparable applicators. Our goal was to evaluate if the irregularities found affected treatment and dose output verification procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ionisation chamber-based verification of applicator output was established according to guidelines provided by the manufacturer. For additional measurement of surface dose Gafchromic EBT3 film dosimetry was used. The term "therapeutic dose" was defined as 85% of the prescribed dose level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 10 different applicator inserts evaluated, cold spots were observed. Mean cold spot size was 2.0 mm × 3.6 mm (± 0.6 mm). The cold spots were dosimetrically well below 85% of the prescribed dose. The cold spot was situated 2.2 mm (1.4-2.7 mm) unilaterally from the central axis and caused general asymmetry in the dose profiles intersecting the cold spot area. A source tilt of approximately 8° (± 1°) was determined for the source used for irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A central underdosed area exceeding 15 % of the prescribed dose has not been previously reported. Source tilt was observed and found to affect clinical use and possibly treatment outcome in applicators using a vertically arranged source. Surface applicators with a vertically orientated source were subject to dose irregularities that could impact on chamber-based applicator output verification procedures. We recommend film dosimetry-backed applicator commissioning to avoid systematic errors.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland, konrad.buchauer@kssg.ch.
authors: Konrad
authors: K
authors: Buchauer
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Henke
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Schiefer
authors: Ludwig
authors: L
authors: Plasswilm
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005373:Film Dosimetry; D006801:Humans; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000528:radiation effects