title: Automated palpation for breast tissue discrimination based on viscoelastic biomechanical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accurate, noninvasive methods are sought for breast tumor detection and diagnosis. In particular, a need for noninvasive techniques that measure both the nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic properties of breast tissue has been identified. For diagnostic purposes, it is important to select a nonlinear viscoelastic model with a small number of parameters that highly correlate with histological structure. However, the combination of conventional viscoelastic models with nonlinear elastic models requires a large number of parameters. A nonlinear viscoelastic model of breast tissue based on a simple equation with few parameters was developed and tested.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nonlinear viscoelastic properties of soft tissues in porcine breast were measured experimentally using fresh ex vivo samples. Robotic palpation was used for measurements employed in a finite element model. These measurements were used to calculate nonlinear viscoelastic parameters for fat, fibroglandular breast parenchyma and muscle. The ability of these parameters to distinguish the tissue types was evaluated in a two-step statistical analysis that included Holm's pairwise [Formula: see text] test. The discrimination error rate of a set of parameters was evaluated by the Mahalanobis distance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex vivo testing in porcine breast revealed significant differences in the nonlinear viscoelastic parameters among combinations of three tissue types. The discrimination error rate was low among all tested combinations of three tissue types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although tissue discrimination was not achieved using only a single nonlinear viscoelastic parameter, a set of four nonlinear viscoelastic parameters were able to reliably and accurately discriminate fat, breast fibroglandular tissue and muscle.
authors: Graduate School of Creative Science/Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, mtsukune@moegi.waseda.jp.
authors: Mariko
authors: M
authors: Tsukune
authors: Yo
authors: Y
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Tomoyuki
authors: T
authors: Miyashita
authors: G Masakatsu
authors: GM
authors: Fujie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics; D013552:Swine