title: Feeding strategies for groundwater enhanced biodenitrification in an alluvial aquifer: chemical, microbial and isotope assessment of a 1D flow-through experiment.
abstract: Nitrate-removal through enhanced in situ biodenitrification (EISB) is an existing alternative for the recovery of groundwater quality, and is often suggested for use in exploitation wells pumping at small flow-rates. Innovative approaches focus on wider-scale applications, coupling EISB with water-management practices and new monitoring tools. However, before this approach can be used, some water-quality issues such as the accumulation of denitrification intermediates and/or of reduced compounds from other anaerobic processes must be addressed. With such a goal, a flow-through experiment using 100mg-nitrate/L groundwater was built to simulate an EISB for an alluvial aquifer. Heterotrophic denitrification was induced through the periodic addition of a C source (ethanol), with four different C addition strategies being evaluated to improve the quality of the denitrified water. Chemical, microbial and isotope analyses of the water were performed. Biodenitrification was successfully stimulated by the daily addition of ethanol, easily achieving drinking water standards for both nitrate and nitrite, and showing an expected linear trend for nitrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation, with a εN/εO value of 1.1. Nitrate reduction to ammonium was never detected. Water quality in terms of remaining C, microbial counts, and denitrification intermediates was found to vary with the experimental time, and some secondary microbial respiration processes, mainly manganese reduction, were suspected to occur. Carbon isotope composition from the remaining ethanol also changed, from an initial enrichment in (13)C-ethanol compared to the value of the injected ethanol (-30.6‰), to a later depletion, achieving δ(13)C values well below the initial isotope composition (to a minimum of -46.7‰). This depletion in the heavy C isotope follows the trend of an inverse fractionation. Overall, our results indicated that most undesired effects on water quality may be controlled through the optimization of the C/N ratio determined from the amounts of injected ethanol vs. the amount of nitrate in groundwater, with a smaller C/N ratio causing a lower level of undesired impurities. Furthermore, the authors suggest that the biofilm life-time has a direct effect on microbial population and hence affects biodenitrification performance, influencing the accumulation of nitrite over time.
authors: D D'ENGINY BIOREM S.L., Madrazo 68, bxs., 08006 Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits MInerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: georginavidal@biorem.cat.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vidal-Gavilan
authors: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits MInerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: rcarrey@ub.edu.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Carrey
authors: Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: asolanas@ub.edu.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Solanas
authors: Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits MInerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: albertsolergil@ub.edu.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Soler
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D058440:Denitrification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Enhanced biodenitrification; Flow-through experiment; Groundwater; Nitrates; isotope assessment