title: The use of navigation forces for assessment of wrist arthroscopy skills level.
abstract: Purpose To provide an efficient learning process, feedback on performance is crucial. In skills laboratories, it is possible to measure the skills and progression of skills of the trainees objectively. This requires metrics that represent the learning curve of the trainee, which were investigated for wrist arthroscopy. The research questions were: What are the forces used by novices during wrist arthroscopy?What aspects of these navigation forces are discriminative for the wrist arthroscopy skills level?Methods A cadaver wrist was mounted in a custom-made distraction device mounted in front of a force platform (ForceTrap). Eleven novices were invited to perform two tasks on the wrist: Insertion of the scope through the 3-4 portal and the hook through the 6R portal, and visualization of the hook in the center of the imageNavigation through the wrist from radial to ulnar with probing and visualization of five predefined landmarksThe second task was repeated 10 times. The absolute force (F abs) and the direction of force were measured. The angle α is defined in the vertical plane, and the angle β in the horizontal plane. Results The median F abs used by novices remained below the force threshold as defined from the expert data (7.3 N). However, the direction of the applied forces by novices in both planes was not consistent with expert data and showed a wider range. Also, there was no improvement after more trials. Conclusion Our study suggests by the absence of a learning curve for the novices and a significant difference between novices and experts that novices can benefit from feedback on the magnitude and direction of forces to improve their performance.
authors: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Miryam C
authors: MC
authors: Obdeijn
authors: Department of Technical Medicine, University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors: Sophie J
authors: SJ
authors: van Baalen
authors: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Horeman
authors: Department of Hand Surgery, Strasbourg University Hospitals. Illkirch, France.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Liverneaux
authors: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Gabrielle J M
authors: GJ
authors: Tuijthof
keywords: arthroscopy wrist; education; forces; learning; navigation