title: Dietary patterns and cognitive dysfunction in a 12-year follow-up study of 70 year old men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence to dietary patterns has been associated with cognitive decline and dementia, but studies are inconsistent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Dietary patterns, i.e., WHO recommendations (Healthy Diet Indicator), a Mediterranean-like diet (modified Mediterranean Diet Score, mMDS), and a low carbohydrate high protein diet (LCHP), were related to incident cognitive dysfunction, as indicated by Alzheimer's disease (AD), all-type dementia, and all-type cognitive impairment, in a cohort of 1,138 elderly Swedish men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary patterns were derived from 7-day records. Risk relations were calculated by Cox and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders. Sensitivity analysis was performed in a subpopulation (n = 564) with energy intake according to the Goldberg cut-off.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 12 years, 84, 143, and 198 men developed AD, all-type dementia, and all-type cognitive impairment, respectively. There was no association between Healthy Diet Indicator and any of the outcomes. Hazard ratios associated with 1 standard deviation (SD) increment in the LCHP score were 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95, 1.43) for AD and 1.16 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.37) for all-type dementia. mMDS was not associated with dementia diagnosis. Odds ratio (OR)/1 SD increase for mMDS and all-type cognitive impairment was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.05). In the subpopulation OR for mMDS and all-type cognitive impairment was 0.32 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no strong associations with development of cognitive dysfunction for any of the dietary patterns investigated. However, there was a potentially beneficial association for a Mediterranean-like diet on the development of cognitive dysfunction in the subpopulation.
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Olsson
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Brita
authors: B
authors: Karlström
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Lena
authors: L
authors: Kilander
authors: Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Liisa
authors: L
authors: Byberg
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Tommy
authors: T
authors: Cederholm
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Sjögren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Mediterranean diet; cognition disorders; cohort study; dementia; diet; dietary carbohydrates; dietary proteins