title: Muscle activity, cross-sectional area, and density following passive standing and whole body vibration: A case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of intermittent passive standing (PS) and whole body vibration (WBV) on the electromyography (EMG) activity, cross-sectional area, and density of lower extremity muscles in individuals with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven adult men with chronic (≥2 years), thoracic motor complete (AIS A-B) SCI completed a 40-week course of thrice-weekly intermittent PS-WBV therapy, in a flexed knee posture (160°), for 45 minutes per session at a frequency of 45 Hz and 0.6-0.7 mm displacement using the WAVE(®) Pro Plate, with an integrated EasyStand™ standing frame. EMG was measured in major lower extremity muscles to represent muscle activity during PS-WBV. The cross-sectional area and density of the calf muscles were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the widest calf cross-section (66% of the tibia length) at pre- and post-intervention. All measured variables were compared between the pre- and post-intervention measurements to assess change after the PS-WBV intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PS-WBV acutely induced EMG activity in lower extremity muscles of SCI subjects. No significant changes in lower extremity EMG activity, muscle cross-sectional area, or density were observed following the 40-week intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although acute exposure to PS-WBV can induce electrophysiological activity of lower extremity muscles during PS in men with motor complete SCI, the PS-WBV intervention for 40 weeks was not sufficient to result in enhanced muscle activity, or to increase calf muscle cross-sectional area or density.
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Masani
authors: Milad
authors: M
authors: Alizadeh-Meghrazi
authors: Dimitry G
authors: DG
authors: Sayenko
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Zariffa
authors: Cameron
authors: C
authors: Moore
authors: Lora
authors: L
authors: Giangregorio
authors: Milos R
authors: MR
authors: Popovic
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Catharine Craven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009929:Organ Size; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Muscle; Spinal cord injury; Whole body vibration