title: Long-term prospective clinical follow-up after BRCA1/2 presymptomatic testing: BRCA2 risks higher than in adjusted retrospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risks of breast cancer associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations vary considerably across studies but few have assessed prospective risks, which are likely to provide more reliable risk estimates for women undergoing presymptomatic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective breast cancer risks were assessed in 254 unaffected women with BRCA1 mutations and 238 with BRCA2 mutations. Rates of breast cancer were calculated allowing for lead time bias and censored at time of risk reducing mastectomy. Degree of family history was assessed using the Manchester score and genotyping was undertaken using 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen breast cancers occurred in women undergoing presymptomatic testing for BRCA1 and 23 for BRCA2. Breast cancer incidence for BRCA2 was marginally higher than BRCA1 at 20.05 per 1000 in BRCA2 compared with 16.20 per 1000 in BRCA1. Penetrance estimates to 70 years of age adjusted for a 6-month lead time and oophorectomy using Kaplan-Meier analysis were 55.1% (95% CI 36.5% to 75.6%) for BRCA1 and 71.5% (95% CI 53.2% to 87.6%). Breast cancer cases were associated with stronger family histories and higher SNP aggregate scores in BRCA2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prospective breast cancer risks in women in the UK are high especially for BRCA2 families ascertained on the basis of high risk. Women undergoing presymptomatic testing for BRCA2 should be quoted a wide range of possible breast cancer risks and should be steered within that range based on degree of family history, non-genetic risk factors and possibly SNP testing.
authors: Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors: D Gareth
authors: DG
authors: Evans
authors: Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK Centre for Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Harkness
authors: Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Lalloo
authors: Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Trust, Manchester, UK Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Howell
mesh_terms: D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cancer: breast; Genetic epidemiology