title: Phylogeography of Cuban Rivulus: evidence for allopatric speciation and secondary dispersal across a marine barrier.
abstract: The genus Rivulus is currently comprised of two species, R. cylindraceus and R. insulaepinorum, which are endemic to Cuba. However, the taxonomic status of the latter species remains dubious because of the poor quality of the original description. In addition, a recent barcoding survey suggests that the two species may be conspecific. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the two species represent a single evolutionary clade. To delimit the species and their evolutionary history, we used a combination of molecular phylogenetic analyses, with both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, tests of phylogeographic hypotheses, combined with morphological measurements and information on known dispersal barriers and species distribution. None of the data sets support R. insulaepinorum and R. cylindraceus as separate taxa. However, a new species, restricted to the northwestern part of the main island, was identified by phylogenetic analyses, body colour pattern and geographical distribution. The evolutionary distance between the two lineages (cytb, d=15%; CAM-4, d=2.5%) indicates a long period of divergence. Phylogeographic analyses shed light on the dispersal history of R. cylindraceus, which probably originated on the Isla de la Juventud. They also suggest that each lineage had contrasting histories; Rivulus sp. is restricted to a relatively small geographic area whereas R. cylindraceus has dispersed considerably and more than once from its centre of origin, probably facilitated by sea level fluctuations. These results strengthen previous findings, i.e. that the diversity of Cuban freshwater fishes is far from well-known and deserves more in-depth studies, and that vicariance and dispersal events have resulted in a complex biogeographical landscape which has had a significant impact on the freshwater fishes of the Caribbean islands.
authors: Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25, No. 455 entre J e I, Vedado, Ciudad Habana 10400, Cuba. Electronic address: jotaelepe76@gmail.com.
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Ponce de León
authors: Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25, No. 455 entre J e I, Vedado, Ciudad Habana 10400, Cuba. Electronic address: gunnaryleon@gmail.com.
authors: Gunnary
authors: G
authors: León
authors: Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25, No. 455 entre J e I, Vedado, Ciudad Habana 10400, Cuba. Electronic address: rodetrodriguezsilva@gmail.com.
authors: Rodet
authors: R
authors: Rodríguez
authors: Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-090 SP, Brazil. Electronic address: cushlametcalfe@gmail.com.
authors: Cushla J
authors: CJ
authors: Metcalfe
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 16, No. 114 entre 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa, La Habana 11300, Cuba. Electronic address: damir@cim.uh.cu.
authors: Damir
authors: D
authors: Hernández
authors: Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation, UPR9034 CNRS, 1 avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 rue Thomas-Mann, 75205 Paris, France. Electronic address: Didier.Casane@legs.cnrs-gif.fr.
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Casane
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 16, No. 114 entre 1ra y 3ra, Miramar, Playa, La Habana 11300, Cuba. Electronic address: egarcia@cim.uh.cu.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: García-Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D003462:Cuba; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D010858:Pigmentation; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Colour variation; Cryptic species; Dispersal; Freshwater fish; Island; Taxonomy