title: Perseveration augments the effects of cognitive restraint on ad libitum food intake in adults seeking weight loss.
abstract: As executive function may influence eating behaviors, our aim was to determine whether measures of executive function predict ad libitum food intake in subjects seeking weight loss. 78 obese, healthy individuals (40 female/38 male; age 36 ± 10 y; BMI 37.8 ± 7.2 kg/m(2)) completed the Iowa Gambling Task to evaluate decision making, the Stroop Word Color Task to assess attention, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task to measure perseveration, and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire to measure disinhibition and cognitive restraint. Ad libitum energy intake over 3-days was then collected using a validated vending paradigm. When expressed as a percentage of an individual's weight maintaining energy needs (%WMEN), intake correlated positively with perseveration (r=0.24, p=0.03) and negatively with restraint (r=-0.51, p<0.0001). In a regression model of %WMEN (r(2)=0.59, p<0.0001), an interaction between perseveration and restraint was observed (p=0.05). Increased perseveration intensified the effect of restraint such that subjects with both high restraint and perseveration ate the least (median (IQR)=70 (62, 94) %WMEN), while those with low restraint and high perseveration ate the most (130 (102, 153) %WMEN). Subjects with low perseveration and high versus low restraint ate a median of 84 (70, 86) and 112 (98, 133) %WMEN, respectively. The effects of perseveration on food intake are conditional on restraint, and may contribute to extremes of dietary intake in some individuals.
authors: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors: Alexis L
authors: AL
authors: Graham
authors: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors: Marci E
authors: ME
authors: Gluck
authors: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors: Susanne B
authors: SB
authors: Votruba
authors: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Krakoff
authors: Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Electronic address: thearlem@mail.nih.gov.
authors: Marie S
authors: MS
authors: Thearle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D056344:Executive Function; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss
keywords: Appetite regulation; Energy intake; Executive function; Neuropsychological tests; Obesity