title: Effects of hatching time on behavior and weight development of chickens.
abstract: The length of the embryonic period varies both among and within species and can affect the individual phenotype in many ways, both physiologically and behaviorally. In chickens, the hatch window may last 24-48 hours (up to 10% of the incubation time), and studies have shown that incubation length may affect post-hatch growth and physiology. However, little is known about effects on behavior. We therefore investigated how behavior variation correlates with hatching time in the early life of chickens. We also measured egg weight and egg weight loss in relation to hatching time, as well as post-hatch growth. For females, there was a negative correlation between hatch time and body weight from day 4 and throughout the experiment. For males, such a correlation was only observed when testing all hatched males up until day 10. The birds were exposed to a number of behavioral tests, and a principal components analysis was performed on the variables, resulting in four components. For the largest component, termed "Passivity", a tendency of a difference was found between early and middle male hatchers. Furthermore, a significant difference between early and middle male hatchers was found in the second component, termed "Response to novelty". In a spatial learning test, late hatchers tended to learn slower. The behavior of females was not significantly affected by hatching time in any of these tests. This study is among the first to demonstrate a link between time of hatching and early behavior in a precocial species like the chicken, and may help shedding light on the evolutionary trade-offs between incubation length and post-hatch traits. The results may also be relevant from a perspective of stress coping and therefore also for animal welfare and productivity in the chicken industry. The mechanisms linking hatching time with post-hatch phenotype remain to be investigated.
authors: IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors: Pia
authors: P
authors: Løtvedt
authors: IFM Biology, AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors: Per
authors: P
authors: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D065853:Spatial Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D015053:Zygote / Q000254:growth & development