title: Regulatory T cells and immune regulation of allergic diseases: roles of IL-10 and TGF-β.
abstract: The prevalence of allergic diseases has significantly increased in industrialized countries. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) remains as the only curative treatment. The knowledge about the mechanisms underlying healthy immune responses to allergens, the development of allergic reactions and restoration of appropriate immune responses to allergens has significantly improved over the last decades. It is now well-accepted that the generation and maintenance of functional allergen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells and regulatory B (Breg) cells are essential for healthy immune responses to environmental proteins and successful AIT. Treg cells comprise different subsets of T cells with suppressive capacity, which control the development and maintenance of allergic diseases by various ways of action. Molecular mechanisms of generation of Treg cells, the identification of novel immunological organs, where this might occur in vivo, such as tonsils, and related epigenetic mechanisms are starting to be deciphered. The key role played by the suppressor cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β produced by functional Treg cells during the generation of immune tolerance to allergens is now well established. Treg and Breg cells together have a role in suppression of IgE and induction of IgG4 isotype allergen-specific antibodies particularly mediated by IL-10. Other cell types such as subsets of dendritic cells, NK-T cells and natural killer cells producing high levels of IL-10 may also contribute to the generation of healthy immune responses to allergens. In conclusion, better understanding of the immune regulatory mechanisms operating at different stages of allergic diseases will significantly help the development of better diagnostic and predictive biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
authors: 1] Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Palomares
authors: Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Martín-Fontecha
authors: 1] Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland [2] Cantonal Childrens Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland.
authors: R
authors: 000000028412606X
authors: R
authors: Lauener
authors: 1] Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland [2] UNIKA-T, Institute for environmental medicine, Technische Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Traidl-Hoffmann
authors: 1] Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland [2] Department of Pediatric Allergology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: O
authors: 0000000257477032
authors: O
authors: Cavkaytar
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Akdis
authors: 1] Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland [2] Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Akdis
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10