title: In vitro antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities, phytochemical screening and heavy metals toxicity of different parts of Ballota nigra.
abstract: The study was done to assess the phytochemicals (flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannin, alkaloids, and phenol) in different parts (root, stem, and leaves) of Ballota nigra and correlated it to inhibition of microbes (bacteria and fungi), protozoan (Leishmania), and heavy metals toxicity evaluation. In root and stem flavonoids, terpenes and phenols were present in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate soluble fraction; these were found to be the most active inhibiting fractions against all the tested strains of bacteria, fungi, and leishmania. While in leaves flavonoids, terpenes, and phenols were present in ethanol, chloroform, and n-butanol fractions which were the most active fractions against both types of microbes and protozoan (leishmania) in in vitro study. Ethanol and chloroform fractions show maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli (17 mm). The phytochemical and biological screenings were correlated with the presence of heavy metals in selected plant Ballota nigra. Cr was found above permissible value (above 1.5 mg/kg) in all parts of the plant. Ni was above WHO limit in B. nigra root and leaves (3.35 ± 1.20 mg/kg and 5.09 ± 0.47 mg/kg, respectively). Fe was above permissible value in all parts of B. nigra (above 20 mg/kg). Cd was above permissible value in all parts of the plant (above 0.3 mg/kg). Pb was above WHO limit (above 2 mg/kg) in all parts of Ballota nigra.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
authors: Najeeb
authors: N
authors: Ullah
authors: Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
authors: Ijaz
authors: I
authors: Ahmad
authors: Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan.
authors: Sultan
authors: S
authors: Ayaz
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D031329:Ballota / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts