title: Health risk assessment of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption in an urban Nigerian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Meat consumption is increasingly becoming a larger part of diets worldwide. However, the bioaccumulation of toxic metals from anthropogenic pollution is a potential health risk to human health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the daily intake of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption and assess the possible health risks in an urban population in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dried meat samples were digested with 3 : 2HNO3 : HClO4 v/v. Zinc, chromium, and nickel concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Daily intakes of meat were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated daily intakes (EDI) (μg/person/day) ranges were: zinc (10 496-13 459), chromium (310·90-393·73), and nickel (26·72-34·87). Estimated daily intake for zinc was 15-30% of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and for nickel it was 8-15% of tolerable daily intake (TDI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chromium intakes were above recommended daily intake (RDI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) for nickel and zinc were within WHO/FAO limit. There was no evidence of possible health risk to consumers with regard to zinc and nickel. However, chromium intake should be of utmost concern, while disposal of tanning waste should be checked.
authors: Janefrances N
authors: JN
authors: Ihedioha
authors: Chukwuma O B
authors: CO
authors: Okoye
authors: Uchenna A
authors: UA
authors: Onyechi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002857:Chromium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D009532:Nickel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D009532:Nickel; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Beef,; Bioaccumulation,; Chromium,; Cow meat; Food contamination,; Heavy metals,; Nickel,; Trace metals,; Zinc,