title: Periodontal cytokines profile under orthodontic force and extracorporeal shock wave stimuli in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal shock wave therapy has been used in various clinical conditions as a result of its ability to stimulate healing processes in acute and chronic inflammatory states. Orthodontic force application triggers an inflammatory reaction in the periodontal tissue surrounding the involved teeth, resulting in tooth movement. Preliminary work revealed that extracorporeal shock wave therapy increased the expression of the inflammatory cytokines involved. Our aim was to investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the periodontal tissues following orthodontic force induction, with and without shock wave therapy, in experimental rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  An orthodontic appliance was fabricated and applied between the molars and the incisors of adult Wistar rats. In conjunction with orthodontic force commencement, the rats were treated with a single episode of 1000 shock waves. Every day, during the 3 d of the study, rats were killed and the immunolocalization of RANKL, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of the area staining positively for all inflammatory cytokines during the first 2 d decreased statistically significantly more in the shock wave-treated group compared with the nontreated control group. On the first day, the percentage of the area staining positively for IL-1β and RANKL on the compression side peaked in both groups, with a sequential rise in the number of TRAP-positive cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The induction of shock wave therapy during orthodontic tooth movement influences the expression of different inflammatory cytokines in the tissue and might alter the expected periodontal remodeling rate.
authors: Orthodontic and Craniofacial Department, Graduate School of Dentistry, Rambam Health Care Campus and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Hazan-Molina
authors: A Z
authors: AZ
authors: Reznick
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Kaufman
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Aizenbud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis*; D019220:High-Energy Shock Waves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010519:Periodontium / Q000276:immunology*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053245:RANK Ligand; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: cytokines; extracorporeal shock wave therapy; inflammation; orthodontic tooth movement