title: Drug use, abuse, and dependence and the persistence of nicotine dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Illicit drug use and nicotine dependence (ND) frequently co-occur. Yet, to date very few studies have examined the role of alcohol and illicit drug use in ND persistence. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between specific classes of drug use, abuse, and dependence and the persistence of ND over time among adults in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a national survey of 34,653U.S. adults interviewed between 2001-2002 and reinterviewed 3 years later. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationships between various classes of drug use, abuse, and dependence among adults with ND at Wave 1 and the odds for persistent ND at Wave 2. Analyses were adjusted for differences in demographic characteristics, mood/anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders, and other substance use disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime drug use was not associated with significantly increased likelihood for persistent ND. Sedative abuse was associated with increased odds for nicotine persistence, but no other types of drug abuse were predictive of ND persistence, after adjusting for demographics, mood/anxiety, and alcohol use disorders. All types of drug dependence were associated with persistence of ND; the strongest associations emerged between opioid and tranquilizer dependence and persistent ND, while the associations between cannabis and cocaine dependence were no longer significant after adjusting for mood/anxiety disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should take care to evaluate the presence and/or history of drug dependence among patients seeking treatment for smoking cessation. These data suggest that a history of substance dependence predicts increased vulnerability to persistent ND.
authors: Department of Psychology, Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; renee.goodwin@qc.cuny.edu.
authors: Renee D
authors: RD
authors: Goodwin
authors: Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York, New York, NY;
authors: Christine E
authors: CE
authors: Sheffer
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
authors: Hayley
authors: H
authors: Chartrand
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Bhaskaran
authors: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY;
authors: Carl L
authors: CL
authors: Hart
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Jitender
authors: J
authors: Sareen
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bolton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000639:trends; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult