title: Incorporation and washout of n-3 PUFA after high dose intravenous and oral supplementation in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the physiological effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) are generally thought to require several weeks of exposure to allow their incorporation into plasma membranes, intravenous (IV) n-3PUFA attenuate the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to stress within 3 h. Whether oral n-3 PUFA exert similar early effects remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether acute IV or short term oral n-3PUFA administration reproduces the metabolic effects of long term oral supplements during exercise, and how it relates to their incorporation into platelets and red blood cells (RBC) membranes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective single center open label study in 8 healthy subjects receiving a 3-h infusion of 0.6 g/kg body weight n-3PUFA emulsion, followed one week later by an oral administration of 0.6 g/kg over 3 consecutive days. Maximal power output (cycling exercise), maximal heart rate (HR), blood lactate at exhaustion, and platelet function were measured at baseline and after IV or 3-day oral supplementation; platelet and RBC membrane composition were assessed until 15 days after n-3PUFA administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IV and oral n-3PUFA significantly decreased maximal HR (-6% and -5%), maximal power output (-10%) and peak blood lactate (-47% and -52%) Platelet function tests were unchanged. The EPA and DHA membrane contents of RBC and platelets increased significantly, but only to 1.7-1.9% of fatty acid content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of n-3 PUFA during exercise occur already within 1-3 days of exposure, and may be unrelated to changes in membranes composition. Effects occur within hours of administration and are unrelated to lipid membrane composition. Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00516178.
authors: Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: fdelodder@gmail.com.
authors: Frederik
authors: F
authors: Delodder
authors: University Physiology Institute, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: luc.tappy@unil.ch.
authors: Luc
authors: L
authors: Tappy
authors: Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Lucas.Liaudet@chuv.ch.
authors: Lucas
authors: L
authors: Liaudet
authors: University Physiology Institute, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Philippe.Schneiter@unil.ch.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Schneiter
authors: Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Life Science, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: perrudet@gmail.com.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Perrudet
authors: Service of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Mette.Berger@chuv.ch.
authors: Mette M
authors: MM
authors: Berger
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014280:Triglycerides; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Fish oil; Lactate; Membrane incorporation; Pharmacokinetic; Platelet function