title: Dual-memory processes in crack cocaine dependents: The effects of childhood neglect on recall.
abstract: Exposure to adversities during sensitive periods of neurodevelopment is associated with the subsequent development of substance dependence and exerts harmful, long-lasting effects upon memory functioning. In this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood neglect (CN) and memory using a dual-process model that quantifies recollective and non-recollective retrieval processes in crack cocaine dependents. Eighty-four female crack cocaine-dependent inpatients who did (N = 32) or did not (N = 52) report a history of CN received multiple opportunities to study and recall a short list composed of familiar and concrete words and then received a delayed-recall test. Crack cocaine dependents with a history of CN showed worse performance on free-recall tests than did dependents without a history of CN; this finding was associated with declines in recollective retrieval (direct access) rather than non-recollective retrieval. In addition, we found no evidence of group differences in forgetting rates between immediate- and delayed-recall tests. The results support developmental models of traumatology and suggest that neglect of crack cocaine dependents in early life disrupts the adult memory processes that support the retrieval of detailed representations of events from the past.
authors: a Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress (NEPTE) , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.
authors: Saulo G
authors: SG
authors: Tractenberg
authors: Thiago W
authors: TW
authors: Viola
authors: Carlos F A
authors: CF
authors: Gomes
authors: Luis Eduardo
authors: LE
authors: Wearick-Silva
authors: Christian H
authors: CH
authors: Kristensen
authors: Lilian M
authors: LM
authors: Stein
authors: Rodrigo
authors: R
authors: Grassi-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine
keywords: Childhood neglect; Cocaine; Dual processes; Free recall; Memory