title: Effects of benzophenone-3 exposure on endocrine disruption and reproduction of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)--a two generation exposure study.
abstract: Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) has been widely used in sunscreens and cosmetics to protect human skin from the harmful effects of UV irradiation. While BP-3 has been frequently detected in surface waters, sediments and biota, only limited information is available on its in vivo toxicity, particularly in fish. In the present study the endocrine disrupting capacity of BP-3 and its underlying mechanisms were investigated using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Adult Japanese medaka pairs (F0) were exposed to 0, 4.7, 8.4, 26, or 90 μg/L (or 0, 15, 50, 150, or 500 μg/L of BP-3 based on nominal concentration) for 14 d and its effects on sex steroid hormones, and transcription of various associated genes were determined. Following additional 14 d of exposure, the F1 eggs reproduced were counted and were further exposed to 0, 5.4, 12, or 30 μg/L of BP-3 (or 0, 15, 50, or 150 μg/L based on nominal concentrations) until 30 d after hatching. Chemical analysis of the exposed media confirmed transformation of BP-3 to benzophenone-1 (BP-1), a more potent estrogen agonist. After 14 d of the adult fish exposure, plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) significantly increased in male fish. The 17β-estradiol (E2) to T (E2/T) ratio showed significant decreases in both male and female fish. Overall down-regulation of gonadal steroidogenic genes such as star, cyp11a, cyp17, hsd3b, hsd17b3, and cyp19a was also observed. After 28 d of exposure, the daily average egg reproduction per female was significantly reduced at 26 μg/L of BP-3. However, hatchability of F1 eggs was not affected by continuous exposure. After continued exposure until 30 dph, juvenile fish showed concentration-dependent decrease of condition factor, but mortality was not affected. Our observation clearly indicates that endocrine balance and reproduction performance in fish could be affected by μg/L level exposure to BP-3. Consequences of longer term exposure over multi-generations warrant further investigation.
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sujin
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors: Dawoon
authors: D
authors: Jung
authors: Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 461-713, Republic of Korea.
authors: Younglim
authors: Y
authors: Kho
authors: School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kyungho@snu.ac.kr.
authors: Kyungho
authors: K
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009990:Oryzias / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005290:oxybenzone
keywords: Second generation; Steroidogenesis; UV filter; Vitellogenin