title: Gene expression markers in the zebrafish embryo reflect a hepatotoxic response in animal models and humans.
abstract: The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatotoxic responses. Here, we hypothesize that the detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of new compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for screening. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of cholestasis, steatosis and necrosis, and two non-hepatotoxic controls. Histopathology revealed various specific morphological changes in the ZFE hepatocytes indicative of cell injury. Gene expression profiles of the individual compounds were generated using microarrays. Regulation of single genes and of pathways could be linked to hepatotoxic responses in general, but phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. Hepatotoxicity-associated pathways included xenobiotic metabolism and oxidoreduction related pathways. Overall analysis of gene expression identified a limited set of potential biomarkers specific for a common hepatotoxicity response. This set included several cytochrome P450 genes (cyp2k19, cyp4v7, cyp2aa3), genes related to liver development (pklr) and genes important in oxidoreduction processes (zgc:163022, zgc:158614, zgc:101858 and sqrdl). In conclusion, the ZFE model allows for identification of hepatotoxicants, without discrimination into specific phenotypes.
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Marja
authors: M
authors: Driessen
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Anne S
authors: AS
authors: Kienhuis
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Alexa P
authors: AP
authors: Vitins
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Jeroen L A
authors: JL
authors: Pennings
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Tessa E
authors: TE
authors: Pronk
authors: Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors: Evert-Jan
authors: EJ
authors: van den Brandhof
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Roodbergen
authors: Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Bob
authors: B
authors: van de Water
authors: Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: leo.van.der.ven@rivm.nl.
authors: Leo T M
authors: LT
authors: van der Ven
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers