title: Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects and duration of action of buprenorphine hydrochloride after IM administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
  
  
  METHODS
  12 healthy 3-year-old American kestrels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg) and a control treatment (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) were administered IM in a randomized crossover experimental design. Foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus was determined 1 hour before (baseline) and 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after treatment administration. Agitation-sedation scores were determined 3 to 5 minutes before each thermal stimulus. Adverse effects were monitored for 6 hours after treatment administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Buprenorphine hydrochloride at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg, IM, increased thermal threshold for 6 hours, compared with the response for the control treatment. There were no significant differences among buprenorphine treatments. A mild sedative effect was detected at a dose of 0.6 mg of buprenorphine/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the doses tested, buprenorphine hydrochloride resulted in thermal antinociception in American kestrels for at least 6 hours, which suggested that buprenorphine has analgesic effects in this species. Further studies with longer evaluation periods and additional forms of noxious stimuli, formulations, dosages, and routes of administration are needed to fully evaluate the analgesic effects of buprenorphine in American kestrels.
authors: Department of Companion Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Susanne M
authors: SM
authors: Ceulemans
authors: David Sanchez-Migallon
authors: DS
authors: Guzman
authors: Glenn H
authors: GH
authors: Olsen
authors: Hugues
authors: H
authors: Beaufrère
authors: Joanne R
authors: JR
authors: Paul-Murphy
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D046093:Falconiformes; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D002047:Buprenorphine