title: Activation of the ergoreceptors in cardiac patients with and without heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of ergoreflex activity and its current relationship to hyperventilation and prognosis in cardiac patients is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated ergoreflex activity in cardiac patients with and without heart failure (CHF) as well as in healthy subjects, and we examined how ergoreceptor activity was related to a mortality risk score in CHF (MAGGIC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five healthy subjects and 76 patients were included, among whom were 25 with ischemic heart disease (IHD), 24 with stable CHF, and 27 with unstable CHF. Ergoreflex activity was measured with a dynamic handgrip exercise, followed by post-handgrip regional circulatory occlusion (PH-RCO). Ergoreflex activity contributed significantly to ventilation (median [interquartile range] %V) in unstable CHF (81 [73-91] %V without PH-RCO, 92 [82-107] %V with PH-RCO, and 11 [6-20] difference in %V; P < .001) and was positively correlated with the MAGGIC risk score (Spearman ρ = 0.431; P = .002). No ergoreflex activity was observed in healthy subjects (-4 [-10 to 5] difference in %V), IHD (0 [-8 to 3] Diff in %V) and stable CHF (-3 [-11 to 6] difference in %V).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ergoreflex activity contributes to hyperventilation, but only in CHF patients with persistent symptoms, and is closely related to the MAGGIC risk score. Ergoreflex activity was not present in patients with IHD or stable CHF, suggesting other reasons for the increased ventilatory drive in those patients.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: sofie.pardaens@ugent.be.
authors: Sofie
authors: S
authors: Pardaens
authors: Cardiovascular Center, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Vanderheyden
authors: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Calders
authors: Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Willems
authors: Cardiovascular Center, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium.
authors: Jozef
authors: J
authors: Bartunek
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: de Sutter
mesh_terms: D005080:Exercise Test / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Ergoreflex; MAGGIC risk score; healthy subjects; heart failure; ischemic heart disease; ventilation