title: Association of GLP-1 secretion with anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ginsenosides in high-fat diet fed rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ginsenosides, major bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng, have been shown to exert anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, the underlying mechanism was not well-elucidated due to the low bioavailability of ginsenosides. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was considered to be a critical regulator of energy homeostasis. Our previous studies have showed that ginseng total saponins (GTS) exhibited antidiabetic effects partly via modulating GLP-1 release. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of GLP-1 in anti-hyperlipidemia effect of GTS in rats fed with high-fat diet.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. Then, the HFD rats orally received vehicle (HFD), 150 mg/kg/day (HFD-GL) and 300 mg/kg/day of GTS (HFD-GH) for another 4 weeks, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four-week GTS treatment significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia, decreased body fat, liver weight and improved insulin resistance. It was found that high-dose GTS treatment increased portal GLP-1 level induced by glucose loading, accompanied by increased intestinal GLP-1 content, L-cell number and prohormone convertase 3 mRNA expression. Data from NCI-H716 cells showed that both GTS and ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased GLP-1 secretion as well as proglucagon mRNA level in NCI-H716 cells supplemented with 10% HFD-rat serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance were attenuated effectively in response to GTS treatment. These improvements may be associated with the increased secretion of GLP-1.
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: liucan2010cpu@gmail.com.
authors: Can
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: mengyuehu@126.com.
authors: Meng-yue
authors: MY
authors: Hu
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: zhangmian.cpu@gmail.com.
authors: Mian
authors: M
authors: Zhang
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: hnleefeng@126.com.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: ljbzd@163.com.
authors: Jia
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: zhangjizz@163.com.
authors: Ji
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: lynnlee3791@gmail.com.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Bioanalytical and PK/TK Center, Jiangsu Tripod Preclinical Research Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211899, China. Electronic address: haifangguo@126.com.
authors: Hai-fang
authors: HF
authors: Guo
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: xupingcpu@163.com.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Xu
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: liulee@yeah.net.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China. Electronic address: xdliu@cpu.edu.cn.
authors: Xiao-dong
authors: XD
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D036145:Ginsenosides; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Ginseng total saponins; Ginsenosides; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Hyperlipidemia