title: A comparison of hallux valgus angles assessed with computerised plantar pressure measurements, clinical examination and radiography in patients with diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hallux valgus deformity is a common musculoskeletal foot disorder with a prevalence of 3.5% in adolescents to 35.7% in adults aged over 65 years. Radiographic measurements of hallux valgus angles (HVA) are considered to be the most reproducible and accurate assessment of HVA. However, in European countries, many podiatrists do not have direct access to radiographic facilities. Therefore, alternative measurements are desired. Such measurements are computerised plantar pressure measurement and clinical goniometry. The purpose of this study was to establish the agreement of these techniques and radiographic assessments.
  
  
  METHODS
  HVA was determined in one hundred and eighty six participants suffering from diabetes. Radiographic measurements of HVA were performed with standardised static weight bearing dorsoplantar foot radiographs. The clinical goniometry for HVA was measured with a universal goniometer. Computerised plantar pressure measurement for HVA was executed with the EMED SF-4® pressure platform and Novel-Ortho-Geometry software. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and levels of agreement were analysed using Bland & Altman plots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of radiographic measurements to clinical goniometry for HVA showed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.86; p<0.001). Radiographic measurement versus computerised plantar pressure measurement showed an ICC of 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.68; p<0.001). In addition, clinical goniometry versus computerised plantar pressure measurement showed an ICC of 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.82; p<0.001). The systematic difference of the computerised plantar pressure measurement compared with radiographic measurement and clinical goniometry was 7.0 degrees (SD 6.8) and 5.2 degrees (SD 5.0), respectively. The systemic difference of radiographic measurements compared with clinical goniometry was 1.8 degrees (SD 5.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The agreement of computerised plantar pressure measurement and clinical goniometry for HVA compared to radiographic measurement of HVA is unsatisfactory. Radiographic measurements of HVA and clinical goniometry for HVA yield better agreement compared to radiographic measurements and computerised plantar pressure measurement. The traditional radiographic measurement techniques are strongly recommended for the assessment of HVA.
authors: Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Daniël Mc
authors: DM
authors: Janssen
authors: Dorati Consultancy for Feet and Health, Los Angelesstraat 74, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors: Antal P
authors: AP
authors: Sanders
authors: University of Technology Delft, Faculty Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Department Man-machine Interaction, University of Technology Delft, Mekelweg 4, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors: Nick A
authors: NA
authors: Guldemond
authors: Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Joris
authors: J
authors: Hermus
authors: Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Geert Him
authors: GH
authors: Walenkamp
authors: Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Lodewijk W
authors: LW
authors: van Rhijn