title: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy under sedoanalgesia for treatment of kidney stones in infants: a single-center experience with 102 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present the efficacy of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) therapy administered with sedoanalgesia in infants with kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 102 patients aged 5-24 months who had kidney stones and received SWL therapy under sedoanalgesia using a Siemens Lithostar Modularis device. Patient and stone characteristics, therapy parameters, pain score, complications, discharge time, and follow-ups were registered and evaluated. Pain score was assessed using a Neonatal Infant Pain Score (NIPS). Postanesthetic discharge scoring system (PADSS) was used for the assessments of postprocedural discharge procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of the patients was 17.2 ± 6.3 months (5-24 months). Mean stone size was 7.9 ± 3.3 mm (5-23 mm). The most common concomitant metabolic disorders were hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia. The stone-free rates of the infants were 70.6, 87.3, and 99.1 % after the first, second, and third sessions of SWL therapy, respectively. The mean NIPS scores procedure during, and at 1 h after SWL procedure were determined as 0.24 ± 0.45 and 0.34 ± 0.47, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between two pain score values (P = 0.114). The mean discharge time of patients after the SWL procedure were 108.6 ± 27.9 min. Forty-two patients (41.1 %) were followed up. The follow-up period varied between 8 and 48 months (mean 19.5 months); none of those patients showed evidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or renal function impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWL therapy under sedoanalgesia is a safe and efficient treatment modality that can be administered with low complication rates and high stone-free rates in the treatment of renal stones in infants.
authors: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey, s.adanur61@hotmail.com.
authors: Senol
authors: S
authors: Adanur
authors: Tevfik
authors: T
authors: Ziypak
authors: Ali Haydar
authors: AH
authors: Yılmaz
authors: Huseyin
authors: H
authors: Kocakgol
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Aksoy
authors: Turgut
authors: T
authors: Yapanoglu
authors: Ozkan
authors: O
authors: Polat
authors: Yılmaz
authors: Y
authors: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000628:therapy*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome