title: Epidemiology of concurrent headache and sleep problems in Denmark.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no previous epidemiologic studies on concurrent headache and sleep problems (HSP). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of HSP in Denmark, broadly characterize those with HSP, and examine associations between HSP and socioeconomic/lifestyle factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 129,150 randomly selected individuals were invited to participate in the Danish National Health Survey 2010. Respondents were asked about headache, sleep problems, depression and anxiety in the last two weeks, health-related lifestyle and quality of life (SF-12). Socioeconomic data were retrieved from national registers. Prevalence proportions were adjusted for stratified sampling and non-response. Regression analyses examined associations between HSP and socioeconomic/lifestyle factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 68,518 respondents, 16.3% reported only headache, 21.1% only sleep problems, and 18.1% HSP with 2.6% being severely affected. Prevalence was higher among women and the middle-aged. Severe HSP was associated with low socioeconomic position, non-Western ethnicity, unhealthy lifestyle, high stress and anxiety/depression. Those with HSP had substantially reduced quality of life; more so than those having only headache or only sleep problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HSP is a highly prevalent condition. Lifestyle modification, stress reduction, and screening for concurrent depression and anxiety may play important roles in management. The high prevalence of HSP suggests a common pathophysiological mechanism.
authors: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark nunu.laura.timotheussen.lund.01@regionh.dk.
authors: Nunu
authors: N
authors: Lund
authors: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Maria Lurenda
authors: ML
authors: Westergaard
authors: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Mads
authors: M
authors: Barloese
authors: Research Center for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Glümer
authors: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Rigmor Højland
authors: RH
authors: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Headache; epidemiology; lifestyle; prevalence; quality of life; sleep