title: Characterization of un-hydrated and hydrated BioAggregate™ and MTA Angelus™.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  BioAggregate™ is a novel material introduced for use as a root-end filling material. It is tricalcium silicate-based, free of aluminium and uses tantalum oxide as radiopacifier. BioAggregate contains additives to enhance the material performance. The purpose of this research was to characterize the un-hydrated and hydrated forms of BioAggregate using a combination of techniques, verify whether the additives if present affect the properties of the set material and compare these properties to those of MTA Angelus™.
  
  
  METHODS
  Un-hydrated and hydrated BioAggregate and MTA Angelus were assessed. Un-hydrated cement was tested for chemical composition, specific surface area, mineralogy and kinetics of hydration. The set material was investigated for mineralogy, microstructure and bioactivity. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and isothermal calorimetry were employed. The specific surface area was investigated using a gas adsorption method with nitrogen as the probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BioAggregate was composed of tricalcium silicate, tantalum oxide, calcium phosphate and silicon dioxide and was free of aluminium. On hydration, the tricalcium silicate produced calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. The former was deposited around the cement grains, while the latter reacted with the silicon dioxide to form additional calcium silicate hydrate. This resulted in reduction of calcium hydroxide in the aged cement. MTA Angelus reacted in a similar fashion; however, since it contained no additives, the calcium hydroxide was still present in the aged cement. Bioactivity was demonstrated by deposition of hydroxyapatite. BioAggregate exhibited a high specific surface area. Nevertheless, the reactivity determined by isothermal calorimetry appeared to be slow compared to MTA Angelus. The tantalum oxide as opposed to bismuth oxide was inert, and tantalum was not leached in solution. BioAggregate exhibited high calcium ion release early, which was maintained over the 28-day period as opposed to MTA Angelus, which demonstrated low early calcium ion release which increased as the material aged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mineralogical composition of BioAggregate was different to MTA Angelus. As opposed to MTA Angelus, BioAggregate did not contain aluminium and contained additives such as calcium phosphate and silicon dioxide. As a consequence, BioAggregate reacted more slowly and formation of calcium hydroxide and leaching of calcium ions in solution were not evident as the material aged. The additives in BioAggregate modify the kinetics and the end products of hydration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although newer generation tricalcium silicate-based materials contain similar constituents to MTA, they do not undergo the same setting reactions, and thus, their clinical performance will not be comparable to that of MTA.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta Medical School, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2090, Malta, josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Camilleri
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sorrentino
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Damidot
mesh_terms: D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002151:Calorimetry; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C557009:BioAggregate; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; C475480:MTA-Angelus; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; D014867:Water; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D001729:Bismuth