title: Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals modulate the production of inflammatory mediators and cell viability of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.
abstract: Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that act as competitive inhibitors of estrogen in the endocrine system. By disrupting the endocrine system, EDCs can cause severe disabilities and diseases, including cancers and altered sexual development. Although the influence of these molecules in the endocrine system is evident, the effects of EDCs on the immune system as well as their cytotoxicity have been poorly examined. Therefore, we selected 21 EDCs that are commonly found in Korean ecosystems, such as surface waters and effluents, and studied their immunologic effects by comparing nitric oxide (NO) production and cytotoxicity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (RAW cells), a macrophage cell line. Among the EDCs tested, fenitrothion (FTH) inhibited the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), resulting in reduced NO production, while treatment with andostenedione (AD), diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), estriol, or molinate decreased production of NO in an iNOS-independent fashion. In contrast, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) increased the production of NO in RAW cells. In addition, AD, DBP, or FTH inhibited the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-1 beta. Treatment with 17-α-ethynylestradiol, 17-β-estradiol, 4-n-butyl phenol, or alachlor induced apoptosis of RAW cells, while dicyclohexyl phthalate and B(a)P caused cell death in an apoptosis-independent manner. These data suggest that EDCs can influence the immune response to pathogens by modulating the functions of macrophages.
authors: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun Gyung
authors: HG
authors: Kim
authors: Seung-min
authors: SM
authors: Yeon
authors: Kyong Hoon
authors: KH
authors: Kim
authors: Heejoong
authors: H
authors: Kim
authors: Jong-Il
authors: JI
authors: Park
authors: Hyun-Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Kang
authors: Eun Ji
authors: EJ
authors: Cha
authors: Hee-Deung
authors: HD
authors: Park
authors: Hyo Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Kang
authors: Tae Won
authors: TW
authors: Park
authors: Young-Ho
authors: YH
authors: Jeon
authors: Young In
authors: YI
authors: Park
authors: Kyu-Tae
authors: KT
authors: Chang
authors: Yong Woo
authors: YW
authors: Jung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000276:immunology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II