title: Hypothalamic vasotocin and tyrosine hydroxylase levels following maternal care and selection for low mortality in laying hens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feather pecking and cannibalism are major concerns in poultry farming, both in terms of animal welfare and farm economics. Genetic selection and introduction of (aspects of) maternal care have been suggested as potential interventions to reduce feather pecking in laying hens. Altered brain development has been proposed to reflect welfare states in animals, and can provide more insight into the underlying processes involved in feather pecking. Both vasotocin (the avian homologue of vasopressin) and dopaminergic neural circuitry have roles in control of social behaviors as well as in the stress response, and may be linked to feather pecking. Thus, the hypothalamus of adult laying hens selected for low early mortality (LML), which show low feather pecking, was examined and compared with a control line of adult laying hens selected for production characteristics only (CL). The effect of foster hen rearing on the two genetic lines and their hypothalamic morphology was also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated an increase in the number of neurons positive for the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine production, tyrosine hydroxylase, in the periventricular area of the hypothalamus in the LML hens compared to CL hens. Hen-reared chicks showed more vasotocin -positive neurons in the medial pre-optic area compared to the hens raised without a hen. No correlations were found between behavior in an open field at 5-6 weeks of age, and the histology of the same hens at adulthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothalamic dopaminergic and vasotinergic systems are altered in hens following genetic selection or maternal care, indicating a potential role for these systems in feather pecking.
authors: Susie E
authors: SE
authors: Hewlett
authors: Elly C
authors: EC
authors: Zeinstra
authors: Frank J C M
authors: FJ
authors: van Eerdenburg
authors: Tb
authors: T
authors: Rodenburg
authors: Peter J S
authors: PJ
authors: van Kooten
authors: Fj
authors: F
authors: van der Staay
authors: Emotion & Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.e.nordquist1@uu.nl.
authors: Rebecca E
authors: RE
authors: Nordquist
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014668:Vasotocin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D014668:Vasotocin