title: In vivo assessment of antiretroviral therapy-associated side effects.
abstract: Antiretroviral therapy has been associated with side effects, either from the drug itself or in conjunction with the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Here, we evaluated the side effects of the protease inhibitor (PI) indinavir in hamsters consuming a normal or high-fat diet. Indinavir treatment increased the hamster death rate and resulted in an increase in triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose serum levels and a reduction in anti-oxLDL auto-antibodies. The treatment led to histopathological alterations of the kidney and the heart. These results suggest that hamsters are an interesting model for the study of the side effects of antiretroviral drugs, such as PIs.
authors: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Eduardo Milton
authors: EM
authors: Ramos-Sanchez
authors: Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Hiro
authors: H
authors: Goto
authors: Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Dolores Helena Rodriguez Ferreira
authors: DH
authors: Rivero
authors: Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Thais
authors: T
authors: Mauad
authors: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Fernando Nogueira
authors: FN
authors: de Souza
authors: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Andrea Moreira
authors: AM
authors: Monteiro
authors: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
authors: Magnus
authors: M
authors: Gidlund
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D006224:Cricetinae; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000097:blood*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D019469:Indinavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000187:drug effects; D023421:Models, Animal; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D014280:Triglycerides; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D019469:Indinavir; D002784:Cholesterol