title: Efficacy of ketamine as an adjunct to lidocaine in intravenous regional anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to compare and evaluate the effect of adding ketamine as an adjunct to lidocaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) on intraoperative and postoperative analgesia, the onset and recovery times of sensory and motor block, and tourniquet pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients undergoing surgery of the hand or forearm under IVRA were randomly assigned to receive lidocaine 3 mg/kg (group 1) or lidocaine 3 mg/kg plus ketamine 50 mg (group 2) diluted to 40 mL with normal saline. Assessment parameters included the onset and recovery times of sensory and motor block, tourniquet pain, intraoperative hemodynamics, surgeon and patient satisfaction, postoperative pain, time of first analgesic request, total analgesic consumption, and adverse effects in the first 24 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups 1 and 2 were comparable in demographic and surgical parameters. There were no differences between groups in intraoperative hemodynamics, onset and recovery times of sensory and motor block, or surgeon satisfaction index. Compared with group 1, group 2 patients showed less tourniquet pain, prolonged time to first request for postoperative rescue analgesia (5.5 ± 1.3 vs 20.4 ± 3.7 hours, P < 0.001), lower postoperative diclofenac consumption (120.00 ± 45.23 vs 55.1 ± 0.00 mg, P < 0.001), lower scores for postoperative pain as measured by the Verbal Rating Scale, higher patient satisfaction index, and a nonsignificant difference in the incidence of postoperative adverse effects between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of ketamine to lidocaine in patients receiving IVRA significantly reduced intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements and improved patient satisfaction without causing significant adverse effects.
authors: From the Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
authors: Hala S
authors: HS
authors: Abdel-Ghaffar
authors: Mahmoud Abdel-Azez
authors: MA
authors: Kalefa
authors: Ahmed Said
authors: AS
authors: Imbaby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine