title: Broken or maladaptive? Altered trajectories in neuroinflammation and behavior after early life adversity.
abstract: Exposure to adversity and stress early in development yields vulnerability to mental illnesses throughout the lifespan. Growing evidence suggests that this vulnerability has mechanistic origins involving aberrant development of both neurocircuitry and neuro-immune activity. Here we review the current understanding of when and how stress exposure initiates neuroinflammatory events that interact with brain development. We first review how early life adversity has been associated with various psychopathologies, and how neuroinflammation plays a role in these pathologies. We then summarize data and resultant hypotheses describing how early life adversity may particularly alter neuro-immune development with psychiatric consequences. Finally, we review how sex differences contribute to individualistic vulnerabilities across the lifespan. We submit the importance of understanding how stress during early development might cause outright neural or glial damage, as well as experience-dependent plasticity that may insufficiently prepare an individual for sex-specific or life-stage specific challenges.
authors: Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: prabarna@gmail.com.
authors: Prabarna
authors: P
authors: Ganguly
authors: Northeastern University, Psychology Department, 125 Nightingale Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: h.brenhouse@neu.edu.
authors: Heather C
authors: HC
authors: Brenhouse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Development; Early life stress; Immunology; Microglia; Sex; Vulnerability