title: The use of pictograms improves symptom evaluation by patients with functional dyspepsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure exists for functional dyspepsia (FD) assessment. Verbal descriptions of different upper abdominal symptoms may be poorly distinguishable to patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether understanding of FD symptoms is enhanced by pictograms symbolising the nature of the symptoms, besides verbal descriptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive FD patients were randomised to fill out a questionnaire assessing nineupper gastrointestinal symptoms (post-prandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, epigastric burning, bloating centred in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, regurgitation) with or without accompanying pictograms. Symptoms were rated for frequency and severity (0-5), and patients also identified the most bothersome symptom. Subsequently, in-depth history was taken by an expert clinician, who filled out the same symptom ratings. Concordance between patient and clinician ratings was quantified using chi-square and kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Content validity of pictograms was first confirmed by 15 FD patients. Next, 76 patients (52 women, age 42.2 ± 1.9) were randomised to questionnaires with or without pictograms. The concordance with clinician's assessment as gold standard rose from 36 without to 48% for questions with pictograms (P < 0.0001). Considering the Rome III subdivision, benefit in concordance with pictograms was present for post-prandial distress, epigastric pain syndrome and reflux symptoms. Kappa statistics confirmed these gains (weighted kappa values for concordance of symptom frequency ratings rose from 0.214 to 0.446 with pictograms), and also showed better concordance of the most bothersome symptom with pictograms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pictograms accompanying verbal descriptors significantly improve concordance of functional dyspepsia symptom ratings by patients with evaluation by their physicians.
authors: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Tack
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Carbone
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Holvoet
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Vanheel
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Vanuytsel
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Vandenberghe
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D000328:Adult; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006356:Heartburn / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000175:diagnosis; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000175:diagnosis