title: A randomized clinical trial comparing extensible and inextensible lumbosacral orthoses and standard care alone in the management of lower back pain.
abstract: METHODS
  Single blinded, randomized clinical trial for the evaluation of lumbosacral orthoses (LSOs) in the management of lower back pain (LBP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of two types of LSOs on self-rated disability in patients with LBP.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LSOs are commonly used for the management of LBP, but their effectiveness may vary because of design. An inextensible LSO (iLSO) reduces trunk motion and increases trunk stiffness, whereas an extensible LSO (eLSO) does not.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 98 participants with LBP were randomized to 3 groups: (1) standard care (SC) group, which included medication and physical therapy (n = 29), (2) SC with eLSO (eLSO group) (n = 32), and (3) SC with iLSO (iLSO group) (n = 37). Outcome measures were evaluated before and after 2 weeks of treatment: modified Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Patient Specific Activity Scale, pain ratings, and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between groups at baseline. Compared with the SC alone, iLSO group showed greater improvement on the ODI scores (P = 0.01) but not the eLSO group. The ODI scores improved by a mean of 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-7.1), 8.1 (95% CI, 2.8-13.4), and 14.0 (95% CI, 8.2-19.8) points for SC, eLSO, and iLSO groups, respectively. Individuals wearing the iLSO had 4.7 times higher odds of achieving 50% or greater improvement in the ODI scores than those assigned to SC (95% CI, 1.2-18.5, P = 0.03). Both the eLSO and iLSO groups had a greater improvement in the Patient Specific Activity Scale scores than the SC group (P = .05 and P = 0.01, respectively), but the change did not meet the minimal clinically important difference. Pain ratings improved for all 3 groups, with no statistical difference between them. Finally, no significant differences across groups were found for the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An iLSO led to greater improvement in ODI scores than SC and an eLSO. We surmise that the likely mechanism responsible for this difference in outcome was the added trunk stiffness and motion restriction by the iLSO.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors: *Division of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston †Center for Orthopedic Research, Osteopathic Surgical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lancing ‡Family Services Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston §Division of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and ¶Department of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina Hospital Authority, Charleston.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Morrisette
authors: Jacek
authors: J
authors: Cholewicki
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Logan
authors: Gretchen
authors: G
authors: Seif
authors: Stephanie
authors: S
authors: McGowan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061366:Numbers Needed To Treat; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012447:Sacrum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome