title: Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin - in vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides.
abstract: Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan (EN) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC); individually and in combination. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains (TA98, TA100) were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC. Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant (p<0.05) increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly, the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. Electronic address: drambersaleem@yahoo.com.
authors: Umber
authors: U
authors: Saleem
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: Se298@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Sohail
authors: S
authors: Ejaz
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. Electronic address: drashraf2001@yahoo.com.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Ashraf
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad Ovais
authors: MO
authors: Omer
authors: Microbiology Section, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Imran
authors: I
authors: Altaf
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors: Zainab
authors: Z
authors: Batool
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors: Riffat
authors: R
authors: Fatima
authors: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors: Msbah
authors: M
authors: Afzal
mesh_terms: D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D004726:Endosulfan; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Endosulfan; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Mutagenicity