title: Prognostic value of extracapsular invasion of axillary lymph nodes combined with peritumoral vascular invasion in patients with breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracapsular invasion (ECI) of metastatic axillary lymph nodes has been associated with aggressive nodal disease but its prognostic role in breast cancer is unclear. The present study evaluated nodal ECI as a predictor of breast cancer recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 154 women with histologically proven node-positive breast cancer who were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma, and investigated the relationships between ECI and recurrences and other clinicopathological factors, particularly vascular invasion and the number of lymph node metastases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of ECI at positive nodes was significantly associated with the number of positive nodes, and with disease recurrence and survival in univariate (but not multivariate) analysis. Interestingly, all ECI(+) patients with distant metastases in our series had peritumoral vascular invasion (PVI), which may have reflected systemic disease; ECI with PVI of the primary tumor strongly predicted recurrent disease and shorter survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECI of axillary metastases combined with PVI indicates high tumor aggressiveness. Patients with ECI and PVI may be considered for stronger adjuvant therapies because of their high risk for distant recurrences.
authors: Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan, reinawat5507@yahoo.co.jp.
authors: Reina
authors: R
authors: Yajima
authors: Takaaki
authors: T
authors: Fujii
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Yanagita
authors: Tomomi
authors: T
authors: Fujisawa
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Miyamoto
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Hirakata
authors: Soichi
authors: S
authors: Tsutsumi
authors: Misa
authors: M
authors: Iijima
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Kuwano
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D002293:Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate