title: Two-step thermal annealing improves the morphology of spin-coated films for highly efficient perovskite hybrid photovoltaics.
abstract: In this paper, we describe relationships between the morphologies and the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of perovskite photovoltaics having a conventional p-i-n heterojunction structure, indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3-x)Cl(x)/PC(61)BM/Al. The PCE of such a device is highly dependent on the morphology of the perovskite film, which is governed by the concentrations of its precursors and the annealing conditions. A two-step annealing process allowed sufficient crystallization of the perovskite material, with a high coverage at a high precursor concentration. Relative to the device prepared using a one-step process (90 °C for 30 min), we observed a 60% increase in PCE for this optimized device. The corresponding devices exhibited extremely high stability after long-term storage (>1368 h) in the dark in a N2-filled glove box, with consistently high PCEs (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm(-2)) of up to 9.1%.
authors: Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gunjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City, 243, Taiwan. cpchen@mail.mcut.edu.tw.
authors: Hsiang-Lin
authors: HL
authors: Hsu
authors: Chih-Ping
authors: CP
authors: Chen
authors: Jia-Yaw
authors: JY
authors: Chang
authors: Yang-Yen
authors: YY
authors: Yu
authors: Yu-Kai
authors: YK
authors: Shen