title: A novel variant in CDKN1C is associated with intrauterine growth restriction, short stature, and early-adulthood-onset diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CDKN1C, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and negative regulator of cellular proliferation, is paternally imprinted and has been shown to regulate β-cell proliferation. CDKN1C mutations are associated with growth disorders, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and IMAGe syndrome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the genetic basis for a familial disorder characterized by intrauterine growth restriction, short stature, and early-adulthood-onset diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA samples (15 affected and 26 unaffected from a six-generation pedigree) were analyzed by genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, whole exome and Sanger sequencing, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were assessed for height, weight, adrenal gland size, ACTH, diabetes status, and testis volume. Linkage and sequence analyses were performed, and the identified genetic variant was functionally evaluated in reconstitution studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pedigree followed a paternally imprinted pattern of inheritance, and genetic linkage analysis identified a single significant 2.6-megabase locus on chromosome 11p15, within the imprinting center region 2. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification did not detect copy number variants or methylation abnormalities. Whole exome sequencing revealed a single novel variant in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding region of CDKN1C (c.842G>T, p.R281I) that co-segregated with affected status and, unlike variants found in IMAGe, did not entirely abrogate proliferating cell nuclear antigen binding. Clinical assessments revealed that affected individuals had low testicular volume but normal adrenal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a novel CDKN1C mutation associated with features of IMAGe syndrome, but without adrenal insufficiency or metaphyseal dysplasia, and characterized by early-adulthood-onset diabetes. Our data expand the range of phenotypes observed with CDKN1C defects and suggest that CDKN1C mutations may represent a novel monogenic form of diabetes.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology (S.L.K.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029; Universidad San Francisco de Quito and Instituto de Endocrinología, Instituto de Endocrinologia Metabolismo y Reproducción (J.G.-A., C.G., M.G.-A.), 6337 CCI Quito, Ecuador; Department of Pediatrics (S.A., R.G.R., V.H.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Laboratory Medicine (J.G., Y.S.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Shanghai Children's Medical Center (J.G., Y.S.), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Genetics (M.G.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (M.G., A.D.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; Departments of Pathology, Pediatrics and Genetics (C.O., H.O.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10461; Department of Pathology (Y.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Universidad San Francisco (A.Z.), 12841 Quito, Ecuador; and Division of Endocrinology (A.D.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.
authors: Sarah L
authors: SL
authors: Kerns
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Guevara-Aguirre
authors: Shayne
authors: S
authors: Andrew
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Geng
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Guevara
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Guevara-Aguirre
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Guo
authors: Carole
authors: C
authors: Oddoux
authors: Yiping
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: Andres
authors: A
authors: Zurita
authors: Ron G
authors: RG
authors: Rosenfeld
authors: Harry
authors: H
authors: Ostrer
authors: Vivian
authors: V
authors: Hwa
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Dauber
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001506:Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D001827:Body Height / Q000235:genetics; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000235:genetics; D010009:Osteochondrodysplasias / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C493964:CDKN1C protein, human; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone