title: 405 nm light technology for the inactivation of pathogens and its potential role for environmental disinfection and infection control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the germicidal properties of ultraviolet (UV) light have long been known, it is only comparatively recently that the antimicrobial properties of visible violet-blue 405 nm light have been discovered and used for environmental disinfection and infection control applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the antimicrobial properties of 405 nm light and to describe its application as an environmental decontamination technology with particular reference to disinfection of the hospital environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive literature searches for relevant scientific papers and reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large body of scientific evidence is now available that provides underpinning knowledge of the 405 nm light-induced photodynamic inactivation process involved in the destruction of a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial species, including resistant forms such as bacterial and fungal spores. For practical application, a high-intensity narrow-spectrum light environmental disinfection system (HINS-light EDS) has been developed and tested in hospital isolation rooms. The trial results have demonstrated that this 405 nm light system can provide continuous disinfection of air and exposed surfaces in occupied areas of the hospital, thereby substantially enhancing standard cleaning and infection control procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Violet-blue light, particularly 405 nm light, has significant antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens and, although germicidal efficacy is lower than UV light, this limitation is offset by its facility for safe, continuous use in occupied environments. Promising results on disinfection efficacy have been obtained in hospital trials but the full impact of this technology on reduction of healthcare-associated infection has yet to be determined.
authors: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: michelle.maclean@strath.ac.uk.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Maclean
authors: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: McKenzie
authors: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Anderson
authors: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Gettinby
authors: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: MacGregor
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light
keywords: Disinfection; Environment; Hospital-acquired infection; Infection control; Pathogens; Violet–blue 405nm light