title: The assessment of oral dryness by photographic appearance of the tongue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral dryness or hyposalivation is a major clinical problem. Several chairside tests or visual inspections of the oral cavity have been proposed for the assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify whether photographs of the tongue could be used to identify oral dryness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five dentists and 25 individuals with another academic background were recruited. They assessed the severity of the oral dryness of 50 patients, based on an intraoral picture of each patient. The oral dryness was quantified with a five-point Likert scale and the scores were subsequently compared with the salivary flow rate and the level of xerostomia of these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No relation was found between the unstimulated salivary flow rate of a patient and the average oral dryness score, determined by dentists (p = 0.260) as well as non-dentists (p = 0.806). Also no relation was found between the self-reported xerostomia level of the patient and the average dryness score assessed by the dentists (p = 0.171) or non-dentists (p = 0.477).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It does not seem possible to diagnose oral dryness by mere visual inspection of photographed tongues. Thus, for correct diagnosis of oral dryness further clinical investigation of the oral cavity and collection of saliva is indicated.
authors: Department of Oral Biochemistry and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), the Netherlands.
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: Bots
authors: Dutch Institute for Salivary Research, Bunschoten, the Netherlands.
authors: A V
authors: AV
authors: Beest
authors: 1] Department of Oral Biochemistry and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), the Netherlands [2] Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), the Netherlands.
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Brand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010781:Photography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014059:Tongue; D014987:Xerostomia / Q000175:diagnosis*