title: Increased intake of carbohydrates from sources with a higher glycemic index and lower consumption of whole grains during puberty are prospectively associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in younger adulthood among healthy individuals.
abstract: Chronic low-grade inflammation represents a likely intermediary in the relation between carbohydrate nutrition and both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the prospective association between carbohydrate quantity and quality [dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and added sugar, fiber, and whole-grain intake] during puberty, a potentially critical period for later disease, and low-grade inflammation in younger adulthood. The analysis was based on 205 participants (113 girls and 92 boys) from the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study with at least 2 3-d weighed dietary records during puberty (girls: 9-14 y, boys: 10-15 y) and blood samples in younger adulthood (18-36 y). Multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between carbohydrate nutrition and circulating concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune mediators [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL) 6, IL-18, and adiponectin]. A higher intake of carbohydrates during puberty (P-trend = 0.005), particularly from higher-GI food sources (P-trend = 0.01), was prospectively related to higher concentrations of IL-6 in younger adulthood, independently of baseline BMI and early life, socioeconomic, and other nutritional factors. Furthermore, a higher dietary GL (P-trend = 0.002) and a lower intake of whole grains (P-trend = 0.01) were independently associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in adults. Dietary GI and added sugar and fiber intakes were not independently associated with IL-6 (P-trend ≥ 0.09). Carbohydrate nutrition during puberty was not independently related to hs-CRP, IL-18, and adiponectin concentrations (all P-trend > 0.1). During puberty, a higher intake of carbohydrates from higher-GI food sources and lower whole-grain consumption prospectively predict greater IL-6 concentrations in young adulthood. These data support the hypothesis that diet during puberty influences later inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Janina
authors: J
authors: Goletzke
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany buyken@uni-bonn.de.
authors: Anette E
authors: AE
authors: Buyken
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Gesa
authors: G
authors: Joslowski
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Bolzenius
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Remer
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) partner site, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Maren
authors: M
authors: Carstensen
authors: Nutritional Physiology and.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Egert
authors: Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; and.
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Nöthlings
authors: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Rathmann
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) partner site, Düsseldorf, Germany Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Roden
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) partner site, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Herder
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011627:Puberty / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein