title: In vitro dermal and epidermal cellular response to titanium alloy implants fabricated with electron beam melting.
abstract: Transdermal osseointegrated prostheses (TOPs) are emerging as an alternative to socket prostheses. Electron beam melting (EBM) is a promising additive manufacturing technology for manufacture of custom, freeform titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) implants. Skin ongrowth for infection resistance and mechanical stability are critically important to the success of TOP, which can be influenced by material composition and surface characteristics. We assessed viability and proliferation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) on several Ti6Al4V surfaces: solid polished commercial, solid polished EBM, solid unpolished EBM and porous unpolished EBM. Cell proliferation was evaluated at days 2 and 7 using alamarBlue(®) and cell viability was analyzed with a fluorescence-based live-dead assay after 1 week. NHDF and NHEK were viable and proliferated on all Ti6Al4V surfaces. NHDF proliferation was highest on commercial and EBM polished surfaces. NHEK was highest on commercial polished surfaces. All EBM Ti6Al4V discs exhibited an acceptable biocompatibility profile compared to solid Ti6Al4V discs from a commercial source for dermal and epidermal cells. EBM may be considered as an option for fabrication of custom transdermal implants.
authors: Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors: Jessica Collins
authors: JC
authors: Springer
authors: Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors: Ola L A
authors: OL
authors: Harrysson
authors: Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Electronic address: denis_marcellin@ncsu.edu.
authors: Denis J
authors: DJ
authors: Marcellin-Little
authors: Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors: Susan H
authors: SH
authors: Bernacki
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020405:Dermis / Q000166:cytology*; D004583:Electrons; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects; D044367:Phase Transition; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D014025:Titanium
keywords: Additive manufacturing; Biocompatibility.; Electron beam melting; Fibroblast; Keratinocyte; Titanium alloy