title: Paternal age and assisted reproductive outcomes in ICSI donor oocytes: is there an effect of older fathers?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Does paternal age affect semen quality and reproductive outcomes in oocyte donor cycles with ICSI?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paternal age is associated with a decrease in sperm quality, however it does not affect either pregnancy or live birth rates in reproductive treatments when the oocytes come from donors <36 years old and ICSI is used.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The weight of evidence suggest that paternal age is associated with decreasing sperm quality, but uncertainty remains as to whether reproductive outcomes are affected. Although developed to treat severe sperm factor infertility, ICSI is gaining popularity and is often used even in the presence of mild male factor infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study spanning the period between February 2007 and June 2010. A total of 4887 oocyte donation cycles were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fertilization was carried out by ICSI in all cycles included, and the semen sample used was from the male partner in all cases. The association of male age with semen parameters (volume, concentration, percentage of motile spermatozoa) was analyzed by multiple analysis of covariance. The association of male age with reproductive outcomes (biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, ongoing pregnancy and live birth rate) was modeled by logistic regression, where the following covariates were introduced: donor age, recipient age, semen state (fresh versus frozen) and number of transferred embryos (3 and 2 versus 1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a significant relationship between paternal age and all sperm parameters analyzed: for every 5 years of age, sperm volume decreases by 0.22 ml (P < 0.001), concentration increases by 3.1 million sperm/ml (P = 0.003) and percentage motile spermatozoa decreases by 1.2% (P < 0.001). No differences were found in reproductive outcomes (biochemical pregnancy, miscarriage, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy and live birth) among different male age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of donor oocytes, while extremely useful in highlighting the role of male age in reproductive outcomes, limits the generalization of our results to a population of young women with older male partners. No data were available on perinatal and obstetrical outcomes of these pregnancies. Most (75%) cycles used frozen/thawed sperm samples which might have introduced a bias owing to loss of viability after thawing. ICSI was performed in all cycles to control for fertilization method; this technique could mask the natural fertilization rate of poorer sperm samples. Furthermore, we did not use stringent ICSI indications; and our data are therefore not generalizable to cases where only severe male factor is considered. However, male patients were of different racial background, thus allowing generalizing our results to a wider patient base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that paternal age does not affect reproductive outcomes when the oocyte donor is <36 years of age, indicating that ICSI and oocyte quality can jointly overcome the lower reproductive potential of older semen.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was supported in part by Fundació Privada EUGIN. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
authors: Clinica EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Beguería
authors: Fundació Privada EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: García
authors: Clinica EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Obradors
authors: Clinica EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Poisot
authors: Clinica EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain rvassena@eugin.es.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Vassena
authors: Clinica EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain Fundació Privada EUGIN, Barcelona 08029, Spain.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vernaeve
mesh_terms: D001723:Birth Rate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D010331:Paternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055101:Semen Analysis; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions
keywords: ICSI; donor oocyte; male age; pregnancy rate; sperm