title: Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer compared with immediate treatment: a Canadian cost comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical consequences of active surveillance compared with immediate treatment have been evaluated in patients with low-risk prostate cancer; yet, its financial benefits have not been adequately studied in Canada or elsewhere. Our study objective was to evaluate the direct costs associated with active surveillance and immediate treatment in the Canadian context.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a Markov model with Monte Carlo microsimulations to estimate the Canadian cost of prostate cancer associated with immediate treatment and active surveillance strategies. The patients receiving active surveillance were assumed to receive delayed treatment at a rate of 8.35%, 4.17% and 2.1% per year for the first 2 years, years 3 to 5, and years 6 to 10 of follow-up, respectively. All costs were assigned in Canadian dollars and reflect Quebec's health system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With active surveillance, the mean cost of prostate cancer management over the first year and 5 years of follow-up was estimated at $6200 (95% confidence interval [CI] $6083-$6317) per patient. The mean cost corresponding to immediate treatment was estimated at $13 735 (95% CI $13 615-$13 855) per patient. We estimated that patients receiving active surveillance who received delayed treatment incurred higher costs of $16 257 per patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active surveillance could offer important economic benefits to the Canadian health system, estimated at $96.1 million for each annual cohort of incident prostate cancer. These results add to the economic rationale advocating active surveillance for eligible men with low-risk prostate cancer.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, Montréal, Que. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
authors: Alice
authors: A
authors: Dragomir
authors: McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que. ; Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Que.
authors: Fabio L
authors: FL
authors: Cury
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University, Montréal, Que. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que. ; McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
authors: Armen G
authors: AG
authors: Aprikian