title: Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE) related to the nasal airway, nasal breathing, and plasma osmolality (as an indicator for antidiuretic hormone).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with monosymptomatic primary NE, aged 6-15 years, were treated with RME for 10-15 days. To exclude a placebo effect of the RME appliance, seven patients were first treated with a passive appliance. Computed tomography of nasal cavity, rhinomanometric, and plasma osmolality measurements were made 2-3 days before and 2-3 months after the RME period. RME effects on NE were followed for three more years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two to three months after the expansion there were significant improvements in the breathing function and a decrease in the plasma osmolality. NE decreased significantly in all patients after the RME period, and all patients showed full dryness after 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that RME causes complete dryness in all patients, with significant effects on pathophysiological mechanisms related to NE.
authors: a  Former Orthodontic Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Nameer
authors: N
authors: Al-Taai
authors: Fakhri
authors: F
authors: Alfatlawi
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Ransjö
authors: Saad
authors: S
authors: Fakhry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000628:therapy; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D025363:Rhinomanometry / Q000379:methods; D012913:Snoring / Q000628:therapy; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014667:Vasopressins; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Antidiuretic hormone; Nocturnal enuresis; Rapid maxillary expansion