title: Persistent cognitive impairment after transient ischemic attack.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  By definition, the symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) subside completely within 24 hours. Imaging studies show signs of persistent ischemic tissue damage in a substantial amount of patients with TIA. Cerebral infarction can cause permanent cognitive impairment. Whether permanent cognitive impairment occurs after TIA is unclear, as is its profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with TIA aged 45 to 65 years without prior stroke or dementia underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing within 3 months. Z scores per cognitive domain were obtained, based on the mean of a control group within the same age range. Cognitive impairment was defined as a domain z score <-1.65. Patients underwent either computed tomography or MRI brain imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seven patients with TIA (63% women, mean age, 56.6 years) were included and compared with 81 controls (56% women, mean age, 52.9 years). Patients performed worse on all cognitive domains except episodic memory. Working memory (25%), attention (22%), and information processing speed (16%) were most frequently impaired and more often than in the control group (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios, respectively, 22.5 [95% confidence interval, 2.9-174.3], 6.8 [1.9-24.3], 7.1 [1.5-32.5]). More than 35% of patients with TIA had impairment of ≥1 cognitive domain. Presence of silent brain infarcts was related to worse executive functioning but did not explain the whole relationship between TIA and cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than a third of patients with TIA have impairment of ≥1 cognitive domain within 3 months after their TIA. The affected domains fit in the vascular cognitive impairment profile.
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Frank G
authors: FG
authors: van Rooij
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Pauline
authors: P
authors: Schaapsmeerders
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Noortje A M
authors: NA
authors: Maaijwee
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Dirk A H J
authors: DA
authors: van Duijnhoven
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Frank-Erik
authors: FE
authors: de Leeuw
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Roy P C
authors: RP
authors: Kessels
authors: Departments of Neurology (F.G.v.R., P.S., N.A.M.M., F.-E.d.L., E.J.v.D.) and Medical Psychology (D.A.H.J.v.D., R.P.C.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. ewoud.vandijk@radboudumc.nl.
authors: Ewoud J
authors: EJ
authors: van Dijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011859:Radiography
keywords: cognition; ischemic attack, transient