title: High-fat diet-related stimulation of sweetness desire is greater in women than in men despite high vegetable intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of lunches with different dietary energy densities on food preferences between genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized crossover study. Participants were administered the following packed test meals once weekly on a specified day during six sessions: control (150 g of rice with a sautéed beef entrée containing 40 g of raw beef and 240 g of vegetables), high-meat/low-rice, low-vegetable, medium-fat/low-vegetable, high-fat and high-fat/low-vegetable meals. Subjective levels of sensory properties were assessed over time using visual analogue scales.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five men and sixty-five women matched by age and BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men showed significantly stronger desires for salty and fatty foods after meals (P<0.05). Women showed a significantly stronger desire for sweetness from 2 h after the low-vegetable meal, and increasing fat content under high-vegetable conditions caused a significant stimulated sweetness desire in women more than in men (P<0.05). Moreover, after a high-meat/low-rice meal with 100 g of rice, sweetness desire was stronger in women (P=0.024), whereas no significant differences in sweetness desire were shown between genders after another low-energy-density control meal with 150 g of rice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men had significantly stronger desires for salty and fatty foods, whereas women preferred sweet food after meals. The sweetness desire in women was stimulated by increasing fat content, even with a high vegetable intake. Low rice intake in a low-energy-density diet also caused a relative stimulation of sweetness desire in women.
authors: 1Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Health Biosciences,University of Tokushima Graduate School,Tokushima 770-8503,Japan.
authors: Bei
authors: B
authors: Zhou
authors: 1Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Health Biosciences,University of Tokushima Graduate School,Tokushima 770-8503,Japan.
authors: Hisami
authors: H
authors: Yamanaka-Okumura
authors: 1Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Health Biosciences,University of Tokushima Graduate School,Tokushima 770-8503,Japan.
authors: Chisaki
authors: C
authors: Adachi
authors: 1Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Health Biosciences,University of Tokushima Graduate School,Tokushima 770-8503,Japan.
authors: Yuka
authors: Y
authors: Kawakami
authors: 2Department of Statistics and Computer Science,College of Nursing Art and Science,University of Hyogo,Kobe,Japan.
authors: Takafumi
authors: T
authors: Katayama
authors: 1Department of Clinical Nutrition,Institute of Health Biosciences,University of Tokushima Graduate School,Tokushima 770-8503,Japan.
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Takeda
mesh_terms: D001069:Appetite Regulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D013549:Sweetening Agents
keywords: Sweetness desire