title: Frequency of gingival display during smiling and comparison of biometric measurements in subjects with and without gingival display.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of gingival display during smiling and to compare biometric measurements in subjects with and without gingival display.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from October 2012 to March 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 275 subjects (121 men and 154 women) were included in this study. The age of the participants ranged between 21 and 65 years. Measurements were carried out using digital caliper. For each participants, the gingival display was judged as either visible or not. The amounts of horizontal and vertical overlap of anterior teeth were measured using a digital caliper. Gender differences in these parameters and the relationship between subjects showing gingival display when smiling and the two intraoral dental biometric measurements were determined. Statistical analyses of data were performed using SPSS version 17.0 software. The mean scores for gender were calculated and a Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences between both groups. Significant level was set to 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A relatively small percentage of the subjects (37.8%) displayed gingiva when smiling. More women significantly displayed gingiva when smiling than men, with a 2:1 female: male ratio. Women had significantly (p=0.001) more horizontal overlap (3.34 ± 1.45 mm) than men (2.90 ± 1.44 mm), although no significant gender difference were found in vertical overlap. Subjects with gingival display had significantly (p < 0.05) more horizontal (3.49 ± 1.36 mm) and vertical (3.26 ± 1.47 mm) overlap of anterior teeth compared to those who did not display gingiva when smiling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significantly more women displayed gingiva in smiling. Women had significantly more horizontal overlap than men. No gender differences were recorded between vertical overlap. Subjects who displayed gingiva when smiling had more horizontal and vertical overlap of anterior teeth.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi.
authors: Faiza
authors: F
authors: Khan
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Abbas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods; D012737:Sex Factors; D012904:Smiling; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult