title: Leukocyte profiles differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and are associated with metabolic phenotypes: results from the German Diabetes Study (GDS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Altered immune reactivity precedes and accompanies type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the metabolic phenotype relates to the systemic cellular immune status.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 194 metabolically well-controlled patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 62, mean diabetes duration 1.29 years) or type 2 diabetes (n = 132, 1.98 years) and 60 normoglycemic persons underwent blood sampling for automated white blood cell counting (WBC) and flow cytometry. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher WBC counts than control subjects along with a higher percentage of T cells and activated T helper (Th) and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells but lower proportions of natural killer (NK) cells. In type 1 diabetes, the percentage of activated Th and Tc cells was also higher compared with control subjects, whereas the ratio of regulatory T (Treg) cells to activated Th cells was lower, suggesting diminished regulatory capacity. Parameters of glycemic control related positively to Treg cells only in type 2 diabetes. Upon age, sex, and body mass adjustments, insulin sensitivity correlated positively with monocytes, while circulating lipids correlated positively with T cell subsets in type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune cell phenotypes showed distinct frequencies of occurrence in both diabetes types and associate with insulin sensitivity, glycemia, and lipidemia.
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Menart-Houtermans
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Rütter
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Bettina
authors: B
authors: Nowotny
authors: German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Rosenbauer
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Chrysi
authors: C
authors: Koliaki
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Kahl
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Marie-Christine
authors: MC
authors: Simon
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Clinics Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Szendroedi
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Nanette C
authors: NC
authors: Schloot
authors: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Clinics Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany michael.roden@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Roden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005858:Germany; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose