title: Comparison of single and blend acidifiers as alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, fecal microflora, and humoral immunity in weaned piglets.
abstract: The banning of the use of antibiotics as feed additive has accelerated investigations of alternative feed additives in animal production. This experiment investigated the effect of pure citric acid or acidifier blend supplementation as substitute for antibiotic growth promoters on growth performance, fecal microbial count, and humoral immunity in weaned piglets challenged with Salmonella enterica serover Typhimurium and Escherichia coli KCTC 2571. A total of 60 newly weaned piglets (crossbred, 28-d-old; average 8 kg initial weight) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments included NC (negative control; basal diet), PC (positive control; basal diet+0.002% apramycin), T1 (basal diet+0.5% pure citric acid), and T2 (basal diet+0.4% acidifier blend). All piglets were orally challenged with 5 mL of culture fluid containing 2.3×10(8) cfu/mL of E. coli KCTC 2571 and 5.9×10(8) cfu/mL of S. typhimurium at the beginning of the experiment. The PC group showed the highest ADG and ADFI, whereas gain:feed was improved in the PC and T1 group (p<0.05). All dietary treatments showed significant reduction in fecal counts of Salmonella and E. coli, compared to NC (p<0.05), with PC being better than T1 and T2. Significant elevation in fecal Lactobacillus spp. counts was shown by treatments with T1, T2, and PC, whereas Bacillus spp. counts were increased by treatment with T1 and T2 compared to NC and PC diet (p<0.05). Serum IgG concentration was increased by T1 diet (p<0.05), whereas IgM and IgA were not significantly affected by any of the dietary treatments (p>0.05). From these above results, it can be concluded that, as alternatives to antibiotics dietary acidification with pure citric acid or acidifiers blend did not fully ameliorate the negative effects of microbial challenges in respect of growth performance and microbial environment, however improved immunity suggested further research with different dose levels.
authors: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea.
authors: S T
authors: ST
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Hwang
authors: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hoon
authors: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea.
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Mun
authors: Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea.
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Yang
keywords: Acidifier Blend; Challenged Piglets; Citric Acid; Growth Performance; Immunity; Microorganism