title: A historical appreciation of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasia: resolution of a carcinoid conundrum.
abstract: In the three-quarters of a century that have elapsed since the first description of a bronchial carcinoid, the field has progressed from serendipitous radiological or bronchoscopic diagnosis to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and somatostatin receptor imaging identification. Similarly, pathologic techniques have advanced from a naïve assessment of neoplasia to a delineation of several tumor subtypes and an understanding of the neuroendocrine basis of the disease process. A key unresolved question is the identification of the genetic and environmental activators that are responsible for the initiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation.
authors: Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Wren Laboratories, Branford, CT 06405, USA. Electronic address: imodlin@optonline.net.
authors: Irvin M
authors: IM
authors: Modlin
authors: Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Bodei
authors: Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Kidd
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000266:history; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history*; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history*
keywords: APUD; Atypical carcinoid; Azzopardi; Bronchial adenoma; Bronchopulmonary carcinoid; Capella; Carcinoid; Chevalier Jackson