title: Testing of visual field with virtual reality goggles in manual and visual grasp modes.
abstract: Automated perimetry is used for the assessment of visual function in a variety of ophthalmic and neurologic diseases. We report development and clinical testing of a compact, head-mounted, and eye-tracking perimeter (VirtualEye) that provides a more comfortable test environment than the standard instrumentation. VirtualEye performs the equivalent of a full threshold 24-2 visual field in two modes: (1) manual, with patient response registered with a mouse click, and (2) visual grasp, where the eye tracker senses change in gaze direction as evidence of target acquisition. 59 patients successfully completed the test in manual mode and 40 in visual grasp mode, with 59 undergoing the standard Humphrey field analyzer (HFA) testing. Large visual field defects were reliably detected by VirtualEye. Point-by-point comparison between the results obtained with the different modalities indicates: (1) minimal systematic differences between measurements taken in visual grasp and manual modes, (2) the average standard deviation of the difference distributions of about 5 dB, and (3) a systematic shift (of 4-6 dB) to lower sensitivities for VirtualEye device, observed mostly in high dB range. The usability survey suggested patients' acceptance of the head-mounted device. The study appears to validate the concepts of a head-mounted perimeter and the visual grasp mode.
authors: BioFormatix, Inc., P.O. Box 721450, San Diego, CA 92172, USA.
authors: Dariusz
authors: D
authors: Wroblewski
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA ; Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 91105, USA.
authors: Brian A
authors: BA
authors: Francis
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA ; Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 91105, USA.
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Sadun
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors: Ghazal
authors: G
authors: Vakili
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA ; Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 91105, USA.
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Chopra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D005135:Eye Protective Devices; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*