title: Occurrence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a systemic endophyte of vanilla orchids.
abstract: We report the occurrence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in vanilla orchids (Vanilla phaeantha) and cultivated hybrid vanilla (V. planifolia × V. pompona) as a systemic bacterial endophyte. We determined with light microscopy and isolations that tissues of V. phaeantha and the cultivated hybrid were infected by a bacterial endophyte and that shoot meristems and stomatal areas of stems and leaves were densely colonized. We identified the endophyte as B. amyloliquefaciens using DNA sequence data. Since additional endophyte-free plants and seed of this orchid were not available, additional studies were performed on surrogate hosts Amaranthus caudatus, Ipomoea tricolor, and I. purpurea. Plants of A. caudatus inoculated with B. amyloliquefaciens demonstrated intracellular colonization of guard cells and other epidermal cells, confirming the pattern observed in the orchids. Isolations and histological studies suggest that the bacterium may penetrate deeply into developing plant tissues in shoot meristems, forming endospores in maturing tissues. B. amyloliquefaciens produced fungal inhibitors in culture. In controlled experiments using morning glory seedlings we showed that the bacterium promoted seedling growth and reduced seedling necrosis due to pathogens. We detected the gene for phosphopantetheinyl transferase (sfp), an enzyme in the pathway for production of antifungal lipopeptides, and purified the lipopeptide "surfactin" from cultures of the bacterium. We hypothesize that B. amyloliquefaciens is a robust endophyte and defensive mutualist of vanilla orchids. Whether the symbiosis between this bacterium and its hosts can be managed to protect vanilla crops from diseases is a question that should be evaluated in future research.
authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors: James F
authors: JF
authors: White
authors: Mónica S
authors: MS
authors: Torres
authors: Raymond F
authors: RF
authors: Sullivan
authors: Rabih E
authors: RE
authors: Jabbour
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Chen
authors: Mariusz
authors: M
authors: Tadych
authors: Ivelisse
authors: I
authors: Irizarry
authors: Marshall S
authors: MS
authors: Bergen
authors: Daphna
authors: D
authors: Havkin-Frenkel
authors: Faith C
authors: FC
authors: Belanger
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D060026:Endophytes / Q000502:physiology*; D018519:Meristem / Q000382:microbiology; D008853:Microscopy; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000382:microbiology; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000382:microbiology; D031669:Vanilla / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: defensive mutualism; endospores; lipopeptides; plant disease protection