title: Establishment of an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model: cells suspended and injected in Matrigel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer that mimics the pathological features of exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pan02 cells were suspended in low-temperature Matrigel and injected into the parenchyma of pancreatic tails of C57BL/6 mice, with cells suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) serving as a control. Primary and implanted tumors were confirmed pathologically. The rate of tumor formation and intraperitoneal implantation in the two groups were compared at different time points after injection. Leakage and intra-abdominal dispersion of Matrigel and PBS, both dyed with methylene blue, were compared after injection into the parenchyma of the pancreas. We observed adherence and proliferation in Pan02 cells suspended in Matrigel in vitro. We also compared the pathological manifestation of this orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in the head and tails of the pancreas. The characteristics of the origin of epithelial cells and exocrine markers of established orthotopic pancreatic tumors were confirmed using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diluted Matrigel could form a gel drip in the pancreatic parenchyma, effectively preventing leakage from the injection site and avoiding dispersion in the abdominal cavity. Pan02 cells were able to adhere to a dish, proliferate, and migrate in the gel drip. The tumor formation rate in the Matrigel group was 100% at both 2 and 3 wk after injection, whereas it was 25.0% and 37.5% in the PBS group at 2 and 3 wk, respectively (P < 0.05). The intraperitoneal tumor implantation rate was 75.0% in the PBS group after 3 wk of injection, while it was 12.5% in the Matrigel group (P < 0.05). Hepatoduodenal ligament and duodenal invasions with obstructive jaundice and upper digestive obstruction with mesenteric lymph node metastasis were observed in the pancreatic head group. In the pancreatic tail group, spleen and gastric invasion were dominant, leading to retroperitoneal lymph nodes metastasis. Positive immunohistochemical staining of cytokeratin and negative staining of vimentin and chromogranin A confirmed that the orthotopic pancreatic tumor injected with Pan02 cells suspended in Matrigel was of epithelial origin and expressed exocrine markers of cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method of low-temperature Matrigel suspension and injection is effective for establishing an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer.
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Yong-Jian
authors: YJ
authors: Jiang
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Chong-Lek
authors: CL
authors: Lee
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Zhong-Wen
authors: ZW
authors: Zhou
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Yang
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Jin
authors: Yong-Jian Jiang, Chong-Lek Lee, Qiang Wang, Feng Yang, Chen Jin, De-Liang Fu, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors: De-Liang
authors: DL
authors: Fu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D007267:Injections; D007797:Laminin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D013160:Splenic Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D013997:Time Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen
keywords: C57BL/6 mouse; Matrigel; Orthotopic mouse model; Pan02; Pancreatic cancer