title: Odontogenic effect of a fast-setting pozzolan-based pulp capping material.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used as a pulp capping material. Recently, a MTA-derived fast-setting pozzolan cement (Endocem; Maruchi, Wonju, Korea) was introduced in the endodontic field. Our aim in this study was to investigate the odontogenic effects of this cement in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were cultured, and the effects of Endocem and a previously marketed MTA (ProRoot; Dentsply, Tulsa, OK) on biocompatibility were evaluated by assessing cell morphology and performing a cell viability test. Chemical composition of each material was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis. Odontoblastic differentiation was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining. The expression of odontogenic-related markers, namely dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein 1, and osteonectin, was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Pinpoint pulp exposures were made on rat teeth and then capped with ProRoot or Endocem. After 4 weeks, reparative tertiary dentin formation and inflammatory responses were investigated histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biocompatibility of Endocem was similar to that of ProRoot. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis showed that ProRoot and Endocem contained similar elemental constituents such as calcium, oxygen, and silicon. Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation increased in ProRoot- and Endocem-treated cells compared with medium only-treated cells in the control group (P < .05). The expression of odontogenic-related markers was significantly higher in the ProRoot- and Endocem-treated groups than the control group (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in the expression of these markers between the 2 experimental groups (P > .05). Four weeks after the pulp capping procedure, continuous tertiary dentin had formed directly underneath the capping materials and the pulp exposure area in all samples in the 2 treated groups. Furthermore, most specimens either had no inflammation or minor pulpal inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that ProRoot and Endocem have similar biocompatibility and odontogenic effects. Therefore, Endocem is as effective a pulp capping material as ProRoot.
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
authors: Su-Jung
authors: SJ
authors: Park
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonjui, Korea.
authors: Seok-Mo
authors: SM
authors: Heo
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.
authors: Sung-Ok
authors: SO
authors: Hong
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors: Yun-Chan
authors: YC
authors: Hwang
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonjui, Korea.
authors: Kwang-Won
authors: KW
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonjui, Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea. Electronic address: endomin@gmail.com.
authors: Kyung-San
authors: KS
authors: Min
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D003789:Dental Pulp Exposure / Q000628:therapy; D003809:Dentin, Secondary / Q000187:drug effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D009805:Odontogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000032:analysis; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D015676:Osteonectin; D010087:Oxides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012795:Sialoglycoproteins; D017640:Silicates; D000099311:Dentin Sialophosphoprotein; C513309:DMP1 protein, human; C586519:endocem; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate
keywords: Dental pulp; fast setting; mineral trioxide aggregate; odontogenic; pozzolan; tertiary dentin