title: Effects of germanium biotite supplement on immune responses of vaccinated mini-pigs to foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge.
abstract: Since the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea in 2010-2011, a trivalent vaccine has been used as a routine vaccination. Despite the high efficacy of the trivalent vaccine, low antibody formation was reported in the pig industry and there is considerable concern about the ability of the vaccine to protect against the Andong strain responsible for recent outbreaks in South Korea. To overcome these problems, immunostimulators have been widely used to improve vaccine efficacy in South Korea, although without any scientific evidence. Based on the current situation, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of germanium biotite, a feed supplement used to enhance the immune system, on the immune responses to FMD vaccination through the Andong strain challenge experiment in trivalent vaccinated pigs. Following the challenge, the germanium biotite-fed pigs showed high levels of IL-8 in serum, and increased cellular immune responses to stimulation with the Andong strain antigen compared to nonsupplemented pigs. In addition, higher FMD virus (FMDV) neutralizing antibody titers were detected in the germanium biotite-fed group than in the nonsupplemented group before the challenge. The findings of this study indicate that germanium biotite supplement might enhance immune responses to the FMD vaccine in pigs.
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul , Republic of Korea .
authors: Myunghwan
authors: M
authors: Jung
authors: Hong-Tea
authors: HT
authors: Park
authors: Jong-Hyeon
authors: JH
authors: Park
authors: Kwang-Nyeong
authors: KN
authors: Lee
authors: Seung Won
authors: SW
authors: Shin
authors: Min-Kyoung
authors: MK
authors: Shin
authors: Kyung Yong
authors: KY
authors: Sung
authors: Yeon-Kwon
authors: YK
authors: Jung
authors: Byounghan
authors: B
authors: Kim
authors: Han Sang
authors: HS
authors: Yoo
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000187:drug effects; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood*; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D005857:Germanium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D056910:Republic of Korea; D013552:Swine; D014611:Vaccination; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D005857:Germanium; C047410:biotite
keywords: FMDV challenge; Foot-and-mouth disease; germanium biotite; pigs; vaccine