title: Salmonella chronic carriage: epidemiology, diagnosis, and gallbladder persistence.
abstract: Typhoid (enteric fever) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, causing over 21 million new infections annually, with the majority of deaths occurring in young children. Because typhoid fever-causing Salmonella have no known environmental reservoir, the chronic, asymptomatic carrier state is thought to be a key feature of continued maintenance of the bacterium within human populations. Despite the importance of this disease to public health, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that catalyze carriage, as well as our ability to reliably identify and treat the Salmonella carrier state, have only recently begun to advance.
authors: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, OH, USA. Electronic address: john.gunn@osumc.edu.
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Gunn
authors: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
authors: Joanna M
authors: JM
authors: Marshall
authors: The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Baker
authors: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors: Sabina
authors: S
authors: Dongol
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Richelle C
authors: RC
authors: Charles
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Edward T
authors: ET
authors: Ryan
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000382:microbiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010284:Paratyphoid Fever / Q000382:microbiology; D012482:Salmonella paratyphi A / Q000254:growth & development*; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000254:growth & development*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Salmonella; chronic carrier; diagnostics; epidemiology; typhoid fever