title: Why are people with high self-control happier? The effect of trait self-control on happiness as mediated by regulatory focus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While self-control has often been related to positive outcomes in life such as higher academic achievements and better health, recent insights reveal that people with high trait self-control (TSC) may even experience greater life satisfaction or happiness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study further scrutinizes this potential association between TSC and happiness, and examines how regulatory focus, defined as the way people frame and direct their goal pursuit strategies, plays a role in this relationship. Accordingly, the present study examines the mediating role of regulatory-focus (promotion and prevention focus) on the relationship between TSC and happiness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was collected from 545 individuals (65.9% female, M age = 27.52 years) regarding their TSC, regulatory focus, and happiness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mediation analyses demonstrate that TSC positively predicts happiness, while this effect was partially mediated by relatively more promotion focus and less prevention focus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS suggest that people with higher TSC are happier possibly because they are: (1) more promotion-focused on acquiring positive gains thereby facilitating more approach-oriented behaviors, and (2) less prevention-focused on avoiding losses thereby reducing avoidance-oriented behaviors. These findings are relevant for topical scientific debates regarding the underlying mechanisms of self-control regarding initiatory and inhibitory behaviors.
authors: Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Tracy T L
authors: TT
authors: Cheung
authors: Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Marleen
authors: M
authors: Gillebaart
authors: Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Floor
authors: F
authors: Kroese
authors: Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Denise
authors: D
authors: De Ridder
keywords: happiness; prevention; promotion; regulatory focus; trait self-control