title: Interpretation and perception of slow, moderate, and fast swimming paces in distance and sprint swimmers.
abstract: This study assessed how accurately professional swimmers can interpret instructions to swim "slow," "moderate," and "fast." 8 distance swimmers (6 males, 2 females; M age = 19 yr., SD = 3) and 8 sprint swimmers (7 males, 1 female; M age = 18 yr., SD = 1) performed an all-out 50-m crawl stroke and three sets of 8 × 50-m crawl stroke trials interpreting the coach's instruction to swim at slow, moderate, and fast paces. No differences were detected between groups in absolute speed. Nevertheless, distance and sprint swimmers significantly differed in speed normalized to their own 50-m all-out speed (effect sizes = 6.72, 6.20, 1.35 for slow, moderate, and fast, respectively), stroke frequency (effect sizes = 0.81, 1.12, 1.54, respectively), and blood lactate concentration (effect sizes = 0.99, 2.56, 1.70, respectively).
authors: 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
authors: Pietro Luigi
authors: PL
authors: Invernizzi
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Longo
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Scurati
authors: Martina A
authors: MA
authors: Maggioni
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Michielon
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Bosio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid