title: Serum glycated albumin predicts the progression of diabetic retinopathy--a five year retrospective longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the predictive value of glycated albumin (GA) and other risk factors on a progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective longitudinal study, we enrolled the subjects with type 2 diabetes who had undergone fundus photography twice with a 5-years gap between January 2006 and December 2012, and had been measured consecutively for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and GA levels every 3 or 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups with or without a progression of DR. The mean HbA1c and mean GA were calculated separately by the sum of all measured values divided by the numbers of values throughout the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 359 subjects, progression group showed significantly higher diabetes duration (8.41±5.72 vs. 6.46±5.77, P<0.01), baseline HbA1c (9.13±2.71 vs. 8.41±2.32, P<0.05), fasting plasma glucose (8.71±2.78 vs. 7.94±2.63, P<0.05), 2h-postprandial glucose (15.12±11.20 vs.13.14±4.72, P<0.05), eGFR (114.81±39.15 vs. 103.23±32.18, P<0.01), mean HbA1c (8.32±1.69 vs. 7.39±1.35, P<0.01) and mean GA (22.66±5.92 vs. 19.83±5.18, P<0.01) than non-progression group. The frequencies of subjects with DR progression increased obviously with the increment of baseline HbA1c, mean HbA1c and mean GA according to quartile stratification of the above three glucose parameters. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis investigated that the factors affected the DR progression were the presence of DR at baseline (OR=0.391, P=0.005), mean HbA1c (OR=1.389, P=0.021), mean GA (OR=1.087, P=0.039) and eGFR (OR=1.008, P=0.045). The optimal cut-off values of mean HbA1c and GA to predict DR progression were 7.27% and 21.85%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of DR at baseline, poor glycemic control, glycated albumin, and impaired renal function predicted DR progression in patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors: Jiemin
authors: J
authors: Pan
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors: Lili
authors: L
authors: Jia
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors: Junling
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yuqian
authors: Y
authors: Bao
authors: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: wpjia@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors: Weiping
authors: W
authors: Jia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000093423:Glycated Serum Albumin
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Glycated albumin; Glycemic index; Hemoglobin A1c; Type 2 diabetes