title: Sociodemographic and hispanic acculturation factors and isolated anotia/microtia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been observed in several studies that infants with anotia/microtia are more common among Hispanics compared with other racial/ethnic groups. We examined the association between selected Hispanic ethnicity and acculturation factors and anotia/microtia in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined data from mothers of 351 infants with isolated anotia/microtia and 8435 unaffected infants from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study with an expected delivery date from 1997 to 2007. Sociodemographic, maternal, and acculturation factors (e.g., age, maternal education, household income, body mass index, gestational diabetes, folic acid, smoking, alcohol intake, study center, parental birthplace, and years lived in the United States, maternal language) were assessed as overall risk factors and also as risk factors among subgroups of Hispanics (United States- and foreign-born) versus non-Hispanic whites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-Hispanic whites, both United States- and foreign-born Hispanic mothers demonstrated substantially higher odds of delivering infants with anotia/microtia across nearly all strata of sociodemographic and other maternal factors (adjusted odds ratios range: 2.1-11.9). The odds of anotia/microtia was particularly elevated among Hispanic mothers who emigrated from Mexico after age five (adjusted odds ratios = 4.88; 95% confidence interval = 2.93-8.11) or who conducted the interview in Spanish (adjusted odds ratios = 4.97; 95% confidence interval = 3.00-8.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that certain sociodemographic and acculturation factors are associated with higher risks of anotia/microtia among offspring of Hispanic mothers.
authors: Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas.
authors: Adrienne T
authors: AT
authors: Hoyt
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Canfield
authors: Gary M
authors: GM
authors: Shaw
authors: Dorothy K
authors: DK
authors: Waller
authors: Kara N D
authors: KN
authors: Polen
authors: Tunu
authors: T
authors: Ramadhani
authors: Marlene T
authors: MT
authors: Anderka
authors: Angela E
authors: AE
authors: Scheuerle
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000208:ethnology; D065817:Congenital Microtia / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000002:abnormalities; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Hispanic; acculturation; anotia; microtia; nativity