title: Multimodality monitoring, inflammation, and neuroregeneration in subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mortality rate of poor-grade SAH ranges from 34% to 52%. In an attempt to improve SAH outcomes, clinical research on multimodality monitoring has been performed, as has basic science research on inflammation and neuroregeneration (which can occur due to injury-induced neurogenesis). Nevertheless, the current literature does not focus on the integrated study of these fields. Multimodality monitoring corresponds to physiological data obtained during clinical management by both noninvasive and invasive methods. Regarding inflammation and neuroregeneration, evidence suggests that, in all types of stroke, a proinflammatory phase and an anti-inflammatory phase occur consecutively; these phases affect neurogenesis, which is also influenced by other pathophysiological features of stroke, such as ischemia, seizures, and spreading depression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether injury-induced neurogenesis is a prognostic factor in poor-grade SAH that can be monitored and modulated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We propose a protocol for multimodality monitoring-guided hypothermia in poor-grade SAH in which cellular and molecular markers of inflammation and neuroregeneration can be monitored in parallel with clinical and multimodal data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study may reveal correlations between markers of inflammation and neurogenesis in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, based on clinical and multimodality monitoring parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This protocol has the potential to lead to new therapies for acute, diffuse, and severe brain diseases.
authors: *Division of Neurosurgery Clinics, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; ‡Institute of Radiology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and §Santa Casa Faculty of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Adriano B
authors: AB
authors: Nogueira
authors: Ariel B
authors: AB
authors: Nogueira
authors: José C
authors: JC
authors: Esteves Veiga
authors: Manoel J
authors: MJ
authors: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers