title: Streamlining the imaging of clinically suspected pheochromocytoma: using urine metanephrines to decrease imaging costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the cost efficiency of the imaging evaluation of clinically suspected pheochromocytoma by using 24-hour fractionated urine metanephrine (FUM) results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of I-123 meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine single photon emission tomography (SPECT) computed tomography (CT) studies performed at our institution between January 2007 and February 2011 for clinically suspected pheochromocytoma was performed. SPECT-CT results from 70 patients were compared with results from 24-hour FUM analysis (within 2 months of SPECT-CT) and with relevant CT or magnetic resonance imaging studies (within 6 months of SPECT-CT). An imaging algorithm was developed to maximize cost efficiency without altering the final imaging interpretation. Actual imaging costs for the studied cohort were compared with the expected costs if this algorithm had been applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If the 24-hour FUMs were normal, then all the SPECT-CT studies were negative (16/70). Eighty-seven percent of patients with abnormal total metanephrine had a positive SPECT-CT. If the total metanephrine was normal but 1 or more of the metanephrine fractions were abnormal, then 39%-58% of the SPECT-CT studies were positive. Within this subgroup, none had a positive SPECT-CT if a CT or magnetic resonance image was negative or benign. The actual imaging costs averaged CAD$2833.19 per patient for this cohort. Applying a streamlined imaging algorithm guided by 24-hour FUM analysis would result in an average imaging cost of CAD$1225.97 per patient without an expected change in the final imaging impression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using 24-hour FUM results to streamline imaging, considerable cost savings per patient (56.7%) can be attained without a change in the final overall imaging interpretation.
authors: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Stamm
authors: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: jabele@ualberta.ca.
authors: Jonathan T
authors: JT
authors: Abele
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008676:Metanephrine / Q000652:urine*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000191:economics*; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000191:economics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine; D008676:Metanephrine
keywords: I-123/I-131 meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine; Metanephrines; Pheochromocytoma; Single photon emission tomography computed tomography