title: Serological surveillance development for tropical infectious diseases using simultaneous microsphere-based multiplex assays and finite mixture models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A strategy to combat infectious diseases, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), will depend on the development of reliable epidemiological surveillance methods. To establish a simple and practical seroprevalence detection system, we developed a microsphere-based multiplex immunoassay system and evaluated utility using samples obtained in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a microsphere-based immuno-assay system to simultaneously measure the individual levels of plasma antibody (IgG) against 8 antigens derived from 6 pathogens: Entamoeba histolytica (C-IgL), Leishmania donovani (KRP42), Toxoplasma gondii (SAG1), Wuchereria bancrofti (SXP1), HIV (gag, gp120 and gp41), and Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin). The assay system was validated using appropriate control samples. The assay system was applied for 3411 blood samples collected from the general population randomly selected from two health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) cohorts in the coastal and western regions of Kenya. The immunoassay values distribution for each antigen was mathematically defined by a finite mixture model, and cut-off values were optimized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities and specificities for each antigen ranged between 71 and 100%. Seroprevalences for each pathogen from the Kwale and Mbita HDSS sites (respectively) were as follows: HIV, 3.0% and 20.1%; L. donovani, 12.6% and 17.3%; E. histolytica, 12.8% and 16.6%; and T. gondii, 30.9% and 28.2%. Seroprevalences of W. bancrofti and V. cholerae showed relatively high figures, especially among children. The results might be affected by immunological cross reactions between W. bancrofti-SXP1 and other parasitic infections; and cholera toxin and the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A microsphere-based multi-serological assay system can provide an opportunity to comprehensively grasp epidemiological features for NTDs. By adding pathogens and antigens of interest, optimized made-to-order high-quality programs can be established to utilize limited resources to effectively control NTDs in Africa.
authors: Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Yoshito
authors: Y
authors: Fujii
authors: Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan; Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Kaneko
authors: Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Busia, Kenya.
authors: Samson Muuo
authors: SM
authors: Nzou
authors: Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Busia, Kenya.
authors: Matilu
authors: M
authors: Mwau
authors: Eastern & Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Sammy M
authors: SM
authors: Njenga
authors: Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Tanigawa
authors: Production Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Kimotho
authors: Production Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Anne Wanjiru
authors: AW
authors: Mwangi
authors: Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Mbita, Kenya.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Kiche
authors: Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Sohkichi
authors: S
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Mamiko
authors: M
authors: Niki
authors: Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Food Hygiene and Environmental Health Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Mayuko
authors: M
authors: Osada-Oka
authors: Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Research Station, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Ichinose
authors: Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors: Manabu
authors: M
authors: Inoue
authors: Department of Infection and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Itoh
authors: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Tachibana
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors: Kazunari
authors: K
authors: Ishii
authors: Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Takafumi
authors: T
authors: Tsuboi
authors: Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Lay Myint
authors: LM
authors: Yoshida
authors: International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Mondal
authors: International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors: Rashidul
authors: R
authors: Haque
authors: Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Shinjiro
authors: S
authors: Hamano
authors: Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM)- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Mwatasa
authors: M
authors: Changoma
authors: Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Tomonori
authors: T
authors: Hoshi
authors: Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: Ken-Ichi
authors: K
authors: Kamo
authors: Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Centre of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Karama
authors: Department of Eco-Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (NUITM), Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Miura
authors: Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Hirayama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D015483:HIV Antibodies