title: Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection after implementing a two-year vaccination program in a naturally infected dairy cattle herd.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle herds recently reported and the long survival time of the bacterium in the environment pose a risk to human and animal health that calls for the implementation of control measures at herd level. This study presents the results of a 2-year vaccination program with an inactivated phase I vaccine in a Spanish dairy herd naturally infected with C. burnetii. Calves older than 3 months and non-pregnant heifers and cows were vaccinated in April 2011 and the farm was subsequently visited at a monthly basis for vaccination of recently calved cows and calves that reached the age of 3 months. Annual booster doses were given to previous vaccinated animals as well. The effectiveness of the vaccine was assessed in terms of level of C. burnetii shedding through milk and uterine fluids and environmental contamination as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of shedder animals through uterine fluids and milk progressively decreased, and C. burnetii DNA load in bulk-tank milk samples was low at the end of the study. The average seroconversion rate in not yet vaccinated animals, which acted as control group, was 8.6% during the first year and 0% in the second year. DNA of C. burnetii was found in aerosols and dust samples taken in the calving area only at the beginning of the study, whereas slurry samples remained C. burnetii PCR positive for at least 18 months. Multiple Locus Variable number tandem-repeat Analysis identified the same genotype in all C. burnetii DNA positive samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of any changes in biosecurity, the overall reduction of C. burnetii infection in animals to 1.2% milk shedders and the reduced environment contamination found at the end of the study was ascribed to the effects of vaccination together with the culling of milk shedders. Vaccination has to be planned as a medium-long term strategy to suppress risks of re-infection.
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Piñero
authors: Jesús F
authors: JF
authors: Barandika
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Hurtado
authors: Ana L
authors: AL
authors: García-Pérez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016997:Coxiella burnetii / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003612:Dairying; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D011778:Q Fever / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated