title: Establishment of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in free-range chickens: a longitudinal on farm study.
abstract: The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum (36 worms/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum (98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli (96.2%) and Capillaria spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria species, C. obsignata, C. bursata and C. caudinflata were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems.
authors: Kalyakorn
authors: K
authors: Wongrak
authors: Gürbüz
authors: G
authors: Daş
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Moors
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Sohnrey
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Gauly
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002645:Chickens / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006374:Helminthiasis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D015995:Prevalence