title: The intersection of disability and healthcare disparities: a conceptual framework.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article provides a conceptual framework for understanding healthcare disparities experienced by individuals with disabilities. While health disparities are the result of factors deeply rooted in culture, life style, socioeconomic status, and accessibility of resources, healthcare disparities are a subset of health disparities that reflect differences in access to and quality of healthcare and can be viewed as the inability of the healthcare system to adequately address the needs of specific population groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article uses a narrative method to identify and critique the main conceptual frameworks that have been used in analyzing disparities in healthcare access and quality, and evaluating those frameworks in the context of healthcare for individuals with disabilities. Specific models that are examined include the Aday and Anderson Model, the Grossman Utility Model, the Institute of Medicine (IOM)'s models of Access to Healthcare Services and Healthcare Disparities, and the Cultural Competency model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While existing frameworks advance understandings of disparities in healthcare access and quality, they fall short when applied to individuals with disabilities. Specific deficits include a lack of attention to cultural and contextual factors (Aday and Andersen framework), unrealistic assumptions regarding equal access to resources (Grossman's utility model), lack of recognition or inclusion of concepts of structural accessibility (IOM model of Healthcare Disparities) and exclusive emphasis on supply side of the healthcare equation to improve healthcare disparities (Cultural Competency model). In response to identified gaps in the literature and short-comings of current conceptualizations, an integrated model of disability and healthcare disparities is put forth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We analyzed models of access to care and disparities in healthcare to be able to have an integrated and cohesive conceptual framework that could potentially address issues related to access to healthcare among individuals with disabilities. The Model of Healthcare Disparities and Disability (MHDD) provides a framework for conceptualizing how healthcare disparities impact disability and specifically, how a mismatch between personal and environmental factors may result in reduced healthcare access and quality, which in turn may lead to reduced functioning, activity and participation among individuals with impairments and chronic health conditions. Researchers, health providers, policy makers and community advocate groups who are engaged in devising interventions aimed at reducing healthcare disparities would benefit from the discussions. Implications for Rehabilitation Evaluates the main models of healthcare disparity and disability to create an integrated framework. Provides a comprehensive conceptual model of healthcare disparity that specifically targets issues related to individuals with disabilities. Conceptualizes how personal and environmental factors interact to produce disparities in access to healthcare and healthcare quality. Recognizes and targets modifiable factors to reduce disparities between and within individuals with disabilities.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI , USA .
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Meade
authors: Elham
authors: E
authors: Mahmoudi
authors: Shoou-Yih
authors: SY
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D054521:Cultural Competency; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D064702:International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; D008019:Life Style; D015969:National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: Access to care; disability; healthcare access; healthcare disparities; healthcare quality; quality of care