title: True zero-training brain-computer interfacing--an online study.
abstract: Despite several approaches to realize subject-to-subject transfer of pre-trained classifiers, the full performance of a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) for a novel user can only be reached by presenting the BCI system with data from the novel user. In typical state-of-the-art BCI systems with a supervised classifier, the labeled data is collected during a calibration recording, in which the user is asked to perform a specific task. Based on the known labels of this recording, the BCI's classifier can learn to decode the individual's brain signals. Unfortunately, this calibration recording consumes valuable time. Furthermore, it is unproductive with respect to the final BCI application, e.g. text entry. Therefore, the calibration period must be reduced to a minimum, which is especially important for patients with a limited concentration ability. The main contribution of this manuscript is an online study on unsupervised learning in an auditory event-related potential (ERP) paradigm. Our results demonstrate that the calibration recording can be bypassed by utilizing an unsupervised trained classifier, that is initialized randomly and updated during usage. Initially, the unsupervised classifier tends to make decoding mistakes, as the classifier might not have seen enough data to build a reliable model. Using a constant re-analysis of the previously spelled symbols, these initially misspelled symbols can be rectified posthoc when the classifier has learned to decode the signals. We compare the spelling performance of our unsupervised approach and of the unsupervised posthoc approach to the standard supervised calibration-based dogma for n = 10 healthy users. To assess the learning behavior of our approach, it is unsupervised trained from scratch three times per user. Even with the relatively low SNR of an auditory ERP paradigm, the results show that after a limited number of trials (30 trials), the unsupervised approach performs comparably to a classic supervised model.
authors: Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS) Dept., Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Pieter-Jan
authors: PJ
authors: Kindermans
authors: Machine Learning Laboratory, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Martijn
authors: M
authors: Schreuder
authors: Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS) Dept., Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Schrauwen
authors: Machine Learning Laboratory, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Klaus-Robert
authors: KR
authors: Müller
authors: BrainLinks-BrainTools Excellence Cluster, Computer Science Dept., University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Tangermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D002138:Calibration; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult