title: Anatomy, variants, and pathologies of the superior glenohumeral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging with three-dimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination sequence and conventional magnetic resonance arthrography.
abstract: The purpose of this review was to demonstrate magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography findings of anatomy, variants, and pathologic conditions of the superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL). This review also demonstrates the applicability of a new MR arthrography sequence in the anterosuperior portion of the glenohumeral joint. The SGHL is a very important anatomical structure in the rotator interval that is responsible for stabilizing the long head of the biceps tendon. Therefore, a torn SGHL can result in pain and instability. Observation of the SGHL is difficult when using conventional MR imaging, because the ligament may be poorly visualized. Shoulder MR arthrography is the most accurately established imaging technique for identifying pathologies of the SGHL and associated structures. The use of three dimensional (3D) volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequences produces thinner image slices and enables a higher in-plane resolution than conventional MR arthrography sequences. Therefore, shoulder MR arthrography using 3D VIBE sequences may contribute to evaluating of the smaller intraarticular structures such as the SGHL.
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Hayri
authors: H
authors: Ogul
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Leyla
authors: L
authors: Karaca
authors: Department of Orthopedic, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Cahit Emre
authors: CE
authors: Can
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Berhan
authors: B
authors: Pirimoglu
authors: Department of Orthopedic, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Kutsi
authors: K
authors: Tuncer
authors: Department of Orthopedic, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Topal
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Aylin
authors: A
authors: Okur
authors: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25090, Turkey.
authors: Mecit
authors: M
authors: Kantarci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062485:Breath Holding; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis
keywords: Anterosuperior impingement; MR arthrography; Shoulder; Superior glenohumeral ligament; VIBE sequence