title: Distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1 G119S mutation in Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa).
abstract: An entomological survey was carried out at 15 sites dispersed throughout the three eco-climatic regions of Burkina Faso (West Africa) in order to assess the current distribution and frequency of mutations that confer resistance to insecticides in An. gambiae s.l. populations in the country. Both knockdown (kdr) resistance mutation variants (L1014F and L1014S), that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, were identified concomitant with the ace-1 G119S mutation confirming the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms in the An. gambiae complex in Burkina Faso. Compared to the last survey, the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation appears to have remained largely stable and relatively high in all species. In contrast, the distribution and frequency of the L1014S mutation has increased significantly in An. gambiae s.l. across much of the country. Furthermore we report, for the first time, the identification of the ace.1 G119S mutation in An. arabiensis populations collected at 8 sites [corrected]. This mutation, which confers resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, has been reported previously only in the An. gambiae S and M molecular forms. This finding is significant as organophosphates and carbamates are used in indoor residual sprays (IRS) to control malaria vectors as complementary strategies to the use of pyrethroid impregnated bednets. The occurrence of the three target-site resistance mutations in both An. gambiae molecular forms and now An. arabiensis has significant implications for the control of malaria vector populations in Burkina Faso and for resistance management strategies based on the rotation of insecticides with different modes of action.
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Roch K
authors: RK
authors: Dabiré
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Moussa
authors: M
authors: Namountougou
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Abdoulaye
authors: A
authors: Diabaté
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Dieudonné D
authors: DD
authors: Soma
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Bado
authors: IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors: Hyacinthe K
authors: HK
authors: Toé
authors: Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom.
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Bass
authors: National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Patrice
authors: P
authors: Combary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D002050:Burkina Faso; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D017344:Genes, Insect; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D017354:Point Mutation; D013045:Species Specificity