title: Research involving anxiety in non-human primates has potential implications for the assessment and treatment of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A translational literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this translational review (i.e. moving from basic primate research toward possible human applications) was to summarize non-human primate literature on anxiety to inform the development of future assessments of anxiety in non-verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic searches of databases identified 67 studies that met inclusion criteria. Each study was analysed and summarised in terms of (a) strategies used to evoke anxiety, (b) non-verbal behavioural indicators of anxiety and (c) physiological indicators of anxiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen strategies were used to evoke anxiety, 48 non-verbal behavioural indicators and 17 physiological indicators of anxiety were measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of the strategies used with non-human primates, if modified carefully, could be considered in the ongoing effort to study anxiety in individuals with ASD. Potential applications to the assessment of anxiety in humans with ASD are discussed.
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Heather K
authors: HK
authors: Gonzales
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: O'Reilly
authors: b Department of Curriculum and Instruction , Clinic for Autism Research Evaluation and Support, Texas State University , San Marcos , TX , USA .
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Lang
authors: c Department of Special Education , Victoria University of Wellington , Wellington , New Zealand , and.
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Sigafoos
authors: d Department of Education , University of Bari , Bari , Italy.
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Lancioni
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Mandana
authors: M
authors: Kajian
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Kuhn
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Deanna
authors: D
authors: Longino
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Rojeski
authors: a Department of Special Education , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA .
authors: Laci
authors: L
authors: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D011323:Primates / Q000502:physiology*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Anxiety; assessment; autism spectrum disorder; non-human primate; treatment