title: The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on tardive dystonia or dyskinesia induced by psychotropic medication: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tardive dystonia and dyskinesia are potentially irreversible neurological syndromes. Successful electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) has been reported by multiple sources; however, the existing retrospective reviews and open prospective trials provide little information on the response rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen consecutive patients with tardive dystonia or dyskinesia received a standard course of ECT to treat abnormal movement. The severity of the tardive dystonia and dyskinesia was evaluated using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) before and after the course of ECT. The patients who displayed a greater than 50% improvement in the AIMS score were classified as the responders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean AIMS score decreased from 19.1±4.7 to 9.6±4.2. There were seven responders among the 18 patients, which yielded a 39% response rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECT has a moderate but significant effect on tardive dystonia and dyskinesia.
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Yasui-Furukori
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors: Atsuhiro
authors: A
authors: Kikuchi
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki-Aiseikai Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Katagai
authors: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors: Sunao
authors: S
authors: Kaneko
keywords: ECT; medication; tardive diskinesia; tardive dystonia