title: Local intrawound vancomycin powder decreases the risk of surgical site infections in complex adult deformity reconstruction: a cost analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective cohort analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) and cost-effectiveness of the use of intraoperative vancomycin powder in thoracolumbar adult deformity procedures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The rates of SSI remain unacceptably high in adult spinal deformity surgery despite routine intravenous antibiotics. Vancomycin powder applied directly to the wound intraoperatively has shown promise for decreasing SSI in spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults who underwent adult deformity reconstruction by 2 surgeons between 2008 and 2012 with a minimum of 3 months of clinical follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were subdivided into those who had received only routine perioperative intravenous antibiotics (control) and those who received intravenous antibiotics and 2 g of vancomycin powder applied into the surgical wound. The primary outcome was SSI within 90 days. Secondary outcomes included surgical/clinical parameters and SSI-related medical costs based on hospital billing records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred fifteen patients were evaluated-controls (n=64) and vancomycin powder group (n=151). The average number of levels fused was 10 (5-17, control) and 12 (5-19, vancomycin). The mean follow-up was 34 months (3-68 mo, control) and 18 months (3-35 mo, vancomycin) (P<0.05). There were significantly fewer hospital readmissions within 90 days for SSI in patients who received vancomycin powder (2.6%; 4/151) compared with controls (10.9%; 7/64) (P=0.01). There were no reported adverse events related to the intrawound vancomycin use. The average cost per patient of treating a postoperative SSI was higher in the control group ($34,388) than in the study group ($28,169). With the use of vancomycin powder, there was a cost saving of $244,402 per 100 complex spinal procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local application of vancomycin powder significantly decreased SSI for adults undergoing spinal reconstructive surgery. This resulted in cost savings of $244,402 per 100 thoracolumbar adult deformity procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA †Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hacettepe University, Hacettepe Hastaneleri, Ankara, Turkey; and ‡Department of Neurologic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
authors: Alexander A
authors: AA
authors: Theologis
authors: Gokhan
authors: G
authors: Demirkiran
authors: Matt
authors: M
authors: Callahan
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Pekmezci
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Ames
authors: Vedat
authors: V
authors: Deviren
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000191:economics*; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011208:Powders / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011208:Powders; D014640:Vancomycin