title: Rosmarinic acid mediated neuroprotective effects against H2O2-induced neuronal cell damage in N2A cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress plays a key role in several ailments including neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) in preventing oxidative stress related death of neuronal cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we demonstrated direct neuroprotective effect of RA using H2O2-induced oxidative challenge in N2A mouse neuroblastoma cells. The mechanism of neutralization of H2O2-induced toxicity by RA was evaluated using MTT, lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ROS, and comet assays. Up-regulation of brain neuronal markers at molecular level was performed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results presented in the paper indicate that H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in N2A cells was suppressed by treatment with RA. Moreover, RA is very effective in attenuating the disruption of lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS. Pretreatment with RA significantly prevents genotoxicity (3.7-fold, p<0.01) and promotes the up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (4.5-fold, p<0.01), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes (5.4-fold, p<0.01) against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in N2A cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed that N2A cells are suitable cellular models to evaluate neuroprotective effects of RA, and suggest that RA may potentially serve as an agent for prevention of several human neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress.
authors: Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Hadi
authors: H
authors: Ghaffari
authors: DRDO-BU-Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 640046, India.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Venkataramana
authors: Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Behrouz
authors: B
authors: Jalali Ghassam
authors: Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Chandra Nayaka
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Karnataka State Open University (KSOU), Mysore-06, India.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nataraju
authors: Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors: N P
authors: NP
authors: Geetha
authors: Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: hsp@appbot.uni-mysore.ac.in.
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Prakash
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020552:Comet Assay; D053630:Depsides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D002934:Cinnamates; D053630:Depsides; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid; C022616:thiazolyl blue
keywords: DNA damage; Gene expression; N2A cells; Neuroprotection; Oxidative stress; Rosmarinic acid