title: Free functioning gracilis transfer for traumatic brachial plexus injuries in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our technique and experience with use of free functioning muscle transfer (FFMT) in reconstruction of traumatic brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) in children as well as its complications and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients with complete BPI underwent FFMT for reconstruction between 2000 and 2012. Eight had single-stage gracilis transfer for restoration of elbow flexion, and 4 children had double free gracilis muscle transfer for restoration of elbow flexion and prehension. Mean duration of follow-up was 27 months (range, 14-55 mo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven out of 12 patients achieved at least M3 elbow flexion, with 8 patients achieving M4 or greater elbow flexion. Eight of 12 patients had nerve transfers to the musculocutaneous nerve. Mean active elbow arc of motion was 79° (range, 30°-130°). Two patients aged 8 and 11 years with open growth plates developed elbow joint contractures, which limited range of motion, but they recovered M4 and M5 elbow flexion strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FFMTs can result in good outcomes following reconstruction for traumatic BPI. The use of FFMT should be carefully considered in children prior to skeletal maturity because of the risk of the development of an elbow flexion contracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic IV.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Harvey
authors: H
authors: Chim
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Michelle F
authors: MF
authors: Kircher
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Spinner
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors: Allen T
authors: AT
authors: Bishop
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Hand Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: shin.alexander@mayo.edu.
authors: Alexander Y
authors: AY
authors: Shin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function
keywords: Brachial plexus injury; gracilis transfer