title: Childhood abuse and neglect in relation to the presence and persistence of psychotic and depressive symptomatology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between childhood trauma and psychotic and depressive symptomatology is well established. However, less is known about the specificity and course of these symptoms in relation to childhood trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large sample (n = 2765) of patients with psychosis (n = 1119), their siblings (n = 1057) and controls (n = 589), multivariate (mixed-effects) regression analyses with multiple outcomes were performed to examine the association between childhood trauma and psychotic and depressive symptomatology over a 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dose-response relationship was found between childhood trauma and psychosis. Abuse was more strongly associated with positive symptoms than with negative symptoms whereas the strength of the associations between neglect and positive and negative symptoms was comparable. In patients, similar associations between childhood trauma and psychotic or depressive symptoms were found, and in siblings and controls, stronger associations were found between trauma and depressive symptomatology. Childhood trauma was not related to a differential course of symptoms over a 3-year time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In congruence with earlier work, our findings suggest that childhood trauma, and abuse in particular, is associated with (subthreshold) psychosis. However, childhood trauma does not seem to be associated with a differential course of symptoms, nor does it uniquely heighten the chance of developing (subthreshold) psychotic symptomatology. Our results indicate that trauma may instead contribute to a shared vulnerability for psychotic and depressive symptoms.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands.
authors: D S
authors: DS
authors: van Dam
authors: Maastricht University Medical Center,South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network,EURON, Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: van Nierop
authors: Maastricht University Medical Center,South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network,EURON, Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Viechtbauer
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Velthorst
authors: Maastricht University Medical Center,South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network,EURON, Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: van Winkel
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen,University of Groningen,The Netherlands.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bruggeman
authors: Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience,University Medical Center Utrecht,The Netherlands.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Cahn
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: de Haan
authors: Department of Psychiatry,Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience,University Medical Center Utrecht,The Netherlands.
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Kahn
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands.
authors: C J
authors: CJ
authors: Meijer
authors: Maastricht University Medical Center,South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network,EURON, Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Myin-Germeys
authors: Maastricht University Medical Center,South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network,EURON, Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: van Os
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen,University of Groningen,The Netherlands.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D035781:Siblings
keywords: symptom course