title: Paenilarvins: Iturin family lipopeptides from the honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae.
abstract: The bacterium Paenibacillus larvae has been extensively studied as it is an appalling honey bee pathogen. In the present work, we screened crude extracts derived from fermentations of P. larvae genotypes ERIC I and II for antimicrobial activity, following the detection of four putative secondary metabolite gene clusters that show high sequence homology to known biosynthetic gene clusters for the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Low molecular weight metabolites produced by P. larvae have recently been shown to have toxic effects on honey bee larvae. Moreover, a novel tripeptide, sevadicin, was recently characterized from laboratory cultures of P. larvae. In this study, paenilarvins, which are iturinic lipopeptides exhibiting strong antifungal activities, were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation from cultures of P. larvae, genotype ERIC II. Their molecular structures were determined by extensive 2D NMR spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, and other methods. Paenilarvins are the first antifungal secondary metabolites to be identified from P. larvae. In preliminary experiments, these lipopeptides also affected honey bee larvae and might thus play a role in P. larvae survival and pathogenesis. However, further studies are needed to investigate their function.
authors: Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig (Germany).
authors: Sakshi
authors: S
authors: Sood
authors: Heinrich
authors: H
authors: Steinmetz
authors: Hannes
authors: H
authors: Beims
authors: Kathrin I
authors: KI
authors: Mohr
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Stadler
authors: Marvin
authors: M
authors: Djukic
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: von der Ohe
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Steinert
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Daniel
authors: Rolf
authors: R
authors: Müller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology*; D019295:Computational Biology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D055666:Lipopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055666:Lipopeptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic
keywords: American foulbrood; Paenibacillus larvae; antifungal agents; lipoproteins; paenilarvins; secondary metabolites