title: The potential of mycelium and culture broth of Lignosus rhinocerotis as substitutes for the naturally occurring sclerotium with regard to antioxidant capacity, cytotoxic effect, and low-molecular-weight chemical constituents.
abstract: Previous studies on the nutritional and nutraceutical properties of Lignosus rhinocerotis focused mainly on the sclerotium; however, the supply of wild sclerotium is limited. In this investigation, the antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effect of L. rhinocerotis cultured under different conditions of liquid fermentation (shaken and static) were compared to the sclerotium produced by solid-substrate fermentation. Aqueous methanol extracts of the mycelium (LR-MH, LR-MT) and culture broth (LR-BH, LR-BT) demonstrated either higher or comparable antioxidant capacities to the sclerotium extract (LR-SC) based on their radical scavenging abilities, reducing properties, metal chelating activities, and inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation. All extracts exerted low cytotoxicity (IC50>200 µg/ml, 72 h) against selected mammalian cell lines. Several low-molecular-weight compounds, including sugars, fatty acids, methyl esters, sterols, amides, amino acids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, were identified using GC-MS and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The presence of proteins (<40 kDa) in the extracts was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and SELDI-TOF-MS. Principal component analysis revealed that the chemical profiles of the mycelial extracts under shaken and static conditions were distinct from those of the sclerotium. Results from bioactivity evaluation and chemical profiling showed that L. rhinocerotis from liquid fermentation merits consideration as an alternative source of functional ingredients and potential substitute for the sclerotium.
authors: Mushroom Research Centre and Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Beng Fye
authors: BF
authors: Lau
authors: Mushroom Research Centre and Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Noorlidah
authors: N
authors: Abdullah
authors: Mushroom Research Centre and Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Norhaniza
authors: N
authors: Aminudin
authors: Drug Discovery Laboratory, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF), Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Hong Boon
authors: HB
authors: Lee
authors: Advanced Chemistry Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Ken Choy
authors: KC
authors: Yap
authors: Mushroom Research Centre and Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Vikineswary
authors: V
authors: Sabaratnam
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005285:Fermentation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008970:Molecular Weight; D025282:Mycelium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D011124:Polyporaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001688:Biological Products; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D009930:Organic Chemicals