title: Aquatic toxicity of the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin and its metabolites.
abstract: The human macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin is widespread in surface waters. Our study shows that its major metabolite 14-hydroxy(R)-clarithromycin is found in surface waters in comparable amounts. This metabolite is known to be pharmacologically active. Additionally, clarithromycin is partly metabolised to N-desmethyl-clarithromycin, which has no antimicrobial activity. For clarithromycin, some ecotoxicological studies on aquatic organisms have been published. However, many of them are not conform with the scientific principles as given in the "Technical guidance for deriving environmental quality standards" (TGD-EQS), because numerous studies were poorly documented and the methods did not contain analytical measurements confirming that the exposure concentrations were in the range of ± 20% of the nominal concentrations. Ecotoxicological effects of clarithromycin and its two metabolites on the zebrafish Danio rerio (embryo test), the microcrustacean Daphnia magna, the aquatic monocotyledonous macrophyte Lemna minor, the freshwater green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus (Chlorophyta) and the cyanobacterium Anabaena flosaquae were investigated in compliance with the TGD-EQS. Environmental risk assessment was performed using ErC10 values of Anabaena, the species most sensitive to clarithromycin and 14-hydroxy(R)-clarithromycin in our testing. Based oncomparable toxicity and similar concentrations of clarithromycin and its active metabolite 14-hydroxy(R)-clarithromycin in surface waters, an additional multiplication factor of 2 to the assessment factor of 10 on the ErC10 of clarithromycin should be used. Consequently, a freshwater quality standard of 0.130 μg L(-1) is proposed for clarithromycin as the "lead substance". Taking this additional multiplication factor of 2 into account, single monitoring of clarithromycin may be sufficient, in order to reduce the number of substances listed for routine monitoring programs.
authors: Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: michaela.baumann@lfu.bayern.de.
authors: Michaela
authors: M
authors: Baumann
authors: Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: klaus.weiss@lfu.bayern.de.
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Weiss
authors: Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, D-12307 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: dirk.maletzki@uba.de.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Maletzki
authors: Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: walter.schuessler@lfu.bayern.de.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Schüssler
authors: Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, D-12307 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: dieter.schudoma@uba.de.
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Schudoma
authors: Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: willi.kopf@lfu.bayern.de.
authors: Willi
authors: W
authors: Kopf
authors: Federal Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau, Germany. Electronic address: ute.kuehnen@uba.de.
authors: Ute
authors: U
authors: Kühnen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000633:toxicity*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018942:Macrolides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017291:Clarithromycin
keywords: 14-Hydroxy(R)-clarithromycin; Clarithromycin; Environmental quality standards; N-Desmethyl-clarithromycin; Risk assessment; Toxicity testing