title: Dietary carbohydrate, fiber and sugar and risk of breast cancer according to menopausal status in Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary carbohydrate, fiber and sugar intake has been shown to play a role in the etiology of breast cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent and limited to developed countries with higher cancer incidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer risk with dietary carbohydrate, fiber and sugar intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population based case-control study was conducted in Malaysia with 382 breast cancer patients and 382 controls. Food intake pattern was assessed via an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a broad range of potential confounders were included in analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant two fold increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=1.93, 95%CI: 1.53-2.61, p-trend=0.001) and postmenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=1.87, 95%CI: 1.03-2.61, p-trend=0.045) women was observed in the highest quartile of sugar. A higher intake of dietary fiber was associated with a significantly lower breast cancer risk among both premenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=0.31, 95%CI: 0.12-0.79, p-trend=0.009) and postmenopausal (OR Q4 to Q1=0.23, 95%CI: 0.07-0.76, p-trend=0.031) women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sugar and dietary fiber intake were independently related to pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. However, no association was observed for dietary carbohydrate intake.
authors: Dietetics Programme, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail : suhaina@fsk.ukm.my, suhaina.hjsulaiman@gmail.com.
authors: Suhaina
authors: S
authors: Sulaiman
authors: Mohd Razif
authors: MR
authors: Shahril
authors: Sharifah Wajihah
authors: SW
authors: Wafa
authors: Soraya Hanie
authors: SH
authors: Shaharudin
authors: Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed
authors: SN
authors: Hussin
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D019422:Dietary Sucrose