title: The impact of childhood trauma on depression: does resilience matter? Population-based results from the Study of Health in Pomerania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data suggests that traumatic experiences at early age contribute to the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in later life. This study aims at investigating the influence of dispositional resilience on this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand and forty-six subjects aged 29-89 (SD=13.9) from a community based sample who were free of MDD during the last 12 months prior to data collection were diagnosed for Lifetime diagnosis of MDD by the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) according to DSM-IV criteria. Childhood maltreatment (CM) and resilience were assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Resilience-Scale (RS-25).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CM (OR=1.03, 95% CI [1.02, 1.04], P<.000) and resilience (OR=0.98, 95% CI [0.98, 0.99], P<.000) were associated with MDD later in life. The detrimental effects of low resilience on MDD were not only especially prominent in subjects with a history of CM (OR=3.18, 95% CI [1.84, 5.50], P<.000), but also effective in subjects without CM (OR=2.62, 95% CI [1.41, 4.88], P=.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the clinical assumption that resilient subjects may be partly protected against the detrimental long-term effects of child abuse and neglect.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: andrea.schulz@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Schulz
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS-Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany. Electronic address: mathias.becker@helios-kliniken.de.
authors: Mathias
authors: M
authors: Becker
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: auweras@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Van der Auwera
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: sven.barnow@psychologie.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Barnow
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: katja.appel@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Appel
authors: Institute for Medical Psychology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: jessie.mahler@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Jessie
authors: J
authors: Mahler
authors: Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: carsten.schmidt@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Carsten Oliver
authors: CO
authors: Schmidt
authors: Institute of Social Medicine and Prevention, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: ujohn@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Ulrich
authors: U
authors: John
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS-Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany. Electronic address: freyberg@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Harald J
authors: HJ
authors: Freyberger
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: grabeh@uni-greifswald.de.
authors: Hans J
authors: HJ
authors: Grabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Child abuse; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; Childhood maltreatment; Depression; Resilience