title: Determinative developmental cell lineages are robust to cell deaths.
abstract: All forms of life are confronted with environmental and genetic perturbations, making phenotypic robustness an important characteristic of life. Although development has long been viewed as a key component of phenotypic robustness, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we report that the determinative developmental cell lineages of two protostomes and one deuterostome are structured such that the resulting cellular compositions of the organisms are only modestly affected by cell deaths. Several features of the cell lineages, including their shallowness, topology, early ontogenic appearances of rare cells, and non-clonality of most cell types, underlie the robustness. Simple simulations of cell lineage evolution demonstrate the possibility that the observed robustness arose as an adaptation in the face of random cell deaths in development. These results reveal general organizing principles of determinative developmental cell lineages and a conceptually new mechanism of phenotypic robustness, both of which have important implications for development and evolution.
authors: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors: Jian-Rong
authors: JR
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors: Shuxiang
authors: S
authors: Ruan
authors: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
authors: Jianzhi
authors: J
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000235:genetics*; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype