title: Clinicians' assessment of mobile monitoring: a comparative study in Japan and Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gradual but steady shift toward telemedicine during the past decades is a clear response to important health problems that most industrialized countries have been facing. The growing elderly population and changing dietary habits have led to an increase in people with chronic diseases and overall health care expenditures. As more consumers use their mobile device as their preferred information and communication technology (ICT) device, mobile health monitoring has been receiving increasing attention in recent years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines clinicians' perception of factors determining mobile health monitoring acceptance in Japan and Spain. The study proposes a causal model consisting of innovation seeking, new ICT attributes (perceived value, time-place flexibility, and compatibility), and usage intention. In addition, cross-country differences are posited for the hypothesized relationships among the proposed constructs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire survey was performed to test our research model and hypotheses. The sample consisted of clinicians from various medical specialties. In total, 471 and 497 usable responses were obtained in Japan and Spain, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both countries, the collected data fit the model well with all the hypothesized paths among the constructs being supported. Furthermore, the moderating effects of psychic distance were observed in most of the paths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates the importance of new ICT attributes, namely perceived value, time-place flexibility, and compatibility, in the clinicians' adoption of mobile health monitoring. In particular, our results clearly indicated that perceived medical value and ubiquitous nature of the tool are the two main benefits clinicians are likely to perceive (and appreciate) in both countries. This tendency will be stronger for those with a greater propensity to seek innovation in ICT. In terms of cross-country comparison, the strength of the path from innovation seeking to perceived value was greater in Japan than in Spain. Since the number of clinicians per 10,000 residents is substantially fewer in Japan compared with Spain, clinicians with a greater propensity to seek innovation in ICT may have perceived greater value in using mobile health monitoring to improve remote patient care.
authors: Department of Marketing College of Economics & Business Administration Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain.
authors: Shintaro
authors: 0000-0003-4190-0614
authors: S
authors: Okazaki
authors: Department of Marketing College of Economics & Business Administration University of Granada Granada Spain.
authors: José Alberto
authors: JA
authors: Castañeda
authors: Department of Marketing College of Economics & Business Administration University of Valencia Valencia Spain.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Sanz
keywords: comparative study; health monitoring; personal innovativeness; psychic distance; smartphone