title: The sensitivity of gamma-index method to the positioning errors of high-definition MLC in patient-specific VMAT QA for SBRT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the sensitivity of various gamma criteria used in the gamma-index method for patient-specific volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) quality assurance (QA) for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using a flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of intentional misalignments were introduced to original high-definition multi-leaf collimator (HD-MLC) plans. The first type, referred to Class Out, involved the opening of each bank of leaves. The second type, Class In, involved the closing of each bank of leaves. The third type, Class Shift, involved the shifting of each bank of leaves towards the ground. Patient-specific QAs for the original and the modified plans were performed with MapCHECK2 and EBT2 films. The sensitivity of the gamma-index method using criteria of 1%/1 mm, 1.5%/1.5 mm, 1%/2 mm, 2%/1 mm and 2%/2 mm was investigated with absolute passing rates according to the magnitudes of MLCs misalignments. In addition, the changes in dose-volumetric indicators due to the magnitudes of MLC misalignments were investigated. The correlations between passing rates and the changes in dose-volumetric indicators were also investigated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (γ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The criterion of 2%/1 mm was able to detect Class Out and Class In MLC misalignments of 0.5 mm and Class Shift misalignments of 1 mm. The widely adopted clinical criterion of 2%/2 mm was not able to detect 0.5 mm MLC errors of the Class Out or Class In types, and also unable to detect 3 mm Class Shift errors. No correlations were observed between dose-volumetric changes and gamma passing rates (γ < 0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma criterion of 2%/1 mm was found to be suitable as a tolerance level with passing rates of 90% and 80% for patient-specific VMAT QA for SBRT when using MapCHECK2 and EBT2 film, respectively.
authors: Jung-In
authors: JI
authors: Kim
authors: So-Yeon
authors: SY
authors: Park
authors: Hak Jae
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Jin Ho
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Sung-Joon
authors: SJ
authors: Ye
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. leodavinci@naver.com.
authors: Jong Min
authors: JM
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011379:Prognosis; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D012372:ROC Curve; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*