title: Potential chemoprotective effects of green propolis, L-lysine and celecoxib on bone marrow cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes of Wistar rats subjected to bladder chemical carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the genotoxicity of propolis and L-lysine, as well as their effects on the possible cellular damage in erythroblasts (bone marrow) and leukocytes (peripheral blood) caused by the carcinogen BBN (n - butyl - n {4 - hydroxybutyl} nitrosamine) in rats subjected to bladder carcinogenesis and treated with green propolis and L-lysine.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty five rats were distributed into the following groups: I, IIA, IIB, III, K, L M N, X, XI, XII and XIII. Groups I to X received BBN in drinking water for 14 weeks (wks). Group I was treated with intragastric (ig) propolis at 150 mg/kg body weight, for 44 wks, beginning 30 days before start of BBN. Groups IIA and III were treated with propolis (150 mg/kg), for 40 wks, subcutaneous (sc) and ig, respectively, beginning simultaneously with BBN. On the 32nd wk, the animals of groups L, M and N were treated ig with L-lysine (300 mg/kg), celecoxib (30 mg/kg) and propolis (300 mg/kg), respectively, up to the 40th wk. The groups that received only BBN (IIB and K) were treated with water, sc and orally, respectively, for 40 wks. Groups XI, XII and XIII received respectively propolis (150 mg/kg), L-lysine (150 mg/kg) and water ig for 40 wks. After 40 wks, the surviving animals were anesthetized and subjected to femoral bone marrow aspiration and blood collection from the aorta, for CA and MNT, respectively, for investigation of genotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups IIB and K, which received only BBN and water, showed the greatest DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes (CA) and largest number of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes (MNT) in relation to all other groups that received BBN and lysine and/or propolis (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both propolis and L-lysine are effective in protecting against genotoxicity, as well not being genotoxic themselves toward the cells evaluated, at the doses and times administered and according to the two tests utilized.
authors: Department of Pathology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil.
authors: Conceição Aparecida
authors: CA
authors: Dornelas
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UFC.
authors: Bruno Coelho
authors: BC
authors: Cavalcanti
authors: Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil.
authors: Hemerson Iury Ferreira
authors: HI
authors: Magalhães
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: Francisco Vagnaldo Fechine
authors: FV
authors: Jamacaru
authors: Medical School, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: Francisco Nelson Nóbrega
authors: FN
authors: Furtado
authors: UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: Camila de Carvalho
authors: Cde C
authors: Juanes
authors: UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: Nayanna de Oliveira Ramos
authors: Nde O
authors: Melo
authors: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors: Manoel Odorico de
authors: MO
authors: Moraes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D000068579:Celecoxib; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008239:Lysine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D011429:Propolis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D011429:Propolis; D000068579:Celecoxib; D008239:Lysine