title: T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos.
abstract: T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization (hpf) stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 μmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tail areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione (GSH). T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China. Electronic address: yuanguogangygg@163.com.
authors: Guogang
authors: G
authors: Yuan
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China. Electronic address: wangyimei2006@126.com.
authors: Yimei
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Yuan
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
authors: Tingfen
authors: T
authors: Zhang
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Zhao
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
authors: Liuyu
authors: L
authors: Huang
authors: Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China. Electronic address: pengsq@hotmail.com.
authors: Shuangqing
authors: S
authors: Peng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D005978:Glutathione; D013605:T-2 Toxin
keywords: T-2 toxin; apoptosis; developmental toxicity; oxidative stress; zebrafish embryo