title: The Role of Nicotine in the Corrosive Behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V Dental Implant.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metals react chemically/electrochemically in electrolytic solutions, such as that present in the oral cavity, which leads to corrosion of metal dental implants. Corrosion can increase the failure rate of dental implants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the corrosion behavior of nicotine on Ti-6Al-4V under physiological conditions. It was hypothesized that nicotine in artificial saliva would have an adverse effect on the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ti-6Al-4V discs were electrochemically analyzed using a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The disks were immersed in an electrolytic artificial saliva with varying pH (3.0 and 6.5) and nicotine concentration (control, 1 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL). Open circuit potential, cyclic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrochemical parameters indicated that the presence of nicotine significantly reduced (p < .05) the corrosion rate. For example, there was a decrease in corrosion current density from 2.94 × 10(-3)  μA/cm(2) to 1.43 × 10(-3)  μA/cm(2) in control compared with 20 mg/mL nicotine at pH 6.5. EIS results exhibited an unexpected trend in that the presence of nicotine decreased polarization resistance. This suggested a decrease in passive film growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At certain concentrations, nicotine inhibits local corrosion; however, it also prevents the formation of a protective oxide film.
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Dmitry
authors: D
authors: Royhman
authors: Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Antwerp, Belgium.
authors: Xochitl
authors: X
authors: Dominguez-Benetton
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Judy Chia-Chun
authors: JC
authors: Yuan
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.|Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Tolou
authors: T
authors: Shokuhfar
authors: Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Takoudis
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Mathew T
authors: MT
authors: Mathew
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Cortino
authors: C
authors: Sukotjo
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D003343:Corrosion; D015921:Dental Implants; D004563:Electrochemistry; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D009538:Nicotine; D014025:Titanium
keywords: corrosion; dental implants; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; nicotine; pH; saliva