title: Suddenly included: cultural differences in experiencing re-inclusion.
abstract: In the current research, we examined whether re-inclusion (i.e. the change from a previous state of exclusion to a new state of inclusion) was perceived differently by people with individualistic and collectivistic cultural backgrounds. Individualists (German and Austrian participants) but not collectivists (Chinese participants) experienced re-inclusion differently than continued inclusion: While collectivistic participants did not differentiate between both kinds of inclusion, individualistic participants showed reduced fulfilment of their psychological needs under re-inclusion compared to continued inclusion. The results moreover revealed that only participants from individualistic cultures expressed more feelings of exclusion when re-included than when continually included. These exclusionary feelings partially mediated the relationship between the different states of inclusion and basic need fulfilment.
authors: Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Michaela
authors: M
authors: Pfundmair
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Graupmann
authors: Hongfei
authors: H
authors: Du
authors: Dieter
authors: D
authors: Frey
authors: Nilüfer
authors: N
authors: Aydin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D001317:Austria; D002681:China; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D012107:Research Design; D012649:Self Concept; D012931:Social Environment; D012934:Social Isolation; D062487:Social Marginalization; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Culture; Social exclusion; Social inclusion; Social re-inclusion