title: Retrospective analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in serum samples--epidemiology and consumption patterns.
abstract: Herbal mixtures contain synthetic cannabinoids, which can cause severe intoxications. Due to the great variety and the changing spectrum of substances on the drug market, prevalence data are limited, and data on prevalence rates of synthetic cannabinoids in forensic cases are not available. The present study was performed to survey the prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in cases of traffic and criminal offences in the German state Hesse in 2010. The applied analytical method covered all synthetic cannabinoids on the drug market at that time, and with 20% of the blood samples (422 out of 2201) a representative number was reanalyzed. In twelve samples synthetic cannabinoids were identified and a prevalence of 2.8% was estimated. Consumption patterns showed predominantly cases of multi-drug consumption (10 cases); the combination with cannabis or alcohol was frequent (four cases each). The observed deficits were moderate with the exception of aggravation of paranoia in one case. The symptoms were either compatible with the effects of cannabinoid agonists or attributable to alcohol or other drugs found in the blood samples. Our current analytical strategy is to perform such analyses only in cases where use is suspected or where symptoms are not explained by routine toxicological analyses. Hence, the positive rate is rather low highlighting the need to keep up with the developments on the drug market and to establish sensitive screening methods covering a broad range of substances that can be updated fast, e.g., relying on collections of mass spectrometric reference data.
authors: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors: Nathalie J
authors: NJ
authors: Jaenicke
authors: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Pogoda
authors: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Paulke
authors: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors: Cora
authors: C
authors: Wunder
authors: Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt/Main, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Electronic address: toennes@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors: Stefan W
authors: SW
authors: Toennes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000097:blood*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003416:Criminal Law; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002186:Cannabinoids; D015198:Designer Drugs
keywords: Consumption patterns; Driving impairment; Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); Forensic toxicology; Prevalence; Synthetic cannabinoids