title: Tissue dissolution by a novel multisonic ultracleaning system and sodium hypochlorite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel Multisonic Ultracleaning System (Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, CA) in tissue dissolution in comparison with conventional irrigation devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pieces of bovine muscle tissue (68 ± 2 mg) were placed in 0.7-mL test tubes (height: 23.60 mm, inner diameter: 6.00 mm, outer diameter: 7.75 mm) and exposed to 5 minutes of irrigation by different devices. Endodontic devices included the Multisonic Ultracleaning System, the Piezon Master 700 (EMS, Dallas, TX) ultrasonic system with agitation, the EndoVac negative-pressure irrigation system (SybronEndo, Orange, CA), and a conventional positive-pressure 27-G irrigation needle at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The systems were tested with 0.5%, 3%, and 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at room temperature (21°C) as well as 40°C. Irrigation with sterile water was used as a control. The mass of tissue specimens was measured and recorded before and after the use of each device, and if the specimen was completely dissolved visually within 5 minutes, the dissolution time was recorded. The rate of tissue dissolution (%/s) was then calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Multisonic Ultracleaning System had the fastest rate of tissue dissolution (P < .05), at 1.0% ± 0.1% per second using 0.5% NaOCl, 2.3% ± 0.9% per second using 3% NaOCl, and 2.9% ± 0.7% per second using 6% NaOCl. This tissue dissolution rate was more than 8 times greater than the second fastest device tested (P < .01), the Piezon Master 700 ultrasonic system, which resulted in a tissue dissolution rate of 0.328% ± 0.002% per second using 6% NaOCl at 40°C. For all irrigation devices tested, the rate of tissue dissolution increased with a higher concentration and temperature of the NaOCl solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel Multisonic Ultracleaning System achieved a significantly faster tissue dissolution rate when compared with the other systems examined in vitro.
authors: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Electronic address: markush@dentistry.ubc.ca.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Haapasalo
authors: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Zhejun
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Ya
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, California.
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Curtis
authors: Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, California.
authors: Payal
authors: P
authors: Patel
authors: Sonendo Inc, Laguna Hills, California.
authors: Mehrzad
authors: M
authors: Khakpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D008422:Materials Testing; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000187:drug effects; D009339:Needles; D011312:Pressure; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012995:Solubility; D013010:Sonication / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013696:Temperature; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Irrigation; Multisonic Ultracleaning; sodium hypochlorite; tissue dissolution; ultrasonic