title: Effect of pH on the sonochemical synthesis of BiPO4 nanostructures and its electrochemical properties for pseudocapacitors.
abstract: Using sonochemical method, BiPO4 nanocrystals were prepared at different pH conditions (pH-1, 3, 5, 7, 9 & 12) for the possible applications of pseudocapacitor electrodes. The prepared BiPO4 nanocrystals belong to monoclinic structure with P21 space group. The SEM image revealed that the particles changed from irregular coarse shape into rod like structure (pH-1 to 7) which finally collapsed into irregular aggregates (pH-9 to pH-12). The observed spot patterns from SAED inferred the polycrystalline nature of the material. The electrochemical performance of the synthesized BiPO4 in various ultrasound irradiation conditions such as irradiation time (30min, 1h, 2h and 3h) and ultrasonication power (40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of instrumental power) was studied. A maximum specific capacitance of 1052F/g (pH-7 at 2mV/s) was observed for the BiPO4 prepared in the ultrasonication reaction condition of 2h with 60% power. Also the obtained specific capacitance was high compared with the conventional precipitation method (623F/g at 2mV/s) that revealed the prominence of sonication method. Similarly, BiPO4 prepared at pH-7 delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 302F/g at 2mA/cm(2) calculated from galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) method than the other pH conditions. However, the cycling stability of BiPO4 (pH-7) was not appreciable even for 200 cycles. So, attempts were taken to enhance the cycling stability of the material by employing various carbon matrices such as acetylene black, activated carbon and MWCNT instead of carbon black during electrode preparation. BiPO4 material with activated carbon delivered good capacitance retention compared with other carbon matrices. This enhanced electrochemical performance of BiPO4 (pH-7) using activated carbon matrix inferred that it could be utilized as efficient negative electrode material for pseudocapacitors.
authors: Solid State Ionics and Energy Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: V D
authors: VD
authors: Nithya
authors: Solid State Ionics and Energy Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Hanitha
authors: Solid State Ionics and Energy Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Surendran
authors: Electrochemical Power Systems Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 006, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: drkalpanaa@gmail.com.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Kalpana
authors: Solid State Ionics and Energy Devices Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: selvankram@buc.edu.in.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kalai Selvan
keywords: BiPO(4); Carbon matrices; Pseudocapacitors; Sonochemical synthesis; pH