title: Alterations in the functional connectivity of frontal lobe networks preceding emergence delirium in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to characterize the electroencephalogram in children who emerged with emergence delirium (ED) compared with children without ED using methods that involved the assessment of cortical functional connectivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 5 to 15 yr had multichannel electroencephalographic recordings during induction and emergence from anesthesia during minor surgical procedures. Of these, five children displayed ED after sevoflurane anesthesia. Measures of cortical functional connectivity previously used to evaluate anesthetic action in adults were compared between ED and age-, sex-, and anesthetic-matched non-ED children during emergence from anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the termination of sevoflurane anesthesia, the electroencephalogram in both ED and control patients showed delta frequency slowing and frontally dominant alpha activity, followed by a prolonged state with low-voltage, fast frequency activity (referred to as an indeterminate state). In children with ED, arousal with delirious behavior and a variety of electroencephalogram patterns occurred during the indeterminate state, before the appearance of normal wake or sleep patterns. The electroencephalogram in children without ED progressed from the indeterminate state to classifiable sleep or drowsy states, before peaceful awakening. Statistically significant differences in frontal lobe functional connectivity were identified between children with ED and non-ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ED is associated with arousal from an indeterminate state before the onset of sleep-like electroencephalogram patterns. Increased frontal lobe cortical functional connectivity observed in ED, immediately after the termination of sevoflurane anesthesia, will have important implications for the development of methods to predict ED, the design of preventative strategies, and efforts to better understand its pathophysiology.
authors: From the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (J.C.M.); Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.T.J.L.); Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.S.H.); Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (L.K.); Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.S.); and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.J.D.).
authors: Jessica C
authors: JC
authors: Martin
authors: David T J
authors: DT
authors: Liley
authors: A Simon
authors: AS
authors: Harvey
authors: Levin
authors: L
authors: Kuhlmann
authors: Jamie W
authors: JW
authors: Sleigh
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Davidson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation