title: Characterisation of phenolics, betanins and antioxidant activities in seeds of three Chenopodium quinoa Willd. genotypes.
abstract: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is known for its exceptional nutritional value and potential health benefits. The present study identified the composition of different forms of extractable phenolics and betacyanins of quinoa cultivars in white, red and black, and how they contribute to antioxidant activities. Results showed that at least 23 phenolic compounds were found in either free or conjugated forms (liberated by alkaline and/or acid hydrolysis); the majority of which were phenolic acids, mainly vanillic acid, ferulic acid and their derivatives as well as main flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides. Betacyanins, mainly betanin and isobetanin, were confirmed for the first time to be the pigments of the red and black quinoa seeds, instead of anthocyanins. Darker quinoa seeds had higher phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity. Findings of these phenolics, along with betacyanins in this study add new knowledge to the functional components of quinoa seeds of different cultivar background.
authors: Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Tang
authors: Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China. Electronic address: lixihong606@163.com.
authors: Xihong
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, Jiangxi, China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Zhang
authors: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors: Peter X
authors: PX
authors: Chen
authors: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
authors: Ronghua
authors: R
authors: Liu
authors: Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada. Electronic address: rong.cao@agr.gc.ca.
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Tsao
mesh_terms: D050859:Betacyanins / Q000737:chemistry*; D027465:Chenopodium quinoa / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005838:Genotype; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D059808:Polyphenols; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D050859:Betacyanins; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; C020228:betanin
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Betacyanin; Betanin; Conjugated phenolics; Free phenolics; Polyphenols; Quinoa