title: Saponins of Trifolium spp. aerial parts as modulators of Candida albicans virulence attributes.
abstract: The aim was to provide the insight into the biology of C. albicans influenced by undescribed yet properties of saponin-rich (80%-98%) fractions (SAPFs), isolated from extracts of Trifolium alexandrinum, T. incarnatum, T. resupinatum var. resupinatum aerial parts. Their concentrations below 0.5 mg/mL were arbitrarily considered as subMICs for C. albicans ATCC 10231 and were further used. SAPFs affected yeast enzymatic activity, lowered tolerance to the oxidative stress, to the osmotic stress and to the action of the cell wall disrupting agent. In their presence, germ tubes formation was significantly and irreversibly inhibited, as well as Candida invasive capacity. The evaluation of SAPFs interactions with anti-mycotics showed synergistic activity, mainly with azoles. Fluconazole MIC was lowered-susceptible C. albicans ATCC 10231 was more susceptible, and resistant C. glabrata (clinical strain) become more susceptible (eightfold). Moreover, the tested samples showed no hemolytic activity and at the concentrations up to 0.5 mg/mL did not reduce viability of fibroblasts L929. This study provided the original evidence that SAPFs of Trifolium spp. aerial part exhibit significant antimicrobial activity, by reduce the expression/quantity of important Candida virulence factors and have good potential for the development of novel antifungal products supporting classic drugs.
authors: Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Banacha 12/16, Poland. albudzal@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors: Aleksandra
authors: A
authors: Budzyńska
authors: Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Banacha 12/16, Poland. bsad@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Sadowska
authors: Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Banacha 12/16, Poland. mwiec@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors: Marzena
authors: M
authors: Więckowska-Szakiel
authors: Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Banacha 12/16, Poland. bmic@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors: Bartłomiej
authors: B
authors: Micota
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Pulawy 24-100, Czartoryskich 8, Poland. asf@iung.pulawy.pl.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Stochmal
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Pulawy 24-100, Czartoryskich 8, Poland. djedrejek@iung.pulawy.pl.
authors: Dariusz
authors: D
authors: Jędrejek
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Pulawy 24-100, Czartoryskich 8, Poland. lpecio@iung.pulawy.pl.
authors: Lukasz
authors: L
authors: Pecio
authors: Department of Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-237, Banacha 12/16, Poland. rozab@biol.uni.lodz.pl.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Różalska
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D001393:Azoles / Q000819:agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000819:agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins / Q000819:agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001393:Azoles; D012503:Saponins; D015725:Fluconazole