title: Stability and Transport of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles in Groundwater and Surface Water.
abstract: The effects of groundwater and surface water constituents (i.e., natural organic matter [NOM] and the presence of a complex assortment of ions) on graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) were investigated to provide additional insight into the factors contributing to fate and the mechanisms involved in their transport in soil, groundwater, and surface water environments. The stability and transport of GONPs was investigated using dynamic light scattering, electrokinetic characterization, and packed bed column experiments. Stability results showed that the hydrodynamic diameter of the GONPs at a similar ionic strength (2.1±1.1 mM) was 10 times greater in groundwater environments compared with surface water and NaCl and MgCl2suspensions. Transport results confirmed that in groundwater, GONPs are less stable and are more likely to be removed during transport in porous media. In surface water and MgCl2and NaCl suspensions, the relative recovery was 94%±3% indicating that GONPs will be very mobile in surface waters. Additional experiments were carried out in monovalent (KCl) and divalent (CaCl2) salts across an environmentally relevant concentration range (0.1-10 mg/L) of NOM using Suwannee River humic acid. Overall, the transport and stability of GONPs was increased in the presence of NOM. This study confirms that planar "carbonaceous-oxide" materials follow traditional theory for stability and transport, both due to their response to ionic strength, valence, and NOM presence and is the first to look at GONP transport across a wide range of representative conditions found in surface and groundwater environments.
authors: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California.
authors: Jacob D
authors: JD
authors: Lanphere
authors: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California.
authors: Brandon
authors: B
authors: Rogers
authors: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California.
authors: Corey
authors: C
authors: Luth
authors: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Bowling Green, Kentucky.
authors: Carl H
authors: CH
authors: Bolster
authors: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Riverside, California.
authors: Sharon L
authors: SL
authors: Walker
keywords: Suwannee River humic acid; artificial groundwater; artificial surface water; graphene oxide nanoparticles; natural organic matter; solution chemistry; stability; transport in porous media