title: Measuring unbound versus total vancomycin concentrations in serum and plasma: methodological issues and relevance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on the unbound fraction (fu) of vancomycin report highly variable results. Great controversy also exists about the correlation between unbound and total vancomycin concentrations. As differences in (pre-)analytic techniques may explain these findings, we investigated the impact of the procedure used to isolate unbound vancomycin in serum/plasma on fu and the correlation between total and unbound concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient samples (n = 39) were analyzed for total and unbound vancomycin concentrations after ultrafiltration (UF, Centrifree at 4°C and 37°C) or equilibrium dialysis (ED, using a Fast Micro-Equilibrium Dialyzer at 37°C) on an Architect i2000SR. To investigate correlations with potential binding proteins, total protein, albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and IgA concentrations were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median fu after ED was 72.5% [interquartile range (IQR), 68.7%-75.0%]. Ultrafiltration at 4°C and 37°C resulted in a median fu of 51.6% (IQR, 48.6%-54.8%) and 75.2% (IQR, 69.3%-78.6%), respectively, with no significant difference between unbound vancomycin concentrations after ED and UF at 37°C (P = 0.13). Unbound concentrations obtained through ED and UF correlated linearly (4°C: r = 0.9457; 37°C: r = 0.9478; both P < 0.0001). Linear mixed-model regression showed that total vancomycin as such was the predominant determinant for the unbound concentration, allowing a reliable prediction (mean bias ± SD, 5.0% ± 7.6%). The studied protein concentrations were of no added value in predicting the unbound concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vancomycin fu after UF at 4°C was on average 30.6% lower than that after UF at 37°C, demonstrating the importance of temperature during UF. Ultrafiltration at 37°C resulted in unbound vancomycin concentrations equivalent with ED. As the unbound concentration could be reliably predicted based on total vancomycin concentrations as such, measurement of unbound vancomycin concentrations has little added value over measurements of total vancomycin concentrations.
authors: *Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital; †Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University; and ‡Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium.
authors: Veronique
authors: V
authors: Stove
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Coene
authors: Mieke
authors: M
authors: Carlier
authors: Jan J
authors: JJ
authors: De Waele
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Fiers
authors: Alain G
authors: AG
authors: Verstraete
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001798:Blood Proteins; D014640:Vancomycin