title: A failure to confirm the effectiveness of a brief group psychoeducational program for mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: a randomized controlled pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group psychoeducation to relieve the psychological distress of mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD) and to improve the behaviors of the children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two mothers of preschool outpatients with HFPDD were randomly assigned to a four-session brief group psychoeducational program (GP). The sessions were held every second week in addition to the usual treatment (GP + treatment as usual [TAU] group), or to a TAU-alone group. The primary outcome was self-reported symptoms of maternal mental health as assessed using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) at 21 weeks post-randomization (week 21). The GHQ-28 at the end of the intervention (week 7), Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) for the behavior of the children, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were carried out at weeks 7 and 21. We tested the group effects with the interaction between the intervention and the evaluation points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GHQ-28 score at week 21 was significantly higher in the GP + TAU group as compared to that in the TAU-alone group, indicating a greater improvement in the TAU-alone group. There was no evidence that GP + TAU led to a greater improvement of maternal mental health than TAU-alone at week 7. Similarly, no evidence was obtained to indicate that GP + TAU led to a reduction in the ABC or ZBI scores by week 7 or 21. The adjusted scores for the RF (role emotional) and MH (mental health) subscales of the SF-36 at week 21 were also significantly lower in the GP + TAU group, indicating a similar tendency to that of the change of the GHQ-28 score at week 21.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The psychoeducational program did not alleviate maternal distress, aberrant behaviors of the children, or caregiver burden.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Masako
authors: M
authors: Suzuki
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Atsurou
authors: A
authors: Yamada
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Norio
authors: N
authors: Watanabe
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Tatsuo
authors: T
authors: Akechi
authors: Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Nagoya City University School of Nursing, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Fujika
authors: F
authors: Katsuki
authors: Clinical Trial Management Center, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Nishiyama
authors: Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Masayuki
authors: M
authors: Imaeda
authors: Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Taishi
authors: T
authors: Miyachi
authors: Kazuo Mental Clinic, Toyohashi, Japan.
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Otaki
authors: Toyokawa Sakura Hospital, Toyokawa Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Mitsuda
authors: Toyokawa Sakura Hospital, Toyokawa Japan.
authors: Akino
authors: A
authors: Ota
authors: Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan.
authors: Toshi A
authors: TA
authors: Furukawa
keywords: family psychoeducation; parenting stress; pervasive developmental disorder; problem-solving therapy