title: Ideal osmotic spaces for chlorobionts or cyanobionts are differentially realized by lichenized fungi.
abstract: Lichens result from symbioses between a fungus and either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. They are known to exhibit extreme desiccation tolerance. We investigated the mechanism that makes photobionts biologically active under severe desiccation using green algal lichens (chlorolichens), cyanobacterial lichens (cyanolichens), a cephalodia-possessing lichen composed of green algal and cyanobacterial parts within the same thallus, a green algal photobiont, an aerial green alga, and a terrestrial cyanobacterium. The photosynthetic response to dehydration by the cyanolichen was almost the same as that of the terrestrial cyanobacterium but was more sensitive than that of the chlorolichen or the chlorobiont. Different responses to dehydration were closely related to cellular osmolarity; osmolarity was comparable between the cyanolichen and a cyanobacterium as well as between a chlorolichen and a green alga. In the cephalodium-possessing lichen, osmolarity and the effect of dehydration on cephalodia were similar to those exhibited by cyanolichens. The green algal part response was similar to those exhibited by chlorolichens. Through the analysis of cellular osmolarity, it was clearly shown that photobionts retain their original properties as free-living organisms even after lichenization.
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Makiko
authors: M
authors: Kosugi
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Ryoko
authors: R
authors: Shizuma
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Yufu
authors: Y
authors: Moriyama
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Koike
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Yuko
authors: Y
authors: Fukunaga
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Akihisa
authors: A
authors: Takeuchi
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Uesugi
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Yoshio
authors: Y
authors: Suzuki
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Imura
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Sakae
authors: S
authors: Kudoh
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Atsuo
authors: A
authors: Miyazawa
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.) kashino@sci.u-hyogo.ac.jp.
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Kashino
authors: Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigohri, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan (M.K., R.S., Y.M., H.K., Y.F., A.M., Y.K., K.S.);Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan (A.T., K.U., Y.S.);National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.); andDepartment of Polar Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan (S.I., S.K.).
authors: Kazuhiko
authors: K
authors: Satoh
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000502:physiology*; D008011:Lichens / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D050501:Nostoc commune / Q000502:physiology*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010788:Photosynthesis; D013559:Symbiosis; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water