title: Invasive cervical cancers from women living in the United States or Botswana: differences in human papillomavirus type distribution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in women living in Botswana.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded blocks of formalin-fixed invasive cervical cancer specimens were identified from women living in the U.S. (n = 50) or Botswana (n = 171) from which DNA was extracted. Thin-section PCR was performed on each sample for HPV types and HIV. Comparisons were made between HPV types and groups of types identified in cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was identified in 92.0% of specimens from the U.S. containing amplifiable human DNA, and 79.5% of specimens from Botswana. HPV 16 was detected in 40 of 46 HPV-positive specimens (87.0%) from the U.S. vs. 58 of 136 (42.7%) from Botswana (p < 0.001). In contrast, non-HPV 16/18 types, all A9 species (HPV16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58), non-HPV 16 A9 (HPV 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58), HPV 18, all A7 types (18, 39, 45, 59, and 68) types were detected significantly more often in specimens from Botswana. The prevalence of non-HPV 18 A7 types did not differ significantly between the two groups. For specimens from Botswana, 31.6% contained PCR-amplifiable HIV sequences, compared to 3.9% in U.S. specimens. Stratifying the samples from Botswana by HIV status, HPV 31 was detected significantly more often in HIV-positive specimens. Other HPV types and groups of types were not significantly different between HIV-positive and HIV-negative specimens from Botswana.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that there may be important HPV type differences in invasive cervical cancers occurring in women living in the United States or Botswana. Factors in addition to HIV may be driving these differences.
authors: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Ermel
authors: Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors: Doreen
authors: D
authors: Ramogola-Masire
authors: Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Zetola
authors: Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Tong
authors: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Brahim
authors: B
authors: Qadadri
authors: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Marwan M
authors: MM
authors: Azar
authors: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA ; Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room MS 224, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors: Darron R
authors: DR
authors: Brown
keywords: DNA testing; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human papillomavirus; Linear array; Type distribution