title: Impact of a change in physician reimbursement on bone mineral density testing in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  On Apr. 1, 2008, a revision was made to the fee schedule for bone mineral density testing with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the province of Ontario, Canada, reducing the frequency of repeat screening in individuals at low risk of osteoporosis. We evaluated whether the change in physician reimbursement successfully promoted appropriate bone mineral density testing, with reduced use among women at low risk and increased use among women and men at higher risk of osteoporosis-related fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from administrative databases on physician billings, hospital discharges and emergency department visits. We included all physician claims for DXA in the province to assess patterns in bone mineral density testing from Apr. 1, 2002, to Mar. 31, 2011. People at risk of an osteoporosis-related fracture were defined as women and men aged 65 years or more and those who had a recent (< 6 mo) fracture after age 40 years. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to examine trends in DXA testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before the policy change, the overall number of DXA tests increased from 433 419 in 2002/03 to 507 658 in 2007/08; after revision of the fee schedule, the number decreased to 422 915 by 2010/11. Most of this reduction was due to a decrease in the age-standardized rate of DXA testing among women deemed to be at low risk, from 5.7 per 100 population in 2008/09 to 1.8 per 100 in 2010/11. In the high-risk group of people aged 65 or more, the age-standardized rate of testing increased after the policy change among men but decreased among women. Among those at high risk because of a recent clinical fracture, the age-standardized rate of DXA testing increased for both sexes and then decreased after the policy change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A change in reimbursement designed to restrict access to bone mineral density testing among low-risk women was associated with an overall reduction in testing. Efforts to communicate guidelines for bone mineral density testing with greater clarity, particularly as they relate to high-risk individuals, need to be explored.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. ; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Jaglal
authors: Institute of Health, Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. ; Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Gillian
authors: G
authors: Hawker
authors: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Croxford
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Cathy
authors: C
authors: Cameron
authors: Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Schott
authors: Institute of Health, Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Munce
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. ; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.
authors: Sonya
authors: S
authors: Allin