title: Remote ischemic preconditioning in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a single-center double-blinded randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) harnesses an innate defensive mechanism that protects against inflammatory activation and ischemia-reperfusion injury, known sequelae of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. We sought to determine the impact of RIPC on clinical outcomes and physiological markers related to ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammatory activation after cardiac surgery in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 299 children (aged neonate to 17 years) were randomized to receive an RIPC stimulus (inflation of a blood pressure cuff on the left thigh to 15 mm Hg above systolic for four 5-minute intervals) versus a blinded sham stimulus during induction with a standardized anesthesia protocol. Primary outcome was duration of postoperative hospital stay, with serial clinical and laboratory measurements for the first 48 postoperative hours and clinical follow-up to discharge. There were no significant baseline differences between RIPC (n=148) and sham (n=151). There were no in-hospital deaths. No significant difference in length of postoperative hospital stay was noted (sham 5.4 versus RIPC 5.6 days; difference +0.2; adjusted P=0.91), with the 95% confidence interval (-0.7 to +0.9) excluding a prespecified minimal clinically significant differences of 1 or 1.5 days. There were few significant differences in other clinical outcomes or values at time points or trends in physiological markers. Benefit was not observed in specific subgroups when explored through interactions with categories of age, sex, surgery type, Aristotle score, or first versus second half of recruitment. Adverse events were similar (sham 5%, RIPC 6%; P=0.68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIPC is not associated with important improvements in clinical outcomes and physiological markers after cardiac surgery in children.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00650507.
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., A.N.R.).
authors: Brian W
authors: BW
authors: McCrindle
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.).
authors: Nadia A
authors: NA
authors: Clarizia
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.).
authors: Svetlana
authors: S
authors: Khaikin
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (H.M.H.).
authors: Helen M
authors: HM
authors: Holtby
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.).
authors: Cedric
authors: C
authors: Manlhiot
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Schwartz
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A.).
authors: Christopher A
authors: CA
authors: Caldarone
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A.).
authors: John G
authors: JG
authors: Coles
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A.).
authors: Glen S
authors: GS
authors: Van Arsdell
authors: The McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.W.S.) The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.W.S.).
authors: Stephen W
authors: SW
authors: Scherer
authors: Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., N.A.C., S.K., H.M.H., C.M., S.M.S., C.A.C., J.G.C., G.S.V.A., A.N.R.) Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M.C., A.N.R.).
authors: Andrew N
authors: AN
authors: Redington
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007902:Length of Stay; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: congenital; heart defects; pediatrics; remote ischemic preconditioning; surgery