title: Evidence for weak genetic recombination at the PTP2 locus of Nosema ceranae.
abstract: The microsporidian Nosema ceranae is an emergent pathogen that threatens the health of honeybees and other pollinators all over the world. Its recent rapid spread across a wide variety of host species and environments demonstrated an enhanced ability of adaptation, which seems to contradict the lack of evidence for genetic recombination and the absence of a sexual stage in its life cycle. Here we retrieved fresh data of the patterns of genetic variation at the PTP2 locus in naturally infected Apis mellifera colonies, by means of single genome amplification. This technique, designed to prevent the formation of chimeric haplotypes during polymerase chain reaction (PCR), provides more reliable estimates of the diversity levels and haplotype structure than standard PCR-cloning methods. Our results are consistent with low but significant rates of recombination in the history of the haplotypes detected: estimates of the population recombination rate are of the order of 30 and support recent evidence for unexpectedly high levels of variation of the parasites within honeybee colonies. These observations suggest the existence of a diploid stage at some point in the life cycle of this parasite and are relevant for our understanding of the dynamics of its expanding population.
authors: Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro Apícola Regional, JCCM, Marchamalo, 19180, Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain; Grupo de Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain.
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Gómez-Moracho
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Bartolomé
authors: Raquel
authors: R
authors: Martín-Hernández
authors: Mariano
authors: M
authors: Higes
authors: Xulio
authors: X
authors: Maside
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000382:microbiology*; D056426:Genetic Loci; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D016818:Nosema / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
chemical_list: D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases