title: Thuringiensin: a thermostable secondary metabolite from Bacillus thuringiensis with insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects.
abstract: Thuringiensin (Thu), also known as β-exotoxin, is a thermostable secondary metabolite secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis. It has insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects, including species belonging to the orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Isoptera, and several nematode species. The chemical formula of Thu is C22H32O19N5P, and it is composed of adenosine, glucose, phosphoric acid, and gluconic diacid. In contrast to the more frequently studied insecticidal crystal protein, Thu is not a protein but a small molecule oligosaccharide. In this review, a detailed and updated description of the characteristics, structure, insecticidal mechanism, separation and purification technology, and genetic determinants of Thu is provided.
authors: Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China. xiaoyanliu6613@163.com.
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. ruanlifang@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Lifang
authors: L
authors: Ruan
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. gongeleven2005@webmail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Donghai
authors: D
authors: Peng
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. lilin@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. m98sun@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Sun
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China. yz41@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors: Ziniu
authors: Z
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000378:metabolism; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D013400:Sugar Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D013400:Sugar Acids; C068295:thuringiensin; D000241:Adenosine