title: HIV-1 translation and its regulation by cellular factors PKR and PACT.
abstract: The synthesis of proteins from viral mRNA is the first step towards viral assembly. Viruses are dependent upon the cellular translation machinery to synthesize their own proteins. The synthesis of proteins from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and 2 RNAs utilize several alternative mechanisms. The regulation of viral protein production requires a constant interplay between viral requirements and the cell response to viral infection. Among the antiviral cell responses, the interferon-induced RNA activated protein kinase, PKR, regulates the cellular and viral translation. During HIV-1 infection, PKR activation is highly regulated by viral and cellular factors. The cellular TAR RNA Binding Protein, TRBP, the Adenosine Deaminase acting on RNA, ADAR1, and the PKR Activator, PACT, play important roles. Recent data show that PACT changes its function from activator to inhibitor in HIV-1 infected cells. Therefore, HIV-1 has evolved to replicate in cells in which TRBP, ADAR1 and PACT prevent PKR activation to allow efficient viral protein synthesis. This proper translation will initiate the assembly of viral particles.
authors: Virus-cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Burugu
authors: Virus-cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Aïcha
authors: A
authors: Daher
authors: Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France.
authors: Eliane F
authors: EF
authors: Meurs
authors: Virus-cell Interactions Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: anne.gatignol@mcgill.ca.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Gatignol
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015498:HIV-2 / Q000502:physiology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014779:Virus Replication; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C104647:PRKRA protein, human; D012367:RNA, Viral; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase
keywords: HIV; PKR activator; Protein kinase R; Translation