title: Prevalence of diabetes among Hispanics/Latinos from diverse backgrounds: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examine differences in prevalence of diabetes and rates of awareness and control among adults from diverse Hispanic/Latino backgrounds in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
  
  
  METHODS
  The HCHS/SOL, a prospective, multicenter, population-based study, enrolled from four U.S. metropolitan areas from 2008 to 2011 16,415 18-74-year-old people of Hispanic/Latino descent. Diabetes was defined by either fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance 2 h after a glucose load, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C), or documented use of hypoglycemic agents (scanned medications).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes prevalence varied from 10.2% in South Americans and 13.4% in Cubans to 17.7% in Central Americans, 18.0% in Dominicans and Puerto Ricans, and 18.3% in Mexicans (P < 0.0001). Prevalence related positively to age (P < 0.0001), BMI (P < 0.0001), and years living in the U.S. (P = 0.0010) but was negatively related to education (P = 0.0005) and household income (P = 0.0043). Rate of diabetes awareness was 58.7%, adequate glycemic control (A1C <7%, 53 mmol/mol) was 48.0%, and having health insurance among those with diabetes was 52.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present findings indicate a high prevalence of diabetes but considerable diversity as a function of Hispanic background. The low rates of diabetes awareness, diabetes control, and health insurance in conjunction with the negative associations between diabetes prevalence and both household income and education among Hispanics/Latinos in the U.S. have important implications for public health policies.
authors: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL nschneid@miami.edu.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Schneiderman
authors: Department of Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Llabre
authors: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors: Catherine C
authors: CC
authors: Cowie
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors: Janice
authors: J
authors: Barnhart
authors: Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Mercedes
authors: M
authors: Carnethon
authors: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA.
authors: Linda C
authors: LC
authors: Gallo
authors: Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Aida L
authors: AL
authors: Giachello
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors: Gerardo
authors: G
authors: Heiss
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Kaplan
authors: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors: Lisa M
authors: LM
authors: LaVange
authors: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors: Yanping
authors: Y
authors: Teng
authors: Certificate Program in Clinical Trials Administration for Latin America, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
authors: Leonel
authors: L
authors: Villa-Caballero
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors: M Larissa
authors: ML
authors: Avilés-Santa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult