title: Influence of tramadol on ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats' skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tramadol has been shown to decrease ischemia-reperfusion injuries in myocardial or brain tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tramadol on ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat hind limb ischemia-reperfusion model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomized into three experimental groups as follows: Sham, Ischemia-reperfusion and Ischemia-reperfusion + tramadol groups. Ischemia was induced in anesthetized rats by left femoral artery clipping for 2 h followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Tramadol (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously immediately prior to reperfusion. Blood pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at the end of the reperfusion. Left gastrocnemius muscle samples were taken for histological and biochemical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pH and pCO2 were similar in all study groups, with no statistical significance. pO2 and HCO3 levels presented the highest elevation in sham and Ischemia-reperfusion + tramadol groups, as compared to Ischemia-reperfusion group (P < 0.05). The extent of muscle changes in the ischemia-reperfusion + tramadol group was significantly lower than ischemia-reperfusion group (P < 0.05). In comparison with other groups, serum and tissue MDA levels in ischemia-reperfusion group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The muscle tissue glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in the Ischemia-reperfusion group were significantly lower than the other groups (P < 0.05). Wet/dried weight ratio in ischemia-reperfusion group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than subjects in other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the histological, histochemical and serum biochemical perspective, the treatment with tramadol has alleviated the metabolic injuries in the skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion in this experimental model.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
authors: Hamed Ashrafzadeh
authors: HA
authors: Takhtfooladi
authors: Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: dr_ashrafzadeh@yahoo.com.
authors: Mohammad Ashrafzadeh
authors: MA
authors: Takhtfooladi
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
authors: Poorya
authors: P
authors: Karimi
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.
authors: Hesam Abbasian
authors: HA
authors: Asl
authors: Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shahid Sadughi University, Yazd, Iran.
authors: Sayed Zakaria Mousavi Nasab
authors: SZ
authors: Mobarakeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005263:Femoral Artery; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014147:Tramadol / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014147:Tramadol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: Ischemia–reperfusion injury; Skeletal muscle; Tramadol