title: Nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of siRNA for treatment of cancers and viral infections.
abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is an endogenous post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism, where non-coding, double-stranded RNA molecules interfere with the expression of certain genes in order to silence it. Since its discovery, this phenomenon has evolved as powerful technology to diagnose and treat diseases at cellular and molecular levels. With a lot of attention, short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics has brought a great hope for treatment of various undruggable diseases, including genetic diseases, cancer, and resistant viral infections. However, the challenge of their systemic delivery and on how they are integrated to exhibit the desired properties and functions remains a key bottleneck for realizing its full potential. Nanoparticles are currently well known to exhibit a number of unique properties that could be strategically tailored into new advanced siRNA delivery systems. This review summarizes the various nanoparticulate systems developed so far in the literature for systemic delivery of siRNA, which include silica and silicon-based nanoparticles, metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, dendrimers, polymers, cyclodextrins, lipids, hydrogels, and semiconductor nanocrystals. Challenges and barriers to the delivery of siRNA and the role of different nanoparticles to surmount these challenges are also included in the review.
authors: 1. Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China ; 2. Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
authors: Mohamed Shehata
authors: MS
authors: Draz
authors: 3. Life Sciences College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China ; 4. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA.
authors: Binbin Amanda
authors: BA
authors: Fang
authors: 5. Translational Medicine Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.
authors: Pengfei
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: 6. Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Zhi
authors: Z
authors: Hu
authors: 6. Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Shenda
authors: S
authors: Gu
authors: 4. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA.
authors: Kevin C
authors: KC
authors: Weng
authors: 4. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA ; 6. Biomedical Engineering, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors: Joe W
authors: JW
authors: Gray
authors: 1. Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China ; 3. Life Sciences College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China ; 4. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94127, USA.
authors: Fanqing Frank
authors: FF
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering
keywords: Cancer; Delivery; Nanoparticle; RNA interference; Small interfering RNA; Virus.