title: A multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, randomised controlled trial to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of three physiotherapy-led exercise interventions for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: the BEEP trial protocol (ISRCTN: 93634563).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise is consistently recommended for older adults with knee pain related to osteoarthritis. However, the effects from exercise are typically small and short-term, likely linked to insufficient individualisation of the exercise programme and limited attention to supporting exercise adherence over time. The BEEP randomised trial aims to improve patients' short and long-term outcomes from exercise. It will test the overall effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two physiotherapy-led exercise interventions (Individually Tailored Exercise and Targeted Exercise Adherence) to improve the individual tailoring of, and adherence to exercise, compared with usual physiotherapy care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the learning from a pilot study (ISRCTN 23294263), the BEEP trial is a multi-centre, pragmatic, parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial, with embedded longitudinal qualitative interviews. 500 adults in primary care, aged 45 years and over with knee pain will be randomised to 1 of 3 treatment groups delivered by fully trained physiotherapists in up to 6 NHS services. These are: Usual Physiotherapy Care (control group consisting of up to 4 treatment sessions of advice and exercise), Individually Tailored Exercise (an individualised, supervised and progressed lower-limb exercise programme) or Targeted Exercise Adherence (supporting patients to adhere to exercise and to engage in general physical activity over the longer-term). The primary outcomes are pain and function as measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis index. A comprehensive range of secondary outcomes are also included. Outcomes are measured at 3, 6 (primary outcome time-point), 9, 18 and 36 months. Data on adverse events will also be collected. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews with a subsample of 30 participants (10 from each treatment group) will be undertaken at two time-points (end of treatment and 12 to 18 months later) and analysed thematically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This trial will contribute to the evidence base for management of older adults with knee pain attributable to osteoarthritis in primary care. The findings will have important implications for healthcare commissioners, general practitioners and physiotherapy service providers and it will inform future education of healthcare practitioners. It may also serve to delay or prevent some individuals from becoming surgical candidates.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN93634563.
authors: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. n.foster@keele.ac.uk.
authors: Nadine E
authors: NE
authors: Foster
authors: Emma L
authors: EL
authors: Healey
authors: Melanie A
authors: MA
authors: Holden
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Nicholls
authors: David Gt
authors: DG
authors: Whitehurst
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Jowett
authors: Clare
authors: C
authors: Jinks
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Roddy
authors: Elaine M
authors: EM
authors: Hay
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D013222:State Medicine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom