title: Ex vivo activity of endoperoxide antimalarials, including artemisone and arterolane, against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Cambodia.
abstract: Novel synthetic endoperoxides are being evaluated as new components of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) to treat artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We conducted blinded ex vivo activity testing of fully synthetic (OZ78 and OZ277) and semisynthetic (artemisone, artemiside, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin) endoperoxides in the histidine-rich protein 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against 200 P. falciparum isolates from areas of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western and northern Cambodia in 2009 and 2010. The order of potency and geometric mean (GM) 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) were as follows: artemisone (2.40 nM) > artesunate (8.49 nM) > dihydroartemisinin (11.26 nM) > artemiside (15.28 nM) > OZ277 (31.25 nM) > OZ78 (755.27 nM). Ex vivo activities of test endoperoxides positively correlated with dihydroartemisinin and artesunate. The isolates were over 2-fold less susceptible to dihydroartemisinin than the artemisinin-sensitive P. falciparum W2 clone and showed sensitivity comparable to those with test endoperoxides and artesunate, with isolate/W2 IC50 susceptibility ratios of <2.0. All isolates had P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter mutations, with negative correlations in sensitivity to endoperoxides and chloroquine. The activities of endoperoxides (artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, OZ277, and artemisone) significantly correlated with that of the ACT partner drug, mefloquine. Isolates had mutations associated with clinical resistance to mefloquine, with 35% prevalence of P. falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1) amplification and 84.5% occurrence of the pfmdr1 Y184F mutation. GM IC50s for mefloquine, lumefantrine, and endoperoxides (artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, OZ277, OZ78, and artemisone) correlated with pfmdr1 copy number. Given that current ACTs are failing potentially from reduced sensitivity to artemisinins and partner drugs, newly identified mutations associated with artemisinin resistance reported in the literature and pfmdr1 mutations should be examined for their combined contributions to emerging ACT resistance.
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand charlotte.lanteri@afrims.org.
authors: Charlotte A
authors: CA
authors: Lanteri
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Suwanna
authors: S
authors: Chaorattanakawee
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Chanthap
authors: C
authors: Lon
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Saunders
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Wiriya
authors: W
authors: Rutvisuttinunt
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Kritsanai
authors: K
authors: Yingyuen
authors: Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Bathurst
authors: Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Xavier C
authors: XC
authors: Ding
authors: Department of Immunology and Medicine, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors: Stuart D
authors: SD
authors: Tyner
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002160:Cambodia; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D010545:Peroxides; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C489136:arterolane; D000077332:Artesunate; C039060:artenimol; C514498:artemisone; D002738:Chloroquine