title: Adopted children with cleft lip and/or palate: a unique and growing population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Standard clinical pathways are well established for children with cleft lip and/or palate. Treatment of internationally adopted children differs because of the late age at presentation, a newly evolving child-family relationship, and variable extent and quality of previous treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors characterized the presentation and treatment patterns of all internationally adopted children with clefts at their institution between 1997 and 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1841 children with clefts, 216 (12 percent) were internationally adopted: 78 percent had cleft lip and palate, 18 percent had cleft lip, and 4 percent had cleft palate. Patients originated predominantly from China (80 percent). Median age at presentation was 31 months, and the rate of new presentations increased five-fold during the study period. Eighty-two percent presented with prior cheiloplasty, and revision was recommended for 64 percent of them. Thirty-seven percent of patients had prior palatoplasty, of which 34 percent presented with a palatal fistula. Secondary palatoplasty/pharyngoplasty was performed more frequently for patients who underwent primary palatoplasty before adoption than after adoption (95 percent CI, 0.20 to 0.77). Overall, adoptees required secondary surgery more often than nonadoptees (49 percent versus 28 percent) regardless of where their primary surgery was performed. Changes in adoptee growth indices suggested improvements in systemic health following adoption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internationally adopted children with clefts have unique treatment challenges. Children with unrepaired clefts undergo surgery late, and children with prior repairs frequently undergo revision. Compared with nonadoptees, adoptees require more revisions and have a higher fistula rate. Further detailed study is important to optimize care.
authors: Seattle, Wash.; and Dallas, Texas From the Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital; the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern.
authors: Jordan W
authors: JW
authors: Swanson
authors: James M
authors: JM
authors: Smartt
authors: Babette S
authors: BS
authors: Saltzman
authors: Craig B
authors: CB
authors: Birgfeld
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Hopper
authors: Joseph S
authors: JS
authors: Gruss
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: Tse
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000300:Adoption; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult