title: Adverse childhood experiences and interaction with methamphetamine use frequency in the risk of methamphetamine-associated psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aims to examine adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), its interaction with methamphetamine (METH) use (e.g., frequency, duration, and dependence) and METH-associated risk of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study conducted among METH users at a drug rehabilitation center in China. Participants were assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for METH-associated psychosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 189 participants, 50.5% reported at least one of eight ACE categories and 35.4% had past history of a psychotic episode. After adjusting for age, sex, education, and marital status, all ACE categories except emotional abuse and parental separation or divorce increased the risk of ever experiencing METH-associated psychosis. When comparing participants who reported no ACEs, those with three or more ACEs had higher risks of lifetime psychosis (OR=4.5, 95% CI: 1.6-12.6). Relationship between number of ACEs and lifetime psychosis was graded (p<.01). The interaction between frequency of METH use (≥4 vs. <4 times/month) and number of ACEs on the risk of METH-associated psychosis was statistically significant (p=0.02), showing a trend of adjusted OR decreased significantly as the number of ACEs increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These analyses indicate that childhood adversities increase the individual's vulnerability to METH-associated psychosis. Further larger longitudinal studies are warranted.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yingying
authors: Y
authors: Ding
authors: Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.
authors: Haijiang
authors: H
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
authors: Huamei
authors: H
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: nhe@shmu.edu.cn.
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Adverse childhood experiences; China; Methamphetamine; Psychosis