title: Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits collagen gel contraction and prostaglandin E2 production in human gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Granulation tissue remodeling and myofibroblastic differentiation are critically important events during wound healing. Tobacco smoking has a detrimental effect in gingival tissue repair. However, studies evaluating the effects of cigarette smoke on these events are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used gingival fibroblasts cultured within free-floating and restrained collagen gels to simulate the initial and final steps of the granulation tissue phase during tissue repair. Collagen gel contraction was stimulated with serum or transforming growth factor-β1. Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was used to evaluate the effects of tobacco smoke on gel contraction. Protein levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin, β1 integrin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and connective tissue growth factor were evaluated through Western blot. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels were determined through ELISA. Actin organization was evaluated through confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSC reduced collagen gel contraction induced by serum and transforming growth factor-β1 in restrained collagen gels. CSC also altered the development of actin stress fibers in fibroblasts cultured within restrained collagen gels. PGE(2) levels were strongly diminished by CSC in three-dimensional cell cultures. However, other proteins involved in granulation tissue remodeling and myofibroblastic differentiation such as alpha-smooth muscle actin, β1 integrin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and connective tissue growth factor, were unmodified by CSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSC may alter the capacity of gingival fibroblasts to remodel and contract a collagen matrix. Inhibition of PGE(2) production and alterations of actin stress fibers in these cells may impair proper tissue maturation during wound healing in smokers.
authors: Dentistry Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Romero
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cáceres
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Arancibia
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Silva
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Couve
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Martínez
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Martínez
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D001769:Blood; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis; D015638:Cytochalasin D / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005782:Gels; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019012:Integrin beta1 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D024042:Collagen Type I; D005782:Gels; D019012:Integrin beta1; D012906:Smoke; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D015638:Cytochalasin D; D009538:Nicotine; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: collagen; fibroblast; prostaglandin; smoking