title: Cadmium levels in a North Carolina cohort: Identifying risk factors for elevated levels during pregnancy.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine cadmium (Cd) levels and relationships to demographics in an observational, prospective pregnancy cohort study in Durham County, North Carolina. Multivariable models were used to compare blood Cd levels across demographic characteristics. The relative risk of having a blood Cd level that exceeds the US national median (0.32 μg/l) was estimated. Overall, >60% of the women had an elevated (>0.32 μg/l) blood Cd level. Controlling for confounding variables, smoking was associated with 21% (95% CI: 15-28%) increased risk for an elevated blood Cd level. High Cd levels were also observed in non-smokers and motivated smoking status-stratified models. Race, age, education, relationship status, insurance status and cotinine level were not associated with risk of elevated Cd levels among smokers; however, older age and higher cotinine levels were associated with elevated Cd levels among non-smokers. Taken together, more than half of pregnant women in this cohort had elevated blood Cd levels. Additionally, among non-smokers, 53% of the women had elevated levels of Cd, highlighting other potential sources of exposure. This study expands on the limited data describing Cd levels in pregnant populations and highlights the importance of understanding Cd exposures among non-smokers. Given the latent health risks of both smoking and Cd exposure, this study further highlights the need to biomonitor for exposure to toxic metals during pregnancy among all women of child-bearing age.
authors: Children's Environmental Health Initiative, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Sharon E
authors: SE
authors: Edwards
authors: Children's Environmental Health Initiative, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Maxson
authors: 1] Children's Environmental Health Initiative, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA [2] Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Marie Lynn
authors: ML
authors: Miranda
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Rebecca C
authors: RC
authors: Fry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009657:North Carolina; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium