title: Prevalence, components and associated demographic and lifestyle factors of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adults with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are twice as likely to die from and three times as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome. About 70-80% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) patients are diagnosed with the MetS. Investigating the occurrence of the MetS in type 2 DM patients is critical for cardiovascular disease prevention. We evaluated the prevalence and components of the MetS and its associated clinical and demographic factors in a Ghanaian adult population with DM 2.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 previously diagnosed type 2 DM patients receiving care from an outpatient clinic of the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Anthropometric measurements of waist circumference (cm), weight (Kg) and height (m) were measured appropriately. Clinical data were obtained from the personal health record files of the participants. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of MetS was 24.0% (n=48). The prevalence was higher in women (27.3%, n= 42) compared to men (13.0%, n=6). The commonest occurring components of the MetS included abdominal obesity (77.0%) and elevated FPG (77.0%) denoting uncontrolled diabetes. The prevalence of elevated BP was found to be 44.0%(n=88) and was higher in men (56.5%) than in women (40.3%). Factors that were found to be associated to the MetS were being overweight/obese (Crude OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.43 - 5.90, p=0.004), ever tried to lose weight (Crude OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.24 - 4.94, p=0.015) and having diabetes for over 5 years (Crude OR = 11.3, 95% CI = 5.26 - 24.08, p<0.001). Other factors that were associated to the MetS were current smokers (Crude OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.21- 38.49, p=0.030) and alcohol drinkers (Crude OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.23 - 7.65, p=0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comparatively low prevalence of the MetS was found. More females than males had the MetS. Uncontrolled diabetes and abdominal obesity were prevalent. The factors identified by our univariate logistic regression model were not significant predictors of the MetS in our multivariate model.
authors: Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Mogre
authors: Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
authors: Zenabankara S
authors: ZS
authors: Salifu
authors: Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Abedandi
keywords: Clinical factors; Demographic factors; Ghana; Metabolic syndrome; Tamale; Type 2 diabetes mellitus