title: Differences in prefrontal blood oxygenation during an acute multitasking stressor in ecstasy polydrug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive deficits are well documented in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users, with such deficits being taken as evidence of dysregulation of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently neuroimaging has been used to corroborate these deficits. The present study aimed to assess multitasking performance in ecstasy polydrug users, polydrug users and drug-naive individuals. It was predicted that ecstasy polydrug users would perform worse than non-users on the behavioural measure and this would be supported by differences in cortical blood oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, 20 ecstasy-polydrug users, 17 polydrug users and 19 drug-naive individuals took part. On day 1, drug use history was taken and questionnaire measures were completed. On day 2, participants completed a 20-min multitasking stressor while brain blood oxygenation was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between the three groups on the subscales of the multitasking stressor. In addition, there were no significant differences on self-report measures of perceived workload (NASA Task Load Index). In terms of mood, ecstasy users were significantly less calm and less relaxed compared with drug-naive controls. There were also significant differences at three voxels on the fNIRS, indicating decreased blood oxygenation in ecstasy users compared with drug-naive controls at voxel 2 (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), voxel 14 and voxel 16 (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and compared with polydrug controls at V14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study provide support for changes in brain activation during performance of demanding tasks in ecstasy polydrug users, which could be related to cerebral vasoconstriction.
authors: School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,Liverpool John Moores University,Liverpool,UK.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Roberts
authors: Health in Action: Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology,University of Northumbria,Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Wetherell
authors: School of Psychology,University of Central Lancashire,Preston,UK.
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Fisk
authors: School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,Liverpool John Moores University,Liverpool,UK.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Montgomery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cognition; Ecstasy; MDMA; fNIRS