title: Impact of tumor removal on the systemic oxidative profile of patients with breast cancer discloses lipid peroxidation at diagnosis as a putative marker of disease recurrence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have suggested a regulatory role for some of the metabolites derived from oxidative stress in breast cancer. In this way, cancer-induced oxidative changes could modify the breast environment and potentially trigger systemic responses that may affect disease prognosis and recurrence. In this study, we investigated the systemic oxidative profile of women with early breast cancer bearing the primary tumor and after tumor withdrawal, and its long-term implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma samples were collected at diagnosis, and the systemic oxidative profile was determined by evaluating the lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity of plasma (TRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation, and hydroperoxides. Nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were further measured. We also evaluated the impact of the oxidative profiling at diagnosis on disease recurrence in a 5-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enhanced oxidative stress was detected in patients bearing the primary tumors, characterized by high lipid peroxidation, TRAP consumption, high carbonyl content, and elevated VEGF and TNF-α levels. After tumor removal, the systemic oxidative status presented attenuation in lipid peroxidation, MDA, VEGF, and TNF-α. The 5-year recurrence analysis indicated that all patients who recidivated presented high levels of lipid peroxidation measured by chemiluminescence at diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the presence of the primary tumor is indicative of the systemic pro-oxidant status of breast cancer and demonstrates a role for lipid peroxidation in disease recurrence, highlighting the need for a metabolic follow-up of patients with cancer at diagnosis before tumor removal.
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Londrina Cancer Institute, Londrina, Paraná
authors: Ana Cristina S
authors: AC
authors: Herrera
authors: São Paulo University, Faculty of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Vanessa J
authors: VJ
authors: Victorino
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Fernanda C
authors: FC
authors: Campos
authors: Londrina Cancer Institute, Londrina, Paraná
authors: Beatriz D
authors: BD
authors: Verenitach
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Lauana T
authors: LT
authors: Lemos
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Adriano M F
authors: AM
authors: Aranome
authors: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Sayonara R
authors: SR
authors: Oliveira
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Alessandra L
authors: AL
authors: Cecchini
authors: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Andrea Name C
authors: AN
authors: Simão
authors: Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Cancer Institute, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Eliana
authors: E
authors: Abdelhay
authors: Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: carolpanis@sercomtel.com.br.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Panis
authors: Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors: Rubens
authors: R
authors: Cecchini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011379:Prognosis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008315:Malondialdehyde
keywords: Breast cancer; Lipid peroxidation; Oxidative stress; Tumor resection