title: Liquid helium cryostat with internal fluorescence detection for x-ray absorption studies in the 2-6 keV energy region.
abstract: X-ray absorption spectroscop (XAS) in the intermediate x-ray region (2-6 keV) for dilute biological samples has been limited because of detector/flux limitations and inadequate cryogenic instrumentation. We have designed and constructed a new tailpiece/sample chamber for a commercially available liquid helium cooled cryostat which overcomes difficulties related to low fluorescence signals by using thin window materials and incorporating an internal photodiode detector. With the apparatus, XAS data at the Cl, S, and CaKedges have been collected on frozen solutions and biological samples at temperatures down to 60 K. A separate chamber has been incorporated for collecting room-temperature spectra of standard compounds (for energy calibration purposes) which prevents contamination of the cryostat chamber and allows the sample to remain undisturbed, both important concerns for studying dilute and radiation-sensitive samples.
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-5230.
authors: Karen L McFarlane
authors: KL
authors: Holman
authors: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Latimer
authors: Physical Biosciences Division, Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-5230.
authors: Vittal K
authors: VK
authors: Yachandra