title: Versatile in situ gas analysis apparatus for nanomaterials reactors.
abstract: We report a newly developed technique for the in situ real-time gas analysis of reactors commonly used for the production of nanomaterials, by showing case-study results obtained using a dedicated apparatus for measuring the gas composition in reactors operating at high temperature (<1000 °C). The in situ gas-cooled sampling probe mapped the chemistry inside the high-temperature reactor, while suppressing the thermal decomposition of the analytes. It thus allows a more accurate study of the mechanism of progressive thermocatalytic cracking of precursors compared to previously reported conventional residual gas analyses of the reactor exhaust gas and hence paves the way for the controlled production of novel nanomaterials with tailored properties. Our studies demonstrate that the composition of the precursors dynamically changes as they travel inside of the reactor, causing a nonuniform growth of nanomaterials. Moreover, mapping of the nanomaterials reactor using quantitative gas analysis revealed the actual contribution of thermocatalytic cracking and a quantification of individual precursor fragments. This information is particularly important for quality control of the produced nanomaterials and for the recycling of exhaust residues, ultimately leading toward a more cost-effective continuous production of nanomaterials in large quantities. Our case study of multiwall carbon nanotube synthesis was conducted using the probe in conjunction with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. Given the similarities of this particular CVD setup to other CVD reactors and high-temperature setups generally used for nanomaterials synthesis, the concept and methodology of in situ gas analysis presented here does also apply to other systems, making it a versatile and widely applicable method across a wide range of materials/manufacturing methods, catalysis, as well as reactor design and engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Seyyed Shayan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Meysami
authors.forename: Lavina C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Snoek
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grobert
mesh_terms: D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000075163:Metallocenes; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D005740:Gases; D000075163:Metallocenes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; C004912:ethylbenzene; C004998:ferrocene