title: Screening for psychological distress in cancer: renewing the research agenda.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although health policy for cancer care promotes screening of patients for emotional distress, the utility and validity of screening have been questioned. Continued research to refine detection of distress or to evaluate outcomes of screening programmes is unlikely to end this controversy. Instead, we need to identify more fundamental research questions that address the validity or utility of screening in this context.
  
  
  METHODS
  We critically and selectively review research and policy literature on psychological screening in cancer care, drawing also from research literature about the nature of psychological needs in cancer care and from relevant literature on psychological screening in mental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identify three broad research questions: (i) Apart from intensity of distress, what further information should screening seek about the context of distress, psychological processes that promote distress and patients' own perspective on their needs? (ii) What are the implications of the contextual dependence of disclosure of emotional feelings, given that screening questions can be asked in contexts ranging from an impersonal questionnaire to dialogue with a trusted practitioner? (iii) How should a screen be responded to, given the inherent uncertainty associated with screening results and given that distress in a cancer context can indicate instrumental as well as psychological needs?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examining these questions will mean exchanging a diagnostic framework for screening, in which health need is indicated by the presence of a psychological disorder, for a public health framework, in which health need is identified from multiple perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Elly
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: cancer; distress; oncology; patient perspective; psychosocial; screening