title: Submarine tower escape decompression sickness risk estimation.
abstract: Actions to enhance survival in a distressed submarine (DISSUB) scenario may be guided in part by knowledge of the likely risk of decompression sickness (DCS) should the crew attempt tower escape. A mathematical model for DCS risk estimation has been calibrated against DCS outcome data from 3,738 exposures of either men or goats to raised pressure. Body mass was used to scale DCS risk. The calibration data included more than 1,000 actual or simulated submarine escape exposures and no exposures with substantial staged decompression. Cases of pulmonary barotrauma were removed from the calibration data. The calibrated model was used to estimate the likelihood of DCS occurrence following submarine escape from the United Kingdom Royal Navy tower escape system. Where internal DISSUB pressure remains at - 0.1 MPa, escape from DISSUB depths < 200 meters is estimated to have DCS risk < 6%. Saturation at raised DISSUB pressure markedly increases risk, with > 60% DCS risk predicted for a 200-meter escape from saturation at 0.21 MPa. Using the calibrated model to predict DCS for direct ascent from saturation gives similar risk estimates to other published models.
authors.forename: G A M
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Loveman
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thacker
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stansfield
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jurd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000209:etiology*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012623:Seawater; D013366:Submarine Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom