title: Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics.
abstract: Our associated microbial communities play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease, but the degree to which they also shape therapeutic interventions is not well understood. Here, we integrate results from classic and current studies of the direct and indirect impacts of the gut microbiome on the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and diet-derived bioactive compounds. We pay particular attention to microbial influences on host responses to xenobiotics, adding to the growing consensus that treatment outcomes reflect our intimate partnership with the microbial world, and providing an initial framework from which to consider a more comprehensive view of pharmacology and nutrition.
authors.forename: Rachel N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Carmody
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Turnbaugh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D004032:Diet; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D064307:Microbiota; D019936:Probiotics; D011485:Protein Binding; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015262:Xenobiotics
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1999 Feb;116(2):259-68
references.pmid: 9922305
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Aug;2(8):668-76
references.pmid: 12904817
references.citation: Gut. 1994 Feb;35(2):179-85
references.pmid: 8307467
references.citation: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Dec 20;9(2):88-96
references.pmid: 22183182
references.citation: Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2005;56:41-71
references.pmid: 15862089
references.citation: Urol Res. 2010 Apr;38(2):117-25
references.pmid: 20179916
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 15;70(6):2406-14
references.pmid: 20215514
references.citation: Am J Med. 1968 Nov;45(5):715-35
references.pmid: 4879833
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2001 Sep 1;480-481:129-38
references.pmid: 11506806
references.citation: Pharmacogenetics. 1997 Feb;7(1):35-43
references.pmid: 9110360
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2008 Nov 3;363(1-2):1-25
references.pmid: 18682282
references.citation: Clin Chim Acta. 2012 Jun 14;413(11-12):985-91
references.pmid: 22402311
references.citation: Am J Med. 1991 Apr;90(4):498-504
references.pmid: 2012090
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2001 May;7(5):1136-41
references.pmid: 11350876
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2007 Nov;28(11):2419-25
references.pmid: 17660508
references.citation: JAMA. 2006 Jul 5;296(1):87-93
references.pmid: 16820551
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973 Jul;186(1):160-6
references.pmid: 4723308
references.citation: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 Aug 09;7(11):639-46
references.pmid: 21826100
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 15;108 Suppl 1:4554-61
references.pmid: 20847294
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2006 Oct;70(7):1305-11
references.pmid: 16850020
references.citation: J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;61(10):1303-7
references.pmid: 19814861
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 Feb;78(4):1228-36
references.pmid: 22179235
references.citation: Genome Res. 2009 Sep;19(9):1507-15
references.pmid: 19416960
references.citation: Neurology. 2006 Jun 27;66(12):1824-9
references.pmid: 16801644
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1994 Dec 1;311(2):239-48
references.pmid: 7526189
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):21-31
references.pmid: 22902524
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jan 15;230(1):1-7
references.pmid: 14734158
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012 May;341(2):447-54
references.pmid: 22328575
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 12;57(15):6485-501
references.pmid: 19580283
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 Mar;300(3):G461-9
references.pmid: 21163900
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2001 Jun;90(6):873-81
references.pmid: 11412317
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Jun;69(6):1413-5
references.pmid: 4504351
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):59-65
references.pmid: 20203603
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2008 Nov 18;6(11):e280
references.pmid: 19018661
references.citation: Nature. 2014 Jan 23;505(7484):559-63
references.pmid: 24336217
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1998 Aug;50(2):257-60
references.pmid: 9763694
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2010 Mar;61(3):219-25
references.pmid: 19914380
references.citation: Gut Microbes. 2014 Mar-Apr;5(2):233-8
references.pmid: 24637603
references.citation: Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002 Sep;16(4-5):273-80
references.pmid: 12208457
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32309
references.pmid: 22442665
references.citation: Science. 2010 Nov 5;330(6005):831-5
references.pmid: 21051639
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1972 Jun;181(3):555-62
references.pmid: 4402374
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986 Jul;77(1):195-201
references.pmid: 3014197
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 26;109(52):21307-12
references.pmid: 23151509
references.citation: Chin Med J (Engl). 2009 Feb 5;122(3):245-51
references.pmid: 19236798
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2004 Apr;95(4):290-9
references.pmid: 15072585
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 15;443(1-2):139-47
references.pmid: 10415437
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Aug 25;106(34):14728-33
references.pmid: 19667173
references.citation: Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1915-20
references.pmid: 15790844
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1994 Aug;15(8):1695-701
references.pmid: 8055651
references.citation: Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Feb;25(2):270-3
references.pmid: 9029059
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2003 Dec;24(12):1913-8
references.pmid: 12970070
references.citation: mBio. 2011 Mar 01;2(2):e00271-10
references.pmid: 21363910
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1418-24
references.pmid: 19261727
references.citation: Clin Toxicol. 1972;5(2):231-43
references.pmid: 4559019
references.citation: Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1998;42(4):280-6
references.pmid: 9744772
references.citation: Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):295-8
references.pmid: 23869020
references.citation: Pathogens. 2013 Dec 06;2(4):636-52
references.pmid: 25437337
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1981 Oct 1;305(14):789-94
references.pmid: 7266632
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442
references.pmid: 17132052
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):971-6
references.pmid: 24264990
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Sep 09;4(9):e6958
references.pmid: 19742318
references.citation: Food Addit Contam. 2002 Feb;19(2):144-52
references.pmid: 11820495
references.citation: J Nutr. 1986 Mar;116(3):455-60
references.pmid: 3950772
references.citation: J Proteome Res. 2010 Jan;9(1):125-33
references.pmid: 19476335
references.citation: Xenobiotica. 2009 Jan;39(1):11-21
references.pmid: 19219744
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2001 Oct;22(10):1721-5
references.pmid: 11577015
references.citation: Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):101-4
references.pmid: 21596954
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 Feb 13;5(172):172ra22
references.pmid: 23408055
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):908-12
references.pmid: 20376150
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):57-63
references.pmid: 21475195
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1994 Jul 15;54(14):3723-5
references.pmid: 8033091
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2011 Oct 26;3(106):106ra106
references.pmid: 22030749
references.citation: Gut Pathog. 2012 Nov 30;4(1):16
references.pmid: 23194438
references.citation: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967 Mar;124(3):691-7
references.pmid: 4960684
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2000 Nov;21(11):2105-11
references.pmid: 11062175
references.citation: Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):325-7
references.pmid: 6836275
references.citation: Eur J Biochem. 2001 Mar;268(5):1363-72
references.pmid: 11231288
references.citation: Int J Pharm. 2009 Oct 1;380(1-2):1-15
references.pmid: 19651197
references.citation: Med J Aust. 1965 Jun 5;1(23):842-3
references.pmid: 14313339
references.citation: Nat Med. 2013 May;19(5):576-85
references.pmid: 23563705
references.citation: Xenobiotica. 2014 Jan;44(1):28-35
references.pmid: 23829165
references.citation: Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):967-70
references.pmid: 24264989
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1575-84
references.pmid: 23614584
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Jan 14;9(1):e83644
references.pmid: 24454707
references.citation: Xenobiotica. 2009 Apr;39(4):323-34
references.pmid: 19350455