title: Hygienic grooming is induced by contact chemicals in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: In social insects, grooming is considered as a behavioral defense against pathogen and parasite infections since it contributes to remove microbes from their cuticle. However, stimuli which trigger this behavior are not well characterized yet. We examined if activating contact chemoreceptive sensilla could trigger grooming activities in Drosophila melanogaster. We monitored the grooming responses of decapitated flies to compounds known to activate the immune system, e.g., dead Escherichia coli (Ec) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and to tastants such as quinine, sucrose, and salt. LPS, quinine, and Ec were quite effective in triggering grooming movements when touching the distal border of the wings and the legs, while sucrose had no effect. Contact chemoreceptors are necessary and sufficient to elicit such responses, as grooming could not be elicited by LPS in poxn mutants deprived of external taste sensilla, and as grooming was elicited by light when a channel rhodopsin receptor was expressed in bitter-sensitive cells expressing Gr33a. Contact chemoreceptors distributed along the distal border of the wings respond to these tastants by an increased spiking activity, in response to quinine, Ec, LPS, sucrose, and KCl. These results demonstrate for the first time that bacterial compounds trigger grooming activities in D. melanogaster, and indicate that contact chemoreceptors located on the wings participate in the detection of such chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Creative Research and Development of Humanosphere, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University Uji, Japan ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR iEES-Paris Versailles, France ; Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Spéciation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9034 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR iEES-Paris Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra M A
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Guigue
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR iEES-Paris Versailles, France ; Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Spéciation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 9034 Gif-sur-Yvette, France ; Département Sciences de la Vie et Santé, AgroParisTech Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marion-Poll
keywords: Escherichia coli; LPS; contact chemoreceptors; grooming behavior; wing margin
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