title: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of prostate cancer: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent associations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk; however, few have adequately controlled for detection bias related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, and the results of many studies may be affected by occult prostate cancers among controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for this nested case-control analysis (n = 1,695 cases/1,682 controls) are from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Baseline serum was analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. The presence or absence of cancer was subsequently determined by prostate biopsy. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate associations of 25(OH)D with risk of total, Gleason 2-6, Gleason 7, and Gleason 8-10 prostate cancer. Results are presented for placebo and finasteride arms separately and combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no associations of serum 25(OH)D with total prostate cancer risk. For Gleason 2-6 cancers, results were inconsistent across treatment arms with a suggestion of increased risk in the placebo arm only; however, there was no dose-response relationship. For Gleason 8-10 prostate cancers, 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a linear decrease in risk among combined treatment arms [quartile 4 vs. 1: OR, 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32-0.94; P(trend) = 0.04]. These findings were somewhat stronger among men ≥65 versus 55-64 years at baseline (quartile 4 vs. 1: OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.88 vs. OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.35-1.52, respectively; P(interaction) = 0.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher serum 25(OH)D may modestly increase risk of Gleason 2-6 disease and more substantially reduce risk of Gleason 8-10 prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D may have different effects for different stages of prostate cancers.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program; jschenk@fhcrc.org.
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.affiliation: SWOG, Statistical Center;
authors.forename: Cathee A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Till
authors.affiliation: SWOG, Statistical Center;
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tangen
authors.affiliation: SWOG, Statistical Center;
authors.forename: Phyllis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Torkko
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kristal
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program;
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
mesh_terms: D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018120:Finasteride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; D014807:Vitamin D; D018120:Finasteride; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
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