title: Effect of an oxygenating agent on oral bacteria in vitro and on dental plaque composition in healthy young adults.
abstract: Oral bacteria live in symbiosis with the host. Therefore, when mouthwashes are indicated, selective inhibition of taxa contributing to disease is preferred instead of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The potential selectivity of an oxygenating mouthwash, Ardox-X® (AX), has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial potential of AX and the effects of a twice-daily oral rinse on dental plaque composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro, 16 oral bacterial strains were tested using agar diffusion susceptibility, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration tests. A pilot clinical study was performed with 25 healthy volunteers. Clinical assessments and microbiological sampling of supragingival plaque were performed at 1 month before the experiment (Pre-exp), at the start of the experiment (Baseline) and after the one-week experimental period (Post-exp). During the experiment individuals used AX mouthwash twice daily in absence of other oral hygiene measures. The microbiological composition of plaque was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AX showed high inter-species variation in microbial growth inhibition. The tested Prevotella strains and Fusobacterium nucleatum showed the highest sensitivity, while streptococci and Lactobacillus acidophilus were most resistant to AX. Plaque scores at Pre-exp and Baseline visits did not differ significantly (p = 0.193), nor did the microbial composition of plaque. During a period of 7-days non-brushing but twice daily rinsing plaque scores increased from 2.21 (0.31) at Baseline to 2.43 (0.39) Post-exp. A significant microbial shift in composition was observed: genus Streptococcus and Veillonella increased while Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, Cardiobacterium and Capnocytophaga decreased (p ≤ 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AX has the potential for selective inhibition of oral bacteria. The shift in oral microbiome after 1 week of rinsing deserves further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez y Mostajo
authors.affiliation: Regional Laboratory for Public Health Haarlem, Department Molecular Biology Haarlem, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wil A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van der Reijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Buijs
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fridus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van der Weijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crielaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Egija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D064307:Microbiota; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010865:Pilot Projects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009067:Mouthwashes; D016877:Oxidants
keywords: Ardox-X®-technology; antimicrobials; microbiome; oxygenating agents; selective inhibition
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