title: Effects of sequential fluoxetine and gender on prequit depressive symptoms, affect, craving, and quit day abstinence in smokers with elevated depressive symptoms: a growth curve modeling approach.
abstract: Although the important roles of postquit affect and withdrawal symptoms in the process of smoking cessation have been well established, little is known about the relations between prequit affective trajectories and cessation outcome on the target quit date (TQD). This study examined whether a 16-week course of fluoxetine initiated 8 weeks prequit ("sequential" fluoxetine) improved TQD abstinence relative to placebo through its effects on prequit depressive symptoms, affect (withdrawal-relevant negative affect, general negative affect, and positive affect), and craving to smoke among 206 smokers with elevated depressed symptoms. The moderating effects of gender were also examined. In total, 83 smokers (40%) failed to achieve abstinence on TQD, with no difference between treatment conditions or gender. Overall structural equation models showed that fluoxetine had significant indirect effects on TQD abstinence through changes in prequit withdrawal-relevant negative affect and craving, but not depressive symptoms. However, multigroup analyses revealed gender differences. Sequential fluoxetine reduced prequit depressive symptoms, withdrawal-relevant negative affect, and craving only among women. Reduction in prequit depressive symptoms and craving among women, and withdrawal-relevant negative affect among men was associated with TQD abstinence. Moreover, exploratory analysis showed negative trend-level indirect effects of fluoxetine on TQD abstinence via increased side effects, regardless of gender. This study demonstrated the importance of considering gender when examining treatment efficacy. Identifying ways to further reduce prequit depressive symptoms and craving for women and withdrawal-relevant negative affect for men whereas alleviating side effects may help smokers with elevated depressed symptoms achieve the first smoking cessation milestone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Erika Litvin
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abrantes
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.affiliation: Schroeder Institute, American Legacy Foundation.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niaura
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Ivan W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clark University.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Palm Reed
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Butler Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D066249:Craving; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D005473:Fluoxetine
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