title: Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring.
abstract: The ability to measure subtle changes in arterial pressure using devices mounted on the skin can be valuable for monitoring vital signs in emergency care, detecting the early onset of cardiovascular disease and continuously assessing health status. Conventional technologies are well suited for use in traditional clinical settings, but cannot be easily adapted for sustained use during daily activities. Here we introduce a conformal device that avoids these limitations. Ultrathin inorganic piezoelectric and semiconductor materials on elastomer substrates enable amplified, low hysteresis measurements of pressure on the skin, with high levels of sensitivity (~0.005 Pa) and fast response times (~0.1 ms). Experimental and theoretical studies reveal enhanced piezoelectric responses in lead zirconate titanate that follow from integration on soft supports as well as engineering behaviours of the associated devices. Calibrated measurements of pressure variations of blood flow in near-surface arteries demonstrate capabilities for measuring radial artery augmentation index and pulse pressure velocity.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2].
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dagdeviren
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [3] Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [4].
authors.forename: Yewang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Raissa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yona
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Yuhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Yun-Soung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [3] State Key Laboratory Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
authors.forename: YongAn
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Anoop R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Damadoran
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [3] Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Lane W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, and Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [3] Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA [4] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002138:Calibration; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D020724:Elastomers; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000639:trends; D012666:Semiconductors; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020724:Elastomers; C065536:lead titanate zirconate; D007854:Lead; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; D012825:Silicon