title: Current status and future directions of molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies for melanoma.
abstract: Key molecular and immunological insights over the past decade have radically changed the face of therapy in melanoma. Whereas 5 years ago, treatment for advanced melanoma was restricted to the alkylating agent dacarbazine and the immunostimulants interleukin-2 and interferon-α-2b, today the therapeutic menu includes precise therapies that target key determinants in oncogenic pathways and immune checkpoints. In this chapter, we will review the current status and future directions of targeted therapies for melanoma directed at mitogen-activated pathways and immune checkpoints.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Flaherty
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA USA. E-mail: htsao@partners.org.
authors.forename: Hensin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsao
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases