title: A prospective study on the effectiveness of ketamine and diazepam used for conscious sedation in paediatric dental patients' management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The need to manage children using safe, effective and inexpensive conscious sedation materials and techniques in paediatric dentistry is high. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of a combination of low dose ketamine (5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) used for conscious sedation in healthy children undergoing paediatric dental procedures at a paediatric dental outpatient clinic over a 3-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  All children who were scheduled for conscious sedation between 2009 and 2012 were included in the study. All children received ketamine 5 mg/kg body weight in combination with diazepam 0.2 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose for use as conscious sedation. Patients were considered sedated when the Ramsey Score was 2 or 3. Time of onset and duration of surgical procedures were recorded. Side effects during and after discharge were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty five patients participated in the study. The effectiveness of the sedation was 84.0%. The mean time of onset of action was 10.5 ± 7.2 minutes. All cases that needed additional sedation needed this after 35?36 minutes. Three cases (12.0%) developed high temperature in the night of the day of the procedure. There was a case (4.0%) of hallucination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine and diazepam as medication for conscious sedation was considered effective. The duration of effectiveness appears to be 35 minutes. The combination is considered safe for use for conscious sedation in healthy paediatric dental outpatients undergoing minor oral surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Folayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Faponle
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Oziegbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Adetoye
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010377:Pediatric Dentistry; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam