title: A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway.
abstract: Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4%) of surface water, 59/64 (92%) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93%) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ricardo C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Grøndahl-Rosado
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yarovitsyna
authors.affiliation: Virology Section, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trettenes
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myrmel
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Biomedicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 8146 Dep., 0033, Oslo, Norway. lucy.robertson@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Lucy J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000821:virology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D058889:Molecular Typing; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D009664:Norway; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification; D062066:Water Resources; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D060766:Drinking Water; D012367:RNA, Viral; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Drinking water; Human adenovirus; Norovirus; Public health; Quantitative PCR; Wastewater
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