title: Changes of TGF-β2, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 levels in the vitreous of patients with high myopia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 in the vitreous of patients with high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with high myopia (HM) who received vitrectomy for macular retinoschisis or macular hole were enrolled in this prospective study. Twenty-six patients with idiopathic macular hole or macular epiretinal membrane were chosen as a control group. Vitreous samples were obtained during the vitrectomy surgery. The levels of TGF-β2、MMP-2、TIMP-2 in the vitreous samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MMP activity was determined by a fluorometric assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the vitreous level of TGF-β2 between HM (1.64 ± 0.38 ng/ml) and the control group (1.56 ± 0.32 ng/ml, p = 0.56). The vitreous levels of MMP-2 in HM (32.40 ± 14.90 ng/ml) were significantly higher than in the control group (21.42 ± 6.74 ng/ml, p < 0.01). The ratio of MMP-2/TIMP-2 was significantly elevated in the vitreous samples from HM (0.61 ± 0.19), compared to the control group (0.48 ± 0.11, p < 0.05). The MMP activity was also significantly elevated in the vitreous samples from HM (4,030.8 ± 1,257.3 FIU), compared to the control group (3,245.8 ± 835.6 FIU, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated MMP/TIMP ratio and MMP activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of human high myopia. Large prospective studies are needed to further investigate the effect of MMPs in the pathogenesis of human high myopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qinmeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chunhui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Gezhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005470:Fluorometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D047728:Myopia, Degenerative / Q000378:metabolism*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D041441:Retinoschisis / Q000601:surgery; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014821:Vitrectomy; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
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