title: Mechanical yield of the lumbar annulus: a possible contributor to instability: Laboratory investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Segmental instability in the lumbar spine can result from a number of mechanisms including intervertebral disc degeneration and facet joint degradation. Under traumatic circumstances, elevated loading may lead to mechanical yield of the annular fibers, which can decrease load-carrying capacity and contribute to instability. The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanics of intervertebral annular yield during tensile loading with respect to spinal level and anatomical region within the intervertebral disc.
  
  
  METHODS
  This laboratory-based study incorporated isolated lumbar spine annular specimens from younger and normal or mildly degenerated intervertebral discs. Specimens were quasi-statically distracted to failure in an environmentally controlled chamber. Stress and strain associated with yield and ultimate failure were quantified, as was stiffness in the elastic and postyield regions. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistically significant differences based on lumbar spine level, radial position, and anatomical region of the disc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Annular specimens demonstrated a nonlinear response consisting of the following: toe region, linear elastic region, yield point, postyield region, and ultimate failure point. Regional dependency was identified between deep and superficial fibers. Mechanical yield was evident prior to ultimate failure in 98% of the specimens and occurred at approximately 80% and 74% of the stress and strain, respectively, to ultimate failure. Fiber modulus decreased by 34% following yield.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data in this study demonstrated that yielding of intervertebral disc fibers occurs relatively early in the mechanical response of the tissues and that stiffness is considerably decreased following yield. Therefore, yielding of annular fibers may result in decreased segmental stability, contributing to accelerated degeneration of bony components and possible idiopathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin;
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Baisden
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Shender
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Maiman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength
keywords: PMHS = postmortem human subject; annulus fibrosus; biomechanics; instability; lumbar spine; mechanical yield