title: Galloyl-RGD as a new cosmetic ingredient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cosmetics market has rapidly increased over the last years. For example, in 2011 it reached 242.8 billion US dollars, which was a 3.9% increase compared to 2010. There have been many recent trials aimed at finding the functional ingredients for new cosmetics. Gallic acid is a phytochemical derived from various herbs, and has anti-fungal, anti-viral, and antioxidant properties. Although phytochemicals are useful as cosmetic ingredients, they have a number of drawbacks, such as thermal stability, residence time in the skin, and permeability through the dermal layer. To overcome these problems, we considered conjugation of gallic acid with a peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We synthesized galloyl-RGD, which represents a conjugate of gallic acid and the peptide RGD, purified it by HPLC and characterized by MALDI-TOF with the aim of using it as a new cosmetic ingredient. Thermal stability of galloyl-RGD was tested at alternating temperatures (consecutive 4°C, 20°C, or 40°C for 8 h each) on days 2, 21, 41, and 61. Galloyl-RGD was relatively safe to HaCaT keratinocytes, as their viability after 48 h incubation with 500 ppm galloyl-RGD was 93.53%. In the group treated with 50 ppm galloyl-RGD, 85.0% of free radicals were removed, whereas 1000 ppm galloyl-RGD suppressed not only L-DOPA formation (43.8%) but also L-DOPA oxidation (54.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galloyl-RGD is a promising candidate for a cosmetic ingredient.
authors.forename: Dae-Hun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Dae Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Soo Jung
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 520-741, Korea. parkkm@dsu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Mok
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007980:Levodopa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010944:Plants; D055550:Protein Stability; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003358:Cosmetics; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010851:Picrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D007980:Levodopa; D005707:Gallic Acid; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
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