title: Imaging the evolution of reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis in mice using 18F-FDG PET.
abstract: Latent tuberculosis infection affects one third of the world's population and can reactivate (relapse) decades later. However, current technologies, dependent on postmortem analyses, cannot follow the temporal evolution of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  C3HeB/FeJ mice, which develop necrotic and hypoxic tuberculosis lesions, were aerosol-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PET and CT were used to serially image the same cohort of infected mice through pretreatment, tuberculosis treatment, and subsequent development of relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel diffeomorphic registration was successfully used to monitor the spatial evolution of individual pulmonary lesions. Although most lesions during relapse developed in the same regions as those noted during pretreatment, several lesions also arose de novo within regions with no prior lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study presents a novel model that simulates infection and reactivation disease as seen in humans and could prove valuable to study tuberculosis pathogenesis and evaluate novel therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland sjain5@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murawski
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Saumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurbani
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland sjain5@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mariah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klunk
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Younes
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland sjain5@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland and Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bruno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jedynak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000494:pharmacology; D012008:Recurrence; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: diffeomorphic registration; latent; mouse; reactivation; tuberculosis
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