title: The polycystic ovary syndrome evolutionary paradox: a genome-wide association studies-based, in silico, evolutionary explanation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrine disorder characterized by phenotypes ranging from hyperandrogenism to metabolic disorders, more prevalent in people of African/Caucasian and Asian ancestry. Because PCOS impairs fertility without diminishing in prevalence, it was considered an evolutionary paradox. Genome-Wide Association Studies identified 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PCOS, with different allele frequencies, ethnicity-related, in 11 susceptibility loci.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we analyze the PCOS phenotype-genotype relationship in silico, using SNPs of representative genes for analysis of genetic clustering and distance, to evaluate the degree of genetic similarity.
  
  
  METHODS
  1000 Genomes, HapMap, and Human Genome Diversity Project databases were used as source of allele frequencies of the SNPs, using data from male and female individuals grouped according to their geographical ancestry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic clustering was calculated from SNPs data by Bayesian inference. The inferred ancestry of individuals was matched with PCOS phenotype data, extracted from a previous meta-analysis. The measure of genetic distance was plotted against the geographic distance between the populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The individuals were assigned to five genetic clusters, matching with different world regions (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's post test; P < .0001), and converging in two main PCOS phenotypes in different degrees of affinity. The overall genetic distance increased with the geographic distance among the populations (linear regression; R(2) = 0.21; P < .0001), in a phenotype-unrelated manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenotype-genotype correlations were demonstrated, suggesting that PCOS genetic gradient results from genetic drift due to a serial founder effect occurred during ancient human migrations. The overall prevalence of the disease supports intralocus sexual conflict as alternative to the natural selection of phenotypic traits in females.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences (L.C., G.B.), and Center for Genomic Research (L.C.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casarini
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brigante
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D040961:Genetic Drift; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide