title: Ferti-irrigational impact of sugar mill effluent on agronomical characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) in two seasons.
abstract: Ferti-irrigation response of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % concentrations of the sugar mill effluent (SME) on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Annapurna) in the rainy and summer seasons was investigated. The fertigant concentrations produced significant (P < 0.01) changes in the soil parameters, viz., electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), calcium (Ca(2+)), magnesium (Mg(2+)), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate (PO4 (3-)), sulfate (SO4 (2-)), ferrous (Fe(2+)), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), in both seasons. The contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn except Cd were found to be below the maximum levels permitted for soils in India. The agronomic performance of P. vulgaris was gradually increased at lower concentrations, i.e., from 5 to 25 %, and decreased at higher concentrations, i.e., from 50 to 100 %, of the SME in both seasons when compared to controls. The accumulations of heavy metals were increased in the soil and P. vulgaris from 5 to 100 % concentrations of the SME in both seasons. The contents of Cu, Mn, and Zn except Cd and Cr were noted under the permissible limit of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Most contents of biochemical components like crude proteins, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates were found with 25 % concentration of the SME in both seasons. The contamination factor (Cf) of various metals was in the order of Cd > Cr > Zn > Mn > Cu for soil and Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd for P. vulgaris in both seasons after fertigation with SME. Therefore, the SME can be used to improve the soil fertility and yield of P. vulgaris after appropriate dilution.
authors.affiliation: Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India, drvksorwal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chopra
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007194:India; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D009584:Nitrogen
references.citation: Photosynth Res. 2002;73(1-3):149-56
references.pmid: 16245116
references.citation: Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2009 Sep 07;2:145-53
references.pmid: 21437128
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2013 Aug;185(8):6635-44
references.pmid: 23264061
references.citation: Bioresour Technol. 2008 Nov;99(17):8316-24
references.pmid: 18439821
references.citation: J Environ Sci Eng. 2007 Oct;49(4):277-82
references.pmid: 18476375
references.citation: Environ Monit Assess. 2012 Mar;184(3):1207-19
references.pmid: 21499700
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2014 Jan;92(1):103-8
references.pmid: 24196375
references.citation: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008 Nov;81(5):449-54
references.pmid: 18784897
references.citation: J Environ Biol. 2008 Mar;29(2):267-70
references.pmid: 18831388