title: Diabetic foot risk factors in type 2 diabetes patients: a cross-sectional case control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic foot is a serious condition in patients with a long lasting diabetes mellitus. Diabetic foot treated improperly may lead not only to delayed ulceration healing, generalized inflammation, unnecessary surgical intervention, but also to the lower limb amputation. The aim of this study was to compare diabetic foot risk factors in population with type 2 diabetes and risk factors for diabetes in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 900 subjects: 145 with diabetic foot, 293 with type 2 diabetes without diabetic foot and 462 healthy controls matched in terms of mean age, gender structure and cardiovascular diseases absence. Study was conducted in Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland. In statistical analysis a logistic regression model, U Mann-Whitney's and t-Student test were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The binomial logit models analysis showed that the risk of diabetic foot in patients with type 2 diabetes was decreased by patient's age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-0.96; p = 0.00001) and hyperlipidaemia (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.81; p = 0.01). In contrast, male gender (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.86-4.28; p = 0.00001) diabetes duration (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.03-1.06; p = 0.0003), weight (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.03-1.06; p = 0.00001), height (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05-1.11; p = 0.00001) and waist circumference (OR = 1.028; 95% CI: 1.007-1.050; p = 0.006) increase the risk of diabetic foot. The onset of type 2 diabetes in healthy subjects was increased by weight (OR = 1.035; 95% CI: 1.024-1.046; p = 0.00001), WC (OR = 1.075; 95% CI: 1.055-1.096; p = 00001), hip circumference (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05; p = 0.005), overweight defined with body mass index (BMI) above 24,9 kg/m(2) (OR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.77-3.51; p = 0.00001) and hyperlipidaemia (OR = 3.53; 95% CI: 2.57-4.84; p = 0.00001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot are only partially common. Study proved that patients who are prone to developing diabetic foot experience different risk factors than patients who are at risk of diabetes. Identification of relationship between diabetic foot and diabetes risk factors in appropriate groups may help clinicians to focus on certain factors in diabetic foot prevention.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nehring
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzyżewska
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology and Parazytology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobczyk-Kopcioł
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetic, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Płoski
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Broda
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1a, Warsaw 02-097, Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karnafel
keywords: Diabetes; Diabetic foot; Epidemiology; Type 2 diabetes
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