title: Non-destructive label-free continuous monitoring of in vitro chondrogenesis via electrical conductivity and its anisotropy.
abstract: Non-destructive label-free continuous monitoring of in vitro tissue culture is an unmet demand in tissue engineering. Noting that different compositions of cartilage lead to different electrical tissue properties, we propose a new method to measure the electrical conductivity and its anisotropy during in vitro chondrogenesis. We used a conductivity tensor probe with 17 electrodes and a bio-impedance spectroscopy (BIS) device to measure the conductivity values and the anisotropy ratios at the bottom and top surfaces of the tissue samples during the culture period of 6 weeks. Clearly distinguishing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), collagen, and also various mixtures of them, the measured conductivity value and the estimated tissue anisotropy provide diagnostic information of the depth-dependent tissue structure and compositions. Continuously monitoring the individual tissue during the entire chondrogenesis process without any adverse effect, the proposed method may significantly increase the productivity of cartilage tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Tong In
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Changhwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bishal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karki
authors.forename: Youngsook
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: EunAh
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eung Je
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016880:Anisotropy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004566:Electrodes; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
keywords: anisotropy; chondrogenesis; continuous monitoring; electrical conductivity; extracellular matrix; tissue engineering