title: Association of renin-angiotensin system genes polymorphism with progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) include a progressive increase in urinary albumin excretion in association with an increase in blood pressure and to end stage renal failure. Hypertension connected with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) hyperactivity and corresponding genotypes, angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensine-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), predispose the increasing risk of DN. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of AGT, ACE and AT1R gene polymorphisms in patients with type 1 DM according to the level of DN and patients clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 79 type 1 diabetic patients. Inclusion criteria were: age between 20-40, duration of diabetes > 5 years, and no other severe diseases. Clinical characteristics were gained from interviewing the patients. Polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism using restriction enzymes Psy I (Tth 111 I) and Hae III.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with proteinuria compared with normo- and microalbuminuric patients, highly differed in age, diabetes duration, blood pressure level, hypertension, rethynopathy and urinary albumin excretion values (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference between the groups was found for the ACE and AT1R gene polymorphisms distribution. The presence of TT genotype of the M235T polymorphism was significantly higher in the group with proteinuria (p < 0.05). The patients with hypertension raised nephropathy 5.2 times higher (OR = 5.20, p < 0.05) while carriers of TT allel developed nephropathy 28.38 times higher (OR = 28.389, p < 0.01) than those with MM genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased association of hypertension and TT angiotensinogen gene polymorphism in patients with diabetes mellitus with proteinuria could be a significant marker of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ilić
authors.forename: Miroljub
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilić
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soldatović
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popović
authors.forename: Zvonko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Magić
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A