title: Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of the combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone in Beagle dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the physiological variables, arterial blood gas values, induction of anesthesia quality, and recovery quality using the combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy adult Beagle dogs weighing 8.3 ± 3.1 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rectal temperature (T), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (f(R)), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and arterial blood gases were measured and recorded prior to intravenous (IV) administration of butorphanol, prior to administration of both midazolam and alfaxalone IV 10 minutes later, then every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) indices were measured before and 5 minutes after administration of alfaxalone. Qualitative scores for induction of anesthesia and recovery were allocated, duration of anesthesia and recovery were calculated, and adverse events were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scores for induction and recovery quality were excellent. No significant adverse events were observed. Mean ± SD time from induction to extubation and to standing (full recovery) was 29 ± 6 and 36 ± 8 minutes, respectively. There were statistically significant changes in PR, f(R) and MAP after drug administration. Transient hypercarbia developed after alfaxalone injection. The echocardiographic LV indices were reduced after alfaxalone injection, although those changes were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone provided excellent quality of induction of anesthesia and exerted minimal cardiopulmonary effects in healthy dogs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Im
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Suk-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Lyon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Changbaig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011277:Pregnanediones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000777:Anesthetics; D011277:Pregnanediones; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C006477:alphaxalone; D002077:Butorphanol; D008874:Midazolam; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: alfaxalone; anesthesia; butorphanol; dog; midazolam