title: Bleomycin sclerotherapy for severe symptomatic and persistent pelvic lymphocele.
abstract: Background. Pelvic lymphoceles are frequently described as a complication of pelvic lymphadenectomy performed for surgical staging of gynaecologic malignancies. Case Report. A 72-year-old woman presented with severe symptomatic and refractory lymphocele associated with persistent lower limb lymphedema and recurrent erysipelas. After four CT fluoroscopy scan guided percutaneous catheter drainages, the lymphocele complicated with infection finally resolved with two sessions of bleomycin sclerotherapy. Conclusion. Symptomatic persistent lymphoceles require treatment and nowadays the first option is interventional radiologic procedures. Bleomycin is a safe and effective sclerosing agent and therefore should be regarded as a first-line treatment choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, São João Hospital Center, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Sofia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, São João Hospital Center, Portugal ; Medicine Faculty of Porto University, Portugal.
authors.forename: Antónia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, São João Hospital Center, Portugal.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, São João Hospital Center, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paiva
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Feb;92(2):716-8
references.pmid: 14766274
references.citation: Nephron. 1996;74(2):324-7
references.pmid: 8893149
references.citation: Radiology. 1986 Dec;161(3):593-6
references.pmid: 3538133
references.citation: Radiology. 1999 Aug;212(2):390-4
references.pmid: 10429695
references.citation: Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006 May;29(5):829-38
references.pmid: 16626967
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 1994 Aug;26(4):1988-90
references.pmid: 8066644
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996 Mar-Apr;7(2):241-5
references.pmid: 9007804
references.citation: Surg Endosc. 1997 Mar;11(3):245-8
references.pmid: 9079601
references.citation: Urol Int. 1987;42(6):416-23
references.pmid: 3448807
references.citation: Cancer Res Treat. 2004 Dec;36(6):377-83
references.pmid: 20368832
references.citation: Arch Surg. 1985 Apr;120(4):501-4
references.pmid: 3885913
references.citation: BJOG. 2013 Apr;120(5):628-36
references.pmid: 23320834
references.citation: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jul;32(1):87-90
references.pmid: 18548478
references.citation: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD007387
references.pmid: 20091631
references.citation: Radiology. 1989 Apr;171(1):227-9
references.pmid: 2648473
references.citation: Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1993 Nov;75(6):387-92
references.pmid: 8285540
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2007 May;43(8):1265-8
references.pmid: 17466514
references.citation: J Urol. 1995 Mar;153(3 Pt 1):706-11
references.pmid: 7861515
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Aug;169(2):433-7
references.pmid: 9242748
references.citation: Urology. 1998 May;51(5A Suppl):135-40
references.pmid: 9610569
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Jan;19(1):259-67
references.pmid: 21695563
references.citation: Surg Endosc. 1999 Oct;13(10):985-90
references.pmid: 10526032
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Aug;76(2):268-71
references.pmid: 2196500
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012 Apr;161(2):125-9
references.pmid: 22364898
references.citation: Caspian J Intern Med. 2011 Summer;2(3):274-8
references.pmid: 24049586
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;97(2):243-7
references.pmid: 11165589
references.citation: Eur Urol. 2012 Oct;62(4):640-8
references.pmid: 22717549
references.citation: Transplantation. 1991 Mar;51(3):725-7
references.pmid: 2006532
references.citation: Arch Argent Pediatr. 2011 Oct;109(5):417-22
references.pmid: 22042072
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013 Apr;36(2):466-71
references.pmid: 22484702
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Jan;61(1):87-94
references.pmid: 6823353
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2005 Sep;55(3):340-54
references.pmid: 15885959
references.citation: Ann Transplant. 2000;5(1):25-7
references.pmid: 10850606
references.citation: Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2011 Jul-Sep;7(3):e18
references.pmid: 22279495
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2006 Nov;103(2):714-8
references.pmid: 16740298
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 1999 Sep;45(3):658-60; discussion 660-1
references.pmid: 10493389
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1995 Jun;60(2):191-3
references.pmid: 7641974
references.citation: J Endourol. 1993 Dec;7(6):481-5
references.pmid: 8124342
references.citation: Oncologist. 2012;17(9):1198-203
references.pmid: 22707515
references.citation: Clin Transplant. 2004;18 Suppl 12:46-9
references.pmid: 15217407
references.citation: J Urol. 2000 Apr;163(4):1096-8; discussion 1098-9
references.pmid: 10737473
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1986;9(4):199-201
references.pmid: 3094951
references.citation: Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Dec;72(6):878-81
references.pmid: 6647611
references.citation: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970 Feb;108(2):312-23
references.pmid: 5412866
references.citation: Eur J Surg Oncol. 2013 Jan;39(1):81-6
references.pmid: 23117018
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010 Jul;21(7):1050-3
references.pmid: 20537556
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996 Jan-Feb;7(1):117-23
references.pmid: 8773985
references.citation: J Urol. 2003 Aug;170(2 Pt 1):380-3
references.pmid: 12853780
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 1976 Sep;8(3):501-4
references.pmid: 790705
references.citation: Transplant Proc. 2007 Nov;39(9):2744-7
references.pmid: 18021975
references.citation: Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Jan 10;106(1):69-71
references.pmid: 12475585
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989 Oct;161(4):937-41
references.pmid: 2801842
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1986;9(4):202-4
references.pmid: 3094952
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Nov;145(5):1065-9
references.pmid: 3901705
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1992 Jul-Aug;15(4):224-7
references.pmid: 1394358
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997 Sep-Oct;8(5):885-7
references.pmid: 9314383
references.citation: Urol Radiol. 1988;10(4):203-6
references.pmid: 3245102
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 1993 Aug;50(2):244-6
references.pmid: 7690730
references.citation: Am J Med. 1974 Nov;57(5):714-29
references.pmid: 4613172
references.citation: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2007 Mar-Apr;30(2):237-40
references.pmid: 17205362
references.citation: J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001 Jan;12(1):73-7
references.pmid: 11200357