title: Bone health in children with neuromuscular disorders.
abstract: This paper provides a broad review of bone health issues in children with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). As Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common neuromuscular disease of childhood, there is a strong emphasis on this. This paper reviews the incidence of fractures, the degree of the reduced bone mineral density, the risk factors associated with this common problem, and the non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options. Recommendations for monitoring and treatment are provided.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Apkon
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000150:complications*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014897:Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Duchenne; Neuromuscular; fracture; spinal muscular atrophy