title: An overview of 5 years of patient self-referral for physical therapy in the Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-referral for physical therapy was introduced in 2006 in the Netherlands. Internationally, debate on self-referral is still ongoing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-referral for physical therapy in the Netherlands, focusing on volume of general practice and physical therapy care (incidence rates and utilization of services).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on monitoring data from existing data sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal electronic medical record data from general practitioners (GPs) and physical therapists participating in the NIVEL Primary Care Database were used, as well as public data from Statistics Netherlands. Descriptive statistics and Poisson multilevel regression analyses were used for analyzing the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rates of back (including low back), shoulder, and neck pain in general practice declined slightly from 2004 to 2009. No linear trends were found for number of contacts in GP care for back (including low back) and neck pain. The number of patients visiting physical therapists and the proportion of self-referrers are growing. Self-referrers receive treatment less often after initial intake than referred patients, and the mean number of visits is lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was based on data of various patient populations from existing data sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study indicates that self-referral in the Netherlands has fulfilled most expectations held prior to its introduction, although no changes to the workload of GP care have been found. Use of physical therapy grew, but due to population aging and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, it remains unclear whether self-referral affects health care utilization. Therefore, cost-benefit analyses are recommended.
authors.affiliation: I.C.S. Swinkels, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, PO Box 1568, 3500 BN, Utrecht, the Netherlands. i.swinkels@nivel.nl.
authors.forename: Ilse C S
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Swinkels
authors.affiliation: M.K. Kooijman, PT, MSc, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Margit K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kooijman
authors.affiliation: P.M. Spreeuwenberg, MA, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.affiliation: D. Bossen, PT, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Daniël
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bossen
authors.affiliation: C.J. Leemrijse, PT, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Chantal J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Leemrijse
authors.affiliation: C.E. van Dijk, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Christel E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: R. Verheij, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verheij
authors.affiliation: D.H. de Bakker, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research; and TRANZO (Tilburg University, Scientific Center for Care and Welfare), Tilburg, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dinny H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: de Bakker
authors.affiliation: C. Veenhof, PT, PhD, NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veenhof
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D007719:Knee Joint; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D009426:Netherlands; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult