title: Randomized, controlled pilot trial of a smartphone app for smoking cessation using acceptance and commitment therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a dual need for (1) innovative theory-based smartphone applications for smoking cessation and (2) controlled trials to evaluate their efficacy. Accordingly, this study tested the feasibility, acceptability, preliminary efficacy, and mechanism of behavioral change of an innovative smartphone-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) application for smoking cessation vs. an application following US Clinical Practice Guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult participants were recruited nationally into the double-blind randomized controlled pilot trial (n=196) that compared smartphone-delivered ACT for smoking cessation application (SmartQuit) with the National Cancer Institute's application for smoking cessation (QuitGuide).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 196 participants in two months. SmartQuit participants opened their application an average of 37.2 times, as compared to 15.2 times for QuitGuide participants (p<0001). The overall quit rates were 13% in SmartQuit vs. 8% in QuitGuide (OR=2.7; 95% CI=0.8-10.3). Consistent with ACT's theory of change, among those scoring low (below the median) on acceptance of cravings at baseline (n=88), the quit rates were 15% in SmartQuit vs. 8% in QuitGuide (OR=2.9; 95% CI=0.6-20.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACT is feasible to deliver by smartphone application and shows higher engagement and promising quit rates compared to an application that follows US Clinical Practice Guidelines. As results were limited by the pilot design (e.g., small sample), a full-scale efficacy trial is now needed.
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA; University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: jbricker@fhcrc.org.
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bricker
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mull
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering, Box 352315, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kientz
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA; University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vilardaga
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Laina D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Katrina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Akioka
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Jaimee L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Heffner
mesh_terms: D064869:Acceptance and Commitment Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000628:therapy; D040421:Cell Phone; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063731:Mobile Applications; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Acceptance; Mindfulness; Nicotine dependence; Smoking cessation; Telephone; mHealth
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