title: A carbon nanotube-polymer composite for T-cell therapy.
abstract: Clinical translation of cell therapies requires strategies that can manufacture cells efficiently and economically. One promising way to reproducibly expand T cells for cancer therapy is by attaching the stimuli for T cells onto artificial substrates with high surface area. Here, we show that a carbon nanotube-polymer composite can act as an artificial antigen-presenting cell to efficiently expand the number of T cells isolated from mice. We attach antigens onto bundled carbon nanotubes and combined this complex with polymer nanoparticles containing magnetite and the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2). The number of T cells obtained was comparable to clinical standards using a thousand-fold less soluble IL-2. T cells obtained from this expansion were able to delay tumour growth in a murine model for melanoma. Our results show that this composite is a useful platform for generating large numbers of cytotoxic T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Tarek R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fadel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Fiona A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2].
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vudattu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Ragy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2].
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garyu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Dongin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Enping
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Pfefferle
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology and Microbiology, Blegdamsvej 3b DK2200, Copenhagen N Denmark.
authors.forename: Sune
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Justesen
authors.forename: Kevan C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Herold
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Harold
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA [3] Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Tarek M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Fahmy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D055767:Immobilized Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D055767:Immobilized Proteins; D007376:Interleukin-2; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D011108:Polymers