title: Reduced brain resting-state network specificity in infants compared with adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infant resting-state networks do not exhibit the same connectivity patterns as those of young children and adults. Current theories of brain development emphasize developmental progression in regional and network specialization. We compared infant and adult functional connectivity, predicting that infants would exhibit less regional specificity and greater internetwork communication compared with adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest was acquired in 12 healthy, term infants and 17 adults. Resting-state networks were extracted, using independent components analysis, and the resulting components were then compared between the adult and infant groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adults exhibited stronger connectivity in the posterior cingulate cortex node of the default mode network, but infants had higher connectivity in medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex than adults. Adult connectivity was typically higher than infant connectivity within structures previously associated with the various networks, whereas infant connectivity was frequently higher outside of these structures. Internetwork communication was significantly higher in infants than in adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret these findings as consistent with evidence suggesting that resting-state network development is associated with increasing spatial specificity, possibly reflecting the corresponding functional specialization of regions and their interconnections through experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Korey P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Donald C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Randal G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Keeran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maharajh
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Marc-Andre
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cornier
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA ; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tregellas
keywords: connectivity; development; functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging; infancy; networks; resting-state
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