title: Molecular identification and antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from primary dentition infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a health problem in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria from dental infections and determine bacterial resistance to antibiotics used in dental care in the primary dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study comprised 60 children who presented for dental treatment for active dental infections in the primary dentition. Samples from dental infections were collected and bacteria were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was determined by colony forming units on agar plates containing amoxicillin, clindamycin and amoxillicin-clavulanic acid (A-CA) tested at 8 μg/ml or 16 μg/ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clindamycin in both concentrations tested (8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml) showed the highest bacterial resistance (85.9%), followed by amoxicillin (43.7%) and A-CA (12.0%). All comparisons among the three antibiotics used in the study exhibited statistical significance (p = <0.05) in both concentrations tested (8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml), and under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The most prevalent resistant species identified by PCR in primary dentition infections were: Streptococcus oralis and Prevotella intermedia (75.0%); Treponema denticola and Porphyromonas gingivalis (48.3%); Streptococcus mutans (45.0%); Campylobacter rectus; and Streptococcus salivarius (40%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that A-CA exhibited the lowest bacterial resistance for clinical isolates in primary dentition infections.
authors.affiliation: Master's Degree in Dental Science Program with specialization in Advanced Education in General Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Loyola-Rodriguez
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Garcia-Cortes
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Martinez-Martinez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patiño-Marin
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Castañon
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Zavala-Alonso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amano
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D014076:Tooth Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002981:Clindamycin; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Antibiotic; bacterial resistance; children; dental infection; primary dentition