title: Alpha-chlorofatty Acid and coronary artery or aorta calcium scores in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alpha-chlorofatty acid (α-ClFA) is one product of myeloperoxidase activity in vivo during atherogenesis and may be a biomarker for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated if serum α-ClFA is associated with subclinical CVD as measured by coronary artery and aorta calcium scores (CAC and AC, respectively) in women with and without systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This pilot project analyzed baseline data from 173 women with SLE and 186 women without SLE participating in a 5-year longitudinal investigation of the Study of Lupus Vascular and Bone Long-term Endpoints (SOLVABLE). Data collection included demographic information, CVD and SLE risk factors, and laboratory assessments. Alpha-ClFA was measured in stored serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CAC and AC were measured by computed tomography. Outcome measures were CAC and AC present (CAC > 0 or AC > 0) versus absent (CAC = 0 or AC = 0). Associations between risk factors and CAC or AC were tested with descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with SLE had higher α-ClFA levels than women without SLE (42.0 fmol/25 µl ± 37.3 vs 34.5 fmol/25 µl ± 21.9; p = 0.020). In analyses including individual CVD risk factors, having SLE was independently associated with the presence of CAC (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.72 to 6.78) but not AC. Alpha-ClFA was not associated with the presence of CAC or AC in patients with SLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE, but not serum α-ClFA, was associated with the presence of CAC in this pilot project.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. mary-mahieu@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mahieu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Camelia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Guild
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kondos
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.M.A. Mahieu, MD, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; C.P. Guild, MPH, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; C.J. Albert, BA, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; G.T. Kondos, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine; J.J. Carr, MD, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; D. Edmundowicz, MD, Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Temple University School of Medicine; D.A. Ford, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine; R. Ramsey-Goldman, MD, DrPH, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry*; D001027:Aortography; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D002118:Calcium
keywords: AORTA CALCIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
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