title: Examining the moderating effect of depressive symptoms on the relation between exercise and self-efficacy during the initiation of regular exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with depressive symptoms report lower levels of exercise self-efficacy and are more likely to discontinue regular exercise than others, but it is unclear how depressive symptoms affect the relation between exercise and self-efficacy. We sought to clarify whether depressive symptoms moderate the relations between exercise and same-day self-efficacy, and between self-efficacy and next-day exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 116) were physically inactive adults (35% reported clinically significant depressive symptoms) who initiated regular exercise and completed daily assessments for 4 weeks. Mixed linear models were used to test whether (a) self-efficacy differed on days when exercise did and did not occur, (b) self-efficacy predicted next-day exercise, and (c) these relations were moderated by depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, self-efficacy was lower on days when no exercise occurred, but this difference was larger for people with high depressive symptoms (p < .001). They had lower self-efficacy than people with low depressive symptoms on days when no exercise occurred (p = .03), but self-efficacy did not differ on days when exercise occurred (p = .34). Second, self-efficacy predicted greater odds of next-day exercise, OR = 1.12, 95% [1.04, 1.21], but depressive symptoms did not moderate this relation, OR = 1.00, 95% CI [.99, 1.01].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During exercise initiation, daily self-efficacy is more strongly related to exercise occurrence for people with high depressive symptoms than those with low depressive symptoms, but self-efficacy predicts next-day exercise regardless of depressive symptoms. The findings specify how depressive symptoms affect the relations between exercise and self-efficacy and underscore the importance of targeting self-efficacy in exercise interventions, particularly among people with depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University.
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kangas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University.
authors.forename: Austin S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin.
authors.forename: Jasper A J
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
authors.forename: Chad D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rethorst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D055815:Young Adult
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