title: Intermediate latency evoked potentials of cortical multimodal vestibular areas: acoustic stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Loud acoustic stimuli at 500Hz activate the vestibular system. Intermediate-latency vestibular cortical potentials of multimodal cortex regions were investigated, beyond the 20ms time range.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen healthy subjects with 32-channel EEG and one epilepsy patient with right-sided intracortical electrodes received three types of stimuli: tone bursts capable of evoking vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) in neck muscles and sham stimuli matched for either frequency or amplitude, which cannot evoke myogenic responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VEMP-capable stimuli activated anterior insula and posterior operculum bilaterally at 20, 30, 60 and 110ms, frontal brain regions at 70 and 110ms, determined by Brain Evoked Source Analysis BESA. Recordings from intracranial electrodes revealed corresponding peaks at identical latencies. Stimulus-locked high and low beta and mu band modulations were found in vestibular, parietal and occipital regions, beyond 20ms. Sham stimuli only evoked late acoustic potentials. Corresponding vestibular potentials were also seen in an eight-channel bipolar Laplacian montage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sequentially appearing cortical potentials evoked by VEMP-capable stimuli co-locate with data from functional imaging studies. Frequency-specific activity (induced potentials) in these areas may reflect multimodal proprioceptive and visual sensory crosstalk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vestibular cortical evoked potentials may see clinical use in vertigo disorders.
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany. Electronic address: stefan.kammermeier@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kammermeier
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Building, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noachtar
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krotofil
authors.affiliation: Klinikum der Universität München, Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bötzel
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058585:Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acoustic stimulation; Brain Evoked Source Analysis BESA; EEG; Vestibular cortex; Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials VEMP