title: The BHVI-EyeMapper: peripheral refraction and aberration profiles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was to present the optical design of a new instrument (BHVI-EyeMapper, EM), which is dedicated to rapid peripheral wavefront measurements across the visual field for distance and near, and to compare the peripheral refraction and higher-order aberration profiles obtained in myopic eyes with and without accommodation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Central and peripheral refractive errors (M, J180, and J45) and higher-order aberrations (C[3, 1], C[3, 3], and C[4, 0]) were measured in 26 myopic participants (mean [±SD] age, 20.9 [±2.0] years; mean [±SD] spherical equivalent, -3.00 [±0.90] diopters [D]) corrected for distance. Measurements were performed along the horizontal visual field with (-2.00 to -5.00 D) and without (+1.00 D fogging) accommodation. Changes as a function of accommodation were compared using tilt and curvature coefficients of peripheral refraction and aberration profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As accommodation increased, the relative peripheral refraction profiles of M and J180 became significantly (p < 0.05) more negative and the profile of M became significantly (p < 0.05) more asymmetric. No significant differences were found for the J45 profiles (p > 0.05). The peripheral aberration profiles of C[3, 1], C[3, 3], and C[4, 0] became significantly (p < 0.05) less asymmetric as accommodation increased, but no differences were found in the curvature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study showed that significant changes in peripheral refraction and higher-order aberration profiles occurred during accommodation in myopic eyes. With its extended measurement capabilities, that is, permitting rapid peripheral refraction and higher-order aberration measurements up to visual field angles of ±50 degrees for distance and near (up to -5.00 D), the EM is a new advanced instrument that may provide additional insights in the ongoing quest to understand and monitor myopia development.
authors.affiliation: *PhD, FAAO †PhD ‡BOptom, PhD, FAAO.
authors.forename: Cathleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fedtke
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ehrmann
authors.forename: Darrin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Ravi C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bakaraju
authors.forename: Brien A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Holden
mesh_terms: D057128:Aberrometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D057108:Corneal Wavefront Aberration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D014787:Vision Tests; D014794:Visual Fields; D055815:Young Adult
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