title: A descriptive analysis of the upper limb patterns during gait in individuals with cerebral palsy.
abstract: Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are characterized by a large diversity of gait deviations; thus, lower limb movements during gait have been well-analyzed in the literature. However, the question of upper limb movements and, more particularly, arm movements during gait has received less attention for CP patients as a function of the disease type (Hemiplegic, HE or Diplegic, DI). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate upper limb movements for a large group of CP patients; we used a retrospective search, including upper limb kinematic parameters and 92 CP patients (42 females and 50 males, mean±standard deviation (SD); age: 15.2±6.7 years). The diagnoses consisted of 48 HE and 44 DI. A control group of 15 subjects (7 females and 8 males, age: 18.4±8.4 years) was included in the study to provide normal gait data. For the DI patients and CG, 88 arms and 30 arms were analyzed, respectively. For the HE patients, 48 affected arms and 48 non-affected arms were analyzed. The kinematic parameters selected and analyzed were shoulder elevation angles; elbow flexion angles; thorax tilt and obliquity angles; hand vertical and anterior-posterior movements; and arm angles. Several gait parameters were also analyzed, such as the gait profile score (GPS) and normalized speed. Statistical analyses were performed to compare CG with the affected and non-affected upper limbs of HE patients and with the two upper limbs of DI patients. The results show that HE and DI patients adopt abnormal upper limb movements. However, DI patients have greater shoulder, elbow, thorax and arm angle movements compared with HE patients. However, HE patients adopt different movements between their affected and non-affected arms. Thus, the patients used their upper limbs to optimize their gait more where gait deviations were more important. These observations confirm that the upper limbs must be integrated into rehabilitation programs to improve inter-limb coordination.
authors.affiliation: Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland. Electronic address: alice.bonnefoymazure@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnefoy-Mazure
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Clinique du Mouvement, CHRU of Besançon, France; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM CIT 808, CHRU of Besançon, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sagawa
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopaedic Service, Department of Child and Adolescent, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lascombes
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopaedic Service, Department of Child and Adolescent, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Coulon
authors.affiliation: Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arms; Biomechanical and clinical parameters; Cerebral palsy; Movement pattern