title: Comparison of the apple vinegar with other chelating solutions on smear layer and calcium ions removal from the root canal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The action of endodontic instruments during biomechanical preparation results in smear layer formation. Removing the smear layer enhances disinfection into dentinal tubules in addition to allowing tridimensional sealing of the root canal system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the smear layer removal and quantify the calcium ion release resulting from final irrigation with different chelating solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty human canines were instrumented and the final irrigation was performed with apple vinegar, 5% malic acid, 5% acetic acid, 17% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), and distilled water (control), which were collected and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry to quantify the concentration of calcium ions released. Smear layer removal was assessed in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds by SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between 17% EDTA and the other solutions with regard to smear layer removal. Apple vinegar, 5% malic acid, and 5% acetic acid promoted similar root canal cleaning. There was no statistical difference among the root canal thirds. The highest concentrations of calcium ions were obtained with 17% EDTA (P<0.001) followed by malic acid, apple vinegar, and acetic acid. Apple vinegar and acetic acid removed the smallest quantity of calcium ions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that 17% EDTA enabled greater smear layer removal and promoted release of the highest concentrations of calcium ions than the other solutions tested.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viapiana
authors.forename: C E S
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sousa Neto
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cruz Filho
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D019342:Acetic Acid; D002118:Calcium