title: Histopathologic insights into the mechanism of anti-non-Gal antibody-mediated pig cardiac xenograft rejection.
abstract: The histopathology of cardiac xenograft rejection has evolved over the last 20 yr with the development of new modalities for limiting antibody-mediated injury, advancing regimens for immune suppression, and an ever-widening variety of new donor genetics. These new technologies have helped us progress from what was once an overwhelming anti-Gal-mediated hyperacute rejection to a more protracted anti-Gal-mediated vascular rejection to what is now a more complex manifestation of non-Gal humoral rejection and coagulation dysregulation. This review summarizes the changing histopathology of Gal- and non-Gal-mediated cardiac xenograft rejection and discusses the contributions of immune-mediated injury, species-specific immune-independent factors, transplant and therapeutic procedures, and donor genetics to the overall mechanism(s) of cardiac xenograft rejection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Guerard W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Agnes M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Azimzadeh
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzelarab
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tazelaar
authors.forename: Burcin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekser
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: David K C
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Christopher G A
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: McGregor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D064593:Heterografts / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D013552:Swine; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies
keywords: Gal epitope; cardiac transplantation; coagulation; complement activation; orthotopic transplantation; xenotransplantation
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