title: Large-scale wind disturbances promote tree diversity in a Central Amazon forest.
abstract: Canopy gaps created by wind-throw events, or blowdowns, create a complex mosaic of forest patches varying in disturbance intensity and recovery in the Central Amazon. Using field and remote sensing data, we investigated the short-term (four-year) effects of large (>2000 m(2)) blowdown gaps created during a single storm event in January 2005 near Manaus, Brazil, to study (i) how forest structure and composition vary with disturbance gradients and (ii) whether tree diversity is promoted by niche differentiation related to wind-throw events at the landscape scale. In the forest area affected by the blowdown, tree mortality ranged from 0 to 70%, and was highest on plateaus and slopes. Less impacted areas in the region affected by the blowdown had overlapping characteristics with a nearby unaffected forest in tree density (583 ± 46 trees ha(-1)) (mean ± 99% Confidence Interval) and basal area (26.7 ± 2.4 m(2) ha(-1)). Highly impacted areas had tree density and basal area as low as 120 trees ha(-1) and 14.9 m(2) ha(-1), respectively. In general, these structural measures correlated negatively with an index of tree mortality intensity derived from satellite imagery. Four years after the blowdown event, differences in size-distribution, fraction of resprouters, floristic composition and species diversity still correlated with disturbance measures such as tree mortality and gap size. Our results suggest that the gradients of wind disturbance intensity encompassed in large blowdown gaps (>2000 m(2)) promote tree diversity. Specialists for particular disturbance intensities existed along the entire gradient. The existence of species or genera taking an intermediate position between undisturbed and gap specialists led to a peak of rarefied richness and diversity at intermediate disturbance levels. A diverse set of species differing widely in requirements and recruitment strategies forms the initial post-disturbance cohort, thus lending a high resilience towards wind disturbances at the community level.
authors.affiliation: Spezielle Botanik und Funktionelle Biodiversität, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland; BGC Prozesse, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Deutschland; Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Magnabosco
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil; Geography Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America; Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Niro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: BGC Prozesse, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Deutschland; Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Trumbore
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel H P M
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Climate Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robinson I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Negrón-Juárez
authors.affiliation: Spezielle Botanik und Funktionelle Biodiversität, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reu
authors.affiliation: Spezielle Botanik und Funktionelle Biodiversität, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland; BGC Prozesse, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Deutschland; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wirth
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D001938:Brazil; D065928:Forests; D018531:Spacecraft; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology*; D014919:Wind
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