title: Retroflex versus bunched in treatment for rhotic misarticulation: evidence from ultrasound biofeedback intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the efficacy of ultrasound biofeedback treatment for misarticulation of the North American English rhotic in children. Because of limited progress in the first cohort, a series of two closely related studies was conducted in place of a single study. The studies differed primarily in the nature of tongue-shape targets (e.g., retroflex, bunched) cued during treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight participants received 8 weeks of individual ultrasound biofeedback treatment targeting rhotics. In Study 1, all 4 participants were cued to match a bunched tongue-shape target. In Study 2, participants received individualized cues aimed at eliciting the tongue shape most facilitative of perceptually correct rhotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in Study 1 showed only minimal treatment effects. In Study 2, all participants demonstrated improved production of rhotics in untreated words produced without biofeedback, with large to very large effect sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of Study 2 indicate that with proper parameters of treatment, ultrasound biofeedback can be a highly effective intervention for children with persistent rhotic errors. In addition, qualitative comparison of Studies 1 and 2 suggests that treatment for the North American English rhotic should include opportunities to explore different tongue shapes, to find the most facilitative variant for each individual speaker.
authors.forename: Tara McAllister
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.forename: Elaine R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hitchcock
authors.forename: Michelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Swartz
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009656:North America; D066229:Speech Sound Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D014059:Tongue; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
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