title: Effects of autonomic blockade on acute thermal tolerance and cardioventilatory performance in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
abstract: Predicted future increases in global temperature may impose challenges for ectothermic animals like fish, but the physiological mechanisms determining the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) are not well understood. One hypothesis suggests that impaired cardiac performance, limited by oxygen supply, is an important underlying mechanism. Since vagal bradycardia is suggested to improve cardiac oxygenation and adrenergic stimulation may improve cardiac contractility and protect cardiac function at high temperatures, we predicted that pharmacological blockade of cardiac autonomic control would lower CTmax. Rainbow trout was instrumented with a flow probe and a ventilation catheter for cardioventilatory recordings and exposed to an acute thermal challenge until CTmax following selective pharmacological blockade of muscarinic or β-adrenergic receptors. Contrary to our prediction, CTmax (~26°C) was unchanged between treatments. While β-adrenergic blockade reduced heart rate it did not impair cardiac stroke volume across temperatures suggesting that compensatory increases in cardiac filling pressure may serve to maintain cardiac output. While warming resulted in significant tachycardia and increased cardiac output, a high cholinergic tone on the heart was observed at temperatures approaching CTmax. This may represent a mechanism to maintain scope for heart rate and possibly to improve myocardial contractility and oxygen supply at high temperatures. This is the first study evaluating the importance of autonomic cardiac control on thermal tolerance in fish. While no effects on CTmax were observed, this study raises important questions about the underlying mechanisms determining thermal tolerance limits in ectothermic animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden. Electronic address: andreas.ekstrom@bioenv.gu.se.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden; The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, Kristineberg, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jutfelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandblom
mesh_terms: D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D012119:Respiration; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists
keywords: Adrenergic tone; Autonomic blockade; Cholinergic tone; Critical thermal maximum; Rainbow trout; Thermal tolerance