title: Dominant-limb range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion adaptation in collegiate baseball and softball position players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biomechanically, the motions used by baseball and softball pitchers differ greatly; however, the throwing motions of position players in both sports are strikingly similar. Although the adaptations to the dominant limb from overhead throwing have been well documented in baseball athletes, these adaptations have not been clearly identified in softball players. This information is important in order to develop and implement injury-prevention programs specific to decreasing the risk of upper extremity injury in softball athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion characteristics of collegiate baseball and softball position players and of baseball and softball players to sex-matched controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratories and athletic training rooms at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three collegiate baseball players, 35 collegiate softball players, 25 male controls (nonoverhead athletes), and 19 female controls (nonoverhead athletes).
  
  
  METHODS
  Range of motion and humeral retrotorsion were measured using a digital inclinometer and diagnostic ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, external-rotation gain, total glenohumeral range of motion, and humeral retrotorsion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseball players had greater glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, total-range-of-motion, and humeral-retrotorsion difference than softball players and male controls. There were no differences between glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, total-range-of-motion, and humeral-retrotorsion difference in softball players and female controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few differences were evident between softball players and female control participants, although range-of-motion and humeral-retrotorsion adaptations were significantly different than baseball players. The throwing motions are similar between softball and baseball, but the athletes adapt to the demands of the sport differently; thus, stretching/strengthening programs designed for baseball may not be the most effective programs for softball athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa;
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.forename: Sakiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tatman
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: injury prevention; shoulder; upper extremity
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