title: Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Usnea filipendula Stirt induce apoptosis-like cell death and DNA damage in cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Successful cancer treatments still require more compounds to be isolated from natural sources. Thus, we have investigated anti-proliferative/apoptotic effects of methanolic extracts of lichen species Parmelia sulcata Taylor and Usnea filipendula Stirt on human lung cancer (A549, PC3), liver cancer (Hep3B) and rat glioma (C6) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-proliferative effects were monitored by MTT and adenosine triphosphate viability assays, while genotoxic activity was studied using the comet assay. Additionally, cell death mode and apoptosis assays (fluorescence staining, caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extracts produced anti-population growth effects in a dose-dependent manner (1.56-100 μg/ml) by inducing apoptosis-like cell death. This resulted in the lines having the presence of pyknotic cell nuclei. In addition, significant increase in genetic damage in the cell lines was seen, indicating that DNA damage may have been responsible for apoptotic cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, methanolic extracts of Parmelia sulcata and Usnea filipendula induced apoptosis-like cell death by causing DNA damage, to cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ari
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aztopal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oran
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bozdemir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celikler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ulukaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D053538:Keratin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020949:Usnea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053538:Keratin-18; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3
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