title: Isolation of environmental bacteria from surface and drinking water in mafikeng, South Africa, and characterization using their antibiotic resistance profiles.
abstract: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify environmental bacteria from various raw water sources as well as the drinking water distributions system in Mafikeng, South Africa, and to determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. Water samples from five different sites (raw and drinking water) were analysed for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria as well as Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species. Faecal and total coliforms were detected in summer in the treated water samples from the Modimola dam and in the mixed water samples, with Pseudomonas spp. being the most prevalent organism. The most prevalent multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype observed was KF-AP-C-E-OT-K-TM-A. All organisms tested were resistant to erythromycin, trimethoprim, and amoxicillin. All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and faecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. to neomycin and streptomycin. Cluster analysis based on inhibition zone diameter data suggests that the isolates had similar chemical exposure histories. Isolates were identified using gyrB, toxA, ecfX, aerA, and hylH gene fragments and gyrB, ecfX, and hylH fragments were amplified. These results demonstrate that (i) the drinking water from Mafikeng contains various bacterial species and at times faecal and total coliforms. (ii) The various bacteria are resistant to various classes of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
authors.forename: Suma George
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mulamattathil
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6047-4991
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bezuidenhout
authors.affiliation: Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mbewe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
authors.forename: Collins Njie
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ateba
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