title: Combined effects of GSTO1 and SULT1A1 polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on urothelial carcinoma risk in a Taiwanese population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) have been reported to be associated with the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of polymorphisms in GSTO1 and SULT1A1 genes and cigarette smoking on UCB risk in a Taiwanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 300 patients with histopathologically confirmed UCB and 233 cancer-free controls were recruited from the Department of Urology of Tung's Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital and Taipei Medical University Hospital. A comprehensive interview was conducted to collect personal information, including demographic characteristics and cigarette smoking status. A multivariate-adjusted logistic regression was performed to estimate the risk of UCB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly increased risk of UCB was observed in ever smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 2.3]. The Ala/Ala genotype of the GSTO1 gene and the Arg/Arg genotype of the SULT1A1 gene were associated with a significantly increased risk of UCB, with ORs of 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-2.6] and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.6-4.5), respectively. Significantly increased UCB risks were found in heavy smokers with the Ala/Ala genotype of the GSTO1 gene (OR = 4.2) and the Arg/Arg genotype of the SULT1A1 gene (OR = 6.8). Furthermore, a significant synergistic effect in an additive model (OR = 3.5) between the GSTO1 Ala/Ala genotype and the SULT1A1 Arg/Arg genotype on UCB risk was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provided epidemiological evidence for a significantly increased risk of UCB in ever smokers with the Ala/Ala genotype of the GSTO1 gene and the Arg/Arg genotype of the SULT1A1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Min-Che
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Hung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shauh-Der
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Chou
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zhon-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Te
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: hychiou@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hung-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chiou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C490476:GSTO1 protein, human; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D015239:Arylsulfotransferase; C117544:SULT1A1 protein, human
keywords: cigarette smoking; glutathione S-transferase omega; polymorphism; sulfotransferase; urothelial carcinoma of the bladder