title: Molecular and physiological stages of priming: how plants prepare for environmental challenges.
abstract: Being sessile organisms, plants must respond to various challenges in the environment. The priming process consists of three clear stages. The first stage includes all the cellular changes in the absence of the challenge so-called pre-challenge priming stage. These changes are expected to be rather subtle, affecting the preparation of the plant to properly manage subsequent responses to pathogens with no major fitness costs. Most of the research that has been conducted at this stage has been dedicated to the study of changes in gene expression and protein phosphorylation. However, the metabolic changes that occur during the pre-challenge priming stage are poorly understood. The second stage affects the early to late stages of the defence response, which occurs after the interaction with a pathogen has been established. Most studies involving priming are dedicated to the molecular events that take place during this stage. Most studies have shown that defence priming is strongly hormonally regulated; however, there is also evidence of the involvement of phenolic derivative compounds and many other secondary metabolites, leading to stronger and faster plant responses. The third priming phase ranges from long lasting defence priming to trans-generational acquired resistance. Long-term metabolic transitions, that occur in the offspring of primed plants, remain to be elucidated. Here we review existing information in the literature that relates to the metabolic changes that occur during all three defence priming stages and highlight the metabolic transitions that are associated with the stimulation of priming and the characteristics of the pathogens whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Department of CAMN, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gamir
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Bel
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Flors
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D055432:Metabolomics; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2012 Aug;15(4):407-14
references.pmid: 22445190
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Apr;20(4):335-45
references.pmid: 17427804
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2005 Jul;138(3):1505-15
references.pmid: 15980201
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2013 Apr 25;3(4):1266-78
references.pmid: 23602565
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2014 Jun;10(6):450-6
references.pmid: 24776930
references.citation: Curr Biol. 1998 Oct 8;8(20):1129-32
references.pmid: 9778530
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1998 Dec;118(4):1213-22
references.pmid: 9847095
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 Nov;5(6):1389-402
references.pmid: 22522512
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2002 May;7(5):210-6
references.pmid: 11992826
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Jun;126(2):517-23
references.pmid: 11402183
references.citation: Oecologia. 2011 Dec;167(4):913-24
references.pmid: 21643790
references.citation: Nat Chem Biol. 2009 May;5(5):308-16
references.pmid: 19377457
references.citation: Plant J. 2014 Apr;78(2):227-40
references.pmid: 24506441
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2012 Dec;61:169-79
references.pmid: 23116603
references.citation: Mol Plant Pathol. 2009 Mar;10(2):291-304
references.pmid: 19236576
references.citation: Mol Plant Pathol. 2004 Jan 1;5(1):57-63
references.pmid: 20565582
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2012 Sep;17(9):538-45
references.pmid: 22749315
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2013 Dec 15;170(18):1561-8
references.pmid: 23859561
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Jul;23(7):2788-803
references.pmid: 21784950
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Aug;10(4):393-8
references.pmid: 17658291
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Nov 7;97(23):12920-5
references.pmid: 11058166
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2009 Apr 1;166(6):626-43
references.pmid: 18922600
references.citation: Plant J. 2008 Apr;54(1):81-92
references.pmid: 18088307
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2012 Feb;158(2):844-53
references.pmid: 22147520
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2002 Mar;128(3):1046-56
references.pmid: 11891259
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):606-17
references.pmid: 12805591
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011 Feb;24(2):183-93
references.pmid: 20955078
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2006 Sep;142(1):193-206
references.pmid: 16844838
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2008 May;1(3):496-509
references.pmid: 19825556
references.citation: Plant J. 2011 Sep;67(5):783-94
references.pmid: 21564353
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 29;92(18):8433-7
references.pmid: 7667307
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;59(3):435-48
references.pmid: 16235109
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16;104(3):1075-80
references.pmid: 17215350
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2009 Nov;22(11):1455-65
references.pmid: 19810814
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:205-27
references.pmid: 16078883
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2012 Jun;7(6):615-8
references.pmid: 22580690
references.citation: Front Plant Sci. 2014 May 30;5:231
references.pmid: 24910636
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Dec 12;55(25):10315-22
references.pmid: 17994692
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2012 Aug;57:120-33
references.pmid: 22698755
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2012 Jun;7(6):619-22
references.pmid: 22580578
references.citation: Front Plant Sci. 2014 Jun 24;5:295
references.pmid: 25009546
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2013 Nov;8(11):e26366
references.pmid: 24025239
references.citation: New Phytol. 2013 Dec;200(4):1187-99
references.pmid: 23952213
references.citation: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Nov 16;53(23):9133-9
references.pmid: 16277413
references.citation: Plant J. 2013 Apr;74(2):213-25
references.pmid: 23302050
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2010 Feb 15;167(3):201-8
references.pmid: 19729221
references.citation: Plant Signal Behav. 2014;9(5):e28916
references.pmid: 24739434
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2013 Nov;26(11):1334-44
references.pmid: 24088017
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 1994 Feb;104(2):315-320
references.pmid: 12232082
references.citation: Plant Cell Environ. 2013 Dec;36(12):2085-103
references.pmid: 23611692
references.citation: J Plant Physiol. 2012 Aug 15;169(12):1143-9
references.pmid: 22658220
references.citation: Plant J. 2004 Apr;38(1):119-30
references.pmid: 15053765
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2010;61(1):249-60
references.pmid: 19812243
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2009 Jun;14(6):310-7
references.pmid: 19443266
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2010 Jun;61(10):2589-601
references.pmid: 20378666
references.citation: Phytochemistry. 2010 Jun;71(8-9):870-6
references.pmid: 20359727
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2012 Dec;24(12):5123-41
references.pmid: 23221596
references.citation: Plant J. 2003 Jul;35(2):193-205
references.pmid: 12848825
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):101-6
references.pmid: 19095900
references.citation: Trends Plant Sci. 2011 Oct;16(10):524-31
references.pmid: 21782492
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006 Oct;19(10):1062-71
references.pmid: 17022170
references.citation: Plant Biotechnol J. 2009 Oct;7(8):744-62
references.pmid: 19732380
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2007 Feb;143(2):838-48
references.pmid: 17158583
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2005 Mar;17(3):987-99
references.pmid: 15722464
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2004 Aug;17(8):895-908
references.pmid: 15305611
references.citation: Science. 2009 Apr 3;324(5923):89-91
references.pmid: 19342588
references.citation: BMC Plant Biol. 2012 Nov 22;12:224
references.pmid: 23173736
references.citation: Plant J. 2004 Dec;40(6):909-19
references.pmid: 15584956
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2012 Dec;160(4):2173-88
references.pmid: 23073694
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Oct;44(3):321-34
references.pmid: 11199391
references.citation: Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2005 Aug;18(8):819-29
references.pmid: 16134894
references.citation: J Exp Bot. 2011 Jun;62(10):3321-38
references.pmid: 21357767
references.citation: Plant J. 2013 May;74(3):383-97
references.pmid: 23360095
references.citation: Plant J. 1999 Jul;19(2):163-71
references.pmid: 10476063
references.citation: Virology. 1979 Dec;99(2):410-2
references.pmid: 18631626
references.citation: J Biotechnol. 2006 Dec 15;127(1):79-83
references.pmid: 16870293
references.citation: Phytochemistry. 2008 Jan;69(1):112-46
references.pmid: 17706732
references.citation: Science. 2007 Oct 5;318(5847):113-6
references.pmid: 17916738
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 May;19(5):1665-81
references.pmid: 17513501
references.citation: Physiol Plant. 2008 Apr;132(4):417-25
references.pmid: 18248508
references.citation: J Integr Plant Biol. 2009 Feb;51(2):167-74
references.pmid: 19200155
references.citation: Mol Plant Pathol. 2013 May;14(4):342-55
references.pmid: 23279078
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2004;42:185-209
references.pmid: 15283665
references.citation: Front Plant Sci. 2013 May 24;4:155
references.pmid: 23745126
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2008 Aug;147(4):2164-78
references.pmid: 18583531
references.citation: Plant Physiol Biochem. 2005 Oct-Nov;43(10-11):1006-13
references.pmid: 16325412
references.citation: Genetics. 2002 Jun;161(2):803-11
references.pmid: 12072475
references.citation: Plant J. 2012 Jul;71(1):161-72
references.pmid: 22385469
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2011 Nov;23(11):4124-45
references.pmid: 22080599
references.citation: J Integr Plant Biol. 2010 Mar;52(3):298-307
references.pmid: 20377690
references.citation: Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2005;43:229-60
references.pmid: 16078884
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2004 Mar;54(4):613-22
references.pmid: 15316293
references.citation: Mol Plant. 2012 Jul;5(4):914-28
references.pmid: 22199234
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Nov 30;189(1):304-8
references.pmid: 1449484
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2012 Jan;158(Pt 1):139-146
references.pmid: 21852347