title: Associations between three specific a-cellular measures of the oxidative potential of particulate matter and markers of acute airway and nasal inflammation in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated associations between three a-cellular measures of the oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) and acute health effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We exposed 31 volunteers for 5 h to ambient air pollution at five locations: an underground train station, two traffic sites, a farm and an urban background site. Each volunteer visited at least three sites. We conducted health measurements before exposure, 2 h after exposure and the next morning. We measured air pollution on site and characterised the OP of PM2.5 and PM10 using three a-cellular assays; dithiotreitol (OP(DTT)), electron spin resonance (OP(ESR)) and ascorbic acid depletion (OP(AA)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In single-pollutant models, all measures of OP were significantly associated with increases in fractional exhaled nitric oxide and increases in interleukin-6 in nasal lavage 2 h after exposure. These OP associations remained significant after adjustment for co-pollutants when only the four outdoor sites were included, but lost significance when measurements at the underground site were included. Other health end points including lung function and vascular inflammatory and coagulation parameters in blood were not consistently associated with OP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found significant associations between three a-cellular measures of OP of PM and markers of airway and nasal inflammation. However, consistency of these effects in two-pollutant models depended on how measurements at the underground site were considered. Lung function and vascular inflammatory and coagulation parameters in blood were not consistently associated with OP. Our study, therefore, provides limited support for a role of OP in predicting acute health effects of PM in healthy young adults.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole A H
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Service (GGD) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strak
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hellack
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas A J
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kuhlbusch
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Flemming R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steenhof
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers; D001944:Breath Tests; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002947:Cities; D004229:Dithiothreitol / Q000032:analysis; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D010976:Platelet Count; D011890:Railroads; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D014797:Vital Capacity; D055815:Young Adult; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007781:Lactoferrin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D004229:Dithiothreitol