title: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D testing and supplementation in CKD: an NKF-KDOQI controversies report.
abstract: The benefits of and thresholds for 25-hydroxyvitamin D administration in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain uncertain. In this report, NKF-KDOQI (National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) endeavors to provide health care providers with the latest information on a controversial area in the management of CKD, the role for nutritional vitamin D. Although knowledge of the biological mechanisms of vitamin D for bone maintenance in individuals with all stages of CKD has expanded, no consensus currently exists within the medical community regarding methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D supplementation or optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in individuals with CKD. Within this report, existing CKD guidelines are summarized and scrutinized and ongoing clinical trials are cited as sources for future guidance on the optimal management of vitamin D in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola Medical Center, Maywood, IL; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Loyola Medical Center, Maywood, IL. Electronic address: hkramer@lumc.edu.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Berns
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Section, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rocco
mesh_terms: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D019468:Disease Management; D018450:Disease Progression; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D062072:Patient Acuity; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004872:Ergocalciferols; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D); NKF-KDOQI (National Kidney Foundation–Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative); calcidiol; chronic kidney disease (CKD); clinical practice guidelines; vitamin D deficiency