title: Toll-like receptors and prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Immune responses clearly play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and in the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in prostate cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-known family of pattern recognition receptors that play a key role in host immune system. Recent studies demonstrate that there are links between TLRs and cancer; however, the function and biological importance of TLRs in prostate cancer seems complex. To elucidate the role of TLRs and innate immunity in prostate cancer might provide us with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this disease. Moreover, utilizing the agonists or antagonists of TLRs might represent a promising new strategy against prostate cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the studies of association between TLR signaling and prostate cancer, TLR polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk, and provide some insights about TLRs as potential targets for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China.
authors.forename: Qingyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA.
authors.forename: Fen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston, TX , USA.
authors.forename: Dekai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: TLR signaling; immunotherapy; innate immunity; prostate cancer; toll-like receptor
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2010 Jul;12(7):539-49
references.pmid: 20651983
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2007 Apr;7(4):256-69
references.pmid: 17384581
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2006 May;79(5):989-98
references.pmid: 16522744
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jun 11;110(24):9812-7
references.pmid: 23716670
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jun 9;435(7043):834-8
references.pmid: 15944708
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Mar;11(3):163-75
references.pmid: 21331081
references.citation: World J Urol. 2012 Apr;30(2):225-32
references.pmid: 21553150
references.citation: Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2009 Apr 15;190(2):88-92
references.pmid: 19380025
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2007 Feb 1;302(1):1-12
references.pmid: 16989803
references.citation: Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):646-74
references.pmid: 21376230
references.citation: Cell. 2009 Feb 20;136(4):586-91
references.pmid: 19239879
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Apr 1;70(7):2595-603
references.pmid: 20233880
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2010 Apr;37(4):1849-55
references.pmid: 19618291
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:335-76
references.pmid: 12524386
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:945169
references.pmid: 24772440
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Dec 7;408(6813):740-5
references.pmid: 11130078
references.citation: J Biol Response Mod. 1985 Dec;4(6):669-75
references.pmid: 4087035
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012 May;61(5):667-76
references.pmid: 22038398
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011 Feb;60(2):217-26
references.pmid: 20978888
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1526-9
references.pmid: 14976262
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2008 Dec 1;123(11):2644-50
references.pmid: 18752252
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2012 Jul;28(1):297-302
references.pmid: 22505344
references.citation: Prostate. 2010 Jun 1;70(8):817-24
references.pmid: 20054821
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2013 Dec;30(6):2963-8
references.pmid: 24100420
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 1;71(5):1637-46
references.pmid: 21343392
references.citation: J Radiat Res. 2013 Jul;54 Suppl 1:i97-112
references.pmid: 23824134
references.citation: Cancer Manag Res. 2012;4:23-9
references.pmid: 22359464
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 2009 Jun;61(2):177-97
references.pmid: 19474110
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Apr;6(4):259-69
references.pmid: 16557279
references.citation: Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013 Oct;70(4):317-26
references.pmid: 23790156
references.citation: Nature. 2009 Jan 1;457(7225):102-6
references.pmid: 19122641
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2011 Jul;23(7):421-5
references.pmid: 21652514
references.citation: Cell Mol Immunol. 2011 Sep;8(5):388-403
references.pmid: 21822296
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Oct 18;413(6857):732-8
references.pmid: 11607032
references.citation: Cell Immunol. 2008;254(1):20-7
references.pmid: 18649875
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Apr 26;410(6832):1099-103
references.pmid: 11323673
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 May 1;168(9):4531-7
references.pmid: 11970999
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2004 Oct;5(10):987-95
references.pmid: 15454922
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2013 Jun;42(6):2087-93
references.pmid: 23588478
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2004 Apr 15;64(8):2918-22
references.pmid: 15087412
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2007 Dec;37(12):3311-8
references.pmid: 18034428
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009 Dec;28(3-4):369-78
references.pmid: 20012925
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Sep 1;1(6):894-907
references.pmid: 23162757
references.citation: Prostate. 2009 Sep 15;69(13):1387-97
references.pmid: 19496069
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):E2110-6
references.pmid: 22753494
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 1;66(15):7390-4
references.pmid: 16885332
references.citation: Int J Dermatol. 2007 Mar;46(3):318-9
references.pmid: 17343595
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Feb 24;6(2):e17142
references.pmid: 21390317
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 2009 Sep;46(15):2876-84
references.pmid: 19643479
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Jun 15;184(12):6658-69
references.pmid: 20483744
references.citation: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1989;54 Pt 1:1-13
references.pmid: 2700931
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Aug 1;1(5):699-716
references.pmid: 22934262
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):525-32
references.pmid: 15812078
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2005 Dec 15;65(24):11771-8
references.pmid: 16357190
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2004 Jul;5(7):522-31
references.pmid: 15211354
references.citation: Science. 2007 Jun 15;316(5831):1628-32
references.pmid: 17569868
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 2006 Nov;75(5):664-72
references.pmid: 16870940
references.citation: Prostate. 2009 Jun 1;69(8):874-85
references.pmid: 19267370
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Sep;13(9):1050-9
references.pmid: 17704786
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Feb;16(2):352-5
references.pmid: 17301271
references.citation: Cell Biol Toxicol. 2012 Aug;28(4):269-77
references.pmid: 22648782
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2012 Jan;13(1):10-2
references.pmid: 22075169
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2002 Feb;3(2):196-200
references.pmid: 11812998
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Dec 1;1(9):1661-1663
references.pmid: 23264929
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2007;76:447-80
references.pmid: 17328678
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2009;60:167-79
references.pmid: 19630570
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Oct;10(10):704-14
references.pmid: 19763153
references.citation: Science. 1999 Jul 30;285(5428):736-9
references.pmid: 10426996
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Apr;9(4):293-307
references.pmid: 20380038
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 2008 Jul;29(7):1334-42
references.pmid: 18566014
references.citation: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Nov;6(11):857-66
references.pmid: 17060945
references.citation: Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2085-8
references.pmid: 9851930
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Mar 1;174(5):2942-50
references.pmid: 15728506
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013 Jun;62(6):1041-52
references.pmid: 23591981
references.citation: Prostate. 2007 May 15;67(7):774-81
references.pmid: 17373717
references.citation: CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Jan-Feb;64(1):9-29
references.pmid: 24399786
references.citation: Prostate. 2012 Feb 1;72(2):209-16
references.pmid: 21563195
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Oct;16(10):1982-9
references.pmid: 17932345