title: Sperm morphological features associated with chronic Chagas disease in the semen of experimentally infected dogs.
abstract: The presence of trypanosomatids in the reproductive systems of different mammals (causing genital lesions in the acute stage of the disease) may predispose the animals to low semen quality. However, there are no studies examining the alterations in the sperm morphological features in the chronic stage of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Knowledge of these aspects is important to understand the other ways of transmission of the Chagas disease. Progressive motility, mass motility, concentration, and sperm morphology of 84 ejaculates of dogs that were chronically infected with T. cruzi were evaluated. Most of the findings were consistent with the reference values and with those obtained from healthy control dogs. The scrotal circumference was not correlated with spermatozoa concentration in the infected animals. In conclusion, the T. cruzi Ninoa (MHOM/MX/1994/Ninoa) strain does not cause significant alterations in the semen quality of dogs experiencing chronic Chagas disease (at concentrations of 5 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(6) parasites per animal).
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Morales
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elvia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pedro-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Ernesto
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hernández-Pichardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alejandre-Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aranda-Fraustro
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Graullera-Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez," Mexico City, Mexico mini_arce@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Minerva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arce-Fonseca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004285:Dogs; D008297:Male; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: J Comp Pathol. 2013 Aug-Oct;149(2-3):156-61
references.pmid: 23348016
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 1996 Aug;83(3):267-74
references.pmid: 8823243
references.citation: Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012 Dec 14;87(51/52):509-13
references.pmid: 23311007
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 1979 Mar;26(2):145-51
references.pmid: 262595
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2007 Jan 19;143(1):29-34
references.pmid: 16935425
references.citation: Vet Pathol. 1984 Mar;21(2):238-46
references.pmid: 6730207
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2001 May;61(1):128-34
references.pmid: 11294983
references.citation: Vet Res. 2012 Nov 13;43:79
references.pmid: 23148870
references.citation: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Jul;11(7):843-4
references.pmid: 21028957
references.citation: Acta Trop. 1998 Sep 15;71(2):117-29
references.pmid: 9821461
references.citation: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011 Oct;11(10):1365-70
references.pmid: 21973028
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2002;905:i-vi, 1-109, back cover
references.pmid: 12092045
references.citation: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1991 May;21(3):467-85
references.pmid: 1858243
references.citation: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010 Mar;10(2):135-41
references.pmid: 19514808
references.citation: Anim Reprod Sci. 2010 Jan;117(1-2):183-6
references.pmid: 19345025
references.citation: Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7(9):1357-70
references.pmid: 22110387
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:826570
references.pmid: 24163822
references.citation: Salud Publica Mex. 2004 Jan-Feb;46(1):39-48
references.pmid: 15053395
references.citation: Vet Pathol. 2005 Sep;42(5):650-8
references.pmid: 16145211
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2011 Sep 1;76(4):721-8
references.pmid: 21601916
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 1998 May;60(5):607-14
references.pmid: 9637295
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 1982 May;32(3):374-6
references.pmid: 7100655
references.citation: Exp Pathol. 1991;41(4):203-14
references.pmid: 1906405
references.citation: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001 Jul;96(5):713-7
references.pmid: 11500777
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 1980 Mar;28(2):151-60
references.pmid: 7414061
references.citation: J Reprod Fertil. 1994 Jan;100(1):157-62
references.pmid: 8182584
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Apr;12(4):624-30
references.pmid: 16704811
references.citation: Parasit Vectors. 2012 Sep 28;5:216
references.pmid: 23021706
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2009 Mar 9;160(1-2):55-9
references.pmid: 19046812
references.citation: Biol Reprod. 1983 Dec;29(5):1114-20
references.pmid: 6652178
references.citation: Int J Exp Pathol. 2009 Feb;90(1):52-7
references.pmid: 19200251