title: Tobacco use among designated air pollution victims and its association with lung function and respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to elucidate the long-term association of tobacco use and respiratory health in designated pollution victims with and without obstructive pulmonary defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The register of pollution victims in Kurashiki, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  730 individuals over 65 years of age previously diagnosed with pollution-related respiratory disease. Patients were classified into four groups according to their smoking status and whether they had obstructive pulmonary disease. We then compared the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function over time between groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spirometry was performed and a respiratory health questionnaire completed in the same season each year for up to 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of smoking and respiratory disease were high in our sample. Although respiratory function in non-smoking patients did not completely recover, the annual rate of change in lung function was within the normal range (p<0.01). However, smokers had worse lung function and were more likely to report more severe pulmonary symptoms (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients' respiratory function did not fully recover despite improved air quality. Our results suggest that, in the context of exposure to air pollution, tobacco use causes additional loss of lung function and exacerbates respiratory symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senjyu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yudai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishinakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yorihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yanagita
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kozu
authors.affiliation: Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabusadani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Terumitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumihisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Epidemiology; Public Health; Social Medicine
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