title: Characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as a monophasic variant of serovar Typhimurium.
abstract: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S. 4,[5]12:i:-) is believed to be a monophasic variant of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). This study was conducted to corroborate this hypothesis and to identify the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the S. 4,[5]12:i:- isolates in Japan. A total of 51 S. 4,[5]12:i:- isolates derived from humans, cattle, swine, chickens, birds, meat (pork), and river water in 15 prefectures in Japan between 2000 and 2010 were analyzed. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates were identified as S. Typhimurium by two different polymerase chain reactions (PCR) for identification of S. Typhimurium. Of the 51 S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, 39 (76.5%) harbored a 94-kb virulence plasmid, which is known to be specific for S. Typhimurium. These data suggest that the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates are monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium. The flagellar phase variation is induced by three adjacent genes (fljA, fljB, and hin) in the chromosome. The results of PCR mapping of this region and comparative genomic hybridization analysis suggested that the deletion of the fljAB operon and its flanking region was the major genetic basis of the monophasic phenotype of S. 4,[5],12:i:-. The fljAB operon and hin gene were detectable in eight of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates with common amino acid substitutions of A46T in FljA and R140L in Hin. The introduction of these mutations into S. Typhimurium isolates led to the loss of selectability of isolates expressing the phase 2 H antigen. These data suggested that a point mutation was the genetic basis, at least in part, of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates. The results of phenotypic analysis suggested that the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates in Japan consist of multiple distinct clones. This is the first detailed characterization of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates derived from various sources across Japan.
authors.affiliation: Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwabuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Izumiya
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Taketoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D017354:Point Mutation; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2001 Aug;39(8):2981-3
references.pmid: 11474028
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1993 Mar;7(6):825-30
references.pmid: 8483415
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Feb;188(3):958-67
references.pmid: 16428400
references.citation: Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2006 May;80(3):185-95
references.pmid: 16780124
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2007 Dec;51(4):958-64
references.pmid: 18251408
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 May;6(4):407-15
references.pmid: 19292687
references.citation: Science. 1980 Sep 19;209(4463):1370-4
references.pmid: 6251543
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jul;76(14):4601-10
references.pmid: 20472721
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2006 Feb;188(3):950-7
references.pmid: 16428399
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Oct 25;413(6858):852-6
references.pmid: 11677609
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 2011 Feb;73(2):241-4
references.pmid: 20938106
references.citation: Euro Surveill. 2007 Jun 01;12(6):E11-2
references.pmid: 17991400
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jun;41(6):2395-400
references.pmid: 12791855
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009 Jul-Aug;6(6):711-7
references.pmid: 19580448
references.citation: J Hyg (Lond). 1977 Apr;78(2):297-300
references.pmid: 321679
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 1997 May;143 ( Pt 5):1539-1547
references.pmid: 9168604
references.citation: J Hyg (Lond). 1949 Dec;47(4):398-413
references.pmid: 20475789
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Jun;40(6):2074-8
references.pmid: 12037067
references.citation: Curr Microbiol. 2011 Nov;63(5):491-5
references.pmid: 21909783
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2013 Jun;10(6):549-54
references.pmid: 23614800
references.citation: Science. 1994 Jan 21;263(5145):348-55
references.pmid: 8278807
references.citation: J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Apr;85(1):9-15
references.pmid: 21329737
references.citation: J Vet Med Sci. 2006 Feb;68(2):187-8
references.pmid: 16520545
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 1981 Mar;145(3):1365-73
references.pmid: 7009583
references.citation: Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;50(6):882-9
references.pmid: 20158401
references.citation: Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2005 Nov;44(3):305-19
references.pmid: 16075461
references.citation: Bacteriol Rev. 1969 Dec;33(4):454-75
references.pmid: 4906131
references.citation: Gene. 2000 Jan 4;241(1):185-91
references.pmid: 10607913