title: Moderate-vigorous physical activity across body mass index in females: moderating effect of endocannabinoids and temperament.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endocannabinoids and temperament traits have been linked to both physical activity and body mass index (BMI) however no study has explored how these factors interact in females. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to 1) examine differences among distinct BMI groups on daytime physical activity and time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), temperament traits and plasma endocannabinoid concentrations; and 2) explore the association and interaction between MVPA, temperament, endocannabinoids and BMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity was measured with the wrist-worn accelerometer Actiwatch AW7, in a sample of 189 female participants (43 morbid obese, 30 obese, and 116 healthy-weight controls). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised questionnaire was used to assess personality traits. BMI was calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis via the TANITA digital scale. Blood analyses were conducted to measure levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related compounds. Path-analysis was performed to examine the association between predictive variables and MVPA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese groups showed lower MVPA and dysfunctional temperament traits compared to healthy-weight controls. Plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglyceryl (2-AG) were greater in obese groups. Path-analysis identified a direct effect between greater MVPA and low BMI (b = -0.13, p = .039) and high MVPA levels were associated with elevated anandamide (AEA) levels (b = 0.16, p = .049) and N-oleylethanolamide (OEA) levels (b = 0.22, p = .004), as well as high Novelty seeking (b = 0.18, p<.001) and low Harm avoidance (b = -0.16, p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obese individuals showed a distinct temperament profile and circulating endocannabinoids compared to controls. Temperament and endocannabinoids may act as moderators of the low MVPA in obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Aranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauchelli
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Granero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Murcia
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baños
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Botella
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Real
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernández-García
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frühbeck
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gómez-Ambrosi
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones
authors.affiliation: Eating Disorders Service, Glenfield University Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arcelus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Fagundo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Agüera
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013694:Temperament
chemical_list: D063388:Endocannabinoids
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Jan;165(1):260-73
references.pmid: 21671903
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 Jul;132(1):104-6
references.pmid: 9272766
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Nov 8;414(6860):209-12
references.pmid: 11700558
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2005 Jun;48(8):1147-53
references.pmid: 15910890
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Mar;38(3):312-30
references.pmid: 23313276
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Feb;31(2):326-38
references.pmid: 19790170
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Aug;16(8):1953-6
references.pmid: 18551107
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004 Aug;14(4):258-68
references.pmid: 15265148
references.citation: Patient Educ Couns. 2010 Jun;79(3):320-6
references.pmid: 20149955
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008 Nov 06;5:56
references.pmid: 18990237
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2003 Dec 2;14(17):2209-11
references.pmid: 14625449
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;66(2):196-204
references.pmid: 19188542
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010 Jun;95(4):375-82
references.pmid: 20347862
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1994 Apr;4(2):266-73
references.pmid: 8038587
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 May 1;73(9):895-903
references.pmid: 23237313
references.citation: Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012 May;20(3):250-4
references.pmid: 22383308
references.citation: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Jul;112(7):2777-81
references.pmid: 22101870
references.citation: Front Behav Neurosci. 2011 Sep 13;5:57
references.pmid: 21949506
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993 Jan;87(1):23-8
references.pmid: 8424321
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2008 Aug;51(8):1356-67
references.pmid: 18563385
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Nov 1;22(21):9612-7
references.pmid: 12417686
references.citation: Hippocampus. 2014 Jan;24(1):79-88
references.pmid: 24115292
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2010 Jul;224(1):106-13
references.pmid: 20138171
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2012 Dec;13(12):1110-24
references.pmid: 22943701
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2006 Dec;40(12):958-65
references.pmid: 17124108
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 May;48(5):745-56
references.pmid: 23052425
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Dec;51(6):1173-82
references.pmid: 3806354
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Jan 1;153(2):267-70
references.pmid: 11205430
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):538-45
references.pmid: 18698000
references.citation: Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012 Jan;20(1):e91-5
references.pmid: 21796735
references.citation: Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Oct 28;10:194
references.pmid: 22035053
references.citation: J Appl Psychol. 2000 Feb;85(1):125-31
references.pmid: 10740963
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2009 Feb;52(2):213-7
references.pmid: 18972095
references.citation: Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Sep;32(9):1431-7
references.pmid: 18607383
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007 Sep;10(5):597-603
references.pmid: 17693743
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Dec;50(12):975-90
references.pmid: 8250684
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Jun 30;34(5):791-7
references.pmid: 19903506
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Sep;92(9):1437-42
references.pmid: 21878214
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Jan;46(1):24-32
references.pmid: 23793235
references.citation: BMC Psychiatry. 2013 Jun 11;13:166
references.pmid: 23758944
references.citation: Prev Med. 2011 Oct;53(4-5):299-302
references.pmid: 21807021
references.citation: Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;21(2):163-71
references.pmid: 19367510
references.citation: Diabetes. 2006 Nov;55(11):3053-60
references.pmid: 17065342
references.citation: Liver Int. 2010 Jul;30(6):816-25
references.pmid: 19840245
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Sep 1;70(5):479-86
references.pmid: 21684528
references.citation: Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012 Sep;20(5):350-4
references.pmid: 22492565
references.citation: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Sep;28(9):1105-10
references.pmid: 15211366
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Apr;143(3):315-7
references.pmid: 10353436
references.citation: Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2004 Jan-Feb;32(1):8-15
references.pmid: 14963776
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009 Mar 31;6:21
references.pmid: 19335883
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Nov;37(11 Suppl):S544-54
references.pmid: 16294117
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Jul 30;178(2):230-5
references.pmid: 20462641
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Jun;37(6):844-51
references.pmid: 22029953
references.citation: Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006 Mar;77(1):64-80
references.pmid: 16646354
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2005 Mar 15;65(2):117-23
references.pmid: 15763177
references.citation: Diabetes. 2005 Oct;54(10):2838-43
references.pmid: 16186383
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e22958
references.pmid: 21886770
references.citation: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Dec;21(12):E755-61
references.pmid: 23512753
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2013 Jan;34(1):62-7
references.pmid: 22903316
references.citation: J Hum Kinet. 2012 Mar;31:17-24
references.pmid: 23487398
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;136(4):550-7
references.pmid: 12055133
references.citation: Science. 2013 Aug 16;341(6147):800-2
references.pmid: 23950538
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2013 May 15;207(1-2):86-91
references.pmid: 23017653
references.citation: Addict Biol. 2013 Jan;18(1):78-87
references.pmid: 23163925
references.citation: Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010 Aug 03;7:60
references.pmid: 20682057