title: Parental chronic pain in relation to chronic pain in their adult offspring: family-linkage within the HUNT Study, Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the association between parental chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) and occurrence of CMP in the adult offspring. The main objective of this study was to assess the parent-offspring association of CMP, and also to examine possible modifying effects of age and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study includes 11 248 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian HUNT Study with information on parental CMP obtained in 1995-97 and offspring CMP obtained in 2006-08. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for offspring CMP associated with parental CMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal and paternal CMP was associated with 20-40% increased odds of CMP in sons and daughters. Both sons and daughters had an OR of 1.6 (95% CI 1.4 to 1.9) when both parents reported CMP, compared to when none of the parents had CMP. Restricting the analyses to parental CMP that was associated with limited work ability and leisure time activity did not change the strength of the association. Further, analyses stratified by parental age ± 65 years showed no clear difference in the estimated associations, and there was no evidence of interaction for parental sex (P ≥ 0.39) or offspring age ± 40 years (P ≥ 0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large family-linkage study show that maternal and paternal CMP are positively associated with CMP in the adult offspring, irrespective of parental and offspring age, and that the associations are strongest when both parents have CMP. Although the high prevalence of CMP in both parents and offspring suggests that not all cases are clinically relevant, the results suggest that chronic pain has a heritable component.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway. ragnhild.lier@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Ragnhild
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lier
authors.forename: Tom Ivar Lund
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Paul Jarle
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mork
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D032721:Adult Children / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
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