title: Chloroquine differentially modulates inflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 cells in response to inactivated Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: The anti-inflammatory property of chloroquine (CQ) has long been recognized. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CQ on proinflammatory cytokine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with heat-inactivated Staphylococcus aureus cells (SAC). The results showed that CQ treatment reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in culture medium but increased intracellular protein expression of TNF-α and CCL2 in SAC-activated cells. However, CQ showed differential effects on their messenger RNA (mRNA) levels: it reduced IL-6 mRNA expression, increased CCL2 mRNA levels, but had no effect on TNF-α mRNA. The SAC-activated inflammatory signaling pathways were slightly or minimally affected by CQ treatment. Additionally, CQ increased the accumulation of pro-TNF-α proteins within cells, suggesting an inhibition of pro-TNF-α processing and secretion. Collectively, CQ differentially modulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in Gram-positive bacterium-activated macrophages at multiple regulatory layers in the course of their biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Li-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dong-Yun
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Xiao-Yu
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gao-Xiang
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xian-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000819:agonists* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002738:Chloroquine
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