title: Depressive symptoms precede memory decline, but not vice versa, in non-demented older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether depressive symptoms typically precede or follow memory declines.
  
  
  METHODS
  An autoregressive latent trajectory model was used to examine the direction of the relationship between depressive symptoms and memory decline observed over 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Washington/Hamilton Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community-based longitudinal study of aging and dementia in northern Manhattan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older adults initially without dementia(n = 2,425).
  
  
  METHODS
  Memory composite scores were computed from three subscores of the Selective Reminding Test. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Analyses controlled for age, sex, recruitment wave,education, black race, and Hispanic ethnicity measured at baseline and chronic disease burden measured at each study visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial depressive symptoms predicted worse memory scores at the second study visit (B weight = − 0.03; P = .003) and accelerated memory decline over the entire study period (B weight = − 0.02; P = .03). Memory scores did not predict subsequent depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that depressive symptoms precede memory decline, but not vice versa, in late life. This pattern of results is consistent with hypotheses that depression is a prodrome of dementia or a causal contributor to memory decline. Clinicians should be aware that depressive symptoms may represent an early indicator not only of dementia, as reported previously, but also of memory decline more generally.
authors.affiliation: Institute, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, P & S Box 16, New York, NY 10032.  lbz2105@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zahodne
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Manly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
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