title: A contact-imaging based microfluidic cytometer with machine-learning for single-frame super-resolution processing.
abstract: Lensless microfluidic imaging with super-resolution processing has become a promising solution to miniaturize the conventional flow cytometer for point-of-care applications. The previous multi-frame super-resolution processing system can improve resolution but has limited cell flow rate and hence low throughput when capturing multiple subpixel-shifted cell images. This paper introduces a single-frame super-resolution processing with on-line machine-learning for contact images of cells. A corresponding contact-imaging based microfluidic cytometer prototype is demonstrated for cell recognition and counting. Compared with commercial flow cytometer, less than 8% error is observed for absolute number of microbeads; and 0.10 coefficient of variation is observed for cell-ratio of mixed RBC and HepG2 cells in solution.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xiwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yuejun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D002452:Cell Count; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008863:Microspheres
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2008 Jan;8(1):98-106
references.pmid: 18094767
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26127
references.pmid: 22022535
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2013 Jan 7;13(1):51-67
references.pmid: 23044793
references.citation: Clin Chem. 2000 Aug;46(8 Pt 2):1221-9
references.pmid: 10926916
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2010 Nov 21;10(22):3125-9
references.pmid: 20877904
references.citation: Biomicrofluidics. 2012 Jun;6(2):24113-241139
references.pmid: 22567082
references.citation: Sci Rep. 2013;3:1699
references.pmid: 23608952
references.citation: Appl Phys Lett. 2011 Apr 18;98(16):161109
references.pmid: 21580801
references.citation: IEEE Trans Image Process. 2004 Apr;13(4):600-12
references.pmid: 15376593
references.citation: Physiol Meas. 2005 Jun;26(3):R73-98
references.pmid: 15798290
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2014 Mar 7;14(5):916-23
references.pmid: 24406848
references.citation: Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Jul 15;24(11):3208-14
references.pmid: 19467854
references.citation: JAMA. 2008 Aug 6;300(5):555-70
references.pmid: 18677028
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2008 Dec;8(12):2015-31
references.pmid: 19023464
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2011 Feb 7;11(3):407-12
references.pmid: 21060945
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2009 Mar 21;9(6):777-87
references.pmid: 19255659
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2006 Oct;6(10):1274-6
references.pmid: 17102839
references.citation: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2006 Dec;74(6 Pt 1):061402
references.pmid: 17280068
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2012 Sep 7;12(17):3135-41
references.pmid: 22763751
references.citation: J Immunol Methods. 2000 Sep 21;243(1-2):77-97
references.pmid: 10986408
references.citation: Lab Chip. 2012 Jan 21;12(2):268-73
references.pmid: 22037643
references.citation: Methods Cell Biol. 2011;102:105-25
references.pmid: 21704837
references.citation: Acc Chem Res. 2002 Jul;35(7):491-9
references.pmid: 12118988
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Nov 17;127(4):679-95
references.pmid: 17110329
references.citation: Biotechnol Bioeng. 2009 Feb 15;102(3):856-868
references.pmid: 18853435
references.citation: IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern. 2012 Apr;42(2):513-29
references.pmid: 21984515