title: Assessment of habitual physical activity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate habitual physical activity in a cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes in relation to similarly aged control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional case control study of 54 healthy adolescents and 66 patients with type 1 diabetes, 14 to 18 years of age, was conducted. Subjects were surveyed using the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale, a validated self-report instrument to assess activity levels in teens. Subjects' time was classified into categories ranging from inactive (lying down, resting) to very active (increased heart rate and diaphoresis). Active time, described in relative (%) and absolute hours per day was determined for each individual. Age, sex, weight, height and body mass index were recorded for all participants, and the charts of subjects with type 1 diabetes were reviewed for most recent levels of glycated hemoglobin, low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure. A regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with hours spent being active.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with type 1 diabetes spent similar hours being very active (3.4 hours vs. 3.5 hours, p=0.49) but reported more time being inactive than controls (2.0 hours vs. 1.3 hours, p=0.002). In both groups, female gender was associated with more hours spent being active. Metabolic control as assessed by glycated hemoglobin worsened with activity. In the group with type 1 diabetes, more hours spent being active were associated with lower systolic blood pressure, lower serum triglyceride levels, lower total cholesterol and higher high-density lipoproteins, whereas inactivity correlated with higher low-density lipoproteins and total cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents with type 1 diabetes reported significantly more time being inactive than did healthy controls. In patients with type 1 diabetes, activity was associated with improved cardiovascular risk profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Cheril L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Clarson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Western Ontario and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Meaghan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cuerden
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Electronic address: farid.mahmud@sickkids.ca.
authors.forename: Farid H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Mahmud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: activité habituelle; adolescence; diabète de type 1; habitual activity; type 1 diabetes