title: Foodstuff analyses show that seafood and water are major perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) sources to humans in Korea.
abstract: We measured concentrations of PFAAs in 397 foods, of 66 types, in Korea, and determined the daily human dietary PFAAs intake and the contribution of each foodstuff to that intake. The PFAAs concentration in the 66 different food types ranged from below the detection limit to 48.3ng/g. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were the dominant PFAAs in fish, shellfish, and processed foods, while perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain PFCAs dominated dairy foodstuffs and beverages. The Korean adult dietary intake ranges, estimated for a range of scenarios, were 0.60-3.03 and 0.17-1.68ngkg(-1)bwd(-1) for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, which were lower than the total daily intake limits suggested by European Food Safety Authority (PFOS: 150ngkg(-1)bwd(-1); PFOA: 1500ngkg(-1)bwd(-1)). The major contributors to PFAAs dietary exposure varied with subject age and PFAAs. For example, fish was a major contributor of PFOS but dairy foods were major contributors of PFOA. However, tap water was a major contributor to PFOA intake when it was the main source of drinking water (rather than bottled water).
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jeoh@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D056910:Republic of Korea; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
keywords: Dietary exposure; Food; Korea; Monitoring; PFAAs