title: The origin of human multi-modal communication.
abstract: One reason for the apparent gulf between animal and human communication systems is that the focus has been on the presence or the absence of language as a complex expressive system built on speech. But language normally occurs embedded within an interactional exchange of multi-modal signals. If this larger perspective takes central focus, then it becomes apparent that human communication has a layered structure, where the layers may be plausibly assigned different phylogenetic and evolutionary origins--especially in the light of recent thoughts on the emergence of voluntary breathing and spoken language. This perspective helps us to appreciate the different roles that the different modalities play in human communication, as well as how they function as one integrated system despite their different roles and origins. It also offers possibilities for reconciling the 'gesture-first hypothesis' with that of gesture and speech having evolved together, hand in hand--or hand in mouth, rather--as one system.
authors.affiliation: Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands Linguistics Department, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands stephen.levinson@mpi.nl.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.affiliation: Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holler
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D003468:Cultural Evolution; D005868:Gestures; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D013060:Speech; D013561:Symbolism
keywords: deixis; gesture; iconicity; intentional vocalization; language evolution; multi-modal communication
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