title: Impulse control disorders are associated with multiple psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulse control disorders can have serious adverse consequences to the life of a patient with Parkinson's disease. Although impulse control disorders are common, a possible psychiatric comorbidity has not been fully characterized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the psychiatric symptoms exhibited by Parkinson's disease patients with impulse control disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted as a postal survey to patients in the registry of the Finnish Parkinson Association. A total of 290 Parkinson's disease patients were evaluated for impulse control disorders using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. Psychiatric symptoms were systematically screened using the Symptom Checklist 90.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 108 of the evaluated patients had one or more impulse control disorders. Patients with impulse control disorders had markedly higher scores for symptoms of psychoticism (Bonferroni corrected p < 0.001), interpersonal sensitivity (p < 0.001), obsessive-compulsive disorder (p < 0.001), and depression (p = 0.01) when compared with patients without impulse control disorders. Impulse control disorders were shown to be independently associated with these symptoms. Patients with multiple impulse control disorders had higher scores for depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms when compared with patients that exhibited only one impulse control disorder. COUNCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the previous observations that impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease are linked with multiple psychiatric symptoms, including psychoticism, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depression. Clinicians treating these patients should acknowledge the concomitant psychiatric symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Valtteri
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaasinen
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siri
authors.affiliation: The Finnish Parkinson Association, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martikainen
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cilia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu and Lappi Hospital District, Finland.
authors.forename: Solja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemelä
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neurology, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland.
authors.forename: Juho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joutsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Impulse control disorders; SCL-90; depression; obsessive-compulsive symptoms; psychoticism