title: Exposure of patient and dental staff to fine and ultrafine particles from scanning spray.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sprays containing fine and ultrafine particles are commonly used for optical scanning. The aim of this study was to measure the particle exposure of patient and dentist during application of scanning spray and to evaluate measures for its reduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A lower molar in a dental simulator was powdered with scanning spray. Patient's particle exposure was measured by a condensation particle counter in the nasal region of the simulator without (P) and with rubber dam (PC). Dentist's exposure (D) was measured behind a surgical mask. Particle concentrations were determined 5-fold without suction (NS), using conventional dental suction (CDS), or high volume evacuation (HVE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean background air particle concentrations for the patient were 3.3 × 10(3) and 1.3 × 10(3) pt/cm(3) for the dentist. Particle concentrations increased after spraying; mean cumulated additional particle exposures for the patient were the following: P-NS 7.2 × 10(6), P-CDS 4.6 × 10(6), P-HVE 2.4 × 10(4); using rubber dam: PC-NS 3.6 × 10(6), PC-CDS 3.3 × 10(5), PC-HVE 2.2 × 10(5). The particle exposures of the dentist were the following: D-NS 9.7 × 10(5), D-CDS 1.8 × 10(5), D-HVE 1.6 × 10(4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of HVE is recommended to reduce exposure of patients and dental staff to fine and ultrafine particles when using scanning sprays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective protection is available for staff and patient by means of high volume evacuation. In patients suffering from obstructive lung diseases, the use of scanning sprays should be avoided altogether.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany, Stefan.rupf@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rupf
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchter
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harth
authors.forename: Mei Fang
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannig
mesh_terms: D003727:Dental Auxiliaries; D003815:Dentists; D004391:Dust; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D003765:Models, Dental; D008963:Molar / Q000601:surgery; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards*; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
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