title: A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement with in situ-generated silver nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an antimicrobial orthodontic band cement for the prevention of white spot lesions using a novel process that generates silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in situ.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven groups of AgNP-loaded Opal Band Cement (OBC) and two control groups were formulated with varying concentrations of additional benzoyl peroxide (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 wt%) and 2,2-(p-Tolylimino) diethanol (0.5 or 1 wt%). Rockwell15T hardness and near-infrared FTIR were used to assess degree of cure, three-point bending was used to determine modulus and ultimate transverse strength (UTS), and Ag(+) ion release was measured for up to 4 months in vitro using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was tested in vitro by counting colony-forming units for up to 28 days. Biocompatibility was evaluated following ISO specifications 7405 (2008), 10993-3 (2003), 10993-5 (2009), and 10993-10 (2010).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the experimental groups had hardness, modulus, and UTS values similar to those of the control group. Ag(+) ion release was observed for all AgNP-loaded groups for up to 4 months. Increase in Ag loading increased Ag(+) ion release and in vitro antimicrobial effect. The biocompatibility of the optimal AgNP-loaded OBC was comparable to that of negative controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement was developed that has comparable mechanical properties to controls, controlled and sustained Ag(+) ion release, significant bacterial inhibition in vitro, and excellent biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: a Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Tex.
authors.forename: Danna Mota
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oei
authors.forename: Henry Ralph
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rawls
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Lianrui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kyumin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Whang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000187:drug effects; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D018583:Pliability; D058105:Polymerization; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D012834:Silver; C049840:2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate; D001585:Benzoyl Peroxide
keywords: Antimicrobial agents/inhibitors; Cements; Dental materials; Silver nanoparticles
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