title: Association between Mediterranean and Nordic diet scores and changes in weight and waist circumference: influence of FTO and TCF7L2 loci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown that adherence to the Mediterranean Diet measured by using the Mediterranean diet score (MDS) is associated with lower obesity risk. The newly proposed Nordic Diet could hold similar beneficial effects. Because of the increasing focus on the interaction between diet and genetic predisposition to adiposity, studies should consider both diet and genetics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether FTO rs9939609 and TCF7L2 rs7903146 modified the association between the MDS and Nordic diet score (NDS) and changes in weight (Δweight), waist circumference (ΔWC), and waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (ΔWCBMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-cohort study with a median follow-up of 6.8 y that included 11,048 participants from 5 European countries; 5552 of these subjects were cases defined as individuals with the greatest degree of unexplained weight gain during follow-up. A randomly selected subcohort included 6548 participants, including 5496 noncases. Cases and noncases were compared in analyses by using logistic regression. Continuous traits (ie, Δweight, ΔWC, and ΔWCBMI) were analyzed by using linear regression models in the random subcohort. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher MDS was significantly inversely associated with case status (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00), ΔWC (β = -0.010 cm/y; 95% CI: -0.020, -0.001 cm/y), and ΔWCBMI (β = -0.008; 95% CI:-0.015, -0.001) per 1-point increment but not Δweight (P = 0.53). The NDS was not significantly associated with any outcome. There was a borderline significant interaction between the MDS and TCF7L2 rs7903146 on weight gain (P = 0.05), which suggested a beneficial effect of the MDS only in subjects who carried 1 or 2 risk alleles. FTO did not modify observed associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high MDS is associated with a lower ΔWC and ΔWCBMI, regardless of FTO and TCF7L2 risk alleles. For Δweight, findings were less clear, but the effect may depend on the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant. The NDS was not associated with anthropometric changes during follow-up.
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roswall
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ängquist
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Tarunveer S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Sofus C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Jane N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjaer
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Karani S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Vimaleswaran
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Nicolas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bendinelli
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Jolanda M A
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Daphne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der A
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Ruth J F
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL).
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000235:genetics*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; C544894:TCF7L2 protein, human; D058118:Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human