title: Tenomodulin regulated the compartments of embryonic and early postnatal mouse masseter muscle.
abstract: The masseter muscle (MM) is a complex tendinous laminar structure during development; however, the stage of the laminar structure formation is unknown. Tenomodulin (TeM) is a useful marker of tendons and has an anti-angiogenic cysteine-rich C-terminal domain. Therefore, we analyzed mRNA of TeM and angiogenesis markers (CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) and performed in situ hybridization for the TeM genes in MM from on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) to postnatal day 5 (P5). The TeM expression is at first detectable in the middle region of the mesenchymal connective tissue in the MM at E 12.5. The expression domains of the TeM during development typically include the middle region of the MM, particularly surrounding the vascular regions. The level of TeM mRNA in the MM increased from E12.5 to E17.5 and decreased after birth. In contrast, the levels of CD31 and VEGF mRNAs were almost constant from E12.5 to E18.5 and then low from birth onward. Therefore, the development of the laminar tendinous structure in the middle region between superficial and deeper regions of the MM first occurs during the process of tendon formation at embryonic day 12.5. In our study of MM development, the laminar structure regulating TeM also prevents vascular invasion during the formation of compartment of the MM. The tendon may relate to the components of muscle mass of MM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: iwaoa1@tokyo.ndu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.affiliation: TMD Clinic, The Nippon Dental University Hospital, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: sthara@tokyo.ndu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Setsuhiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunohara
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D013710:Tendons / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; C486026:Tnmd protein, mouse; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse
keywords: CD31; Development; Masseter muscle; Tenomodulin; VEGF