title: Removal of antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and 5-fluorouracil and a vasodilator drug pentoxifylline from wastewaters by ozonation.
abstract: We investigated the ozonation of the antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and of the vasodilator pentoxifylline (PEN) in distilled water, in pharmaceutical wastewater, and in hospital effluent at pH 5-11. Under an alkaline pH of 11, all of the target compounds rapidly degraded through the attack of hydroxyl radicals, which resulted in their complete removal within 5 min at an ozone supply rate of 3 g O3/h. Under acidic pH conditions, such as pH 5.6, CP and IF exhibited slower removal rates; however, compounds with unsaturated C-C bonds, such as 5-FU and PEN, were still removed at rapid rates under acidic conditions. Although the parent compounds were removed within minutes, the resulting ozonation byproducts were resistant to further ozonation and possessed increased Microtox acute toxicity. In distilled water, the resulting ozonation products exhibited minimal mineralization but high acute toxicity, whereas in naturally buffered pharmaceutical and hospital effluents, the byproducts were more amenable to removal and detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China, yuchenlin@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Angela Yu-Chen
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Julia Han-Fang
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: P K Andy
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000737:chemistry; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000737:chemistry; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000737:chemistry; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D007069:Ifosfamide; D010126:Ozone; D010431:Pentoxifylline; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
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