title: Reproductive outcomes associated with noise exposure - a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High noise exposure during critical periods in gestation is a potential stressor that may result in increased risk of implantation failure, dysregulation of placentation or decrease of uterine blood flow. This paper systematically reviews published evidence on associations between reproductive outcomes and occupational and environmental noise exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Web of Science, PubMed and Embase electronic databases were searched for papers published between 1970 to June 2014 and via colleagues. We included 14 epidemiological studies related to occupational noise exposure and nine epidemiological studies related to environmental noise exposure. There was some evidence for associations between occupational noise exposure and low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age, either independently or together with other occupational risk factors. Five of six epidemiologic studies, including the two largest studies, found significant associations between lower birthweight and higher noise exposure. There were few studies on other outcomes and study design issues may have led to bias in assessments in some studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence for associations between noise exposure and adverse reproductive outcomes from animal studies. Few studies in have been conducted in humans but there is some suggestive evidence of adverse associations with environmental noise from both occupational and epidemiological studies, especially for low birthweight.
authors.affiliation: Department for Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health of Republic of Macedonia, 50 Divizija No. 6, Skopje 1000, Republic of Macedonia. ristovskagordana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ristovska
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. h.laszlo@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Helga Elvira
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Laszlo
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. a.hansell@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hansell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D009622:Noise / Q000009:adverse effects; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans
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