title: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with chronic venous disorders: A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and the presence of a Chronic Venous Disorder (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 55 subjects with CCSVI aged >18 years, and 186 controls without CCSVI. Each subject was evaluated with color Doppler sonography in accordance with Zamboni's five criteria, examined by two neurologists and interviewed with an ad-hoc designed form. The neurologists and the sonographers were mutually blinded. CVD were classified according to CEAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 42 years (SD = 9) in cases and 43 years (10) in controls (p = ns). The odds ratios in subjects CCSVI were 0.6 (0.2-2.2) for CEAP 1, 0.9 (0.2-4.5) for CEAP 2, and 1.0 (0.6-1.9) for family history of varicose veins. The prevalence of CVD and, family history of varicose veins, was similar between cases and controls for each Zamboni criterion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no association of CCSVI with the presence of CVD or family history of varicose veins.
authors.affiliation: SCDU Neurologia, Head and Neck Department, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, IRCAD, Novara, Italy maurizio.leone@maggioreosp.novara.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: SCDU Neurologia, Head and Neck Department, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raymkulova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy.
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lochner
authors.affiliation: SCDU Neurologia, Head and Neck Department, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolamperti
authors.affiliation: Fondazione "Un passo insieme", Valdellatorre, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianandrea
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rivadossi
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Radiologia Diagnostica e Interventistica, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stecco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaccala
authors.affiliation: SC Neurologia, Civile Hospital, Ivrea, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggio
authors.affiliation: Fondazione "Un passo insieme", Valdellatorre, Italy.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liboni
authors.affiliation: SC Neurologia, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guido
authors.affiliation: SCDU Neurologia, Head and Neck Department, AOU "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Coppo
authors.affiliation: SC Neurologia, Maria Vittoria Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Imperiale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics
keywords: CCSVI; CEAP; blinding; multiple sclerosis; veins