title: Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells.
abstract: It has long been observed that rare earth elements (REEs) regulate multiple facets of plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, using electron microscopic autoradiography, we show the life cycle of a light REE (lanthanum) and a heavy REE (terbium) in horseradish leaf cells. Our data indicate that REEs were first anchored on the plasma membrane in the form of nanoscale particles, and then entered the cells by endocytosis. Consistently, REEs activated endocytosis in plant cells, which may be the cellular basis of REE actions in plants. Moreover, we discovered that a portion of REEs was successively released into the cytoplasm, self-assembled to form nanoscale clusters, and finally deposited in horseradish leaf cells. Taken together, our data reveal the life cycle of REEs and their cellular behaviors in plant cells, which shed light on the cellular mechanisms of REE actions in living organisms.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, and National Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
authors.forename: Jigang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and.
authors.forename: Guangmei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; and.
authors.forename: Xiao Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and.
authors.forename: Chen Xin
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China;
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and.
authors.forename: Hai Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
authors.forename: Tian Hong
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, and National Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; deng@pku.edu.cn huangxiaohuanjnu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Xing Wang
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, and deng@pku.edu.cn huangxiaohuanjnu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Xiao Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D031215:Armoracia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000378:metabolism; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000378:metabolism; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000378:metabolism*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012987:Soil; D013725:Terbium / Q000378:metabolism; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D011868:Radioisotopes; D012987:Soil; D013725:Terbium; D007811:Lanthanum
keywords: activation; endocytic vesicle
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