title: Situational panic attacks in social anxiety disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panic attacks (PAs) are common in many psychiatric disorders other than panic disorder, especially social anxiety disorder (SAD). PAs have been associated with increased severity, comorbidity, and impairment in many disorders; therefore, PAs can now be used as a descriptive specifier across all DSM-5 disorders. However, the clinical implications of PAs in SAD remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of the present investigation was to examine demographic and clinical characteristics associated with SAD-related situational panic attacks in a large, representative epidemiological sample of individuals with SAD (N=1138). We compared individuals with SAD who did and did not endorse situational PAs in terms of demographic factors, fear/avoidance of social situations, distress, impairment, and diagnostic comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Being male, black, Asian, or over 65 years old was associated with a decreased likelihood of experiencing situational PAs, whereas being unemployed was associated with an increased likelihood. Individuals with situational PAs also exhibited greater fear and avoidance of social situations, impairment, coping-oriented substance use, treatment utilization, and concurrent and longitudinal psychiatric comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with most epidemiologic studies, the information collected relied on self-report, and not all participants were available for both waves of assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest that SAD-related situational PAs are associated with more severe and complex presentations of SAD. Implications for the assessment and treatment of SAD, as well as for the use of PAs as a descriptive specifier for SAD, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: carrie.potter@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Carrie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: judywong1221@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: heimberg@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Heimberg
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: cblanco@nyspi.cpmc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: liushan@nyspi.cpmc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Shang-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: wangshu@nyspi.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: fschneier@nyspi.cpmc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Franklin R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Schneier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014478:Unemployment
keywords: Epidemiology; NESARC; Panic attacks; Social anxiety disorder; Social phobia
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