title: Medication-overuse headache: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
abstract: Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is one of the most common chronic headache disorders and a public health problem with a worldwide prevalence of 1-2%. It is a condition characterized by chronic headache and overuse of different headache medications, and withdrawal of the overused medication is recognised as the treatment of choice. However, the strategy for achieving withdrawal is, at present, based on expert opinion rather than scientific evidence, partly due to the lack of randomised controlled studies. This narrative review investigates different aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors and pathogenesis as well as management for MOH. We suggest that the first step in the treatment of MOH should be carried out in general practice and should focus primarily on detoxification. For most patients, both prevention and follow up after detoxification can also be performed in general practice, thus freeing resources for referral of more complicated cases to headache clinics and neurologists. These suffering patients have much to gain by an earlier treatment-focused approach lower down on the treatment ladder.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, and Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Espen Saxhaug
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kristoffersen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Nordbyhagen, Norway, and Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway.
authors.forename: Christofer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lundqvist
keywords: chronic headache; dependence; drug safety; medication overuse; migraine
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