title: HIV-1, HBV, HCV, HTLV, HPV-16/18, and Treponema pallidum infections in a sample of Brazilian men who have sex with men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men who have sex with men (MSM) are more vulnerable to blood-borne infections and/or sexually-transmitted infections (STI). This study was conducted to estimate the prevalences of mono and co-infections of HIV-1 and other blood-borne/STIs in a sample of MSM in Campinas, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Responding Driven Sampling (RDS) was used for recruitment of MSM. Serum samples collected from 558 MSM were analyzed for the presence of serological markers for HIV-1, HBV, HCV, HTLV, HPV-16/18, and T. pallidum infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest prevalences of infection in serum samples were found for HPV-16 and 18 (31.9% and 20.3%, respectively). Approximately 8% of the study population showed infection with HIV-1, and within that group, 27.5% had recently become infected with HIV-1. HBV infection and syphilis were detected in 11.4% and 10% of the study population, respectively, and the rates of HTLV and HCV infection were 1.5% and 1%, respectively. With the exception of HTLV, all other studied infections were usually found as co-infections rather then mono-infections. The rates of co-infection for HCV, HPV-18, and HIV-1 were the highest among the studied infections (100%, 83%, and 85%, respectively). Interestingly, HTLV infection was usually found as a mono-infection in the study group, whereas HCV was found only as a co-infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings highlight the need to educate the MSM population concerning their risk for STIs infections and methods of prevention. Campaigns to encourage vaccination against HBV and HPV could decrease the rates of these infections in MSM.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Caroline C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Seção Imunodiagnóstico, IPEC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ingebourg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georg
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Hepatites Virais, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Hepatites Virais, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Mariza G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morgado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Alcina F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.affiliation: Pós-doutoranda do laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Adriana A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Municipal de Patologia Clínica de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Regina C S
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Salles
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sylvia L M
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Microrganismos, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Raphael P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Viscidi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Selma A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D017977:Deltaretrovirus; D015497:HIV-1; D016174:Hepacivirus; D006515:Hepatitis B virus; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014210:Treponema pallidum; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult
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