title: [The impact of smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol on mortality risk in people of working age -results of an 8-year study in a large urban center].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to assess the effects of smoking and drinking alcohol on death rates in working-age urban inhabitants in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2001 randomly selected inhabitants of Łódź, aged 18-64 years, were included in the WHO Program Countrywide Integrated Noncommunicable Diseases Intervention (CINDI). the study sample comprised 1828 people (1002 men, 826 women). In 2009 for all participants of the 2001 study, information was obtained whether they were living or deceased, or moved out of Łódź. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for the evaluation of hazard ratios (HR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis revealed the increased risk of death among Łódź inhabitants of working age. An 8-year follow-up yielded the following values: for active smokers compared with people slightly addicted to nicotine, HR= 2.582 (95% CI: 1.381-4.825, p < 0.003); for people heavily addicted to nicotine, HR = 3.656 (95% CI: 1.544-8.654, p <0.004); and for passive smokers (risk for persons staying in smoky rooms up to 5 h a day, compared to those not living in smoke-filled rooms), HR = 2.021 (95% CI: 1.111-3.672, p < 0.03). The variable that had a protective effect on the mortality risk of working-age population turned out to be a "reasonable" use of alcohol (HR = 0.411, 95% Cl: 0.227-0.744, p < 0.004), compared to non-drinking alcohol at all.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addiction to smoking significantly increases the risk of premature death, and therefore appropriate prevention programs aimed at the reduction of smoking can contribute to closing the gap in the population health status.
authors.forename: Elźabieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bryła
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maniecka-Bryła
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000401:mortality*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061213:Mortality, Premature / Q000639:trends; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000401:mortality; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult