title: The effect of muscle weakness on the capability gap during gross motor function: a simulation study supporting design criteria for exoskeletons of the lower limb.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enabling persons with functional weaknesses to perform activities of daily living (ADL) is one of the main challenges for the aging society. Powered orthoses, or exoskeletons, have the potential to support ADL while promoting active participation of the user. For this purpose, assistive devices should be designed and controlled to deliver assistance as needed (AAN). This means that the level of assistance should bridge the capability gap, i.e. the gap between the capabilities of the subjects and the task requirements. However, currently the actuators of exoskeletons are mainly designed using inverse dynamics (ID) based calculations of joint moments. The goal of the present study is to calculate the capability gap for the lower limb during ADL when muscle weakness is present, which is needed for appropriate selection of actuators to be integrated in exoskeletons.
  
  
  METHODS
  A musculoskeletal model (MM) is used to calculate the joint kinematics, joint kinetics and muscle forces of eight healthy subjects during ADL (gait, sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, stair ascent, stair descent). Muscle weakness was imposed to the MM by a stepwise decrease in maximal isometric force imposed to all muscles. Muscle forces were calculated using static optimization. In order to compensate for muscle weakness, ideal moment actuators that represent the motors of an exoskeleton in the simulation were added to deliver AAN required to perform the task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ID approach overestimates the required assistance since it relies solely on the demands of the task, whereas the AAN approach incorporates the capabilities of the subject. Furthermore, the ID approach delivers continuous support whereas the AAN approach targets the period where a capability gap occurs. The level of muscle weakness for which the external demands imposed by ADL can no longer be met by active muscle force production, is respectively 40%, 70%, 80% and 30%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present workflow allows estimating the AAN during ADL for different levels of muscle weakness, which can be used in the mechatronic design and control of powered exoskeletons. The AAN approach is a more physiological approach than the ID approach, since the MM accounts for the subject-specific capabilities of the user.
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU, Leuven, Belgium. maarten.afschrift@faber.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afschrift
authors.forename: Friedl
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Groote
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Schutter
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jonkers
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
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