title: Sulfamethoxazole degradation by ultrasound/ozone oxidation process in water: kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways.
abstract: In this research, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation was investigated using ultrasound (US), ozone (O3) and ultrasound/ozone oxidation process (UOOP). It was proved that ultrasound significantly enhanced SMX ozonation by assisting ozone in producing more hydroxyl radicals in UOOP. Ultrasound also made the rate constants improve by kinetics analysis. When ultrasound was added to the ozonation process, the reaction rate increased by 6-26% under different pH conditions. Moreover, main intermediates oxidized by US, O3 and UOOP system were identified. Although the main intermediates in ozonation and UOOP were similar, the introduction of ultrasound in UOOP had well improved the cleavage of S-N bond. In this condition SMX become much easier to be attacked, which led to enhanced SMX removal rate in UOOP compared to the other two examined processes. Finally, the SMX degradation pathways were proposed.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China. Electronic address: guowanqian@hit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wan-Qian
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Ren-Li
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Xian-Jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan-Shan
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Hai-Ou
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Shan-Shan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
authors.forename: Nan-Qi
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010126:Ozone; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Kinetics; Mechanisms; Ozone; Pathways; Sulfamethoxazole; Ultrasound