title: Experimental validation of the hyperpolarized129Xe chemical shift saturation recovery technique in healthy volunteers and subjects with interstitial lung disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the sensitivity of the hyperpolarized129Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) technique for noninvasive quantification of changes to lung microstructure and function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis (SSc).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers, four subjects with SSc and four with IPF were scanned at 1.5 T. A CSSR pulse sequence was implemented using binomial-composite radiofrequency pulses to monitor129Xe magnetization in tissues and blood plasma (T/P) and red blood cells (RBCs). The dynamics of129Xe uptake into these compartments were fitted with three existing analytical models of gas diffusion to extract parameters of lung physiology. These parameters were quantitatively compared between models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Uptake of xenon into the pulmonary capillaries was impaired in subjects with IPF and SSc. Statistically significant septal thickening was measured by129Xe CSSR in IPF patients. Preliminary data suggests age-dependent alterations to septal thickness in healthy volunteers. These findings were reproduced using each of the literature models. CSSR-derived parameters were compared with gold-standard indicators of pulmonary function; diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide and pulmonary transit-time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSSR with hyperpolarized129Xe is sensitive to pathology-induced degradation of lung structure/function and shows promise for quantification of disease severity and monitoring treatment response. Magn Reson Med 74:196-207, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: General
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norquay
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parra-Robles
authors.affiliation: Clinical Imaging, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: GE Global Research, Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.affiliation: Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Condliffe
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|Sheffield Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.affiliation: Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Moira K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Whyte
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|Medical Diagnostics, GE Healthcare, Amersham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolber
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
keywords: gas-exchange; hyperpolarized gas; idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; lung physiology; systemic sclerosis; xenon-129