title: Muscle fibers are injured at the time of acute and chronic rotator cuff repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rotator cuff tears are a common source of shoulder pain and disability. Even after surgical repair, some patients continue to have reduced function and progression of fatty degeneration. Because patients with chronic cuff tears often experience muscle shortening, it is possible that repairing the tendon to its anatomic footprint induces a stretch-induced muscle injury that could contribute to failures of the repair and perhaps ongoing pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that, compared with acutely torn and repaired muscles, the stretch that is required to repair a chronically torn cuff would result in more muscle fiber damage. Specifically, we asked: (1) Is there muscle fiber damage that occurs from repair of an acutely torn rotator cuff and does it vary by location in the muscle; and (2) is the damage greater in the case of repair of a chronic injury?
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an open surgical approach to create a full-thickness rotator cuff tear in rats, and measured changes in muscle mass, length, and the number of fibers containing the membrane impermeable Evans Blue Dye after acute (1 day) or chronic (28 days) cuff tear or repair in rats. Differences between groups were tested using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc sorting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic tears resulted in 24% to 35% decreases in mass and a 20% decrease in length. The repair of acutely and chronically torn muscles resulted in damage to 90% of fibers in the distal portion of the muscle. In the proximal portion, no differences between the acutely torn and repaired groups and controls were observed, whereas repairing the chronically torn group resulted in injury to almost 70% of fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a rat model, marked injury to muscle fibers is induced when the tendons of torn rotator cuffs are repaired to their anatomic footprint.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this animal model, we found that repair of chronically torn cuff muscles results in extensive injury throughout the muscle. Based on these findings, we posit that inducing a widespread injury at the time of surgical repair of chronically torn rotator cuff muscles may contribute to the problems of failed repairs or continued progression of fatty degeneration that is observed in some patients that undergo rotator cuff repair. Therapeutic interventions to protect muscle fiber membranes potentially could enhance outcomes for patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. To evaluate this, future studies that evaluate the use of membrane sealing compounds or drugs that upregulate endogenous membrane-sealing proteins are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: Max E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Patrick L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jergenson
authors.forename: Asheesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mendias
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors
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