title: Curse of the ghost pills: the role of oral controlled-release formulations in the passage of empty intact shells in faeces. Two case reports and a literature review relevant to psychiatry.
abstract: Orally taken tablets in different formulations continue to have a central role in the treatment of various psychiatric and medical conditions. In order to improve compliance, reduce the frequency of taking medications and minimize the peaks and troughs associated with certain immediate-release formulations, pharmaceutical companies have developed a number of novel methods of delivering oral solid dosage medications in the form of controlled-release (CR) formulations. Some CR formulations have been associated with pharmacobezoars and false-positive findings on certain physical investigations. Though CR drugs are commonly used in psychiatry, clinicians appear to have a limited understanding of how they are released for absorption once ingested. Some have insoluble parts that are excreted in faeces as 'ghost pills'. Due to lack of awareness of this phenomenon to both patients and the physicians, anxiety has ensued in some patients. Some clinicians have been puzzled or have been dismissive when faced with curious patients wanting to know more after they had observed tablet-like looking structures in faeces. We present two cases from our clinical setting and a few drawn from the World Wide Web to highlight the role of CR medications and their association with the ghost pill phenomenon. The mechanisms involved in drug release relevant to psychiatry medications are also briefly reviewed. The ghost pill phenomenon occurs with certain CR medications. This is a normal and expected outcome related to drug-release mechanisms of some of these products. It is inevitable that some patients will see what looks like tablets or capsules in faeces. Raising awareness of this phenomenon among clinicians would facilitate discussions and information sharing at the initial process of medication prescribing. Awareness among patients and carers would also help to allay anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Black Country Partnership Foundation Trust - Psychiatry, Penn Hospital, Penn Road, Wolverhampton WV4 5HN, UK.
authors.forename: Tongeji Elifazi
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Tungaraza
authors.affiliation: Black Country Partnership Foundation Trust - Psychiatry, Penn Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Pravija
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talapan-Manikoth
authors.affiliation: Black Country Partnership Foundation Trust - Psychiatry, Penn Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkins
keywords: Controlled release; Oxycontine; diffusion; drug release; ghost pill; osmotic release; venlafaxine
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