title: Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry.
abstract: Species in the mushroom genus Lepiota can cause fatal mushroom poisonings due to their content of amatoxins such as α-amanitin. Previous studies of the toxin composition of poisonous Lepiota species relied on analytical methods of low sensitivity or resolution. Using liquid chromatography coupled to UV absorbance and mass spectrometry, we analyzed the spectrum of peptide toxins present in six Italian species of Lepiota, including multiple samples of three of them collected in different locations. Field taxonomic identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. For comparison, we also analyzed specimens of Amanita phalloides from Italy and California, a specimen of A. virosa from Italy, and a laboratory-grown sample of Galerina marginata. α-Amanitin, β-amanitin, amanin, and amaninamide were detected in all samples of L. brunneoincarnata, and α-amanitin and γ-amanitin were detected in all samples of L. josserandii. Phallotoxins were not detected in either species. No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in L. clypeolaria, L. cristata, L. echinacea, or L. magnispora. The Italian and California isolates of A. phalloides had similar profiles of amatoxins and phallotoxins, although the California isolate contained more β-amanitin relative to α-amanitin. Amaninamide was detected only in A. virosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. sgambel1@msu.edu.
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sgambelluri
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy. sara.epis@guest.unimi.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Epis
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 10-20133 Milano, Italy. davide.sassera@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sassera
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. hongluo@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. angelos1@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Evan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Angelos
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. walton@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Walton
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D000546:Amanitins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001483:Base Sequence; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000546:Amanitins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; C018358:phallotoxin; C018207:amatoxin
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