title: A 3D MR-acquisition scheme for nonrigid bulk motion correction in simultaneous PET-MR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive medical imaging technique commonly used to detect and assess tumor lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high resolution anatomical images with different contrasts and a range of additional information important for cancer diagnosis. Recently, simultaneous PET-MR systems have been released with the promise to provide complementary information from both modalities in a single examination. Due to long scan times, subject nonrigid bulk motion, i.e., changes of the patient's position on the scanner table leading to nonrigid changes of the patient's anatomy, during data acquisition can negatively impair image quality and tracer uptake quantification. A 3D MR-acquisition scheme is proposed to detect and correct for nonrigid bulk motion in simultaneously acquired PET-MR data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A respiratory navigated three dimensional (3D) MR-acquisition with Radial Phase Encoding (RPE) is used to obtain T1- and T2-weighted data with an isotropic resolution of 1.5 mm. Healthy volunteers are asked to move the abdomen two to three times during data acquisition resulting in overall 19 movements at arbitrary time points. The acquisition scheme is used to retrospectively reconstruct dynamic 3D MR images with different temporal resolutions. Nonrigid bulk motion is detected and corrected in this image data. A simultaneous PET acquisition is simulated and the effect of motion correction is assessed on image quality and standardized uptake values (SUV) for lesions with different diameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six respiratory gated 3D data sets with T1- and T2-weighted contrast have been obtained in healthy volunteers. All bulk motion shifts have successfully been detected and motion fields describing the transformation between the different motion states could be obtained with an accuracy of 1.71 ± 0.29 mm. The PET simulation showed errors of up to 67% in measured SUV due to bulk motion which could be reduced to less than 10% with the proposed motion compensation approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A MR acquisition scheme which yields both high resolution 3D anatomical data and highly accurate nonrigid motion information without an increase in scan time is presented. The proposed method leads to a strong improvement in both MR and PET image quality and ensures an accurate assessment of tracer uptake.
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolbitsch
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom and Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tsoumpas
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schaeffter
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*