title: The determinants and scope of public health interventions to tackle the global problem of hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a significant public health concern of world-wide distribution and is also the most common cardiovascular disease risk factor. Adequate control of blood pressure is a critical element in the prevention of hypertension induced-organ damage and life-threatening complications. Prevention of hypertension is possible and early detection and effective treatment can significantly reduce the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in PubMed, Medline, World Health Organization website and Google Scholar search engines. Keywords used in the search included hypertension, cardiovascular disease, public health, life-style modifications and awareness. Overall 51 articles were selected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple socio-demographic and potential risk factors have been recognized in the causation and determining the long-term outcomes of the disease world-wide. As the natural history of hypertension is complex and etiology is multi-factorial the strategy to combat also should be multi-pronged based on the trends and magnitude of the disease in variable settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To conclude, although progress has been observed in the area of awareness, treatment and control, the need continues to be high for sustainable and cost-effective interventions that will ultimately halt and reverse the rising tide of hypertension prevalence. Population-based health education, dietary and life-style modification and pharmacological therapy are all effective measures to reduce the prevalence and increase the control rate of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Saurabh RamBihariLal
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prateek Saurabh
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jegadeesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; hypertension; public health
references.citation: West J Nurs Res. 2006 Nov;28(7):831-54; discussion 855-63
references.pmid: 17056776
references.citation: Am J Ther. 2007 Mar-Apr;14(2):121-34
references.pmid: 17414579
references.citation: Saudi Med J. 2007 Jan;28(1):77-84
references.pmid: 17206295
references.citation: Kidney Int Suppl. 2004 Sep;(90):S3-7
references.pmid: 15296500
references.citation: Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010 Apr;94(4):519-26
references.pmid: 20339819
references.citation: Arch Med Sci. 2011 Dec 31;7(6):1055-66
references.pmid: 22328891
references.citation: Int J Hypertens. 2010 Jun 21;2010:
references.pmid: 20948560
references.citation: BMC Health Serv Res. 2012 Jan 24;12:20
references.pmid: 22273080
references.citation: Arch Med Sci. 2013 Apr 20;9(2):218-29
references.pmid: 23671431
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2000 Jan;18(1):46-53
references.pmid: 10808982
references.citation: Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Dec;31 Suppl 2:S8-10
references.pmid: 15649295
references.citation: J Community Health. 2000 Dec;25(6):439-53
references.pmid: 11071226
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 2007 May;21(5):366-73
references.pmid: 17301825
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2001 Sep;19(9):1523-32
references.pmid: 11564970
references.citation: Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2012 Feb;12(1):47-52
references.pmid: 22214743
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 2012 May;25(5):590-6
references.pmid: 22337206
references.citation: Drugs. 2012 Jul 9;72(10):1373-98
references.pmid: 22747449
references.citation: J Am Soc Hypertens. 2008 Mar-Apr;2(2):97-105
references.pmid: 20409891
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Jan 15-21;365(9455):217-23
references.pmid: 15652604
references.citation: Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 27;166(21):2348-55
references.pmid: 17130388
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59612
references.pmid: 23527229
references.citation: West J Nurs Res. 2004 Oct;26(6):612-31
references.pmid: 15359074
references.citation: Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Mar;55(3):590-8
references.pmid: 19962803
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1997 Feb;87(2):160-8
references.pmid: 9103091
references.citation: Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jul;134:8-9
references.pmid: 21808126
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Nov;42(5):878-84
references.pmid: 12975389
references.citation: Clin Exp Hypertens. 2004 Oct-Nov;26(7-8):731-8
references.pmid: 15702628
references.citation: Ann Fam Med. 2004 Mar-Apr;2(2):103-9
references.pmid: 15083848
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-52
references.pmid: 14656957
references.citation: Lancet. 2002 Dec 14;360(9349):1903-13
references.pmid: 12493255
references.citation: Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2000 Fall;15(4):138-44
references.pmid: 11098526
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Feb 5-11;365(9458):493-500
references.pmid: 15705459
references.citation: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Jan;27(1):88-92
references.pmid: 12544011
references.citation: J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012 Sep;14(9):637-43
references.pmid: 22947363
references.citation: Intern Med J. 2008 Dec;38(12):879-86
references.pmid: 18284462
references.citation: Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2011 Apr;5(2):174-179
references.pmid: 21475621
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Oct 16;288(15):1882-8
references.pmid: 12377087
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Sep;64(9):1014-21
references.pmid: 20588293
references.citation: J Transcult Nurs. 2012 Apr;23(2):134-42
references.pmid: 22294336
references.citation: Obes Rev. 2002 Aug;3(3):147-56
references.pmid: 12164466
references.citation: West J Nurs Res. 2005 Nov;27(7):863-89; discussion 890-5
references.pmid: 16275704
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 May 28;53(20):427-31
references.pmid: 15163928
references.citation: Hypertension. 2009 Jul;54(1):77-83
references.pmid: 19470872
references.citation: J Hum Hypertens. 2005 Dec;19 Suppl 3:S25-33
references.pmid: 16302007
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Feb;65(2 Suppl):626S-642S
references.pmid: 9022559
references.citation: CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S1-6
references.pmid: 10333847
references.citation: Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(6):615-30
references.pmid: 23627503
references.citation: Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:828797
references.pmid: 22187623
references.citation: Hypertension. 2008 Nov;52(5):818-27
references.pmid: 18852389
references.citation: Vnitr Lek. 2009 Sep;55(9):797-801
references.pmid: 19785379
references.citation: Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2012 Oct;10(10):1201-4
references.pmid: 23190057