title: Horizontal inequity in public health care service utilization for non-communicable diseases in urban Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A health system that provides equitable health care is a principal goal in many countries. Measuring horizontal inequity (HI) in health care utilization is important to develop appropriate and equitable public policies, especially policies related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 1,211 randomly selected households in slum and non-slum areas was carried out in four urban districts of Hanoi city in 2013. This study utilized data from 3,736 individuals aged 15 years and older. Respondents were asked about health care use during the previous 12 months; information included sex, age, and self-reported NCDs. We assessed the extent of inequity in utilization of public health care services. Concentration indexes for health care utilization and health care needs were constructed via probit regression of individual utilization of public health care services, controlling for age, sex, and NCDs. In addition, concentration indexes were decomposed to identify factors contributing to inequalities in health care utilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of healthcare utilization in the slum and non-slum areas was 21.4 and 26.9%, respectively. HI in health care utilization in favor of the rich was observed in the slum areas, whereas horizontal equity was achieved among the non-slum areas. In the slum areas, we identified some key factors that affect the utilization of public health care services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that to achieve horizontal equity in utilization of public health care services, policy should target preventive interventions for NCDs, focusing more on the poor in slum areas.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health System Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; vuduykien@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duy Kien
authors.affiliation: Center for Health System Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Minh
authors.affiliation: Center for Health System Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bao Giang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nawi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: decomposition; healthcare utilization; horizontal equity; non-communicable diseases; urban Vietnam
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