title: Localization of sleep spindles, k-complexes, and vertex waves with subdural electrodes in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe for the first time in children the localization of sleep spindles, K-complexes, and vertex waves using subdural electrodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled children who underwent presurgical evaluation of refractory epilepsy with subdural grid electrodes. We analyzed electroencephalogram data from subdural electrodes and simultaneous recording with Cz scalp electrode. Sleep spindles, K-complexes, and vertex waves were identified and localized based on their morphology on the subdural electrodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients (9 boys; age range, 3-18 years) were enrolled in the study. The inter-rater reliability on identification and localization of maximal amplitude was high with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.85 for vertex waves, 0.94 for sleep spindles, and 0.91 for K-complexes. Sleep spindles presented maximum amplitude around the perirolandic area with a field extending to the frontal regions. K-complexes presented maximum amplitude around the perirolandic area with a field extending to the frontal regions. Vertex waves presented maximum amplitude around the perirolandic areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our series of pediatric patients, sleep spindles, K-complexes, and vertex waves were localized around the perirolandic area.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; †Department of Child Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; §Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; ‖Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; and ¶Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Medical Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anna L R
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Iván S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Jurriaan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manganaro
authors.forename: Jedediah M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vendrame
authors.forename: Sanjay P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loddenkemper
authors.forename: Sanjeev V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kothare
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000503:physiopathology*