title: Formaldehyde and heavy metal migration from rubber and metallic packaging/utensils in Korea.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the non-intentionally added substances--formaldehyde and trace metals--at 4% acetic acid conditions in rubber and metallic packaging/utensils. The temperature effect on migration in rubber and metallic packaging/utensils was monitored at 60 °C and 100 °C under acidic (pH < 3) circumstances. The concentrations were: formaldehyde--23.1 μg kg⁻¹, lead--13.41 μg kg⁻¹, cadmium--0.15 μg kg⁻¹, total arsenic--2.02 μg kg⁻¹ and nickel--2.92 μg kg⁻¹ at 60 °C and formaldehyde--148.9 μg kg⁻¹, lead--17.04 μg kg⁻¹, cadmium--0.14 μg kg⁻¹, total arsenic--7.25 μg kg⁻¹ and nickel--8.7 μg kg⁻¹ at 100 °C. A significant difference was noticed in formaldehyde and total arsenic between both temperatures (p < 0.01), which was not present in other trace metals. In conclusion, formaldehyde and total arsenic were more sensitive with cooking temperature than the other metals.
authors.affiliation: a Food and Drug Department , Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment , Seoul , Korea  
authors.forename: Su-Un
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Rang
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Eun-Soon
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mi-Sun
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chang-Kyu
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Li-Ra
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008422:Materials Testing; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012408:Rubber / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002104:Cadmium; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007854:Lead; D009532:Nickel; D012408:Rubber; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: formaldehyde; heavy metal; rubber and metallic packaging/utensils