title: Evaluation of ATP measurements to detect microbial ingress by wastewater and surface water in drinking water.
abstract: Fast and reliable methods are required for monitoring of microbial drinking water quality in order to protect public health. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was investigated as a potential real-time parameter for detecting microbial ingress in drinking water contaminated with wastewater or surface water. To investigate the ability of the ATP assay in detecting different contamination types, the contaminant was diluted with non-chlorinated drinking water. Wastewater, diluted at 10(4) in drinking water, was detected with the ATP assay, as well as 10(2) to 10(3) times diluted surface water. To improve the performance of the ATP assay in detecting microbial ingress in drinking water, different approaches were investigated, i.e. quantifying microbial ATP or applying reagents of different sensitivities to reduce measurement variations; however, none of these approaches contributed significantly in this respect. Compared to traditional microbiological methods, the ATP assay could detect wastewater and surface water in drinking water to a higher degree than total direct counts (TDCs), while both heterotrophic plate counts (HPC 22 °C and HPC 37 °C) and Colilert-18 (Escherichia coli and coliforms) were more sensitive than the ATP measurements, though with much longer response times. Continuous sampling combined with ATP measurements displays definite monitoring potential for microbial drinking water quality, since microbial ingress in drinking water can be detected in real-time with ATP measurements. The ability of the ATP assay to detect microbial ingress is influenced by both the ATP load from the contaminant itself and the ATP concentration in the specific drinking water. Consequently, a low ATP concentration of the specific drinking water facilitates a better detection of a potential contamination of the water supply with the ATP assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: okva@env.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Óluva K
authors.initials: ÓK
authors.lastname: Vang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Corfitzen
authors.affiliation: GRUNDFOS Holding A/S, Poul Due Jensens Vej 7, DK-8850 Bjerringbro, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans-Jørgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Albrechtsen
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D060766:Drinking Water; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Adenosine triphosphate; Bacteria; Contamination; Drinking water; Rapid method