title: The impact of simulated and real microgravity on bone cells and mesenchymal stem cells.
abstract: How microgravity affects the biology of human cells and the formation of 3D cell cultures in real and simulated microgravity (r- and s-µg) is currently a hot topic in biomedicine. In r- and s-µg, various cell types were found to form 3D structures. This review will focus on the current knowledge of tissue engineering in space and on Earth using systems such as the random positioning machine (RPM), the 2D-clinostat, or the NASA-developed rotating wall vessel bioreactor (RWV) to create tissue from bone, tumor, and mesenchymal stem cells. To understand the development of 3D structures, in vitro experiments using s-µg devices can provide valuable information about modulations in signal-transduction, cell adhesion, or extracellular matrix induced by altered gravity conditions. These systems also facilitate the analysis of the impact of growth factors, hormones, or drugs on these tissue-like constructs. Progress has been made in bone tissue engineering using the RWV, and multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), formed in both r- and s-µg, have been reported and were analyzed in depth. Currently, these MCTS are available for drug testing and proteomic investigations. This review provides an overview of the influence of µg on the aforementioned cells and an outlook for future perspectives in tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Membrane Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3482-2515
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulbrich
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wehland
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ganna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aleshcheva
authors.affiliation: Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; European Space Agency Technology Center, Gravity Lab (ESA-ESTEC-TEC-MMG), 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Infanger
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93052 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jirka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93052 Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eilles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
authors.forename: Alamelu
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5926-9416
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5083-2812
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D014893:Weightlessness
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