title: Fine mapping and evolution of the major sex determining region in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).
abstract: Fish sex determination (SD) systems are varied, suggesting evolutionary changes including either multiple evolution origins of genetic SD from nongenetic systems (such as environmental SD) and/or turnover events replacing one genetic system by another. When genetic SD is found, cytological differentiation between the two members of the sex chromosome pair is often minor or undetectable. The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), a valuable commercial flatfish, has a ZZ/ZW system and a major SD region on linkage group 5 (LG5), but there are also other minor genetic and environmental influences. We here report refined mapping of the turbot SD region, supported by comparative mapping with model fish species, to identify the turbot master SD gene. Six genes were located to the SD region, two of them associated with gonad development (sox2 and dnajc19). All showed a high association with sex within families (P = 0), but not at the population level, so they are probably partially sex-linked genes, but not SD gene itself. Analysis of crossovers in LG5 using two families confirmed a ZZ/ZW system in turbot and suggested a revised map position for the master gene. Genetic diversity and differentiation for 25 LG5 genetic markers showed no differences between males and females sampled from a wild population, suggesting a recent origin of the SD region in turbot. We also analyzed associations with markers of the most relevant sex-related linkage groups in brill (S. rhombus), a closely related species to turbot; the data suggest that an ancient XX/XY system in brill changed to a ZZ/ZW mechanism in turbot.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología (CIBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Lope Gómez de Marzoa, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Xoana
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Taboada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermida
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Belén G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Departament of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciènces del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piferrer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología (CIBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Lope Gómez de Marzoa, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viñas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain paulino.martinez@usc.es.
authors.forename: Paulino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005412:Flatfishes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006066:Gonads / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012730:Sex Chromosomes; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: comparative mapping; evolution of sex determination; genetics of sex; sex determining master gene; sex genetic differentiation; turbot
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