title: Diurnal and nocturnal activity budgets of zoo elephants in an outdoor facility.
abstract: The present study examined the activity budgets of 15 African elephants (1 bull, 6 cows, 2 male juveniles, 2 female juveniles, and 4 male calves) living at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park during the summers of 2010 and 2011. Onsite behavioral data (n = 600 hr) were collected for approximately 12 weeks from 0400 to 0830 and 1100 to 2400 during the 2010 and 2011 summer season. Foraging was the most common behavior state during the day followed by resting, and walking. During the evening hours, the elephants spent majority of their time foraging, resting, and sleeping. The average rate of self-maintenance behavior events (dust, wallow, etc.) increased from 0600 to 0700, 1100 to 1500, and from 1700 to 1900. Positive social behavior events (touch other, play, etc.) remained high from 0500 to 2300, with peaks at 0600, 1300, 1500, and 1900. Negative social events occurred at low rates throughout the day and night, with peaks at 0600, 1900, and 2200. The majority of positive behavior events during the daylight and nighttime hours involved the mother-calf pairs. Furthermore, the calves and juveniles initiated approximately 60% of all social events during the daytime and 57% of all social interactions at night. The results of this study demonstrate the differences between diurnal and nocturnal activity budgets of a multi-age and sex elephant herd in a zoological facility, which highlights the importance of managing elephants to meet their 24 hr behavioral needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Horback
authors.forename: Lance J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jeff R M
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Stan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kuczaj
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo / Q000502:physiology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D019370:Observation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: African elephant; Loxodonta africana; activity budget; animal management; animal welfare; behavioral needs; zoological institution