title: Some reflections on intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection.
abstract: Although intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows proper fertilization in most cases of male sub fertility, it is one of the most unphysiological techniques in assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Thus, over the last decade, researchers have tried to improve sperm observation with higher-resolution microscopy techniques such as the intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) technique. In order to identify literatures for this review, the PubMed database was searched from 2000 onwards using the terms IMSI, motile sperm organelle morphology examination (MSOME) and sperm vacuole. Approximately 10 years after the introduction of the MSOME and IMSI procedures, several questions related to the prevalence, origin, location, and clinical consequences of sperm vacuoles have not yet been clarified. It seems that IMSI as a routine application is not state of the art and the only confirmed indications for IMSI are recurrent implantation failure following ICSI and severe male factor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Kinderwunsch Zentrum, Landes-Frauen-and Kinderklinik and Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Kinderwunsch Zentrum, Landes-Frauen-and Kinderklinik and Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shebl
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Kinderwunsch Zentrum, Landes-Frauen-and Kinderklinik and Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oppelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Kinderwunsch Zentrum, Landes-Frauen-and Kinderklinik and Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria.
authors.forename: Richard Bernhard
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mayer
keywords: Chromatin; DNA; ICSI; Sperm Head; Vacuole
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