title: Comparative study of lens solutions' ability to remove tear constituents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to use atomic force microscopy to compare and characterize the cleaning abilities of a hydrogen peroxide-based system (HPS) and a polyhexamethylene biguanide-containing multipurpose solution (MPS) at removing in vitro deposited tear film constituents, as well as to determine deposition patterns on various silicone hydrogel contact lenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Silicone hydrogel materials-balafilcon A (BA), lotrafilcon B (LB), and senofilcon A (SA)-were incubated for 1 week in an artificial tear solution (ATS) containing representative lipids, proteins, and salts from the tear film. Atomic force microscopy was used to resolve each lens before and after being cleaned overnight in HPS or MPS. Atomic force microscopy was used again to resolve HPS/MPS-cleaned lenses, which were reincubated in fresh ATS for 1 week, before and after an overnight clean in their respective cleaning solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atomic force microscopy imaging was able to characterize lens deposits with high resolution. Lenses incubated in ATS revealed distinct differences in their deposition pattern across lens materials. The surface of BA contained about 20-nm-high deposits, whereas deposit heights up to 150 nm completely occluded the surface of SA. Lotrafilcon B lenses revealed clusters of deposits up to 90 nm. The use of either lens solution left trace amounts of tear film constituents, although components from the MPS were seen adsorbed onto the surface after cleaning. Surface roughness (Ra) measurements revealed a significant difference between ATS-incubated and HPS/MPS-cleaned SA and LB lenses (p < 0.05). Ra between first incubated and HPS/MPS-cleaned reincubated SA and LB was also significant (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unique variations in ATS deposition patterns were seen between lenses with atomic force microscopy. The application of both HPS and MPS removed most visible surface deposits.
authors.affiliation: *BSc †PhD, FAAO ‡PhD §PhD, FCOptom, FAAO Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science (SC, HL, LWJ), Department of Biology (ED, ZL, LWJ), and Department of Physics and Astronomy (ZL, LWJ), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lorentz
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Drolle
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Leonenko
authors.forename: Lyndon W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D001645:Biguanides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018639:Contact Lens Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D065346:Lubricant Eye Drops / Q000378:metabolism*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D013666:Tears / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001645:Biguanides; D018639:Contact Lens Solutions; D005136:Eye Proteins; D020100:Hydrogels; D065346:Lubricant Eye Drops; D012828:Silicones; C523195:balafilcon A; C524582:lotrafilcon B; C523196:senofilcon A; C042434:tear proteins; C031233:polihexanide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide