title: Selection and crossbreeding in relation to plumage color inheritance in three chinese egg type duck breeds (anas platyrhynchos).
abstract: In China and South East Asia, the duck (common duck) is important in egg production for human consumption. Plumage color is a breed characteristic and of economic importance, together with egg production. Our aim in this study was to investigate the inheritance of plumage color in three Chinese indigenous egg-type duck breeds, Shan Ma (S), Putian White (F) and Putian black (P), and some of their crossbreds. These three breeds have different plumage color and are used in crossbreeding. The crossbred laying ducks F×(P×S) and F×(S×P) showed highly improved laying ability but heterogeneous plumage color. Genotypes at four relevant loci were investigated by studying down color and pattern in ducklings after crossbreeding. F1 ducklings from the matings F×S and S×F, P×S, and S×P were classified into four classes of plumage color (the Shan Ma plumage color, black, white, or multicolored) over three generations. Parents were selected for the Shan Ma plumage color of their progeny. In the fourth generation, P male and P female ducks were selected according to the frequency of the desired class of plumage color (Shan Ma) of their F1 progeny to obtain the so-called "Brown Putian Ma duck". The Shan Ma duck genotype was identified as having the restricted mallard color pattern (M(R)M(R)), full expression of any of the patterns or colors (CC), no extended black (ee) and no brown dilution D (D). The Putian White genotype was recessive white (cc), no extended black (ee) and no brown dilution D (D). The Putian Black genotype exhibited full expression of extended black (E gene) and no brown dilution (CCEE D [D]). It was shown that F×S and S×F tests should be implemented to eliminate the recessive white c allele in the S line and the dominant extended black E allele in the F line. It was also shown that the Brown Putian Ma obtained from Putian Black, with no extended black genotype (ee), could be used to get rid of the black plumage (E gene) in the crossbred ducks. This could provide a solution for producing 3-way crossbred ducks Putian White×(Putian-Ma ×Shan Ma) and Putian White×(Shan Ma×Putian-Ma), with the desired Shan Ma feather color.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France .
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France .
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France .
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rouvier
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR868 Systèmes d'Elevage Méditerranéens et Tropicaux, SELMET, 2 place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France .
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Poivey
keywords: Crossbreeding; Egg-type Ducks; Plumage Color Inheritance; Selection
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