title: ATP release through lysosomal exocytosis from peripheral nerves: the effect of lysosomal exocytosis on peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration after nerve injury.
abstract: Studies have shown that lysosomal activation increases in Schwann cells after nerve injury. Lysosomal activation is thought to promote the engulfment of myelin debris or fragments of injured axons in Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. However, a recent interpretation of lysosomal activation proposes a different view of the phenomenon. During Wallerian degeneration, lysosomes become secretory vesicles and are activated for lysosomal exocytosis. The lysosomal exocytosis triggers adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) release from peripheral neurons and Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. Exocytosis is involved in demyelination and axonal degradation, which facilitate nerve regeneration following nerve degeneration. At this time, released ATP may affect the communication between cells in peripheral nerves. In this review, our description of the relationship between lysosomal exocytosis and Wallerian degeneration has implications for the understanding of peripheral nerve degenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or Guillain-Barré syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Institution, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Junyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Institution, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-Dong 1, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Woo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8984-8694
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, 875 Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan 612-896, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunseob
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Young
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2130-4719
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Jeong
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000235:genetics*; D020275:Guillain-Barre Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009474:Neurons; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
references.citation: Mol Pain. 2008 Dec 24;4:66
references.pmid: 19108746
references.citation: Glia. 2012 Feb;60(2):295-305
references.pmid: 22042600
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2008 May 19;181(4):625-37
references.pmid: 18490512
references.citation: Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1989;5:483-525
references.pmid: 2557062
references.citation: Glia. 2008 Jan 1;56(1):38-49
references.pmid: 17910050
references.citation: Cell. 2001 Jul 27;106(2):157-69
references.pmid: 11511344
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1999 Nov 5;460(3):417-22
references.pmid: 10556508
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 May 23;32(21):7158-68
references.pmid: 22623660
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 2001 Sep;26(8-9):959-69
references.pmid: 11699948
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1979 Nov;48(2):95-103
references.pmid: 506701
references.citation: Commun Integr Biol. 2013 May 1;6(3):e23631
references.pmid: 23713132
references.citation: Anat Cell Biol. 2011 Mar;44(1):41-9
references.pmid: 21519548
references.citation: Glia. 2008 Nov 1;56(14):1552-65
references.pmid: 18803323
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 1998 May-Jun;32(5-6):421-5
references.pmid: 9676740
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Aug 16;438(1):145-51
references.pmid: 23876310
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Dec 14;429(3-4):163-7
references.pmid: 23142593
references.citation: J Physiol. 1959 Mar 12;145(3):494-504
references.pmid: 13642316
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Mar;11(3):201-12
references.pmid: 21331080
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2000 Dec;23(12):625-33
references.pmid: 11137153
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 26;26(17):4630-7
references.pmid: 16641243
references.citation: Glia. 2009 Dec;57(16):1825-34
references.pmid: 19455715
references.citation: J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 30;8:109
references.pmid: 21878125
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Aug 14;424(6950):778-83
references.pmid: 12917686
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Aug 18;162(4):543-9
references.pmid: 12925704
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1988 Feb;8(2):664-81
references.pmid: 2828568
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1997 Apr;77(4):1187-99
references.pmid: 9130797
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 1998 Sep;50(3):413-92
references.pmid: 9755289
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2007 Apr;87(2):659-797
references.pmid: 17429044
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Mar 31;122:29-38
references.pmid: 14313489
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Dec 4;40(5):971-82
references.pmid: 14659095
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Apr 15;105(15):5683-6
references.pmid: 18375752
references.citation: Ann Anat. 2011 Jul;193(4):267-75
references.pmid: 21458249
references.citation: Cell Res. 2012 Jun;22(6):1022-33
references.pmid: 22231629
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1979 Nov;48(2):93-93
references.pmid: 506700
references.citation: Trends Cell Biol. 2000 Aug;10(8):316-21
references.pmid: 10884683
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005 Apr;48(2):144-56
references.pmid: 15850653
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1997 Feb;76(3):947-55
references.pmid: 9135063
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;3(2):122-31
references.pmid: 11836514
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Jun 15;22(12):4794-804
references.pmid: 12077176
references.citation: Glia. 2013 Aug;61(8):1320-30
references.pmid: 23832620
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Jan;21(1):151-60
references.pmid: 15654852
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 1983;230(3):639-48
references.pmid: 6850784
references.citation: Science. 1994 Jan 21;263(5145):390-3
references.pmid: 7904084
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Jan 11;430(2):488-93
references.pmid: 23237805
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Apr 26;446(7139):1091-5
references.pmid: 17410128
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Jul 20;799(2):285-91
references.pmid: 9675314
references.citation: Bioessays. 2012 Mar;34(3):218-25
references.pmid: 22237698
references.citation: Acta Physiol Scand. 1997 Dec;161(4):553-6
references.pmid: 9429664
references.citation: EMBO J. 2004 Aug 4;23(15):3061-71
references.pmid: 15241478
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2009 Jan;32(1):19-29
references.pmid: 19008000
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 5;104(23):9864-9
references.pmid: 17525149
references.citation: Neuroreport. 2003 Nov 14;14(16):2079-83
references.pmid: 14600501
references.citation: J Physiol. 1998 May 1;508 ( Pt 3):691-701
references.pmid: 9518726
references.citation: Pflugers Arch. 2006 Aug;452(5):589-97
references.pmid: 16639550
references.citation: Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2267-71
references.pmid: 10731149
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2000 May 15;149(4):889-900
references.pmid: 10811829
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Aug;9(8):945-53
references.pmid: 17618272
references.citation: Neuron. 2003 Oct 9;40(2):381-8
references.pmid: 14556715
references.citation: Neuroscience. 1998 Feb;82(3):927-34
references.pmid: 9483546
references.citation: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2014 Apr;34(3):361-8
references.pmid: 24363123
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Aug;30(3):366-75
references.pmid: 19656172
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Jan 11;430(2):852-7
references.pmid: 23194661