title: An institutional series and contemporary review of bacterial spinal epidural abscess: current status and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past decade, the incidence of bacterial spinal epidural abscess (SEA) has been increasing. In recent years, studies on this condition have been rampant in the literature. The authors present an 11-year institutional experience with SEA patients. Additionally, through an analysis of the contemporary literature, they provide an update on the challenging and controversial nature of this increasingly encountered condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic medical record database was used to retrospectively analyze patients admitted with SEA from January 2001 through February 2012. Presenting symptoms, concurrent conditions, microorganisms, diagnostic modalities, treatments, and outcomes were examined. For the literature search, PubMed was used as the search engine. Studies published from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2013, were critically reviewed. Data from articles on methodology, demographics, treatments, and outcomes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 106 patients with bacterial SEA were identified. The mean ± SD age of patients was 63.3 ± 13.7 years, and 65.1% of patients were male. Common presenting signs and symptoms were back pain (47.1%) and focal neurological deficits (47.1%). Over 75% of SEAs were in the thoracolumbar spine, and over 50% were ventral. Approximately 34% had an infectious origin. Concurrent conditions included diabetes mellitus (35.8%), vascular conditions (31.3%), and renal insufficiency/dialysis (30.2%). The most commonly isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus (70.7%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (6.6%). Surgery along with antibiotics was the treatment for 63 (59.4%) patients. Surgery involved spinal fusion for 19 (30.2%), discectomy for 14 (22.2%), and corpectomy for 9 (14.3%). Outcomes were reported objectively; at a mean ± SD follow-up time of 8.4 ± 26 weeks (range 0-192 weeks), outcome was good for 60.7% of patients and poor for 39.3%. The literature search yielded 40 articles, and the authors discuss the result of these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial SEA is an ominous condition that calls for early recognition. Neurological status at the time of presentation is a key factor in decision making and patient outcome. In recent years, surgical treatment has been advocated for patients with neurological deficits and failed response to medical therapy. Surgery should be performed immediately and before 36-72 hours from onset of neurological sequelae. However, the decision between medical or surgical intervention entails individual patient considerations including age, concurrent conditions, and objective findings. An evidence-based algorithm for diagnosis and treatment is suggested.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio;
authors.forename: Faris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shweikeh
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bukavina
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zyck
authors.forename: Doniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drazin
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020802:Epidural Abscess / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ASIA = American Spinal Injury Association; CNS infection; MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; SEA = spinal epidural abscess; management algorithm; spinal epidural abscess; spine surgery; treatment