title: SCOPRISM: a new algorithm for automatic sleep scoring in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scoring of wake-sleep states by trained investigators is a time-consuming task in many sleep experiments. We aimed to validate SCOPRISM, a new open-source algorithm for sleep scoring based on automatic graphical clustering of epoch distribution.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded sleep and blood pressure signals of 36 orexin-deficient, 7 leptin knock-out, and 43 wild-type control mice in the PRISM laboratory. Additional groups of mice (n=14) and rats (n=6) recorded in independent labs were used to validate the algorithm across laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall accuracy, specificity and sensitivity values of SCOPRISM (97%, 95%, and 94%, respectively) on PRISM lab data were similar to those calculated between human scorers (98%, 98%, and 94%, respectively). Using SCOPRISM, we replicated the main sleep and sleep-dependent cardiovascular findings of our previous studies. Finally, the cross-laboratory analyses showed that the SCOPRISM algorithm performed well on mouse and rat data.
  
  
  METHODS
  SCOPRISM performed similarly or even better than recently reported algorithms. SCOPRISM is a very simple algorithm, extensively (cross)validated and with the possibility to evaluate its efficacy following a quick and easy visual flow chart.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We validated SCOPRISM, a new, automated and open-source algorithm for sleep scoring on a large population of mice, including different mutant strains and on subgroups of mice and rats recorded by independent labs. This algorithm should help accelerate basic research on sleep and integrative physiology in rodents.
authors.affiliation: PRISM Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bastianini
authors.affiliation: PRISM Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berteotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.affiliation: Physiological Regulation in Wake-Sleep Cycle Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Physiological Regulation in Wake-Sleep Cycle Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amici
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Chloe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alexandre
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Scammell
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazea
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: PRISM Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lo Martire
authors.affiliation: PRISM Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silvani
authors.affiliation: PRISM Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: giovanna.zoccoli@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoccoli
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Mice; Narcolepsy; Rat; Scoring; Sleep; Validation