title: Modelling and quantification of the thermoregulatory responses of the developing avian embryo: electrical analogies of a physiological system.
abstract: Homeothermic animals, including birds, try to keep their body temperature at a constant level within certain boundaries by using thermoregulatory mechanisms. However, during incubation, the thermoregulatory system of the chicken embryo evolves through different stages from a poikilothermic to a homeothermic system. Hence, the thermal response of the fertile egg to changes in ambient temperature is different from one day to another during the embryonic development. The incubated egg can be considered as a physical (thermal) system, which transfers energy (heat) down a potential gradient (temperature difference). The heat flow between the micro-environment and the eggshell under a thermal driving force (temperature difference) has been studied in the past by using the analogy to the flow of electric charge under an electromotive-force. In this work, the thermal-response of incubated eggs to a step-increase in ambient-air temperature is studied and modelled. It is shown that the incubated egg is reacting as a first-order system between embryonic days ED01 and ED13, while, starting from ED14, the egg is reacting as a second-order system. This extends the existing RC (resistor-capacitor) circuit analogue to an RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit analogue at the later stage of incubation. The concept of considering the fertile egg and its surrounding environment as an energy-handling device is introduced in this paper. It is suggested that the thermoregulation of the embryo has a thermal induction-like effect starting from ED14 and increasing gradually till hatching.
authors.affiliation: Division Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.affiliation: Division Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Exadaktylos
authors.affiliation: Division Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Electronic address: daniel.berckmans@biw.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berckmans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004560:Electricity; D008954:Models, Biological; D013816:Thermodynamics
keywords: Incubation; Modelling; Thermal electric analogy; Thermal inertia; Thermoregulatory system