title: Optimal set of EEG features for emotional state classification and trajectory visualization in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: In addition to classic motor signs and symptoms, individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) are characterized by emotional deficits. Ongoing brain activity can be recorded by electroencephalograph (EEG) to discover the links between emotional states and brain activity. This study utilized machine-learning algorithms to categorize emotional states in PD patients compared with healthy controls (HC) using EEG. Twenty non-demented PD patients and 20 healthy age-, gender-, and education level-matched controls viewed happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust emotional stimuli while fourteen-channel EEG was being recorded. Multimodal stimulus (combination of audio and visual) was used to evoke the emotions. To classify the EEG-based emotional states and visualize the changes of emotional states over time, this paper compares four kinds of EEG features for emotional state classification and proposes an approach to track the trajectory of emotion changes with manifold learning. From the experimental results using our EEG data set, we found that (a) bispectrum feature is superior to other three kinds of features, namely power spectrum, wavelet packet and nonlinear dynamical analysis; (b) higher frequency bands (alpha, beta and gamma) play a more important role in emotion activities than lower frequency bands (delta and theta) in both groups and; (c) the trajectory of emotion changes can be visualized by reducing subject-independent features with manifold learning. This provides a promising way of implementing visualization of patient's emotional state in real time and leads to a practical system for noninvasive assessment of the emotional impairments associated with neurological disorders.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechatronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Ulu Pauh, Arau, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: yuva2257@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yuvaraj
authors.affiliation: School of Mechatronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Ulu Pauh, Arau, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murugappan
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norlinah Mohamed
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: School of Mechatronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Ulu Pauh, Arau, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundaraj
authors.affiliation: School of Mechatronic Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Ulu Pauh, Arau, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khairiyah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.affiliation: School of Computing, University of Kent, Medway, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palaniappan
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000145:classification*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Electroencephalogram; Emotion classification; Feature reduction; Manifold learning; Parkinson's disease