title: The interrelationship between pregnancy-specific anxiety and general anxiety across pregnancy: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High levels of prenatal maternal anxiety - either pregnancy-specific anxiety or general anxiety - may have detrimental effects on both the mother and her child. It is currently unknown how these two different expressions of anxiety influence each other over time during pregnancy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to describe the relationship between state, trait and pregnancy-specific anxiety levels across pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from three data-waves of a large-scaled sample of nulliparous normal risk pregnant women were used to display associations over time by means of autoregressive and cross-lagged panel models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-lagged, cross-time pathways from pregnancy-specific anxiety to state as well as trait anxiety were positively significant, while vice versa the most consistent links were found from trait anxiety to pregnancy-specific anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that pregnancy-specific anxiety and general anxiety appear to influence each other over time, resulting in heightened anxiety for some soon-to-be mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and .
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Menting
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oosterman
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Verhage
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kunseler
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schuengel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cross-lagged model; pregnancy-specific anxiety; state anxiety; trait anxiety