title: DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 mediates a conserved coat-dormancy mechanism for the temperature- and gibberellin-dependent control of seed germination.
abstract: Seed germination is an important life-cycle transition because it determines subsequent plant survival and reproductive success. To detect optimal spatiotemporal conditions for germination, seeds act as sophisticated environmental sensors integrating information such as ambient temperature. Here we show that the delay of germination 1 (DOG1) gene, known for providing dormancy adaptation to distinct environments, determines the optimal temperature for seed germination. By reciprocal gene-swapping experiments between Brassicaceae species we show that the DOG1-mediated dormancy mechanism is conserved. Biomechanical analyses show that this mechanism regulates the material properties of the endosperm, a seed tissue layer acting as germination barrier to control coat dormancy. We found that DOG1 inhibits the expression of gibberellin (GA)-regulated genes encoding cell-wall remodeling proteins in a temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore we demonstrate that DOG1 causes temperature-dependent alterations in the seed GA metabolism. These alterations in hormone metabolism are brought about by the temperature-dependent differential expression of genes encoding key enzymes of the GA biosynthetic pathway. These effects of DOG1 lead to a temperature-dependent control of endosperm weakening and determine the optimal temperature for germination. The conserved DOG1-mediated coat-dormancy mechanism provides a highly adaptable temperature-sensing mechanism to control the timing of germination.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graeber
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Institute for Biology II, Botany/Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Phytomedicine, Geisenheim University, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany;
authors.forename: Ada
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linkies
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany;
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mummenhoff
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; and.
authors.forename: Danuše
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tarkowská
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; and.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turečková
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ignatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany;
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sperber
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voegele
authors.affiliation: Plant Genetics and Cytogenetics, Wageningen University, NL-6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; and.
authors.forename: Terezie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urbanová
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; and.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strnad
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plant Molecular Science and Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; and Gerhard.Leubner@rhul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leubner-Metzger
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004171:Diploidy; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018525:Germination / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005875:Gibberellins / Q000378:metabolism; D031220:Lepidium sativum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D057445:Plant Dormancy / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C532384:DOG1 protein, Arabidopsis; D005875:Gibberellins
keywords: Lepidium sativum; cell-wall remodelling; dormancy gene DOG1; germination temperature; gibberellin metabolism
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