title: Across- and within-consonant errors for isolated syllables in noise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A critical issue in assessing speech recognition involves understanding the factors that cause listeners to make errors. Models like the articulation index show that average error decreases logarithmically with increases in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The authors investigated (a) whether this log-linear relationship holds across consonants and for individual tokens and (b) what accounts for differences in error rates at the across- and within-consonant levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Listeners with normal hearing heard CV syllables (16 consonants and 4 vowels) spoken by 14 talkers, presented at 6 SNRs. Stimuli were presented randomly, and listeners indicated which syllable they heard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The log-linear relationship between error and SNR holds across consonants but breaks down at the token level. These 2 sources of variability (across- and within-consonant factors) explain the majority of listeners' errors. Moreover, simply adjusting for differences in token-level error thresholds explains 62% of the variability in listeners' responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that speech tests must control for the large variability among tokens, not average across them, as is commonly done in clinical practice. Accounting for token-level differences in error thresholds with listeners with normal hearing provides a basis for tests designed to diagnostically evaluate individual differences with listeners with hearing impairment.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Toscano
authors.forename: Jont B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D010700:Phonetics; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult