title: A 24-well plate assay for simultaneous testing of first and second line drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a high endemic setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early detection of drug resistance is one of the priorities of tuberculosis (TB) control programs as drug resistance is increasing. New molecular assays are only accessible for a minority of the second line drugs and their availability in high endemic settings is also hampered by high cost and logistic challenges. Therefore, we evaluated a previously developed method for drug susceptibility testing (DST) including both first- and second line anti-TB drugs for use in high endemic areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline mycobacterial isolates from 78 consecutive pulmonary TB patients from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia who were culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the end of a two-month directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) were included. The isolates were simultaneously tested for isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ethionamide and para-aminosalicylic acid susceptibility using the indirect proportion method adopted for 24-well agar plates containing Middlebrook 7H10 medium. Applying the 24-well plate assay, 43 (55.1%) isolates were resistant to one or more of the first line drugs tested (isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol). MDR-TB was identified in 20.5% of this selected group and there was a perfect correlation for rifampicin resistance with the results from the genotype MTBDRplus assay. All isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones in agreement with the genotype MTBDRsl assay. The only tested second line drug associated to resistance was ethionamide (14.1% resistant). The method was reproducible with stable results for internal controls (one multi-drug resistant (MDR) and one pan-susceptible strain (H37Rv) and DST results could be reported at two weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 24-well plate method for simultaneous DST for first- and second line drugs was found to be reproducible and correlated well to molecular drug susceptibility tests. It is likely to be useful in high-endemic areas for surveillance as well as for the detection of second line drug resistance in targeted groups such as in those who fail empirical MDR treatment.
authors.forename: Wassihun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wedajo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden. thomas.schon@ltkalmar.se.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedru
authors.forename: Teklu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiros
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hailu
authors.forename: Tesfamariam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mebrahtu
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yamuah
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ängeby
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werngren
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onyebujoh
authors.forename: Kifle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dagne
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aseffa
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011786:Quality Control; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents
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