title: A Longitudinal Study of the Outcome and Associated Factors of Subsyndromal and Syndromal Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies examining depression in older adults with schizophrenia have been limited by cross-sectional data. This study examines longitudinal changes in depression, predictors of depression, and the impact of depression on clinical and psychosocial variables in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 104 community-dwelling persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorder aged 55 and over who developed the disorder before age 45. Mean follow-up was 54 months (range: 12-116 months), mean age was 61 years, 55% were men, and 55% were white. Presence of subsyndromal or syndromal depression (SSSD) was defined as scoring >7 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in SSSD rates between interviews (61% baseline; 54% follow-up); 44% of the sample had SSSD at both assessments, 30% did not have SSSD at either assessment, 16% went from SSSD to nondepression, and 10% went from nondepression to SSSD. Similarly, 20%, 27%, and 53% of the sample exhibited >0.5 effect size increase, decrease, or no change, respectively, in their CES-D scores between assessments. There were two significant time 1 predictors of SSSD at time 2: SSSD and greater number of psychotropic medications. SSSD at time 1 predicted having higher time 2 anxiety scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent ("core") depression occurs in about two-fifths of persons, 30% remain persistently nondepressed, and one-fourth may fluctuate between depression and nondepression. No association was found between depression and most predictor variables. This study supports recent findings that schizophrenia in later life is not a quiescent state or one of affective withdrawal.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. Electronic address: carl.cohen@downstate.edu.
authors.forename: Carl I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Schizophrenia; depression; elderly; older adults