title: Tofu intake is associated with poor cognitive performance among community-dwelling elderly in China.
abstract: Tofu is a soy product which is commonly consumed in Asian countries, such as China and Indonesia. Several studies found negative associations of high tofu consumption with cognitive function in older Asian populations. However, the effect of tofu on cognitive function remains disputed as it was not found in Western populations. In the present study, the effect of weekly tofu intake on cognitive performance was investigated in an observational cross sectional study of 517 Chinese elderly from Shanghai. Similar to earlier studies, results showed that a higher weekly intake of tofu was associated with worse memory performance using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (β = -0.10, p = 0.01) after controlling for age, gender, education, being vegetarian, and weekly intake of fruit/juice, green vegetables, and orange/red vegetables. Furthermore, among older elderly (≥68 years of age), high tofu intake increased the risk of cognitive impairment indicative of dementia (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.99-1.64, p = 0.04), after adjusting for all covariates. Consumption of meat and green vegetables independently also reduced risk of dementia. To conclude, high intake of tofu was negatively related to cognitive performance among community-dwelling elderly in China. Similar findings were reported in Indonesia and in Japanese Americans in the US. These findings suggest that the effect of tofu on cognition in elderly should be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Division, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Memory, Ageing and Cognition Center, Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shifu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ageing Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tri Budi
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Rahardjo
authors.affiliation: Psychology Division, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Centre for Ageing Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Eef
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hogervorst
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D002681:China; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D045730:Soy Foods / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology
keywords: China; cognition; dementia; memory; tofu