title: Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and malignant disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inferior vena cava thrombosis (IVCT) is a rare event, and studies detailing its underlying aetiologies are scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-one IVCT patients (57% females, median age 47 years) were analysed with a focus on malignancy-related thrombosis and compared with 141 age- and sex-matched control patients with isolated lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Malignancies were more prevalent among IVCT patients compared with the control group (39% vs. 7.8%; P<0.001). Malignancy-related IVCT more frequently involved the suprarenal and hepatic segments of the IVC and extended more often to the right atrium than IVCT did in non-cancer patients. Among IVCT patients with malignancies, renal cell carcinoma (38%) and other malignancies of the genitourinary tract (25%) were the most common tumours. Analysis of the underlying pathological mechanisms of malignancy-related thrombosis identified external compression of the IVC by tumour masses in 9 cases (16%), and progression of malignancy into the IVC (so-called "tumour thrombosis") in 24 cases (44%). The remaining 22 cases (40%) were attributed to malignancy-related hypercoagulability and the presence of additional venous thromboembolism risk factors, such as previous surgery, immobilisation, or chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malignancies substantially contribute to the risk of thrombosis involving the IVC. Tumour invasion, especially in cases of renal cell cancer and malignancy-related hypercoagulability are major triggering factors for thrombogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Gundolf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuettfort
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tirneci
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haberichter
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwonberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schindewolf
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Edelgard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lindhoff-Last
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Electronic address: Birgit.Linnemann@kgu.de.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linnemann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Hypercoagulability; Inferior vena cava; Malignancy; Renal cell carcinoma; Thrombosis