title: Cervical arterial dissections and association with cervical manipulative therapy: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cervical artery dissections (CDs) are among the most common causes of stroke in young and middle-aged adults. The aim of this scientific statement is to review the current state of evidence on the diagnosis and management of CDs and their statistical association with cervical manipulative therapy (CMT). In some forms of CMT, a high or low amplitude thrust is applied to the cervical spine by a healthcare professional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Members of the writing group were appointed by the American Heart Association Stroke Council's Scientific Statements Oversight Committee and the American Heart Association's Manuscript Oversight Committee. Members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise and reviewed appropriate literature, references to published clinical and epidemiology studies, morbidity and mortality reports, clinical and public health guidelines, authoritative statements, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence and to indicate gaps in current knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with CD may present with unilateral headaches, posterior cervical pain, or cerebral or retinal ischemia (transient ischemic or strokes) attributable mainly to artery-artery embolism, CD cranial nerve palsies, oculosympathetic palsy, or pulsatile tinnitus. Diagnosis of CD depends on a thorough history, physical examination, and targeted ancillary investigations. Although the role of trivial trauma is debatable, mechanical forces can lead to intimal injuries of the vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries and result in CD. Disability levels vary among CD patients with many having good outcomes, but serious neurological sequelae can occur. No evidence-based guidelines are currently available to endorse best management strategies for CDs. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant treatments are both used for prevention of local thrombus and secondary embolism. Case-control and other articles have suggested an epidemiologic association between CD, particularly vertebral artery dissection, and CMT. It is unclear whether this is due to lack of recognition of preexisting CD in these patients or due to trauma caused by CMT. Ultrasonography, computed tomographic angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography are useful in the diagnosis of CD. Follow-up neuroimaging is preferentially done with noninvasive modalities, but we suggest that no single test should be seen as the gold standard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CD is an important cause of ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged patients. CD is most prevalent in the upper cervical spine and can involve the internal carotid artery or vertebral artery. Although current biomechanical evidence is insufficient to establish the claim that CMT causes CD, clinical reports suggest that mechanical forces play a role in a considerable number of CDs and most population controlled studies have found an association between CMT and VAD stroke in young patients. Although the incidence of CMT-associated CD in patients who have previously received CMT is not well established, and probably low, practitioners should strongly consider the possibility of CD as a presenting symptom, and patients should be informed of the statistical association between CD and CMT prior to undergoing manipulation of the cervical spine.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biller
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Felipe C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Bart M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Demaerschalk
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fayad
authors.forename: Preston H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Lori D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Noorollah
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Panagos
authors.forename: Wouter I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Schievink
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Ashfaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Thaler
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tirschwell
mesh_terms: D000572:American Heart Association; D006801:Humans; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States; D020217:Vertebral Artery Dissection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: AHA Scientific Statements; carotid artery dissection; cervical adjustment; cervical artery dissection; cervical manipulative therapy; diagnosis of cervical artery dissection; vertebral artery dissection