title: Intravenous butorphanol improves cardiopulmonary parameters in game-ranched white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) immobilized with etorphine and azaperone.
abstract: Abstract We immobilized 47 white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) for dehorning with 1-4 mg of etorphine HCl, 10-40 mg of azaperone, and 7,500 IU of hyaluronidase, at a game ranch in South Africa in November 2012. Forty-four received butorphanol intravenously 5 min after recumbency, at the rate of 10 mg of butorphanol per 1 mg of etorphine, and three animals did not. When possible, blood gas and physiologic parameters were measured immediately before butorphanol administration and 10 min later. Statistically significant improvements were observed, with a reduction in pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure, and with an increase in arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate in animals administered butorphanol. In the three animals that did not receive butorphanol, no improvement was apparent. Butorphanol given to recumbent white rhinoceroses immediately after immobilization was associated with improved blood gas values and cardiopulmonary function for at least 10 min. Studies on the sustainability of these effects are necessary.
authors.affiliation: 1  School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia.
authors.forename: Wayne S J
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Boardman
authors.forename: Charles G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Caraguel
authors.forename: Jacobus P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Raath
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Zijll Langhout
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001376:Azaperone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005048:Etorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D001376:Azaperone; D005048:Etorphine; D002077:Butorphanol; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Blood gas values; Ceratotherium simum; butorphanol; etorphine; hypoxemia; immobilization; white rhinoceros