title: How to assess solid waste management in armed conflicts? A new methodology applied to the Gaza Strip, Palestine.
abstract: We have developed a new methodology for assessing solid waste management in a situation of armed conflict. This methodology is composed of six phases with specific activities, and suggested methods and tools. The collection, haulage, and disposal of waste in low- and middle-income countries is so complicated and expensive task for municipalities, owing to several challenges involved, that some waste is left in illegal dumps. Armed conflicts bring further constraints, such as instability, the sudden increase in violence, and difficulty in supplying equipment and spare parts: planning is very difficult and several projects aimed at improving the situation have failed. The methodology was validated in the Gaza Strip, where the geopolitical situation heavily affects natural resources. We collected information in a holistic way, crosschecked, and discussed it with local experts, practitioners, and authorities. We estimated that in 2011 only 1300 tonne day(-1) were transported to the three disposal sites, out of a production exceeding 1700. Recycling was very limited, while the composting capacity was 3.5 tonnes day(-1), but increasing. We carefully assessed system elements and their interaction. We identified the challenges, and developed possible solutions to increase system effectiveness and robustness. The case study demonstrated that our methodology is flexible and adaptable to the context, thus it could be applied in other areas to improve the humanitarian response in similar situations.
authors.affiliation: University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caniato
authors.affiliation: University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy vaccari@ing.unibs.it.
authors.forename: Mentore
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccari
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D011156:Population Density; D059027:Recycling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D012987:Soil; D062611:Solid Waste; D014857:Warfare; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: Gaza Strip; armed conflict; assessment methodology; low- and middle-income countries; municipal solid waste; project sustainability; solid waste management