title: Stem cells and gliomas: past, present, and future.
abstract: The recognition of stem cells (SC) in the adult CNS and in association with gliomas has spawned an entire field of research and intense investigation. A large body of knowledge is being accumulated to gain insight into the pathobiology of gliomas with the intent of finally improving the grave prognosis that continues to beset patients with high grade gliomas (HGG). In this article, we provide a historical overview of the events leading to the discovery of SC and glioma stem cells (GSC). We then focus on the current understanding of GSC with respect to markers, clinical significance, and their targeting. We discuss current data and developments using SC as vehicles to delivery therapeutic agents to HGG. We conclude with a discussion of opportunities for future development and concepts aimed at reducing tumor recurrence and improving survival for patients with HGG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1136, New York, NY, 10029, USA, isabelle.germano@mountsinai.org.
authors.forename: Isabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Germano
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Binello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005910:Glioma / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2009 Feb 17;6(2):e1000029
references.pmid: 19226183
references.citation: EMBO J. 2011 Mar 2;30(5):800-13
references.pmid: 21297581
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2009 Apr;27(4):980-7
references.pmid: 19353526
references.citation: Nat Protoc. 2013 Mar;8(3):568-82
references.pmid: 23429718
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 May 1;67(9):4010-5
references.pmid: 17483311
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Apr;13(4):948-61
references.pmid: 24526161
references.citation: Cell. 2011 Jul 22;146(2):209-21
references.pmid: 21737130
references.citation: Neuromolecular Med. 2012 Dec;14(4):303-16
references.pmid: 22711523
references.citation: Cell. 1999 Jan 8;96(1):25-34
references.pmid: 9989494
references.citation: EMBO Mol Med. 2013 Aug;5(8):1196-212
references.pmid: 23818228
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2014 Nov 1;23(21):2626-36
references.pmid: 24914471
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2011 Nov;102(11):1958-66
references.pmid: 21848914
references.citation: Nature. 2006 Dec 7;444(7120):756-60
references.pmid: 17051156
references.citation: Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Sep;11(9):1863-72
references.pmid: 22772423
references.citation: Surg Neurol. 2007 Aug;68(2):133-43; discussion 143-4
references.pmid: 17537489
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2012 Sep;22(5):677-88
references.pmid: 22257080
references.citation: Cell Death Dis. 2012 Oct 18;3:e412
references.pmid: 23076220
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2012 Nov;3(11):1439-54
references.pmid: 23183822
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2004 Jul;11(14):1155-64
references.pmid: 15141157
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2009 Apr;11(2):102-8
references.pmid: 18676359
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2013 May 28;108(10):2005-12
references.pmid: 23632480
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Sep 15;72(18):4856-68
references.pmid: 22865458
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 15;14(24):8205-12
references.pmid: 19088037
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 1;14(1):123-9
references.pmid: 18172261
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2013 Apr;31(4):627-40
references.pmid: 23335250
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2014 Mar 1;134(5):1123-31
references.pmid: 24037901
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2012 Feb 10;21(3):404-10
references.pmid: 21631388
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1965 Jun;124(3):319-35
references.pmid: 5861717
references.citation: Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1807-12
references.pmid: 18772396
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2010 May;58(6):903-10
references.pmid: 20045420
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 May 1;83(1):e43-52
references.pmid: 22516386
references.citation: Nat Med. 1997 Jul;3(7):730-7
references.pmid: 9212098
references.citation: Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010 Jan;43(1):51-9
references.pmid: 18761091
references.citation: Lancet. 1982 Apr 17;1(8277):885-7
references.pmid: 6122104
references.citation: Nature. 2004 Nov 18;432(7015):396-401
references.pmid: 15549107
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2390-4
references.pmid: 6572982
references.citation: Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1754-7
references.pmid: 10976069
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2013 May 1;22(9):1370-86
references.pmid: 23231075
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2008 Sep;7(9):1341-7
references.pmid: 18719364
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 May 8;5(184):184ra59
references.pmid: 23658244
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2010 Sep;17(9):664-74
references.pmid: 20523363
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 2005 Jul;103(1):115-23
references.pmid: 16121982
references.citation: J Neurooncol. 2014 Apr;117(2):225-34
references.pmid: 24493576
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Oct 4;449(7162):557-63
references.pmid: 17914389
references.citation: J Neurooncol. 2009 May;93(1):79-87
references.pmid: 19430884
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2013 Mar;20(3):396-407
references.pmid: 23175182
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2012 Feb;33(5):1462-76
references.pmid: 22098779
references.citation: Transl Oncol. 2009 Dec;2(4):247-57
references.pmid: 19956386
references.citation: Nature. 2001 Nov 1;414(6859):105-11
references.pmid: 11689955
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e4992
references.pmid: 19352430
references.citation: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 24;27:85
references.pmid: 19108713
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2012 Mar;14(3):256-65
references.pmid: 22166262
references.citation: Glia. 2010 Jul;58(9):1050-65
references.pmid: 20468047
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2010 Oct;12(10):1024-33
references.pmid: 20627895
references.citation: J Clin Neurosci. 2012 Dec;19(12):1700-5
references.pmid: 23084350
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1986;70(3-4):209-19
references.pmid: 3020858
references.citation: Neurosurgery. 2008 Feb;62(2):505-14; discussion 514-5
references.pmid: 18382330
references.citation: Neuropathology. 2011 Oct;31(5):494-502
references.pmid: 21269333
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Aug 15;72(16):4119-29
references.pmid: 22693253
references.citation: J Neurosurg. 2007 Apr;106(4):646-51
references.pmid: 17432717