title: The effects of different doses of ketamine on quality of normal ejaculated sperm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine, an injectable anesthetic in human and animal medicine, is also a recreational drug used by young adults. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ketamine on membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation and sperm parameters in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted on 40 males with normal semen samples over one month (August 2012). Subjects were randomly allocated to four groups (Control and case I, II and III) whose semen samples were adjusted to different concentrations of ketamine (1, 3, 5 µL) for one hour. Sperm analysis was performed for routine parameters, motility and morphology. Evaluation of membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation was done by eosin-Y staining and the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test, respectively. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's tests. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total sperm motility in all case groups were significantly lower compared with the control group. In case group III, progressive motility showed significant difference with case group II. After addition of ketamine, sperm had evidence of coiled tails in all case groups compared to the control group however this observation was not significant. Evaluation of membrane integrity showed the rate of necrospermia increased in all case groups. However, ketamine only significantly affected membrane integrity in case group III. SCD staining showed that in the control group nucleoids with medium halos (63.44 ± 1.2) were significantly different compared to the case groups I (15.44 ± 0.45), II (9.05±1.16) and III (10.55 ± 1.14), respectively. Between case groups, nucleoids with large and medium halos showed significant differences in case groups II and III compared with case group I. Nucleoids with medium halos were significantly different between case groups II and III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine, through its effect on membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation, decreased sperm viability and caused abnormal sperm parameters in progressive motility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Forouzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Absalan
authors.affiliation: Shiraz- Human Assisted Reproductive Center, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghannadi
authors.affiliation: Shiraz- Human Assisted Reproductive Center, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zabihi
keywords: DNA Fragmentation; Ketamine; Membrane Integrity; Sperm
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