title: Halogenated flame retardants in baby food from the United States and from China and the estimated dietary intakes by infants.
abstract: Three categories of baby food (formula, cereal, and puree) were bought from United States and Chinese stores in 2013 and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and related flame retardants. The primary goal of this project was to investigate whether there were differences in the levels of flame retardants between these two nations' baby foods. The median concentrations of total PBDEs (sum of BDE-17, -28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -153, -183, and -209) were 21 and 36 pg/g fresh weight for the Unites States and Chinese baby foods, respectively. Among non-PBDE flame retardants, hexabromobenzene, Dechlorane Plus (DP), and decabromodiphenylethane were frequently detected (22-57%) with median concentrations of 1.6, 8.7, and 17 pg/g fresh weight for United States samples, and 1.3, 13, and 20 pg/g fresh weight for Chinese samples. In general, the flame retardant concentrations in the United States and Chinese samples were not statistically different, but very high DP concentrations were observed in one Chinese formula sample (4000 pg/g) and in one United States cereal sample (430 pg/g), possibly suggesting contamination of the raw materials or contamination during production of these two samples. A comparison of median estimated daily dietary intake rates of BDE-47, -99, and -153 with existing reference doses for neurodevelopmental toxicity and other existing criteria suggested no concerns for the consumption of these baby foods.
authors.affiliation: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.
authors.forename: Liang-Ying
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salamova
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hites
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000032:analysis*; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D008055:Lipids