title: A proteomic analysis of the endometrium in obese and overweight women with recurrent miscarriage: preliminary evidence for an endometrial defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overweight and obese women have been shown to have an increased risk of recurrent miscarriage as well as other adverse reproductive outcomes, but it is yet unclear whether this is due to an effect on the endometrium, embryo or both. The current study employs proteomic analysis to examine for a potential endometrial defect in obese and overweight women with recurrent miscarriage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteomic tissue analysis of 21 endometrial samples obtained In the midluteal phase from 16 women with recurrent miscarriage (obese, n=12 and lean, n=4) and 5 fertile volunteers (Obese, n=2 and Lean, n=3). Proteins were separated using 2-D gel electrophoresis and principle component analysis was used to quantitatively compare protein expression between groups. Protein spots showing significantly altered expression were identified using mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese and overweight recurrent miscarriage patients had a significantly increased endometrial expression of haptoglobin compared to their lean counterparts (p=0.01). These patients also displayed a significant increase in endometrial expression of transthyretin (p=0.04) and beta- globulin (p=0.04). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of the studied groups also demonstrated that endometrial samples could be grouped based on differences in the BMI, suggesting that obesity is an independent factor influencing endometrial protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide preliminary evidence for an alteration in the endometrial protein profile in overweight/obese women with recurrent miscarriage mainly in the form of increased haptoglobin, an inflammatory marker associated with obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Jessop Wing and Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK. mmetwally@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metwally
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preece
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: Tin Chiu
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012306:Risk; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C485359:HP protein, human; D006242:Haptoglobins; D021122:Protein Subunits
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