title: Triiodothyronine and breast cancer.
abstract: The thyroid hormones (THs), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are essential for survival; they are involved in the processes of development, growth, and metabolism. In addition to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, THs are involved in other diseases. The role of THs in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelium is well established; however, their specific role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) is controversial. Steroid hormones affect many human cancers and the abnormal responsiveness of the mammary epithelial cells to estradiol (E2) in particular is known to be an important cause for the development and progression of BC. The proliferative effect of T3 has been demonstrated in various types of cancer. In BC cell lines, T3 may foster the conditions for tumor proliferation and increase the effect of cell proliferation by E2; thus, T3 may play a role in the development and progression of BC. Studies show that T3 has effects similar to E2 in BC cell lines. Despite controversy regarding the relationship between thyroid disturbances and the incidence of BC, studies show that thyroid status may influence the development of tumor, proliferation and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: De Sibio
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Miriane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Cristina Fontes
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Moretto
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regiane Marques Castro
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Olimpio
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandro José
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Carbonera
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Luvizon
authors.affiliation: Maria Teresa De Sibio, Miriane de Oliveira, Fernanda Cristina Fontes Moretto, Regiane Marques Castro Olimpio, Sandro José Conde, Célia Regina Nogueira, Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia Regina
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nogueira
keywords: Breast cancer; Mammary gland and metabolism; Thyroid hormone; Triiodothyronine
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