title: Host-specific microbial communities in three sympatric North Sea sponges.
abstract: The establishment of next-generation technology sequencing has deepened our knowledge of marine sponge-associated microbiota with the identification of at least 32 phyla of Bacteria and Archaea from a large number of sponge species. In this study, we assessed the diversity of the microbial communities hosted by three sympatric sponges living in a semi-enclosed North Sea environment using pyrosequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments. The three sponges harbor species-specific communities each dominated by a different class of Proteobacteria. An α-proteobacterial Rhodobacter-like phylotype was confirmed as the predominant symbiont of Halichondria panicea. The microbial communities of Haliclona xena and H. oculata are described for the first time in this study and are dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, respectively. Several common phylotypes belonging to Chlamydiae, TM6, Actinobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria were detected in all sponge samples. A number of phylotypes of the phylum Chlamydiae were present at an unprecedentedly high relative abundance of up to 14.4 ± 1.4% of the total reads, which suggests an important ecological role in North Sea sponges. These Chlamydiae-affiliated operational taxonomic units may represent novel lineages at least at the genus level as they are only 86-92% similar to known sequences.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Azrul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Naim
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morillo
authors.forename: Søren J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Abu Al-Soud
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Waleed
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smidt
authors.forename: Detmer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sipkema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D044822:Biodiversity; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009659:North Sea; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Chlamydiae; Proteobacteria; host-specific; microbial diversity; pyrosequencing; sponge microbiota