title: Age effects on the default mode and control networks in typically developing children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The investigation of neurodevelopment during late childhood and pre-adolescence has recently attracted a great deal of interest in the field of neuroimaging. One promising topic in this field is the formation of brain networks in healthy subjects. The integration between neural modules characterizes the ability of the network to process information globally. Although many fMRI-based neurodevelopment studies can be found in the literature, the analyses of very large samples (on the order of hundreds of subjects) that focus on the late childhood/pre-adolescence period and resting state fMRI are scarce, and most studies have focused solely on North American and European populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we present a descriptive investigation of the developmental formation of the Default Mode Network and the Control Network based on a Brazilian, cross-sectional community sample of 447 typically developing subjects aged 7-15 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resting state fMRI data were acquired using two MRI systems from the same manufacturer using the same acquisition parameters. We estimated the age effects on the strength of the links (between brain regions) and the network features (graph descriptors: degree and eigenvector centrality).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings showed an increase in the antero-posterior connectivity in both studied networks during brain development. The graph analyses showed an increase in centrality with age for most regions in the Default Mode Network and the dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate, the right anterior insula and the left posterior temporal cortex in the Control Network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the period of 7-15 years of age is crucial for the development of both the Default Mode and Control networks, with integration between the posterior and anterior neuronal modules and an increase in the centrality measures of the hub regions.
authors.affiliation: Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil. Electronic address: joao.sato@ufabc.edu.br.
authors.forename: João Ricardo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovanni Abrahão
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Salum
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe Almeida
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Picon
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Mario
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Program, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zugman
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Queiroz
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Hoexter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anés
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Monteiro
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gomes Del'Aquilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Acioly
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Euripedes Constantino
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Affonseca
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea Parolin
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Jackowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D012146:Rest
keywords: Brain networks; Graph theory; Healthy; Neurodevelopment; Neuroimaging; Typical development