title: The effects of LPS on adhesion and migration of human dental pulp stem cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the migration and adhesion of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and the associated intracellular signalling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  hDPSCs obtained from impacted third molars were exposed to LPS and in vitro cell adhesion and migration were evaluated. The effects of LPS on gene expression of adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors were investigated using quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain (qRT-PCR). The potential involvement of nuclear factor NF-kappa-B (NF-κB) or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways in the migration and adhesion of hDPSCs induced by LPS was assessed using a transwell cell migration assay and qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS promoted the adhesion of hDPSCs at 1μg/mL and 10μg/mL concentrations, 1μg/mL LPS showing the greater effect. Transwell cell migration assay demonstrated that LPS increased migration of hDPSCs at 1μg/mL concentration while decreasing it significantly at 10μg/mL. The mRNA expressions of adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors were enhanced significantly after stimulation with 1μg/mL LPS. Specific inhibitors for NF-κB and extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and P38, markedly antagonised LPS-induced adhesion and migration of hDPSCs and also significantly abrogated LPS-induced up-regulation of adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors. In addition, specific inhibitors of SDF-1/CXCR4, AMD3100 significantly diminished LPS-induced migration of hDPSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS at specific concentrations can promote cell adhesion and migration in hDPSCs via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways by up-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules and chemotactic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS may influence pulp healing through enhancing the adhesion and migration of human dental pulp stem cells when it enters into pulp during pulp exposure or deep caries.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of VIP Dental Care, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China; NingXia People's Hospital, Department of Stomatology, NingXia, Yinchuan 750021, PR China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Yaqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Fengle
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhihua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhirong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
authors.forename: Zeyuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China. Electronic address: hewenxi@fmmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wenxi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001596:Benzylamines; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000032:analysis; D000080027:Cyclams; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology*; D004926:Escherichia coli; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D001596:Benzylamines; D002070:Butadienes; C515255:CXCL12 protein, human; C527276:CXCR4 protein, human; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D000080027:Cyclams; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D007093:Imidazoles; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D011725:Pyridines; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D013859:Thiocarbamates; C113580:U 0126; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C088327:plerixafor
keywords: Adhesion; LPS; MAPK; Migration; NF-κB; hDPSCs