title: Hostility and the risk of peptic ulcer in the GAZEL cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence for an association between hostility and peptic ulcer mainly relies on cross-sectional studies. Prospective studies are rare and have not used a validated measure of hostility. This prospective study aimed to examine the association between hostility and peptic ulcer in the large-scale French GAZEL cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1993, 14,674 participants completed the Buss and Durkee Hostility Inventory. Participants were annually followed-up from 1994 to 2011. Diagnosis of peptic ulcer was self-reported. The association between hostility scores and ulcer incidence was measured by hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals computed through Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 13,539 participants free of peptic ulcer history at baseline, 816 reported a peptic ulcer during a mean follow-up of 16.8 years. Adjusting for potential confounders, including smoking, occupational grade, and a proxy for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure, ulcer incidence was positively associated with total hostility (HR per SD: 1.23, confidence interval: 1.14-1.31), behavioral hostility (HR per SD: 1.13, confidence interval: 1.05-1.21), cognitive hostility (HR per SD: 1.26, confidence interval: 1.18-1.35), and irritability (HR per SD: 1.20, confidence interval: 1.12-1.29). The risk of peptic ulcer increased from the lowest to the highest quartile for all hostility measures (p for linear trend < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hostility might be associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer. Should these results be replicated, further studies would be needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemogne
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte et du sujet âgé
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: Aventino Medical Group.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levenstein
authors.affiliation: Université Pierre et Marie Curie.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melchior
authors.affiliation: University of Versailles Saint-Quentin.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nabi
authors.affiliation: University of Versailles Saint-Quentin.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ducimetière
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Limosin
authors.affiliation: University of Versailles Saint-Quentin.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: University of Versailles Saint-Quentin.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zins
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes.
authors.forename: Silla M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Consoli
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors