title: A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a significant public health problem due to dinoflagellates. It is responsible for one of the highest reported incidence of seafood-borne illness and Groupers are commonly reported as a source of CFP due to their position in the food chain. With the role of recent climate change on harmful algal blooms, CFP cases might become more frequent and more geographically widespread. Since there is no appropriate treatment for CFP, the most efficient solution is to regulate fish consumption. Such a strategy can only work if the fish sold are correctly identified, and it has been repeatedly shown that misidentifications and species substitutions occur in fish markets.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide here both a DNA-barcoding reference for groupers, and a new phylogenetic reconstruction based on five genes and a comprehensive taxonomical sampling. We analyse the correlation between geographic range of species and their susceptibility to ciguatera accumulation, and the co-occurrence of ciguatoxins in closely related species, using both character mapping and statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Misidentifications were encountered in public databases, precluding accurate species identifications. Epinephelinae now includes only twelve genera (vs. 15 previously). Comparisons with the ciguatera incidences show that in some genera most species are ciguateric, but statistical tests display only a moderate correlation with the phylogeny. Atlantic species were rarely contaminated, with ciguatera occurrences being restricted to the South Pacific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recent changes in classification based on the reanalyses of the relationships within Epinephelidae have an impact on the interpretation of the ciguatera distribution in the genera. In this context and to improve the monitoring of fish trade and safety, we need to obtain extensive data on contamination at the species level. Accurate species identifications through DNA barcoding are thus an essential tool in controlling CFP since meal remnants in CFP cases can be easily identified with molecular tools.
authors.affiliation: UMR 7138 "Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, Paris, France; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular biology, Aquatic animal health, Moncton, Canada.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schoelinck
authors.affiliation: UMR 7138 "Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Damien D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hinsinger
authors.affiliation: UMR 7138 "Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dettaï
authors.affiliation: Génoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, Évry, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruaud
authors.affiliation: UMR 7138 "Systématique, Adaptation, Évolution", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Lou
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Justine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D036841:Ciguatera Poisoning / Q000235:genetics*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005399:Fishes / Q000145:classification*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
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