title: An enantiomerically pure formulation of esmolol attenuates hypotension and preserves heart rate control in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esmolol is marketed as a racemate (RS-esmolol) with hypotension being the most frequently reported adverse event. Previously, it has been shown that the S-enantiomer (S-esmolol) possesses all of the heart rate (HR) control. The authors studied whether S-esmolol alone mitigates hypotension at similar degrees of HR control compared with RS-esmolol.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of RS- and S-esmolol on blood pressure (BP) were compared at multiple infusion rates producing similar HR control in dogs (N=21). Differences in BP were further interrogated by monitoring global cardiovascular function and included the R-enantiomer (R-esmolol) (N=3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  S-esmolol at half the rate (μg kg min) of RS-esmolol provided the same degree of HR control over all infusion rates. RS-esmolol lowered BP by 3, 6, 11, 20, and 38 mmHg at 90, 300, 600, 1,000, and 2,000 μg kg min, compared with 2, 4, 5, 10, and 16 mmHg at 45, 150, 300, 500, and 1,000 μg kg min for S-esmolol. Decreased BP with RS-esmolol was attributed to decreases in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) (-34 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (-702 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (-1 l/min). R-esmolol also decreased BP (-10 mmHg), LVDP (-10 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (-241 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (to -0.2 l/min). S-esmolol reversed these trends toward pre-esmolol values by increasing BP (+13 mmHg), LVDP (+12 mmHg), LVdP/dt+max (+76 mmHg/s), and cardiac output (+0.4 l/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  R-enantiomer provided no HR control, but contributed to the hypotension with RS-esmolol, which appears to be due to negative inotropy. Thus, an S-enantiomer formulation of esmolol may provide similar HR control with less hypotension.
authors.affiliation: From the Medical Products, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Barrett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rabinow
authors.forename: Justin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Daller
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohatgi
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004285:Dogs; D004355:Drug Stability; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; D007545:Isoproterenol; C036604:esmolol