title: Pregnancy, breast-feeding, and marijuana: a review article.
abstract: Marijuana is a commonly used drug. At present, it remains an illegal substance in most areas of the United States. Recent controversy regarding the perceived harms of this drug has resulted in debate in both legal and medical circles. This review examines evidence regarding the effects of marijuana exposure during pregnancy and breast-feeding. We examined studies pertaining to fetal growth, pregnancy outcomes, neonatal findings, and continued development of fetuses and neonates exposed to marijuana through adolescence. In addition, the legal implications for women using marijuana in pregnancy are discussed with recommendations for the care of these patients. The current evidence suggests subtle effects of heavy marijuana use on developmental outcomes of children. However, these effects are not sufficient to warrant concerns above those associated with tobacco use. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance in the United States. It is predominantly used for its pleasurable physical and psychotropic effects. With the recent changes to legislature in Colorado and Washington State making the recreational use of marijuana legal, marijuana has gained national attention. This raises the question: If it is legal for a woman to consume marijuana, what is the safety of this activity in pregnancy and breast-feeding? Moreover, do the harms of marijuana use on the fetus or infant justify the mandatory reporting laws in some states?
authors.affiliation: Fellow, Maternal Fetal Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002188:Cannabis / Q000633:toxicity; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*