title: Updates in reconstruction of skull base defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skull base surgery has undergone a fundamental transformation with the development and rapid adoption of endoscopic endonasal expanded approaches. Defects created from these newer approaches have necessitated an evolution of novel reconstructive techniques, which are reviewed here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New reconstructive techniques continue to be developed for repairing surgical defects from endoscopic endonasal skull base resections. Improvisations also allow well known flaps to be used in these approaches. Long term outcomes from repair using some of these techniques are now becoming available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic resection of previously unapproachable skull base lesions has become possible with advancements in technology, as well as reconstructive methods. These newer techniques may offer improved outcomes and lower morbidity over conventional surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Devyani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lal
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Cain
mesh_terms: D062088:Acellular Dermis; D064591:Allografts; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps