title: Treatment effectiveness of Fränkel function regulator on the Class III malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Fränkel function regulator III appliance (FR-3) has been used to correct Class III malocclusions for many years; however, its treatment effectiveness is controversial. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of the FR-3 in treating patients with Class III malocclusion in the growth and development period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Scirus, Lilacs, Scopus, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched electronically. Relevant journals and reference lists of included studies were manually searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan (version 5.2; Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven high-quality cohort studies were included. The meta-analysis showed that SNA changes did not differ in the short (mean difference, 0.43°; 95% CI, -0.52°-1.39°) and long (mean difference, 0.37°; 95% CI, -0.29°-1.03°) terms. However, SNB changes significantly differed in the short (mean difference, -1.62°; 95% CI, -2.62° to -0.62°) and long (mean difference, -1.50°; 95% CI, -2.12° to -0.88°) terms. By contrast, MPA changes did not differ in the short term (mean difference, 0.55°; 95% CI, -0.74°-1.84°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical evidence suggests that the FR-3 might restrict mandibular growth but not stimulate forward movement of the maxilla. Further high-quality studies are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of the FR-3.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xianrui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Attending doctor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Chunjie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Professor and director, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Ding
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Naichuan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: xhan@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xianglong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome