title: Alteration of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive review.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the key role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the development of T1DM. However, the changes in Treg expression and function as well as the regulation of these activities are not clearly elucidated. Most studies on the role of Tregs in T1DM were performed on peripheral blood rather than pancreas or pancreatic lymph nodes. Tissue-based studies are more difficult to perform, and there is a lack of histological data to support the role of Tregs in T1DM. In spite of this, strategies to increase Treg cell number and/or function have been viewed as potential therapeutic approaches in treating T1DM, and several clinical trials using these strategies have already emerged. Notably, many trials fail to demonstrate clinical response even when Treg treatment successfully boosts Tregs. In view of this, whether a failure of Tregs does exist and contribute to the development of T1DM and whether more Tregs would be clinically beneficial to patients should be carefully taken into consideration before applying Tregs as treatments in T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, and Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Zhiguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002450:Cell Communication; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001324:Autoantigens; D017252:CD3 Complex
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