title: Vitamin C Transporters, Recycling and the Bystander Effect in the Nervous System: SVCT2 versus Gluts.
abstract: Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient in the human diet; its deficiency leads to a number of symptoms and ultimately death. After entry into cells within the central nervous system (CNS) through sodium vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs), vitamin C functions as a neuromodulator, enzymatic cofactor, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger; it also stimulates differentiation. In this review, we will compare the molecular and structural aspects of vitamin C and glucose transporters and their expression in endothelial or choroid plexus cells, which form part of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, respectively. Additionally, we will describe SVCT and GLUT expression in different cells of the brain as well as SVCT2 distribution in tanycytes and astrocytes of the hypothalamic region. Finally, we will describe vitamin C recycling in the brain, which is mediated by a metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons, and the role of the "bystander effect" in the recycling mechanism of vitamin C in both normal and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nualart
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cisternas
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Ernesto R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bongarzone
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Marjet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heitzer
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Nery
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrada
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Neurobiology and Stem cell Laboratory, Concepcion University, Chile.
authors.forename: Katterine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salazar
keywords: Ascorbic acid; Astrocytes; Dehydroascorbic acid; Nervous System; Neurons; Recycling; Stem cells; Tanycytesl; Vitamin C: SVCT2: GLUTs: Bystander effect
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