title: Role of fruits, grains, and seafood consumption in blood cadmium concentrations of Jamaican children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder.
abstract: Human exposure to cadmium has adverse effects on the nervous system. Utilizing data from 110 age- and sex-matched case-control pairs (220 children) ages 2-8 years in Kingston, Jamaica, we compared the 75thpercentile of blood cadmium concentrations in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In both univariable and multivariable Quantile Regression Models that controlled for potential confounding factors, we did not find any significant differences between ASD cases and typically developing (TD) controls with respect to the 75thpercentile of blood cadmium concentrations, (P> 0.22). However, we found a significantly higher 75thpercentile of blood cadmium concentrations in TD Jamaican children who consumed shellfish (lobsters, crabs) (P <0.05), fried plantain (P<0.01), and boiled dumpling (P<0.01). We also observed that children living in Jamaica have an arithmetic mean blood cadmium concentration of 0.16μg/L which is similar to that of the children in developed countries and much lower than that of children in developing countries. Although our results do not support an association between blood cadmium concentrations and ASD, to our knowledge, this study is the first to report levels of blood cadmium in TD children as well as those with ASD in Jamaica.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (EHGES), University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, and Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, and Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rahbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samms-Vaughan
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (EHGES), University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Aisha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loveland
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Manouchehr
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ardjomand-Hessabi
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bressler
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: MinJae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Sydonnie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakespeare-Pellington
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Grove
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences (EHGES), Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cadmium; Fruits; Grains; Jamaica; Seafood
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