title: Association between alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a meta-analysis summarizing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality (ACM) in relation to alcohol consumption in patients with hypertension, focusing on clarifying dose-response associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and EMBASE were searched for eligible prospective cohort studies from December 3, 1949, through January 18, 2014. The semi-parameter method and dose-response analysis were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies (11 cohorts) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the lowest alcohol level (abstainers/occasional drinkers), the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68-0.77) for the third highest category (median, 10 g/d), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.71-0.93) for the second highest category (median, 20 g/d), and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.54-0.67) for the highest category (median, 30 g/d). A J-shaped relationship between alcohol use and ACM was observed, and the nadir (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76-0.88) was found to be at a dose of 8 to 10 g of alcohol consumption per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings of this meta-analysis suggest that low-to-moderate alcohol consumption was inversely significantly associated with the risk of CVD and ACM in patients with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu-Jian
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: De-Jia
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Su-Qing
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China. Electronic address: heqiqiang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Qi-Qiang
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors