title: Feedback in action within bedside teaching encounters: a video ethnographic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feedback associated with teaching activities is often synonymous with reflection on action, which comprises the evaluative assessment of performance out of its original context. Feedback in action (as correction during clinical encounters) is an underexplored, complementary resource facilitating students' understanding and learning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to explore the interactional patterns and correction modalities utilised in feedback sequences between doctors and students within general practice-based bedside teaching encounters (BTEs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative video ethnographic approach was used. Participants were recorded in their natural settings to allow interactional practices to be contextually explored. We examined 12 BTEs recorded across four general practices and involving 12 patients, four general practitioners and four medical students (209 minutes and 20 seconds of data) taken from a larger corpus. Data analysis was facilitated by Transana video analysis software and informed by previous conversation analysis research in ordinary conversation, classrooms and health care settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A range of correction strategies across a spectrum of underlying explicitness were identified. Correction strategies classified at extreme poles of this scale (high or low explicitness) were believed to be less interactionally effective. For example, those using abrupt closing of topics (high explicitness) or interactional ambiguity (low explicitness) were thought to be less effective than embedded correction strategies that enabled the student to reach the correct answer with support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that educators who are explicitly taught linguistic strategies for how to manage feedback in BTEs might manage learning more effectively. For example, clinicians might maximise learning moments during BTEs by avoiding abrupt or ambiguous feedback practices. Embedded correction strategies can enhance student participation by guiding students towards the correct answer. Clinician corrections can sensitively manage student face-saving by minimising the exposure of student error to patients. Furthermore, we believe that the effective practices highlighted by our analysis might facilitate successful transformation of feedback in action into feedback for action.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Chantelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elsey
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lemon
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Lynn V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Monrouxe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D013337:Students, Medical; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult