title: Developmental trajectories of multisite musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms: the effects of job demands and resources and individual factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate developmental paths in multisite musculoskeletal pain (MPS) and depressive symptoms (DPS) and the effects of job demands (JD), job resources (JR), optimism and health-related lifestyle on these paths. We expected to find four trajectories--Low Symptoms, High Pain, High Depression and High Symptoms--and hypothesised that high JDs, low JRs, low optimism and adverse lifestyle predict belonging to trajectories with high symptom levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on Finnish firefighters (N = 360) were collected in 1996, 1999 and 2009. The effects of JDs (mental and physical workload), JRs (supervisory relations, interpersonal relations, task resources), optimism and lifestyle (alcohol consumption, smoking, physical exercise, sleeping) on MPS and DPS were assessed. Latent class growth modelling and multinomial logistic regression were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trajectories emerged: Low Symptoms; High Pain; and High Depression. In a multivariable model, high mental workload (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.5), poor interpersonal relations (2.6, 1.4-5.0), sleeping problems (2.7, 1.4-5.2) and low optimism (2.0, 1.0-3.7) predicted belonging to High Depression. Alcohol consumption (2.4, 1.4-4.1) and sleeping problems (2.1, 1.3-3.6) were related to High Pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different developmental paths in MPS and DPS are possible. Partly different factors predict the development of pain and depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: a Development of Work and Organizations , Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Auli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Airila
authors.forename: Jari J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hakanen
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luukkonen
authors.forename: Sirpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lusa
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Punakallio
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leino-Arjas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005387:Finland; D061388:Firefighters / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: depressive symptoms; firefighters; job demands; job resources; pain; personal resources