title: The impact of tobacco smoke exposure on wheezing and overweight in 4-6-year-old children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy, second-hand tobacco smoke (STS) exposure, education level, and preschool children's wheezing and overweight.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cohort study used data of the KANC cohort--1,489 4-6-year-old children from Kaunas city, Lithuania. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to study the influence of prenatal and postnatal STS exposure on the prevalence of wheezing and overweight, controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy had a slightly increased prevalence of wheezing and overweight. Postnatal exposure to STS was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of wheezing and overweight in children born to mothers with lower education levels (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.04-4.35 and 3.57; 95% CI 1.76-7.21, accordingly).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study findings suggest that both maternal smoking during pregnancy and STS increase the risk of childhood wheezing and overweight, whereas lower maternal education might have a synergetic effect. Targeted interventions must to take this into account and address household smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio Street 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4309-0208
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grazuleviciene
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio Street 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrusaityte
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio Street 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uzdanaviciute
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Diseases, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu Street 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudzyte
authors.affiliation: Department of Children Diseases, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu Street 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kevalas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000209:etiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
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