title: Resolution of deep nodes yields an improved backbone phylogeny and a new basal lineage to study early evolution of Asteraceae.
abstract: A backbone phylogeny that fully resolves all subfamily and deeper nodes of Asteraceae was constructed using 14 chloroplast DNA loci. The recently named genus Famatinanthus was found to be sister to the Mutisioideae-Asteroideae clade that represents more than 99% of Asteraceae and was found to have the two chloroplast inversions present in all Asteraceae except the nine genera of Barnadesioideae. A monotypic subfamily Famatinanthoideae and tribe Famatinantheae are named herein as new. Relationships among the basal lineages of the family were resolved with strong support in the Bayesian analysis as (Barnadesioideae (Famatinanthoideae (Mutisioideae (Stifftioideae (Wunderlichioideae-Asteroideae))))). Ancestral state reconstruction of ten morphological characters at the root node of the Asteraceae showed that the ancestral sunflower would have had a woody habit, alternate leaves, solitary capitulescences, epaleate receptacles, smooth styles, smooth to microechinate pollen surface sculpturing, white to yellow corollas, and insect-mediated pollination. Herbaceous habit, echinate pollen surface, pubescent styles, and cymose capitulescences were reconstructed for backbone nodes of the phylogeny corresponding to clades that evolved shortly after Asteraceae dispersed out of South America. No support was found for discoid capitula, multiseriate involucres or bird pollination as the ancestral character condition for any node. Using this more resolved phylogenetic tree, the recently described Raiguenrayun cura+Mutisiapollis telleriae fossil should be associated to a more derived node than previously suggested when time calibrating phylogenies of Asteraceae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: panero@utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Jose L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Panero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Casilla de Correo 22, Labardén 200, San Isidro (B1642HYD), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Susana E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ariza Espinar
authors.affiliation: P.O. Box 8315, Santa Fe, NM 87504, USA.
authors.forename: Bonnie S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Crozier
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y M. Allende s.n., Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gloria E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Barboza
authors.affiliation: Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento Biología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, C.P. X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cantero
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D005580:Fossils; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D054817:Pollination; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Ancestral character reconstruction; Anomalous taxa; Asteraceae fossil; Clade imbalance; South American biodiversity