title: Exposure to disinfectants (soap or hydrogen peroxide) increases tolerance to permethrin in Anopheles gambiae populations from the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rapid expansion of insecticide resistance is limiting the efficiency of malaria vector control interventions. However, current knowledge of factors inducing pyrethroid resistance remains incomplete. In the present study, the role of selection at the larval stage by disinfectants, such as soap and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), on adult mosquito resistance to permethrin was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larvae, were exposed to variable concentrations of soap and H2O2. Larvae surviving to acute toxicity assays after 24 hours were reared to the adult stage and exposed to permethrin. The susceptibility level of adults was compared to the untreated control group. The effect of soap or hydrogen peroxide selection on the length of larval development and emergence rate was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larval bioassays analysis showed a more acute effect of hydrogen peroxide on mosquito larvae compared to soap. The regression lines describing the dose mortality profile showed higher mean and variance to hydrogen peroxide than to soap. The duration of larval development (<5 days) and adults emergence rates (1 to 77%) were shorter and lower compare to control. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae surviving to selection with either soap or hydrogen peroxide or both, produced adults who were up to eight-times more resistant to permethrin than mosquitoes from the untreated control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that selective pressure exerted by non-insecticidal compounds such as soap and hydrogen peroxide affect An. gambiae s.l. tolerance to pyrethroids. This requires further studies with regard to the adaptation of An. gambiae s.l. to polluted habitats across sub-Saharan Africa cities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P,O, Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon. antonio_nk@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antonio-Nkondjio
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youmsi-Goupeyou
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kopya
authors.forename: Billy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tene-Fossog
authors.forename: Flobert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Njiokou
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Parfait
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Awono-Ambene
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D002163:Cameroon; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012915:Soaps / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D007306:Insecticides; D012915:Soaps; D026023:Permethrin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
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