title: The Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole) and the scientific advancement of women in the early 20th century: the example of Mary Jane Hogue (1883-1962).
abstract: The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, MA provided opportunities for women to conduct research in the late 19th and early 20th century at a time when many barriers existed to their pursuit of a scientific career. One woman who benefited from the welcoming environment at the MBL was Mary Jane Hogue. Her remarkable career as an experimental biologist spanned over 55 years. Hogue was born into a Quaker family in 1883 and received her undergraduate degree from Goucher College. She went to Germany to obtain an advanced degree, and her research at the University of Würzburg with Theodor Boveri resulted in her Ph.D. (1909). Although her research interests included experimental embryology, and the use of tissue culture to study a variety of cell types, she is considered foremost a protozoologist. Her extraordinary demonstration of chromidia (multiple fission) in the life history of a new species of Flabellula associated with diseased oyster beds is as important as it is ignored. We discuss Hogue's career path and her science to highlight the importance of an informal network of teachers, research advisors, and other women scientists at the MBL all of whom contributed to her success as a woman scientist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Williams College, 59 Lab Campus Drive, Williamstown, MA, USA, steven.j.zottoli@williams.edu.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zottoli
authors.forename: Ernst-August
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Seyfarth
mesh_terms: D004626:Embryology / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000266:history*; D008404:Massachusetts; D014481:United States
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1949 Mar;103(3):381-99
references.pmid: 18130368
references.citation: Genitourin Med. 1993 Feb;69(1):35-40
references.pmid: 8444480
references.citation: Am J Anat. 1953 Nov;93(3):397-427
references.pmid: 13104338
references.citation: Annu Rev Microbiol. 1971;25:210-30
references.pmid: 5005025
references.citation: J Protozool. 1964 Nov;11:447-65
references.pmid: 14231167
references.citation: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1995;2(6):267-74
references.pmid: 18475407
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1946 Dec;85(3):519-30
references.pmid: 20279126
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1955 Jul 1;102(1):29-36
references.pmid: 14392238
references.citation: Trans Am Microsc Soc. 1975 Jul;94(3):305-23
references.pmid: 1162837
references.citation: Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Mar;36(1):145-52
references.pmid: 8435939
references.citation: Rouxs Arch Dev Biol. 1994 May;203(6):295-297
references.pmid: 28305821
references.citation: Protist. 2000 Oct;151(3):275-82
references.pmid: 11079772
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1955 Aug;15(7):462-3
references.pmid: 13240690
references.citation: Science. 1949 Aug 19;110(2851):188-9
references.pmid: 17779829
references.citation: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 Apr;57(2):106-17
references.pmid: 6971140
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2000 Jul;68(7):4200-6
references.pmid: 10858237
references.citation: Arch Med Res. 1995 Autumn;26(3):279-85
references.pmid: 8580681
references.citation: Br J Vener Dis. 1984 Apr;60(2):99-105
references.pmid: 6608395
references.citation: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1975 Mar;136(3):142-9
references.pmid: 235032
references.citation: J Hist Biol. 1989 Summer;22(2):243-76
references.pmid: 11608947
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1947 Oct;99(2):157-62
references.pmid: 20266319
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 1999 Feb;1(2):149-56
references.pmid: 10594979
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Mar;9(3):231-8
references.pmid: 18268510
references.citation: Guys Hosp Rep. 1956;105(1):14-26
references.pmid: 13318460
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1947 Dec;99(4):523-9
references.pmid: 18895356
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1919 Nov 30;30(6):617-48
references.pmid: 19868382
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;23(4):672-8
references.pmid: 3486191
references.citation: Isis. 1997 Dec;88(4):627-52
references.pmid: 9519573
references.citation: Brain Behav Evol. 1994;43(2):92-106
references.pmid: 8143146
references.citation: J Parasitol. 1970 Oct;56(5):849-82
references.pmid: 4101000
references.citation: J Protozool. 1969 Aug;16(3):479-95
references.pmid: 5343462
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2004 Mar;72(3):1284-90
references.pmid: 14977929
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Jul;41(1):18-28
references.pmid: 2788372
references.citation: Biol Bull. 1989 Aug;177:110-29
references.pmid: 11539079
references.citation: Microb Pathog. 2000 Apr;28(4):193-202
references.pmid: 10764610
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1954 Jul;14(6):456-8
references.pmid: 13172712
references.citation: Histochem Cell Biol. 1999 May;111(5):345-58
references.pmid: 10403113
references.citation: Biol Bull. 1990 Jun;178:300-4
references.pmid: 11538076
references.citation: Science. 1990 Jul 27;249(4967):427-8
references.pmid: 17755947
references.citation: Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992 Mar;99(3):190-6
references.pmid: 1606115
references.citation: Etudes Neonatales. 1952 May;1(2):1-13
references.pmid: 14936970
references.citation: J Exp Zool. 1947 Oct;106(1):85-107
references.pmid: 20268087
references.citation: Anat Rec. 1950 Nov;108(3):457-75
references.pmid: 14799882
references.citation: J Exp Med. 1922 Nov 30;36(6):617-26
references.pmid: 19868697
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1963 Apr 1;85:947-54
references.pmid: 14021134
references.citation: Am J Hyg. 1958 May;67(3):267-75
references.pmid: 13533401
references.citation: Int J Dev Biol. 1996 Feb;40(1):27-47
references.pmid: 8735909