title: Risk factors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), approximately 22% to 47% of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) develop a subsequent intravesical recurrence (IVR). Considering this high incidence of occurrence, several risk factors were reported as predictive of IVR after RNU. Until recently, most of the risk factors were still under debate. The aim of study was to conduct a meta-analysis based on the recent literature to explore the risk factors for IVR after RNU for UTUC.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CancerLit, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed to identify relevant studies published before May 2013. The studies were included if they reported risk factors related to bladder or IVR after RNU for UTUC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 40 studies, with 12,010 patients, were included in our meta-analysis. Our study indicated that a statistically significant difference in IVR after RNU was found in the male vs. female patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.85), ureteral vs. renal pelvis (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00-1.36), T2-4 vs. Tis, Ta, and T1 (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.40-0.66), larger vs. smaller tumor size (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03), and previous/synchronous bladder cancer vs. the absence of bladder cancer (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.26-1.9). No significant differences in IVR after RNU were found in the younger vs. older age groups, multifocal tumors vs. single tumor, G3 vs. G1 and G2, high vs. low grade, N0 vs. N+, concomitant carcinoma in situ vs. the absence of carcinoma in situ, positive vs. negative lymphovascular invasion, open vs. laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, and endoscopic vs. transvesical technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that female patient; ureteral tumor; larger tumor; Tis, Ta, and T1; and the history of bladder cancer were significant risk factors related to IVR after RNU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haichao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Liangren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chunxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yunjin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China. Electronic address: hanpinghxyy@163.com.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China. Electronic address: weiqiang765@126.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Bladder tumor; Meta-analysis; Nephroureterectomy; Risk factors; Upper urinary tract; Urothelial carcinoma