title: 25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) has rapidly increased as well as their online availability. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the nature and the risks associated with 25C-NBOMe, which has recently appeared in the drug market.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic analysis of the scientific literature and a qualitative assessment of online and media resources (e.g., e-newsgroups, chat-rooms, and e-newsletters) in 10 languages were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25C-NBOMe is sold online as legal LSD or as research chemical with different designations such as "Boom," "Pandora," "Holland film," or "N-bomb." It is a partial agonist of 5-HT2A receptors. It is usually ingested orally/sublingually and, less commonly, nasally, through injection, vaginally, rectally, and smoked. Its effects include sublingual numbing, stimulation, "body high," hallucinations, dissociation, and anxiety. 25C-NBOMe presents high risk of overdoses; acute toxicity and fatalities have been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  25C-NBOMe consumption represents an emerging phenomenon with potential harmful effects. Its use is increased by its online availability at low costs. Health and other professionals should be informed about this new trend of substance use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy ; Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Francesco Saverio
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Corazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valeriani
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK ; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio," 66100 Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santacroce
authors.affiliation: International Association for Applied Human Sciences (A.I.A.S.U.), 00100 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bolzan Mariotti Posocco
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK ; Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio," 66100 Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cinosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simonato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio," 66100 Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bersani
authors.affiliation: Department of Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schifano
mesh_terms: D006212:Hallucinations / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
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