title: Antifungal, phytotoxic and toxic metabolites produced by Penicillium purpurogenum.
abstract: Nine known metabolites, 6,8,1'-tri-O-methyl averantin (1), 6,8-di-O-methyl averufnin (2), 6,8-di-O-methyl averufanin (3), aversin (4), 1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (5), 6,8-di-O-methylnidurufin (6), 6,8-di-O-methyl versiconol (7), 5-methyoxysterigmatocystin (8) and (S)-ornidazole (9), were isolated from the extracts of Penicillium purpurogenum, and their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic methods. The brine shrimp toxicity, anti-phytopathogenic and phytotoxic effects of these compounds were evaluated. Among them, compounds 1 and 8 exhibited the strongest toxicity against brine shrimp (Artemia salina), with lethality rates of 100% at a low concentration of 10 μM, comparable to the positive control toosendanin. Compounds 1, 4 and 7 moderately inhibited the growth of Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, 4 displayed moderate antifungal effects on Gibberella saubinettii. In addition, compounds 6, 7 and 9 produced the phytotoxic effects on radish seedlings at 100 μM. This is the first report on the isolation of these metabolites from this organism.
authors.affiliation: a College of Science, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , Shaanxi , P.R. China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Shi-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Jin-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jun-Mian
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects; D005874:Gibberella / Q000187:drug effects; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry*; D031224:Raphanus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: C521458:6,8-di-O-methyl versiconol; D000880:Anthraquinones; D000935:Antifungal Agents; C051714:averufanin; C024820:averantin; C521459:aversin
keywords: Penicillium purpurogenum; anti-phytopathogens; brine shrimp toxicity; phytotoxic activity