title: Incidence of contrast material-induced nephropathy after neuroendovascular procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the incidence and risk factors for contrast material ( CM contrast material )-induced nephropathy ( CIN CM-induced nephropathy ) in patients with no history of chronic kidney disease and estimated glomerular filtration rate that exceeded 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) after a relatively high dose of CM contrast material (≥250 mL) during neuroendovascular procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  An institutional review board-approved retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who received a dose of CM contrast material 250 mL or greater while they underwent a neuroendovascular procedure between January 2011 and February 2013. The control group consisted of comparable patients who received a CM contrast material dose of 75-249 mL during the same period. Patients with pre-existing estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or less or documented history of chronic kidney disease were excluded. CIN CM-induced nephropathy was defined as an increase in serum creatinine 50% above the baseline or an absolute increase of 0.3 mg/dL at either 24 or 48 hours after the procedure. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student t test, χ(2) analysis, and mixed-model analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical characteristics between the control and high-dose group were similar for age (95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.69, 5.48; P = .70), sex (95% CI: 0.28, 0.43; P = .62), and ethnicity (95% CI: 0.42, 0.58; P = .47). The average volume of CM contrast material administered was 172 mL in the control group and 326 mL in the high-dose cohort (95% CI: 131.78, 175.05; P < .001). Of the 79 cases in the high-dose cohort, 36 (46%) received a CM contrast material dose between 250 and 299 mL, 29 (37%) received 300-399 mL, nine (11%) received 400-499 mL, and five (6%) received greater than 500 mL. By 48 hours, a statistically significant decrease in serum creatinine was seen in two of the four high-dose CM contrast material dose categories: 250-299 mL (decrease of 24%; [95% CI: 0.04, 0.36]; P = .003) and greater than 500 mL (decrease of 14% [95% CI: -0.33, 0.57]; P = .007). There were four cases (5%) of CIN CM-induced nephropathy : three (4%) at 24 hours and one (1%) at 48 hours. The comorbid rate of diabetes (25% vs 15% [95% CI: -0.01, 0.04]; P < .001) was found to be higher among those who developed CIN CM-induced nephropathy compared with those who did not within the high-dose cohort. No cases of CIN CM-induced nephropathy occurred in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of developing CIN CM-induced nephropathy is relatively low in patients who undergo neuroendovascular procedures with CM contrast material doses of 250 mL or greater.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Dheeraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stokum
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jindal
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007472:Iohexol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; D003404:Creatinine