title: Development and characterization of novel porous 3D alginate-cockle shell powder nanobiocomposite bone scaffold.
abstract: A novel porous three-dimensional bone scaffold was developed using a natural polymer (alginate/Alg) in combination with a naturally obtained biomineral (nano cockle shell powder/nCP) through lyophilization techniques. The scaffold was developed in varying composition mixture of Alg-nCP and characterized using various evaluation techniques as well as preliminary in vitro studies on MG63 human osteoblast cells. Morphological observations using SEM revealed variations in structures with the use of different Alg-nCP composition ratios. All the developed scaffolds showed a porous structure with pore sizes ideal for facilitating new bone growth; however, not all combination mixtures showed subsequent favorable characteristics to be used for biological applications. Scaffolds produced using the combination mixture of 40% Alg and 60% nCP produced significantly promising results in terms of mechanical strength, degradation rate, and increased cell proliferation rates making it potentially the optimum composition mixture of Alg-nCP with future application prospects.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: B Hemabarathy
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bharatham
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia ; Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md Zuki
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Abu Bakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Enoch Kumar
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Perimal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Loqman Mohamed
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhajir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamid
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003124:Colorimetry; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005453:Fluorescence; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016062:Porosity; D011208:Powders; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011208:Powders; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
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