title: The appropriate use of neurostimulation: new and evolving neurostimulation therapies and applicable treatment for chronic pain and selected disease states. Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Neuromodulation Society (INS) has determined that there is a need to provide an expert consensus that defines the appropriate use of neuromodulation technologies for appropriate patients. The Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC) was formed to give guidance to current practice and insight into future developments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The INS executive board selected members of the international scientific community to analyze scientific evidence for current and future innovations and to use clinical experience to fill in any gaps in information. The NACC used PubMed and Google Scholar to obtain current evidence in the field and used clinical and research experience to give a more complete picture of the innovations in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NACC has determined that currently approved neurostimulation techniques and technologies have expanded our ability to treat patients in a more effective and specific fashion. Despite these advances, the NACC has identified several additional promising technologies and potential applications for neurostimulation that could move this field forward and expand the applicability of neuromodulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NACC concludes that the field of neurostimulation is an evolving and rapidly changing one that will lead to improved patient access, safety, and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pain Relief, Charleston, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Deer
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krames
authors.forename: Nagy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mekhail
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanton-Hicks
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golovac
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapural
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alo
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caraway
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narouze
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linderoth
authors.forename: Asokumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buvanendran
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feler
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poree
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Tory
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McJunkin
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Swing
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Staats
authors.forename: Liong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Kayode
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D038361:Neuronavigation; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D059408:Pain Management / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: Cerebellar stimulation; chronic pain; functional electrical stimulation; nanotechnology; neurostimulation; optogenetics; platelet-rich plasma; regenerative medicine; sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation; spinal cord stimulation; telemedicine