title: Holocene history of ENSO variance and asymmetry in the eastern tropical Pacific.
abstract: Understanding the response of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to global warming requires quantitative data on ENSO under different climate regimes. Here, we present a reconstruction of ENSO in the eastern tropical Pacific spanning the past 10,000 years derived from oxygen isotopes in fossil mollusk shells from Peru. We found that ENSO variance was close to the modern level in the early Holocene and severely damped ~4000 to 5000 years ago. In addition, ENSO variability was skewed toward cold events along coastal Peru 6700 to 7500 years ago owing to a shift of warm anomalies toward the Central Pacific. The modern ENSO regime was established ~3000 to 4500 years ago. We conclude that ENSO was sensitive to changes in climate boundary conditions during the Holocene, including but not limited to insolation.
authors.affiliation: UM2-CNRS-Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France. matthieu.carre@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carré
authors.affiliation: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Post Office Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Julian P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.affiliation: Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Esquina Gamarra y general Valle S/N, Callao, Perú.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purca
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Post Office Box 351310, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.affiliation: Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, unité mixte CEA-CNRS-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Orme des merisiers, Bâtiment 712, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braconnot
authors.affiliation: Ministerio de Cultura, Museo de sitio de Pachacamac, Lurín, Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: Rommel Angeles
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Falcón
authors.affiliation: Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité, UMR 7041, Maison René Ginouvès, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.affiliation: Archéologie des Amériques, UMR 8096, Maison René Ginouvès, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lavallée
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005580:Fossils; D057232:Global Warming / Q000266:history*; D049690:History, Ancient; D008974:Mollusca / Q000737:chemistry; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010568:Peru
chemical_list: D010103:Oxygen Isotopes