title: Role of the adjacent stroma cells in prostate cancer development and progression: synergy between TGF-β and IGF signaling.
abstract: This review postulates the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I/IGF-II) signaling in stromal cells during prostate carcinogenesis and progression. It is known that stromal cells have a reciprocal relationship to the adjacent epithelial cells in the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the prostate. An interaction between TGF-β and IGF signaling occupies a central part in this stromal-epithelial interaction. An increase in TGF-β and IGF signaling will set off the imbalance of this relationship and will lead to cancer development. A continuous input from TGF-β and IGF in the tumor microenvironment will result in cancer progression. Understanding of these events can help prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building, Room 16-733, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA ; Department of Urology, University of California at Irvine, Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Medical Surgery Building I, Room 168, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
authors.forename: Chung
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Medical Surgery Building I, Room 168, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ; Department of Statistics, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA ; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1428-904X
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Medical Surgery Building I, Room 168, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rahmatpanah
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building, Room 16-733, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California at Irvine, Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Medical Surgery Building I, Room 168, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1788-9347
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Medical Surgery Building I, Room 168, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mercola
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013002:Somatomedins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
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