title: Efficacy of gaseous chlorine dioxide in inactivating Bacillus cereus spores attached to and in a biofilm on stainless steel.
abstract: We evaluated the lethal activity of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) against Bacillus cereus spores attached to and in biofilm formed on a stainless steel surface. Aqueous ClO2 was prepared by mixing sulfuric acid (5% w/v) with sodium chlorite (10mg/mL), and gaseous ClO2 was produced by vaporization of aqueous ClO2 in an air-tight container. The concentration of gaseous ClO2 in the air within the container increased rapidly at first but gradually decreased over time. The lethality of gaseous ClO2 against B. cereus spores attached to stainless steel coupons (SSCs) and in biofilm formed by the pathogen on SSCs was determined. The B. cereus spores attached to SSCs (5.3±0.1logCFU/coupon) were completely inactivated within 1h at 25°C when treated with gaseous ClO2 (peak concentration: 115.3±5.0 parts per million [ppm]). The total number of vegetative cells and spores in biofilm formed by B. cereus on SSCs was 5.9±0.3logCFU/coupon; the spore count was 5.3±0.1logCFU/coupon. The vegetative cells and spores in biofilm were completely inactivated within 6h (peak concentration: 115.3±5.0ppm). Results show that B. cereus spores in biofilms are more resistant to gaseous ClO2 than are attached spores not in biofilms. Gaseous ClO2 was, nevertheless, very effective in killing B. cereus spores in biofilm on the surface of stainless steel. Results show promise for application of gaseous ClO2 to enhance the microbiological safety of foods that may come in contact with stainless steel and possibly other hard surfaces on which B. cereus biofilms have formed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyegyeong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoikyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223-2797, USA.
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Beuchat
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: escheri@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jee-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology; D005740:Gases / Q000494:pharmacology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D013193:Stainless Steel
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D005740:Gases; D010087:Oxides; D013193:Stainless Steel; C025109:chlorine dioxide
keywords: Attachment; Bacillus cereus; Biofilm; Gaseous chlorine dioxide; Spores; Stainless-steel surface