title: Impact of tissue-specific stem cells on lineage-specific differentiation: a focus on the musculoskeletal system.
abstract: Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and, with proper intervention and environmental cues, these stem cells exercise their capabilities for differentiation into several lineages to form cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, it has been widely demonstrated that they do not differentiate with the same efficacy during lineage-specific differentiation studies, as the tissue-specific stem cells are generally more effective when differentiating toward the tissues from which they were derived. This review focuses on four mesodermal lineages for tissue-specific stem cell differentiation: adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and osteogenesis. It is intended to give insight into current multilineage differentiation and comparative research, highlight and contrast known trends regarding differentiation, and introduce supporting evidence which demonstrates particular tissue-specific stem cells' superiority in lineage-specific differentiation, along with their resident tissue origins and natural roles. In addition, some epigenetic and transcriptomic differences between stem cells which may explain the observed trends are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pizzute
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pei
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000235:genetics; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism
references.citation: J Biomech. 2010 Nov 16;43(15):2881-6
references.pmid: 20728889
references.citation: Eur Cell Mater. 2011 Nov 24;22:302-19; discussion 319-20
references.pmid: 22116649
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 2013 Jun;94(3):743-52
references.pmid: 23414969
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012 Aug;18(4):301-11
references.pmid: 22429320
references.citation: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2012 Apr;48(4):203-15
references.pmid: 22396125
references.citation: World J Stem Cells. 2013 Oct 26;5(4):136-48
references.pmid: 24179602
references.citation: Bone. 2004 Jun;34(6):982-92
references.pmid: 15193544
references.citation: Exp Hematol. 2011 Jun;39(6):608-16
references.pmid: 21288479
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2013 Jun 10;319(10):1562-74
references.pmid: 23578766
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2008 Aug;17(4):761-73
references.pmid: 18393634
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e32481
references.pmid: 22412878
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 May;1813(5):839-49
references.pmid: 21277338
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Dec;15(12):3809-21
references.pmid: 19545204
references.citation: EMBO Rep. 2012 Apr 10;13(5):423-30
references.pmid: 22491032
references.citation: Scientifica (Cairo). 2013;2013:684736
references.pmid: 24416618
references.citation: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 May;16(5):564-71
references.pmid: 19377480
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2007 Apr;25(4):852-61
references.pmid: 17170064
references.citation: Transl Res. 2014 Apr;163(4):409-17
references.pmid: 24299739
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2013 Oct 1;22(19):2606-18
references.pmid: 23676112
references.citation: J Genet Genomics. 2008 Oct;35(10):585-93
references.pmid: 18937915
references.citation: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2011 Nov 14;2(6):49
references.pmid: 22169120
references.citation: Differentiation. 2009 Sep-Oct;78(2-3):108-15
references.pmid: 19541402
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46689
references.pmid: 23029565
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Mar;54(3):843-53
references.pmid: 16508965
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2011 Oct 3;195(1):147-63
references.pmid: 21949413
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005 Oct;13(10):845-53
references.pmid: 16129630
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Mar 17;160(6):909-18
references.pmid: 12629053
references.citation: Anat Cell Biol. 2013 Jun;46(2):113-21
references.pmid: 23869258
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2011 Feb;20(2):259-67
references.pmid: 20486779
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2009 Feb;41(2):178-186
references.pmid: 19151715
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 May 18;356(4):836-42
references.pmid: 17391646
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Apr;19(4):481-90
references.pmid: 19788395
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2012 Jun;18(11-12):1161-70
references.pmid: 22429262
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2009 May;60(5):1416-26
references.pmid: 19404940
references.citation: Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):425-32
references.pmid: 17522676
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2006 Jul;12(7):1891-901
references.pmid: 16889519
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Feb;58(2):501-10
references.pmid: 18240254
references.citation: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2010 Oct 13;1(4):31
references.pmid: 20959030
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2012 Jan 15;11(2):377-83
references.pmid: 22189711
references.citation: Arthroscopy. 2013 Jun;29(6):1034-46
references.pmid: 23726109
references.citation: Transfus Med Hemother. 2008;35(3):205-215
references.pmid: 21547118
references.citation: Epigenetics. 2009 Nov 16;4(8):541-50
references.pmid: 20009536
references.citation: Cytotherapy. 2013 Jun;15(6):641-8
references.pmid: 23570660
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Nov 13;4(11):e7809
references.pmid: 19915669
references.citation: Epigenetics. 2010 Aug 16;5(6):476-82
references.pmid: 20574163
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Nov 06;8(11):e79752
references.pmid: 24223191
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev. 2006;2(4):319-29
references.pmid: 17848719
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2007 Apr;13(4):659-66
references.pmid: 17371203
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 Dec;17(23-24):3067-76
references.pmid: 21740327
references.citation: Tissue Eng. 2006 Oct;12(10):2853-62
references.pmid: 17518654
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Aug;17(8):3543-56
references.pmid: 16760426
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012 Dec;18(6):436-44
references.pmid: 22741572
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2000 Feb 15;218(2):115-24
references.pmid: 10656756
references.citation: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2011 Apr 19;2(2):18
references.pmid: 21542881
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2008 Sep;173(3):781-91
references.pmid: 18669618
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2011 Jan;59(1):33-46
references.pmid: 21339173
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Aug;466(8):1880-9
references.pmid: 18512111
references.citation: Front Physiol. 2013 Nov 05;4:310
references.pmid: 24204344
references.citation: Stem Cells Int. 2011;2011:201371
references.pmid: 21772852
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Aug;52(8):2521-9
references.pmid: 16052568
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Mar;12(3):257-66
references.pmid: 20118923
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2012 Sep 20;21(14):2724-52
references.pmid: 22468918
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2007 Mar;327(3):449-62
references.pmid: 17053900
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2013 Feb;40(2):885-92
references.pmid: 23070912
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2008 Aug;333(2):207-15
references.pmid: 18560897
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2011 Dec;17(6):449-57
references.pmid: 21902612
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2013 Jun 15;27(12):1318-38
references.pmid: 23788621
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part A. 2011 Feb;17(3-4):495-502
references.pmid: 20807017
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 1;344(5):385-6
references.pmid: 11195802
references.citation: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010 Jul;110(1):32-40
references.pmid: 20188608
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2002 May 27;157(5):851-64
references.pmid: 12021255
references.citation: J Cell Biochem. 2011 Jul;112(7):1844-56
references.pmid: 21416501
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Jan 18;290(2):763-9
references.pmid: 11785965
references.citation: Proteomics. 2012 Aug;12(17):2607-17
references.pmid: 22778083
references.citation: Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1928-42
references.pmid: 11508446
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Aug;19(8):1257-66
references.pmid: 19886822
references.citation: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Sep;236(9):997-1004
references.pmid: 21844119
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2010 Jun;19(6):877-85
references.pmid: 19795981
references.citation: Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2012 Aug;18(4):270-87
references.pmid: 22273114
references.citation: Nature. 2009 May 7;459(7243):108-12
references.pmid: 19295514
references.citation: Cell Tissue Res. 2012 Feb;347(2):419-27
references.pmid: 22287041
references.citation: Biochem J. 2013 Feb 15;450(1):9-21
references.pmid: 23343194
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2009 Apr;27(4):435-41
references.pmid: 18973232
references.citation: J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2013 Jan;7(1):73-84
references.pmid: 22095700
references.citation: Exp Hematol. 2005 Nov;33(11):1402-16
references.pmid: 16263424
references.citation: Stem Cells Dev. 2009 Jun;18(5):725-36
references.pmid: 18771397
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Mar 13;380(3):660-5
references.pmid: 19285018
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Aug;91(2):534-51
references.pmid: 11457764
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2009 Mar;25(3):129-36
references.pmid: 19185382
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2013 Sep;34(28):6717-28
references.pmid: 23768901
references.citation: Differentiation. 2008 Dec;76(10):1044-56
references.pmid: 18637024
references.citation: Lancet. 2013 Sep 28;382(9898):1113-20
references.pmid: 24075051
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;786:213-29
references.pmid: 23696359
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 12;108(15):6139-44
references.pmid: 21444814
references.citation: Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Jun 15;21(12):2066-77
references.pmid: 20410135
references.citation: Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1304-15
references.pmid: 16277684
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2013 Apr;228(4):680-7
references.pmid: 22949310
references.citation: Gene. 2013 Sep 15;527(1):321-31
references.pmid: 23827457
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009 Jun;17(6):714-22
references.pmid: 19128988
references.citation: Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014 Feb;100(1 Suppl):S107-12
references.pmid: 24411717
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2011 Apr;29(4):576-82
references.pmid: 21305671
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2013 Dec;9(6):858-72
references.pmid: 23892935
references.citation: Vitam Horm. 2011;87:127-41
references.pmid: 22127241
references.citation: Exp Cell Res. 2008 Apr 15;314(7):1575-84
references.pmid: 18325494
references.citation: Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1439-41
references.pmid: 10688784
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2007 Jun;211(3):682-91
references.pmid: 17238135
references.citation: Biotechnol Lett. 2011 Jun;33(6):1257-64
references.pmid: 21287233
references.citation: Calcif Tissue Int. 2008 Mar;82(3):238-47
references.pmid: 18305886
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 16;105(37):13906-11
references.pmid: 18784367
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2000 Apr;113 ( Pt 7):1161-6
references.pmid: 10704367
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2007 Mar;25(3):750-60
references.pmid: 17095706
references.citation: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009 Aug;5(8):442-7
references.pmid: 19581903
references.citation: Stem Cells. 2004;22(7):1263-78
references.pmid: 15579645
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Aug 27;4(8):e6792
references.pmid: 19710927
references.citation: Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2013 Feb;9(1):32-43
references.pmid: 22529014