title: Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolates from surface water in Southeastern United States.
abstract: A study of prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica in surface water in the southeastern United States was conducted. A new scheme was developed for recovery of Salmonella from irrigation pond water and compared with the FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed., 2014) (BAM) method. Fifty-one isolates were recovered from 10 irrigation ponds in produce farms over a 2-year period; nine Salmonella serovars were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, and the major serovar was Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport, n = 29), followed by S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (n = 6), S. enterica serovar Muenchen (n = 4), S. enterica serovar Javiana (n = 3), S. enterica serovar Thompson (n = 2), and other serovars. It is noteworthy that the PulseNet patterns of some of the isolates were identical to those of the strains that were associated with the S. Thompson outbreaks in 2010, 2012, and 2013, S. Enteritidis outbreaks in 2011 and 2013, and an S. Javiana outbreak in 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed 16 S. Newport isolates of the multidrug resistant-AmpC (MDR-AmpC) phenotype, which exhibited resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT), and to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations of cephalosporins (cephalothin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ceftriaxone). Moreover, the S. Newport MDR-AmpC isolates had a PFGE pattern indistinguishable from the patterns of the isolates from clinical settings. These findings suggest that the irrigation water may be a potential source of contamination of Salmonella in fresh produce. The new Salmonella isolation scheme significantly increased recovery efficiency from 21.2 (36/170) to 29.4% (50/170) (P = 0.0002) and streamlined the turnaround time from 5 to 9 days with the BAM method to 4 days and thus may facilitate microbiological analysis of environmental water.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, Laurel, Maryland, USA baoguang.li@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Baoguang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vellidis
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Huanli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis, Western Center for Food Safety, Davis, California, USA.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jay-Russell
authors.affiliation: Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. FDA, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Zonglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. FDA, Laurel, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Elkins
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D065288:Serogroup; D015144:Southeastern United States; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
references.citation: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Jul;46(1):7-10
references.pmid: 10882682
references.citation: Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;21(5):531-8
references.pmid: 18725804
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Mar;26(1):3-16
references.pmid: 12007640
references.citation: Ugeskr Laeger. 2003 Jan 13;165(3):235-9
references.pmid: 12555707
references.citation: Environ Manage. 2013 Jan;51(1):209-24
references.pmid: 23142919
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Jul;79(14):4199-209
references.pmid: 23624479
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Aug;105(2):317-30
references.pmid: 18284485
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Nov;13(11):1681-8
references.pmid: 18217551
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):16-22
references.pmid: 21192849
references.citation: Res Microbiol. 2010 Jan-Feb;161(1):26-9
references.pmid: 19840847
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Jun 28;51(25):545-8
references.pmid: 12118534
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):3687-94
references.pmid: 12839733
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Apr;79(8):2494-502
references.pmid: 23377940
references.citation: Epidemiol Infect. 1987 Jun;98(3):271-6
references.pmid: 3595745
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Mar;75(5):1248-55
references.pmid: 19124594
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 1989 Dec;9(4):313-26
references.pmid: 2701860
references.citation: J Infect. 2010 Jan;60(1):21-5
references.pmid: 19819256
references.citation: Int J Food Microbiol. 2013 Jul 1;165(1):65-76
references.pmid: 23697918
references.citation: Water Res. 2011 Feb;45(4):1752-62
references.pmid: 21168181
references.citation: Environ Res. 2012 Apr;114:31-9
references.pmid: 22406288
references.citation: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Apr 16;59(14):418-22
references.pmid: 20395935
references.citation: J Food Prot. 2009 Mar;72(3):618-23
references.pmid: 19343953
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2007 Jul 20;123(1-3):122-32
references.pmid: 17400409
references.citation: JAMA. 2002 Aug 28;288(8):951-3
references.pmid: 12201274
references.citation: Oecologia. 2005 Jan;142(3):344-52
references.pmid: 15517409
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Jun 15;36(12):2754-9
references.pmid: 12099475
references.citation: J Environ Qual. 2003 Mar-Apr;32(2):383-92
references.pmid: 12708660
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2002 Apr;4(4):413-23
references.pmid: 11932192
references.citation: Environ Microbiol. 2010 Sep;12(9):2385-97
references.pmid: 20636374
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010 Nov;7(11):1363-71
references.pmid: 20617937
references.citation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Mar;97(5):2153-62
references.pmid: 23354451
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Aug;8(8):887-900
references.pmid: 21492021
references.citation: PLoS One. 2011 Apr 26;6(4):e18855
references.pmid: 21541320
references.citation: J Bacteriol. 2010 Dec;192(24):6465-76
references.pmid: 20935094
references.citation: BMC Genomics. 2014 May 21;15:389
references.pmid: 24885207
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2013 Dec 01;13:273
references.pmid: 24289661
references.citation: Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2008 Oct;5(5):669-80
references.pmid: 18851677
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Dec;41(12):5366-71
references.pmid: 14662912
references.citation: World Health Stat Q. 1997;50(1-2):81-9
references.pmid: 9282390
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Oct;75(19):6076-86
references.pmid: 19648358
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Apr;77(8):2734-48
references.pmid: 21378057
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Jul;44(7):2449-57
references.pmid: 16825363
references.citation: MMWR Surveill Summ. 2013 Jun 28;62(2):1-34
references.pmid: 23804024