title: Glycemic control among individuals with self-reported diabetes in India--the ICMR-INDIAB Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study estimated the levels of glycemic control among subjects with self-reported diabetes in urban and rural areas of four regions in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase I of the Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) Study was conducted in a representative population of three states of India (Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand) and one Union Territory (Chandigarh) and covering a population of 213 million people. Using a stratified multistage sampling design, individuals ≥20 years of age were recruited. Glycemic control among subjects with self-reported diabetes was assessed by measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), estimated by the Variant™ II Turbo method (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 14,277 participants in Phase I of INDIAB, there were 480 subjects with self-reported diabetes (254 urban and 226 rural). The mean HbA1c levels were highest in Chandigarh (9.1±2.3%), followed by Tamil Nadu (8.2±2.0%), Jharkhand (8.2±2.4%), and Maharashtra (8.0±2.1%). Good glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) was observed only in 31.1% of urban and 30.8% of rural subjects. Only 22.4% of urban and 15.4% of rural subjects had reported having checked their HbA1c in the past year. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed younger age, duration of diabetes, insulin use, and high triglyceride levels to be significantly associated with poor glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The level of glycemic control among subjects with self-reported diabetes in India is poor. Urgent action is needed to remedy the situation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology & Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre , Chennai, India .
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.forename: Shashank R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhansali
authors.forename: Vinay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dhandania
authors.forename: Prashant P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Sri Venkata
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Madhu
authors.forename: Paturi Vishnupriya
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Ramakrishnan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakshmy
authors.forename: Ramamurthy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jayashri
authors.forename: Kaliaperumal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velmurugan
authors.forename: Elangovan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nirmal
authors.forename: Radhakrishnan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subashini
authors.forename: Venkataraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vijayachandrika
authors.forename: Tanvir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Deepak Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D057566:Self Report; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86
references.pmid: 8366922
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9-16
references.pmid: 24356592
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2013 Jan;61(1 Suppl):12-5
references.pmid: 24482981
references.citation: J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 Jul 01;5(4):906-14
references.pmid: 21880233
references.citation: JAMA. 2003 May 21;289(19):2560-72
references.pmid: 12748199
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2002 Dec;19(12):978-85
references.pmid: 12647837
references.citation: Endocr Pract. 2007 May-Jun;13(3):260-8
references.pmid: 17599857
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35 Suppl 1:S4-S10
references.pmid: 22187471
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2008 Jul;56:513-6
references.pmid: 18846902
references.citation: BMJ. 2000 Aug 12;321(7258):405-12
references.pmid: 10938048
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2012 Apr;35(4):797-802
references.pmid: 22323413
references.citation: Natl Med J India. 2008 May-Jun;21(3):112-5
references.pmid: 19004140
references.citation: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Jul;49:717-22
references.pmid: 11573557
references.citation: Blood Press Monit. 2010 Feb;15(1):23-38
references.pmid: 20110786
references.citation: J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 Mar;35(3):269-73
references.pmid: 21606668
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53
references.pmid: 9742976
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2341-8
references.pmid: 17065665
references.citation: J Prim Care Community Health. 2011 Jul 1;2(3):205-8
references.pmid: 23804802
references.citation: JAMA. 2013 Sep 4;310(9):948-59
references.pmid: 24002281
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2003 Jan;26 Suppl 1:S28-32
references.pmid: 12502617
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1):81-6
references.pmid: 17934153