title: Psychological distress in the workforce: a multilevel and longitudinal analysis of the case of regulated occupations in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study uses a multidimensional theoretical model to evaluate the role of regulated occupations and working conditions in explaining psychological distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various multilevel regression analyses were conducted on longitudinal data for which measures repeated over time (n1 = 36,166) were nested in individuals (n2 = 7007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that when we controlled for working conditions, family situation, the social network outside the workplace, and personal characteristics, the level of psychological distress was significantly lower among professional workers in regulated occupations than among professionals not in regulated occupations. Among the working conditions studied, skill utilisation, psychological demands, and job insecurity were positively associated with psychological distress levels, whereas social support in the workplace was inversely related to distress. Finally, our results suggest that self-esteem reduced the effect of social support in the workplace on psychological distress levels in the workforce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support our hypothesis that working in regulated occupations exerts a direct effect on mental health. These results also make clear the importance of developing new tools for measuring psychological distress among upper-level professional workers. Such tools will be much better suited to the realities characterising today's knowledge-based economies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Management and HRM, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada. nathalie.cadieux@usherbrooke.ca.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cadieux
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchand
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012649:Self Concept; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
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