title: Delay discounting differentiates pre-adolescents at high and low risk for substance use disorders based on family history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Youth with family histories of substance use disorders (FH+) are at increased risk for developing substance use disorders relative to those without such histories (FH-). FH+ individuals show deficits in impulse control that parallel those in individuals with substance use disorders. Elucidating how specific components of impulse control are affected in FH+ pre-adolescents would advance our understanding of how deficits in impulse control relate to risk of substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 386 children (305 FH+, 81 FH-; ages 10-12) with no histories of regular alcohol or other drug use were compared on measures of delay discounting (Kirby), response inhibition (GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm), and response initiation impulsivity (Immediate Memory Task). The independent associations between these three behavioral measures of impulsivity and FH status were analyzed using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FH+ pre-adolescents performed more impulsively on measures of delay discounting and response inhibition impulsivity, but there were no significant group differences on response initiation impulsivity. When the behavioral impulsivity measures were examined simultaneously, delay discounting was most robustly associated with FH status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify deficits in impulse control present in FH+ pre-adolescents before the onset of regular substance use, and suggest that increased delay discounting may be an important behavioral phenotype for pre-adolescents at risk for substance use involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. Electronic address: DoughertyD@uthscsa.edu.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Nora E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Stacy R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Rene L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Olvera
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acheson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D065786:Delay Discounting; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Family history of substance use disorders; Impulsivity; Pre-adolescent; Risk
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