title: Development of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on pollen from Bt-transgenic and conventional maize.
abstract: Maize (Zea mays) pollen is highly nutritious and can be used by predatory arthropods to supplement or replace a carnivorous diet. We demonstrate that maize pollen can be utilized by larvae of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. Complete development on maize pollen was not possible, but 25% of neonates reached the third instar. When only one instar was fed with pollen and the other two instars with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 58-87% of the larvae reached the pupal stage. The experiments included pollen produced by nine cultivars: three genetically modified (GM) cultivars expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis proteins Cry1Ab or Cry3Bb1, their corresponding non-transformed near-isolines, and three conventional cultivars. Maize cultivars were grown in two batches in a glasshouse. Their pollen differed by up to 59% in total protein content, 25% in C:N ratio, and 14% in grain diameter, but the differences were inconsistent and depended on the batch. Lacewing performance was not affected by maize cultivar. For environmental risk assessment of GM plants, in planta studies must consider the variability among conventional cultivars, individual plants, batches, and environmental conditions when evaluating the ecological significance of differences observed between GM and near-isolines.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meissle
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zünd
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waldburger
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Romeis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C507666:Cry3Bbl endotoxin, Bacillus thuringiensis; D004731:Endotoxins; D010940:Plant Proteins
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