title: Bioactivity and Surface Characteristics of Titanium Implants Following Various Surface Treatments: An In Vitro Study.
abstract: This study compared the surface topography, hydrophilicity, and bioactivity of titanium implants after 3 different surface treatments (sandblasting and acid etching, modified sandblasting and acid etching, and thermal oxidation) with those of machined implants. One hundred indigenously manufactured threaded titanium implants were subjected to 3 methods of surface treatment. The surface roughness of the nontreated (Group A) and treated samples (Groups B through D) was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and profilometer. The wettability was visually examined using a colored dye solution. The calcium ions attached to the implant surface after immersing in simulated body fluid (SBF) were assessed on days 1, 2, and 7 with an atomic electron spectroscope. The data were analyzed statistically. The SBF test allowed the precipitation of a calcium phosphate layer on all surface-treated samples, as evidenced in the SEM analysis. A significantly higher amount of calcium ions and increased wettability were achieved in the thermally oxidized samples. The mean roughness was significantly lower in Group A (0.85 ± 0.07) compared to Group B (1.35 ± 0.17), Group C (1.40 ± 0.14), and Group D (1.36 ± 0.18). The observations from this in vitro study indicated that surface treatment of titanium improved the bioactivity. Moreover, results identified the implants that were sandblasted, acid etched, and then oxidized attracted more calcium ions.
authors.affiliation: 1  Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Amrita School of Dentistry, Cochin, India.
authors.forename: Aswini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar K
authors.affiliation: 2  Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
authors.forename: Vinaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: 3  Department of Environmental Science, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: Manilal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.affiliation: 4  Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.|5  Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashem
authors.affiliation: 4  Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sajith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vellappally
authors.affiliation: 6  Dental Biomaterials Research, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aziz A Al Kheraif
authors.affiliation: 7  Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.|8  Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hassan Suliman
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Halawany
authors.affiliation: 7  Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nimmi Biju
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: 7  Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Vimal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: 8  Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sukumaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anil
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
keywords: bioactivity; oral implants; osseointegration; surface treatment; titanium