title: Perceptions of parental bonding in freebase cocaine users versus non-illicit drug users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence has suggested that parenting styles have peculiar characteristics in families with drug-related issues. This study was undertaken to investigate the perception of crack (smoke cocaine) users and non-users about parental bonding quality regarding care and control in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 198 hospitalized crack users and 104 users of any non-illicit drug were assessed using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that crack users were more likely (ORadj=9.68; 95% CI: 2.82, 33.20) to perceive neglectful mothers, as well as more likely (ORadj=4.71, 95% CI: 2.17, 10.22) to perceive controlling and affectionless fathers in comparison with non-illicit drug users who were more likely to perceive optimal parenting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the perception of neglectful mothers and affectionless controlling fathers may be associated with the tendency of the children to be less resilient when facing stressful events, leading them to a greater risk to use crack.
authors.affiliation: Center for Drug & Alcohol Research, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pettenon
authors.forename: Felix Henrique Paim
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Luciano S P
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Rosemeri Siqueira
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pedroso
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pechansky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D003042:Cocaine; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010332:Paternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
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