title: The distally pedicled gracilis flap for salvage of complex knee wounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soft tissue defects around the knee joint resulting from trauma or because of wound breakdown after total knee arthroplasty present a challenge in a group of patients that often suffer from other co-morbidities. A pedicled gastrocnemius muscle flap remains a workhorse for this kind of wound. However, where the defect lies in the supero-lateral aspect of the proximal knee area, an alternative solution is required. The distally based pedicled gracilis flap has been described as an option for these cases where free-tissue transfer may not be an option and the pedicled gastrocnemius is not sufficient or has already been used. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the usefulness of this flap in the nine cases in which we have utilized it in our unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients underwent reconstruction of complex proximal knee wound defects with a distally based pedicled gracilis muscle flap. The mean age was 62 years (range 23-83). Five patients had wound breakdown following total-knee arthroplasty (TKR) and four patients had wound complications after road traffic accidents (RTA). Three of the nine flaps were delayed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the nine patients had successful salvage of the knee with the use of the distally based gracilis flap. Although four of the flaps suffered partial loss, this did not compromise the joint salvage. The patients were moderately satisfied with the reconstruction and achieved a mean range of movement of 75° (±12°).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distally based pedicled gracilis flap can be a salvage solution for complex soft tissue defects with exposed knee joint, patella or proximal part of knee or exposed knee prosthesis in cases where a pedicled gastrocnemius muscle is inadequate or the patient is not suitable for a free flap. Evidence Level IV.
authors.affiliation: All Brunel Building - Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: mitsalag@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Grammatiki
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitsala
authors.affiliation: All Brunel Building - Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander H R
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Varey
authors.affiliation: All Brunel Building - Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: All Brunel Building - Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: All Brunel Building - Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Umraz
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Flap; Gracilis; Knee; Reverse pedicle; Salvage