title: A low computational cost algorithm for REM sleep detection using single channel EEG.
abstract: The push towards low-power and wearable sleep systems requires using minimum number of recording channels to enhance battery life, keep processing load small and be more comfortable for the user. Since most sleep stages can be identified using EEG traces, enormous power savings could be achieved by using a single channel of EEG. However, detection of REM sleep from one channel EEG is challenging due to its electroencephalographic similarities with N1 and Wake stages. In this paper we investigate a novel feature in sleep EEG that demonstrates high discriminatory ability for detecting REM phases. We then use this feature, that is based on spectral edge frequency (SEF) in the 8-16 Hz frequency band, together with the absolute power and the relative power of the signal, to develop a simple REM detection algorithm. We evaluate the performance of this proposed algorithm with overnight single channel EEG recordings of 5 training and 15 independent test subjects. Our algorithm achieved sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 89% and selectivity of 61% on a test database consisting of 2221 REM epochs. It also achieved sensitivity and selectivity of 81 and 75% on PhysioNet Sleep-EDF database consisting of 8 subjects. These results demonstrate that SEF can be a useful feature for automatic detection of REM stages of sleep from a single channel EEG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK, anas.imtiaz@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Syed Anas
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Imtiaz
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Villegas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Biometrics. 1997 Sep;53(3):823-37
references.pmid: 9333348
references.citation: Brain Cogn. 2003 Apr;51(3):337-45
references.pmid: 12727188
references.citation: Sleep. 2007 Nov;30(11):1587-95
references.pmid: 18041491
references.citation: Sleep. 2011 Jan 01;34(1):73-81
references.pmid: 21203376
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;159(10):1696-701
references.pmid: 12359675
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 2006 Apr;60(1):59-66
references.pmid: 15996777
references.citation: Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 1998;2(1):47-51
references.pmid: 24946247
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:1643-6
references.pmid: 19162992
references.citation: Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74
references.pmid: 843571
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980 Mar;37(3):247-53
references.pmid: 7362414
references.citation: Brain. 2010 Jun;133(Pt 6):1737-46
references.pmid: 20478849
references.citation: Comput Biol Med. 2011 Jun;41(6):380-9
references.pmid: 21497802
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;2005:4115-8
references.pmid: 17281138
references.citation: Sleep. 1998 Sep 15;21(6):609-14
references.pmid: 9779520
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:1151-4
references.pmid: 19162868
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Apr 1;163(7):670-5
references.pmid: 16410346
references.citation: Sleep. 2003 Nov 1;26(7):907-13
references.pmid: 14655928
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2013 Feb;92(2):152-68
references.pmid: 23174692
references.citation: Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jul;5(7):572-7
references.pmid: 16781987
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2012 Mar 30;205(1):169-76
references.pmid: 22245090
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;2006:2458-61
references.pmid: 17946514
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2014 Aug;18(4):341-7
references.pmid: 24388970
references.citation: Sleep Med Rev. 2012 Jun;16(3):251-63
references.pmid: 22030383
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2007;2007:3300-3
references.pmid: 18002701
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2006 Oct;53(10):1954-62
references.pmid: 17019859
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Mar 15;169(6):668-72
references.pmid: 15003950
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2008 May 15;76(1-2):85-9
references.pmid: 18395615
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:6063-6
references.pmid: 22255722
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2012 Apr;21(2):221-30
references.pmid: 21859438
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 Oct 3;659(1-2):243-8
references.pmid: 7820669
references.citation: J Sleep Res. 2009 Mar;18(1):74-84
references.pmid: 19250176
references.citation: Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2005;2005:4526-9
references.pmid: 17281245
references.citation: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2001 Sep-Oct;20(5):23-9
references.pmid: 11668893