title: Prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation improves fundamental vehicle control abilities.
abstract: Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have increasingly attracted the attention of neuroscientists because they enable the identification of the causal role of a targeted brain region. However, few studies have applied such techniques to everyday life situations. Here, we investigate the causal role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in fundamental vehicle control abilities. Thirteen participants underwent a simulated driving task under prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on three separate testing days. Each testing day was randomly assigned to either anodal over the right with cathodal over the left DLPFC, cathodal over the right with anodal over the left DLPFC, or sham stimulation. The driving task required the participants to maintain an inter-vehicle distance to a leading car traveling a winding road with a constant speed. Driving performance was quantified using two metrics: the root-mean-square error of inter-vehicle distance as car-following performance, and the standard deviation of lateral position as lane-keeping performance. Results showed that both car-following and lane-keeping performances were significantly greater for right anodal/left cathodal compared with right cathodal/left cathodal and sham stimulation. These results suggest not only the causal involvement of the DLPFC in driving, but also right hemisphere dominance for vehicle control. The findings of this study indicate that tDCS can be a useful tool to examine the causal role of a specific brain region in ecologically valid environments, and also might be a help to drivers with difficulties in vehicle control.
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Japan. Electronic address: sakai@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Japan. Electronic address: uchiyama@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi, Hamamatsu, Japan. Electronic address: tanaka.satoshi@nitech.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan. Electronic address: sugashou@nips.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Sho K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan. Electronic address: sadato@nips.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sadato
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
keywords: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Driving performance; Noninvasive brain stimulation; Sustained attention