title: Prasinovirus distribution in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea is affected by the environment and particularly by phosphate availability.
abstract: Numerous seawater lagoons punctuate the southern coastline of France. Exchanges of seawater between these lagoons and the open sea are limited by narrow channels connecting them. Lagoon salinities vary according to evaporation and to the volume of freshwater arriving from influent streams, whose nutrients also promote the growth of algae. We compared Prasinovirus communities, whose replication is supported by microscopic green algae, in four lagoons and at a coastal sampling site. Using high-throughput sequencing of DNA from a giant virus-specific marker gene, we show that the environmental conditions significantly affect the types of detectable viruses across samples. In spatial comparisons between 5 different sampling sites, higher levels of phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium and silicates tend to increase viral community richness independently of geographical distances between the sampling sites. Finally, comparisons of Prasinovirus communities at 2 sampling sites over a period of 10 months highlighted seasonal effects and the preponderant nature of phosphate concentrations in constraining viral distribution.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marin, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clerissi
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marin, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Electronic address: nigel.grimsley@obs-banyuls.fr.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grimsley
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marin, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Subirana
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMS 2348, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maria
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7621, Laboratoire d׳Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7621, Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire d׳Océanographie Microbienne, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oriol
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marin, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7232, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marin, Observatoire Océanologique, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France; Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UMR 7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, Avenue du Fontaulé, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Desdevises
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000821:virology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D017862:Phycodnaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004279:DNA, Viral; D010710:Phosphates
keywords: 454-pyrosequencing; Amplicon; DNA polymerase; Distribution; Diversity; Virus