title: Cytokine responses to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in relation to infection in a co-endemic focus in northern Senegal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Africa, many areas are co-endemic for the two major Schistosoma species, S. mansoni and S. haematobium. Epidemiological studies have suggested that host immunological factors may play an important role in co-endemic areas. As yet, little is known about differences in host immune responses and possible immunological interactions between S. mansoni and S. haematobium in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze host cytokine responses to antigens from either species in a population from a co-endemic focus, and relate these to S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood cytokine responses were investigated in a population in the north of Senegal (n = 200). Blood was stimulated for 72 h with schistosomal egg and adult worm antigens of either Schistosoma species. IL-10, IL-5, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 production was determined in culture supernatants. A multivariate (i.e. multi-response) approach was used to allow a joint analysis of all cytokines in relation to Schistosoma infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schistosoma haematobium egg and worm antigens induced higher cytokine production, suggesting that S. haematobium may be more immunogenic than S. mansoni. However, both infections were strongly associated with similar, modified Th2 cytokine profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to compare S. mansoni and S. haematobium cytokine responses in one population residing in a co-endemic area. These findings are in line with previous epidemiological studies that also suggested S. haematobium egg and worm stages to be more immunogenic than those of S. mansoni.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meurs
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Moustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mbow
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vereecken
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Abena Serwaa
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Amoah
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lucja A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Labuda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Tandakha Ndiaye
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dièye
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mboup
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdanbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000276:immunology*; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology*; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D016207:Cytokines
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