title: GLP-1: benefits beyond pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an intestinal hormone secreted after the ingestion of various nutrients. The main role of GLP-1 is to stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. However, the expression of GLP-1 receptor was found to be expressed in a variety of tissues beyond pancreas such as lung, stomach, intestine, kidney, heart and brain. Beyond pancreas, a beneficial effect of GLP-1 on body weight reduction has been shown, suggesting its role for the treatment of obesity. In addition, GLP-1 has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and to have a direct cardioprotective effect, fostering heart recovery after ischemic injury. Further, data from both experimental animal models and human studies have shown beneficial effect of GLP-1 on bone metabolism, either directly or indirectly on bone cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review here the recent findings of the extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 focusing on both basic and clinical studies, thus opening future perspectives to the use of GLP-1 analogs for the treatment of disease beyond type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finally, the GLP-1 has been demonstrated to have a beneficial effect on both vascular, degenerative diseases of central nervous system and psoriasis.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, Naples, Italy, giovanna.muscogiuri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muscogiuri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cignarelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giorgino
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prodam
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Prodram
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tirabassi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balercia
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Modica
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faggiano
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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