title: The enigma of the tinnitus-free dream state in a Bayesian world.
abstract: There are pathophysiological, clinical, and treatment analogies between phantom limb pain and phantom sound (i.e., tinnitus). Phantom limb pain commonly is absent in dreams, and the question arises whether this is also the case for tinnitus. A questionnaire was given to 78 consecutive tinnitus patients seen at a specialized tinnitus clinic. Seventy-six patients remembered their dreams and of these 74 claim not to perceive tinnitus during their dreams (97%). This can be most easily explained by a predictive Bayesian brain model. That is, during the awake state the brain constantly makes predictions about the environment. Tinnitus is hypothesized to be the result of a prediction error due to deafferentation, and missing input is filled in by the brain. The heuristic explanation then is that in the dream state there is no interaction with the environment and therefore no updating of the prediction error, resulting in the absence of tinnitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand ; BRAI²N & TRI, Sint Augustinus Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4625-268X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ridder
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5109-0937
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joos
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Belgium ; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanneste
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004325:Dreams / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
references.citation: Neural Comput. 1995 Sep;7(5):889-904
references.pmid: 7584891
references.citation: Int Tinnitus J. 1995;1(2):115-126
references.pmid: 10753332
references.citation: Psychopathology. 1989;22(4):182-7
references.pmid: 2798707
references.citation: Hear Res. 1987;28(2-3):271-5
references.pmid: 2820913
references.citation: Am J Otol. 1997 Sep;18(5):577-85
references.pmid: 9303153
references.citation: Nature. 1995 May 11;375(6527):121-3
references.pmid: 7753166
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jul;7(7):511-22
references.pmid: 16791141
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Oct 8;395(6702):597-600
references.pmid: 9783584
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Nov;7(11):873-81
references.pmid: 17053811
references.citation: Prog Brain Res. 2007;166:377-88
references.pmid: 17956802
references.citation: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Sep;139(3):391-4
references.pmid: 18722219
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2011 Dec;20(4):1831-4
references.pmid: 21742516
references.citation: BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009:
references.pmid: 21686599
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 Dec;9(12):556-9
references.pmid: 16271507
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 17;108(20):8075-80
references.pmid: 21502503
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2008 Dec;17(4):1266-71
references.pmid: 17499518
references.citation: J Neurosurg Sci. 2012 Dec;56(4):323-40
references.pmid: 23111293
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):127-38
references.pmid: 20068583
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2004 Dec;27(12):712-9
references.pmid: 15541511
references.citation: Drug Discov Today. 2010 Apr;15(7-8):300-5
references.pmid: 19931642
references.citation: Sci Am. 2007 May;296(5):84-9
references.pmid: 17500418
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009 Nov;10(11):803-13
references.pmid: 19794431
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 2007 Oct 10;504(5):508-18
references.pmid: 17702003
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 1998 Jun;1(2):138-43
references.pmid: 10195129
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Nov 15;82:373-83
references.pmid: 23732881
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 Sep;3(9):679-93
references.pmid: 12209117
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2012 Oct;53(10):1550-7
references.pmid: 22917883
references.citation: Conscious Cogn. 2008 Dec;17(4):1272-8; discussion 1279-80
references.pmid: 18313942
references.citation: Hear Res. 1996 Sep 1;98(1-2):152-64
references.pmid: 8880189
references.citation: Hear Res. 2013 Jan;295:130-9
references.pmid: 23418634
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2003 Feb;6(2):119-26
references.pmid: 12555104
references.citation: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2006 Dec;(556):50-3
references.pmid: 17114143
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jul;44:4-15
references.pmid: 22516669
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Jul;98(1):82-98
references.pmid: 22609044
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jul;44:16-32
references.pmid: 23597755
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2013 Apr 30;4:131
references.pmid: 23641219
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 1999 Oct 25;8(3):177-84
references.pmid: 10556597
references.citation: Neurosci Res. 1990 Aug;8(4):221-54
references.pmid: 2175858