title: Connection between expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in skull base chordoma and lower urinary tract symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide first insights into the potential role of iNOS expressed by skull base chordoma, which causes brainstem compression in and around Barrington's nucleus, and its effect on the micturition center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urodynamic testing of 22 symptomatic patients was performed. All women and men with skull base chordoma treated in two hospitals in Germany between 1986 and 2007 were studied. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were documented in patients with acute brainstem compression due to local chordoma growth positive for iNOS expression. Brain magnetic resonance (MRI) images of the lesions of the symptomatic patients were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 74 treated patients, 22 (7 women, 15 men) with a median age of 37 years were evaluated with voiding diaries and computer urodynamic investigation. Urodynamic testing of 22 symptomatic patients with positive iNOS expression of skull base chordoma revealed detrusor overactivity in 55 %, low-compliance bladder in 14 %, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in 45 % and uninhibited sphincter relaxation in 27 %. There was a significant correlation between strong iNOS expression (score 3-6) in skull base chordoma and severe urinary symptoms (p = 0.003, Spearman ρ = 0.526).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of iNOS in skull base chordoma compressing the dorsolateral pons, in and around Barrington's nucleus, may influence the pontine micturition center (PMC) and be responsible for lower urinary tract symptoms. Nitric oxide may possibly act as a neurotransmitter. We assume that the high infiltration of chordoma with monocyte/macrophages enhances the release of nitric oxide, as monocyte/macrophages are the main source of iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany, reza.akhavan-sigari@med.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akhavan-Sigari
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ostertag
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tezval
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002812:Chondroma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D065821:Pontine Tegmentum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D014563:Urodynamics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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