title: Ophthalmic manifestations of systemic diseases--part 2: metabolic, infections, granulomatoses, demyelination, and skeletal dysplasias.
abstract: The orbit and globe can be secondarily involved in various systemic diseases. These range from tumor and tumorlike conditions, metabolic, infective, inflammatory, granulomatous demyelinating diseases, and skeletal dysplasias. In this article, we discuss the imaging appearances of the remaining systemic pathologies affecting the orbit such as (1) endocrine or metabolic, (2) infectious, (3) inflammatory or granulomatous, (4) demyelinating diseases, and (5) skeletal dysplasias. As the imaging appearances of various systemic diseases tend to overlap, we also introduce a list of pattern-based systemic differential diagnoses for commonly encountered orbital imaging findings. Awareness of the imaging appearances of the various ophthalmic manifestations of systemic diseases can help a radiologist to suggest the most appropriate differential diagnosis to guide further workup and facilitate correct treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio-diagnosis, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ananya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio-diagnosis, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: drssharma@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio-diagnosis, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jana
authors.affiliation: Department of Radio-diagnosis, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arundeep
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Shefali K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed