title: Laser welded versus resistance spot welded bone implants: analysis of the thermal increase and strength.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first aim of this "ex vivo split mouth" study was to compare the thermal elevation during the welding process of titanium bars to titanium implants inserted in pig jaws by a thermal camera and two thermocouples. The second aim was to compare the strength of the joints by a traction test with a dynamometer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six pigs' jaws were used and three implants were placed on each side of them for a total of 36 fixtures. Twelve bars were connected to the abutments (each bar on three implants) by using, on one side, laser welding and, on the other, resistance spot welding. Temperature variations were recorded by thermocouples and by thermal camera while the strength of the welded joint was analyzed by a traction test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For increasing temperature, means were 36.83 and 37.06, standard deviations 1.234 and 1.187, and P value 0.5763 (not significant). For traction test, means were 195.5 and 159.4, standard deviations 2.00 and 2.254, and P value 0.0001 (very significant).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser welding was demonstrated to be able to connect titanium implant abutments without the risk of thermal increase into the bone and with good results in terms of mechanical strength.
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy ; Laser Unit, Dental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fornaini
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meleti
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonanini
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lagori
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy ; Laser Unit, Dental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vescovi
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Odontostomatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merigo
authors.affiliation: Laser Unit, Dental Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nammour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones; D007568:Jaw; D008422:Materials Testing; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013552:Swine; D014896:Welding
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