title: Intrarenal arteriovenous shunts in kidney transplants demonstrated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
abstract: The kidney can undergo several hemodynamic changes in response to physiological stressful conditions. Arteriovenous (AV) shunting is an example where renal blood flow is redistributed away from the cortex toward the metabolically vulnerable medulla. Identification of this phenomenon is important as it may reflect underlying pathology. Despite evidence of renal AV shunting, its existence has been questioned. To our knowledge, this case series demonstrates for the first time the presence of renal AV shunting using contrast enhanced ultrasound.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, High Heaton, NE7 7DN Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Sebastian.mafeld@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mafeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, High Heaton, NE7 7DN Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, High Heaton, NE7 7DN Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003287:Contrast Media; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Arteriovenous (AV) shunt; Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; Renal hemodynamics; Renal transplant