title: Barbs facilitate the helical penetration of honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) stingers.
abstract: The stinger is a very small and efficient device that allows honeybees to perform two main physiological activities: repelling enemies and laying eggs for reproduction. In this study, we explored the specific characteristics of stinger penetration, where we focused on its movements and the effects of it microstructure. The stingers of Italian honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were grouped and fixed onto four types of cubic substrates, before pressing into different substrates. The morphological characteristics of the stinger cross-sections were analyzed before and after penetration by microscopy. Our findings suggest that the honeybee stinger undergoes helical and clockwise rotation during penetration. We also found that the helical penetration of the stinger is associated directly with the spiral distribution of the barbs, thereby confirming that stinger penetration involves an advanced microstructure rather than a simple needle-like apparatus. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of honeybee stinger penetration.
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jianing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shaoze
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jieliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Intelligent and Biomechanical Systems, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012399:Rotation
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