title: Secondhand smoke exposure across the life course and the risk of adult-onset depression and anxiety disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this paper was to investigate the association between childhood and adulthood exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and depression, panic attack, and generalized anxiety disorder among adults in the United States over a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) Waves 1 and 2 (N=2053). Self-reported childhood and adulthood SHS exposure at Wave 1 (1994) was examined in relation to incident depression, panic attack, and generalized anxiety disorder 10 years later at Wave 2 (2005).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood SHS alone was not associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adulthood. Exposure to SHS in both childhood and adulthood was associated with increased depression and panic attack in adulthood. These associations did not appear to be due to confounding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SHS exposure was measured via self-report; biological data confirming exposure were not collected. More objective measures of SHS exposure are needed in future studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, persistent exposure to SHS across the life course may be associated with increased risk of depression and panic attacks. Our results are consistent with prior findings and extend earlier results by showing a relationship between SHS exposure and mental health problems over time. Replication with biological measures of SHS over time is a necessary next step toward better understanding the pathways explaining these relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, NY 11367, USA. Electronic address: farah.taha@qc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taha
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, NY 11367, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015984:Causality; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Anxiety disorder; Major depressive disorder; Mood disorders; Secondhand smoke