title: The relationship between senior management team culture and clinical governance: Empirical investigation and managerial implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health care organizations are pressured to improve the cost-effectiveness of service delivery. Clinical governance is an important trigger to improve care quality and safety and rank high in the reform agenda of health systems. The senior management team culture plays a major role in establishing clinical governance practices, because it strongly influences the values, attitudes, and behaviors of the members of an organization.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between senior management team culture and clinical governance in the public health care organizations of three Italian regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The assessment of senior management culture was conducted using the Competing Values Framework and a corresponding instrument adapted for the Italian context. Clinical governance was assessed using an ad hoc instrument focused on the senior management team's perception and attitude toward clinical governance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey achieved a 54% response rate. The results of four different models demonstrate that organizations characterized by different dominant cultures are associated with significant differences in attitudes toward clinical governance. In particular, on average, dominant cultures with a prevailing external focus are associated with a more positive attitude toward clinical governance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selection and appointments of top managers should consider the style of leadership that is most apt to facilitate the growth of rational and developmental cultures. Furthermore, the training of top managers and leading doctors should reinforce leadership aptitude and approaches that are consistent with the desired organizational cultures.
authors.affiliation: Anna Prenestini, PhD, is Research fellow, CERGAS, SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy. Stefano Calciolari, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. E-mail: stefano.calciolari@usi.ch. Federico Lega, PhD, is Associate Professor, SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy. Roberto Grilli, MD, is Director, Regional Agency for Health and Social Care, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prenestini
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calciolari
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lega
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grilli
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D054976:Clinical Governance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007324:Institutional Management Teams / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007558:Italy; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires