title: Biomechanical effectiveness of cortical bone thickness on orthodontic microimplant stability: an evaluation based on the load share between cortical and cancellous bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate range of cortical bone thickness (CBT) for supporting an orthodontic microimplant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of an orthodontic microimplant subjected to a horizontal force of 2N was performed using a nonlinear finite element method. The peak stresses in the cortical bone of 6 bone specimens (6 base models) with CBT of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mm, respectively, were analyzed. Assuming that the biomechanical effectiveness of cortical and cancellous bone is determined by the portion of the orthodontic force that each bone component takes up, we defined the ratios of the orthodontic force divided between the cortical and cancellous bone as load share ratios (LSR): ie, LSRcortical and LSRcancellous. Along with the base models, imaginary models created by removal of the cancellous bone from the base model bone specimens were analyzed in parallel; the imaginary models were designed so that the cortical bone alone took up all of the orthodontic force. By comparing the peak stresses in the imaginary and base models, the ratios of orthodontic force taken up by the cancellous and cortical bone (LSRcancellous and LSRcortical) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest stress concentration occurred near the fulcrum where the orthodontic microimplant, undergoing tipping, presses the cortical bone surface in the direction of the force. Overall, the increase in CBT resulted in a decrease of the peak stress in the cortical bone. The decrease of stress, however, was not significant when the CBT was > 2.0 mm. LSR analysis showed that the cancellous bone has a substantial role in resisting the orthodontic force in cases of CBT ≤1.0 mm. Its role, however, declined rapidly with an increase of CBT and virtually disappeared at CBT values > 2.0 mm. LSRcortical was approximately 95% (LSRcancellous was 5%) at CBT = 1.5 mm and almost 100% at CBT = 2.0 mm, indicating that virtually all of the orthodontic force is transmitted to the cortical bone at CBT values of 2.0 mm or above. These results collectively demonstrated that CBT > 2.0 mm is biomechanically redundant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From the biomechanical perspective, CBT values of 1.0 to 2.0 mm might be appropriate for orthodontic microimplant treatment.
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Raed H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Alrbata
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Wonjae
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea. Electronic address: wonjaeyu@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hee-Moon
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kyung
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008904:Miniaturization; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium