title: Could the heat sink effect of blood flow inside large vessels protect the vessel wall from thermal damage during RF-assisted surgical resection?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess by means of computer simulations whether the heat sink effect inside a large vessel (portal vein) could protect the vessel wall from thermal damage close to an internally cooled electrode during radiofrequency (RF)-assisted resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  First,in vivo experiments were conducted to validate the computational model by comparing the experimental and computational thermal lesion shapes created around the vessels. Computer simulations were then carried out to study the effect of different factors such as device-tissue contact, vessel position, and vessel-device distance on temperature distributions and thermal lesion shapes near a large vessel, specifically the portal vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometries of thermal lesions around the vessels in the in vivo experiments were in agreement with the computer results. The thermal lesion shape created around the portal vein was significantly modified by the heat sink effect in all the cases considered. Thermal damage to the portal vein wall was inversely related to the vessel-device distance. It was also more pronounced when the device-tissue contact surface was reduced or when the vessel was parallel to the device or perpendicular to its distal end (blade zone), the vessel wall being damaged at distances less than 4.25 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The computational findings suggest that the heat sink effect could protect the portal vein wall for distances equal to or greater than 5 mm, regardless of its position and distance with respect to the RF-based device.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Synergy, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burdío
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andaluz
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Synergy, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berjano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002425:Cautery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004566:Electrodes; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013696:Temperature