title: Feeding a high-concentrate corn straw diet increased the release of endotoxin in the rumen and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the mammary gland of dairy cows.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding a high-concentrate corn straw diet on the release of endotoxin in the rumen and the changes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the mammary gland of dairy cows in comparison with a low-concentrate corn straw diet and a low-concentrate mixed forage diet. Thirty second-parity Chinese Holstein cows in mid-lactation with a body condition score of 2.86 ± 0.29, weighing 543 ± 57 kg and producing 24.32 ± 3.86 kg milk per day were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 diets (n = 10 per treatment): 1) low-concentrate mixed forage diet (LCF) with a concentrate to roughage ratio of 46 : 54; 2) high-concentrate corn straw diet (HCS) with a concentrate to roughage ratio of 65 : 35; 3) low-concentrate corn straw diet (LCS) with the same concentrate to roughage ratio (46 : 54) as LCF. The experiment lasted 6 weeks, and samples were collected in the last week. Milk samples were analyzed for conventional components, rumen fluid samples were analyzed for pH and endotoxin, and mammary arterial and venous plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of endotoxin in rumen fluid and feces of cows fed HCS were significantly higher than those of cows fed LCS and LCF. Feeding HCS increased the release of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in the mammary gland compared with feeding LCS. Concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β and IL-8) in mammary venous plasma had a negative correlation with milk production efficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that the high-concentrate corn straw diet increased the concentrations of endotoxin in rumen fluid and feces. Furthermore, feeding the high-concentrate corn straw diet stimulated the mammary gland to release more pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results suggest that feeding a high-concentrate corn straw diet induce a higher pro-inflammatory response in the mammary gland and thus may partly decrease the milk production efficiencies in dairy cows.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Guozhong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Changjin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ao
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yongxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Khas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erdene
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Chunlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 2001 Mar;62(3):286-93
references.pmid: 11277188
references.citation: Res Vet Sci. 1997 May-Jun;62(3):297-8
references.pmid: 9300553
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2003 Jul;86(7):2382-9
references.pmid: 12906056
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2002 Mar;85(3):562-9
references.pmid: 11949860
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2012 Oct;95(10):5978-84
references.pmid: 22921624
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2008 Feb;91(2):606-14
references.pmid: 18218747
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2002 Dec;85(12):3304-13
references.pmid: 12512604
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2007 Dec;90(12):5552-7
references.pmid: 18024746
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2009 Aug;92(8):3800-9
references.pmid: 19620662
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 1978 Dec;47(6):1329-37
references.pmid: 36370
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2007 Feb;90(2):856-66
references.pmid: 17235162
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2006 Nov;89(11):4404-13
references.pmid: 17033028
references.citation: Mol Cell Biochem. 1994 Dec 21;141(2):113-20
references.pmid: 7891668
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1997 May;80(5):1005-28
references.pmid: 9178142
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2012 Jan;95(1):294-303
references.pmid: 22192209
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2009 Mar;92(3):1060-70
references.pmid: 19233799
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1997 Aug;65(8):3286-92
references.pmid: 9234788
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2011 May;94(5):2374-82
references.pmid: 21524527
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2009 Dec;92(12):6023-32
references.pmid: 19923605
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 2009 Mar;92(3):1084-91
references.pmid: 19233801
references.citation: Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Jul 01;16(4):e518-21
references.pmid: 21196889
references.citation: Vet J. 2008 Apr;176(1):21-31
references.pmid: 18329918
references.citation: Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 2003;98:141-55
references.pmid: 15259787
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 2009 Apr;87(4):1314-20
references.pmid: 19098242
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2743-7
references.pmid: 6133282
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jan;8(1):8-14
references.pmid: 19946286
references.citation: Acta Vet Scand. 2011 Aug 09;53:48
references.pmid: 21824438
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2004 Jul;45(7):1169-96
references.pmid: 15102878
references.citation: Acta Vet Scand. 1994;35(3):223-34
references.pmid: 7847191
references.citation: Theriogenology. 2012 Jan 15;77(2):356-72
references.pmid: 21924475
references.citation: Am J Vet Res. 1975 Jun;36(6):831-2
references.pmid: 1147337