title: Ectopic cardiovascular fat in middle-aged men: effects of race/ethnicity, overall and central adiposity. The ERA JUMP study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Higher volumes of ectopic cardiovascular fat (ECF) are associated with greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Identifying factors that are associated with ECF volumes may lead to new preventive efforts to reduce risk of CHD. Significant racial/ethnic differences exist for overall and central adiposity measures, which are known to be associated with ECF volumes. Whether racial/ethnic differences also exist for ECF volumes and their associations with these adiposity measures remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI), computerized tomography-measured ECF volumes (epicardial, pericardial and their summation) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were examined in a community-based sample of 1199 middle-aged men (24.2% Caucasians, 7.0% African-Americans, 23.6% Japanese-Americans, 22.0% Japanese, 23.2% Koreans).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant racial/ethnic differences existed in ECF volumes and their relationships with BMI and VAT. ECF volumes were the highest among Japanese-Americans and the lowest among African-Americans. The associations of BMI and VAT with ECF differed by racial/ethnic groups. Compared with Caucasians, for each 1-unit increase in BMI, African-Americans had lower, whereas Koreans had higher increases in ECF volumes (P-values<0.05 for both). Meanwhile, compared with Caucasians, for each 1-unit increase in log-transformed VAT, African-Americans, Japanese-Americans and Japanese had similar increases, whereas Koreans had a lower increase in ECF volumes (P-value<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial/ethnic groups differed in their propensity to accumulate ECF at increasing level of overall and central adiposity. Future studies should evaluate whether reducing central adiposity or overall weight will decrease ECF volumes more in certain racial/ethnic groups. Evaluating these questions might help in designing race-specific prevention strategy of CHD risk associated with higher ECF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: El Khoudary
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Korea.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Medicine, Geri Med Residency PD, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barinas-Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Saed
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisamatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohkubo
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Medicine, Geri Med Residency PD, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Willcox
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekikawa
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061330:Multidetector Computed Tomography; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin
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