title: Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on periodontal pathogens and its clinical efficacy as adjuvant treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) on major periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups: EGB group, a positive (periocline) and a negative control groups. Subgingival plaque samples were collected before treatment and 1 week, 2 months and 4 months after treatment. The detection rates of 4 major periodontal pathogens-Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythus (Tf), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)-were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical indicators were examined before treatment, 3 and 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGB significantly decreased the detection rate of all the 4 pathogens 1 week after treatment, and then gradually increased at 2 and 4 months. EGB's inhibition effect was better than or comparable to periocline, except for Pg in short-term. The difference of plaque index (PLI) and bleeding index (BI) was not statistically significant among the groups, while for probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL), the difference was statistically significant between the EGB group and negative control group at 3 and 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGB significantly inhibited major periodontal pathogens and can be used as an adjuvant for periodontitis treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Wei-min
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Ying-mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Liang-qiong
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-song
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zuo-min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D010519:Periodontium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D010936:Plant Extracts
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 1981 Jun;8(3):203-12
references.pmid: 6947986
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1997 Jul;68(7):651-66
references.pmid: 9249637
references.citation: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2002 Sep;48(6):693-7
references.pmid: 12396081
references.citation: J Periodontol. 1980 Sep;51(9):530-4
references.pmid: 6999148
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 1964 Feb;22:121-35
references.pmid: 14158464
references.citation: Phytother Res. 2003 Jun;17(6):599-604
references.pmid: 12820224
references.citation: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Jun;39(6):599-605
references.pmid: 20418062
references.citation: Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 Jan;71(1):38-44
references.pmid: 22242550
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 1998 Feb;25(2):134-44
references.pmid: 9495612
references.citation: Phytother Res. 2008 Apr;22(4):442-9
references.pmid: 18338370
references.citation: Am J Chin Med. 2003;31(5):751-61
references.pmid: 14696678
references.citation: Ann Periodontol. 2002 Dec;7(1):62-71
references.pmid: 16013218
references.citation: Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1996 Aug;11(4):266-73
references.pmid: 9002880
references.citation: Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013 Mar;36(1):73-83
references.pmid: 23538078
references.citation: J Clin Periodontol. 1997 May;24(5):324-34
references.pmid: 9178112
references.citation: Int J Dent Hyg. 2008 May;6(2):84-92
references.pmid: 18412719
references.citation: Phytother Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):264-7
references.pmid: 19585483
references.citation: Top Companion Anim Med. 2008 May;23(2):72-80
references.pmid: 18482707