title: Microbiota-host interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: epithelial barrier, immune regulation and brain-gut interactions.
abstract: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, sometimes debilitating, gastrointestinal disorder worldwide. While altered gut motility and sensation, as well as aberrant brain perception of visceral events, are thought to contribute to the genesis of symptoms in IBS, a search for an underlying aetiology has, to date, proven unsuccessful. Recently, attention has been focused on the microbiota as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of IBS. Prompted by a number of clinical observations, such as the recognition of the de novo development of IBS following enteric infections, as well as descriptions of changes in colonic bacterial populations in IBS and supported by clinical responses to interventions, such as antibiotics and probiotics, that modify the microbiota, various approaches have been taken to investigating the microbiota-host response in IBS, as well as in animal models thereof. From such studies a considerable body of evidence has accumulated to indicate the activation or upregulation of both factors involved in bacterial engagement with the host as well host defence mechanisms against bacteria. Alterations in gut barrier function, occurring in response, or in parallel, to changes in the microbiota, have also been widely described and can be seen to play a pivotal role in generating and sustaining host immune responses both within and beyond the gut. In this manner a plausible hypothesis, based on an altered microbiota and/or an aberrant host response, for the pathogenesis, of at least some instances of IBS, can be generated.
authors.affiliation: Niall P Hyland, Eamonn MM Quigley, Elizabeth Brint, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, 30 Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Niall P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: Niall P Hyland, Eamonn MM Quigley, Elizabeth Brint, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, 30 Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Eamonn M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.affiliation: Niall P Hyland, Eamonn MM Quigley, Elizabeth Brint, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, 30 Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brint
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation / Q000382:microbiology*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D010539:Permeability; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: Epithelial barrier; Gut-brain axis; Irritable bowel syndrome; Microbiota; Toll-like receptor
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2010 May;138(5):1772-82
references.pmid: 20152836
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2011 Feb;7(2):e1001314
references.pmid: 21379339
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 Sep;127(3):826-37
references.pmid: 15362038
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 Feb;126(2):520-8
references.pmid: 14762789
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug 15;26(4):535-44
references.pmid: 17661757
references.citation: J Nutr. 2011 May;141(5):769-76
references.pmid: 21430248
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 May 18;107(20):9352-7
references.pmid: 20435915
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Sep 20;108(38):16050-5
references.pmid: 21876150
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(5):1358-73
references.pmid: 15131797
references.citation: Trends Mol Med. 2009 Oct;15(10):478-89
references.pmid: 19811951
references.citation: Clin Exp Allergy. 2010 May;40(5):811-9
references.pmid: 20067483
references.citation: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Sep;9(9):504-18
references.pmid: 22585131
references.citation: Lancet. 2003 Feb 8;361(9356):512-9
references.pmid: 12583961
references.citation: Gut. 2014 May;63(5):744-52
references.pmid: 23878165
references.citation: Ir J Med Sci. 2013 Mar;182(1):1-6
references.pmid: 23179664
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr 7;11(13):2016-21
references.pmid: 15800998
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 1998 Mar;43(3):624-31
references.pmid: 9539660
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2007 Mar;9(3):804-16
references.pmid: 17087734
references.citation: Virulence. 2013 Apr 1;4(3):207-12
references.pmid: 23334153
references.citation: Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(12):1467-76
references.pmid: 18752146
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Oct 22;5(10):e13607
references.pmid: 21042588
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 1;104(18):7617-21
references.pmid: 17456596
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Dec;20(12):1306-16
references.pmid: 19019033
references.citation: Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Mar;40(1):207-22
references.pmid: 21333908
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Mar;280(3):G368-80
references.pmid: 11171619
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 1998 Aug;80 Suppl 1:S147-71
references.pmid: 9849357
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 Oct;13(10):701-12
references.pmid: 22968153
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 May;104(5):1205-12
references.pmid: 19367268
references.citation: Gut Microbes. 2010 May-Jun;1(3):148-63
references.pmid: 20672012
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Aug 01;4(8):e1000112
references.pmid: 18670628
references.citation: Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Mar;40(1):1-10
references.pmid: 21333897
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2013 Jun;144(7):1394-401, 1401.e1-4
references.pmid: 23474283
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2006 Jul;131(1):259-71
references.pmid: 16831608
references.citation: Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1560-3
references.pmid: 10968793
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Jul 24;454(7203):428-35
references.pmid: 18650913
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;18(6):666-73
references.pmid: 22688187
references.citation: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Mar;25(3):395-6
references.pmid: 21168480
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun;101(6):1288-94
references.pmid: 16771951
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Feb;104(2):404-10
references.pmid: 19174795
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2013 Mar;69(1):42-51
references.pmid: 23089410
references.citation: Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):881-4
references.pmid: 11157169
references.citation: Gut Microbes. 2012 Nov-Dec;3(6):572-6
references.pmid: 22895081
references.citation: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 May-Jun;46(5):356-66
references.pmid: 22499071
references.citation: J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Aug;59 Suppl 2:251-62
references.pmid: 18812643
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Feb;55(2):392-7
references.pmid: 19693670
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Dec 09;4(12):e8226
references.pmid: 20011045
references.citation: Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006 Aug;8(4):305-11
references.pmid: 16836942
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Dec;106(12):2165-73
references.pmid: 22008894
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Jan;13(1):35-7
references.pmid: 17159985
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 Feb;300(2):G327-33
references.pmid: 21109593
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2007 Apr;19(2):106-15
references.pmid: 17324587
references.citation: J Immunol. 2010 Oct 1;185(7):4101-8
references.pmid: 20817872
references.citation: Gut. 2003 Jul;52(7):975-80
references.pmid: 12801954
references.citation: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012 Oct;46 Suppl:S6-11
references.pmid: 22955360
references.citation: Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 May 1;12(9):1135-46
references.pmid: 19769466
references.citation: J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Jul;17(3):252-66
references.pmid: 21860817
references.citation: J Cell Physiol. 2010 May;223(2):442-50
references.pmid: 20112289
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2009 Nov;57(11):1013-23
references.pmid: 19546475
references.citation: Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Dec;57(12):3213-8
references.pmid: 22573345
references.citation: Gut. 2004 May;53(5):694-700
references.pmid: 15082588
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):G1089-95
references.pmid: 16293652
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1480-91
references.pmid: 16678561
references.citation: Science. 2011 May 20;332(6032):974-7
references.pmid: 21512004
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Oct;22(10):1268-74
references.pmid: 15470467
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2013 Mar;91(3):204-14
references.pmid: 23318659
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010 Jun;298(6):G807-19
references.pmid: 20299599
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Oct;20(10):1110-8
references.pmid: 18694443
references.citation: Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Dec;62(4):1157-70
references.pmid: 9841668
references.citation: FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2013 Dec;86(3):581-9
references.pmid: 23889283
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42777
references.pmid: 23028414
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1999 Jan;67(1):302-7
references.pmid: 9864230
references.citation: Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Dec;2(6):735-40
references.pmid: 19090734
references.citation: BMC Immunol. 2009 Oct 08;10:54
references.pmid: 19814810
references.citation: J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 May;18(5):479-97
references.pmid: 12702039
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Mar;23(3):187-92
references.pmid: 21303428
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996 Oct;23(3):280-6
references.pmid: 8890079
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2010 Apr;138(4):1502-13
references.pmid: 20044998
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2010 Nov 10;170(4):1179-88
references.pmid: 20696216
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb;106(2):329-36
references.pmid: 21102570
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 Feb;10(2):131-44
references.pmid: 20098461
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;137(2):139-45
references.pmid: 12208769
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002 Apr;14(2):133-42
references.pmid: 11975713
references.citation: Exp Physiol. 2006 Jan;91(1):229-37
references.pmid: 16263800
references.citation: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Mar;5(3):274-84
references.pmid: 17368226
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Jun;21(6):644-50, e27
references.pmid: 19222763
references.citation: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Mar;23(3):255-64, e119
references.pmid: 21054680
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Mar;128(3):541-51
references.pmid: 15765388
references.citation: Gut. 2013 Aug;62(8):1160-8
references.pmid: 22637702
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar 28;17(12):1519-28
references.pmid: 21472114
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):G839-45
references.pmid: 16293657
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Feb 15;108(7):3047-52
references.pmid: 21282636
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 2013 Nov 30;25(5):364-9
references.pmid: 24169518
references.citation: Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Oct 15;28(8):994-1002
references.pmid: 18671775