title: Five-year follow-up study of multi-domain cognitive training for healthy elderly community members.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive training, a safe non-pharmacological intervention, may help mitigate cognitive decline and prevent the development of dementia in elderly individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the long-term effects of cognitive training among healthy elderly community members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy individuals 70 years of age or older from one urban community in Shanghai were screened and the 151 individuals who met inclusion criteria were assigned either to an intervention group (n=90) or a control group (n=61). The intervention involved twice-weekly training in reasoning, memory, and strategy that continued for 12 weeks (a total of 24 sessions). Participants were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks, and 5 years after enrollment using the Chinese versions of the Neuropsychological Test Battery for Elderly persons (NTBE), the Stroop Color-Word Test, and a general health questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-nine (54%) intervention group subjects and 33 (54%) control group subjects completed the 5-year follow-up. There were few differences in the baseline neurocognitive measures of those who did and did not complete the 5-year follow-up, and there were few differences between those who dropped out of the intervention group compared to those who dropped out of the control group. At the 5-year follow-up, individuals in the intervention group performed better than those in the control group on only 5 measures (in the Trails Making A Test and the Cancellation Test 3) of the 61 measures assessed by NTBE and the Stroop tests, but none of these differences met the pre-determined required level of statistical significance (p=0.0008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We do not confirm the results of previous studies that report long-term benefits of brief cognitive training courses for elderly community residents. Our failure to identify differences in cognitive functioning five years after cognitive training is not likely due to differential dropout between the intervention and control groups but may be related to the relatively small sample and the large number of measures being assessed. Future intervention studies for cognitive training in the elderly should be hypothesis driven (i.e., focused on a single outcome measure of interest), use much larger samples, and include regular booster sessions as part of the cognitive training package.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunbo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Yangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
keywords: China; cognition; elderly; follow up studies; neuropsychology; psychological tests
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