title: A comprehensive review of diagnostic and treatment options for granulosa cell tumors of the ovary.
abstract: Granulosa cell tumors are rare and comprise approximately 2% to 8% of all ovarian malignancies. Research dedicated to these tumors is rare given the low incidence. These tumors are more difficult to diagnose than epithelial ovarian tumors, and understanding how they present may aid in appropriate referral to a gynecologic oncologist. The aim of this review was to summarize the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentation of granulosa cell tumors to aid in provider recognition. We will also explore current diagnostic and treatment modalities with examination of newer, novel treatments. At the end of this review, the reader should understand how to appropriately diagnose and treat these rare malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Fellow Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stine
authors.affiliation: Resident Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.affiliation: Professor Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Soper
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D005260:Female; D006106:Granulosa Cell Tumor / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012307:Risk Factors; D058994:Salpingectomy; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor