title: Structural modifications of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide: an idea for how to live in peace.
abstract: In this review, we discuss the findings and concepts underlying the "persistence mechanisms" of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a spiral-shaped, Gram-negative rod bacterium that was discovered as a gastric pathogen by Marshall and Warren in 1984. H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of nearly half of the human population. Infections appear in early childhood and, if not treated, persist for life. The presence or absence of symptoms and their severity depend on multiple bacterial components, host susceptibility and environmental factors, which allow H. pylori to switch between pathogenicity and commensalism. Many studies have shown that H. pylori components may facilitate the colonization process and the immune response of the host during the course of H. pylori infection. These H. pylori-driven interactions might result from positive or negative modulation. Among the negative immunomodulators, a prominent position is occupied by a vacuolating toxin A (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein. However, in light of the recent studies that are presented in this review, it is necessary to enrich this panel with H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Together with CagA and VacA, LPS suppresses the elimination of H. pylori bacteria from the gastric mucosa by interfering with the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells, diminishing the inflammatory response, and affecting the adaptive T lymphocyte response, thus facilitating the development of chronic infections. The complex strategy of H. pylori bacteria for survival in the gastric mucosa of the host involves both structural modifications of LPS lipid A to diminish its endotoxic properties and the expression and variation of Lewis determinants, arranged in O-specific chains of H. pylori LPS. By mimicking host components, this phenomenon leaves these bacteria "invisible" to immune cells. Together, these mechanisms allow H. pylori to survive and live for many years within their hosts.
authors.affiliation: Magdalena Chmiela, Eliza Miszczyk, Karolina Rudnicka, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chmiela
authors.affiliation: Magdalena Chmiela, Eliza Miszczyk, Karolina Rudnicka, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miszczyk
authors.affiliation: Magdalena Chmiela, Eliza Miszczyk, Karolina Rudnicka, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rudnicka
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008050:Lipid A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013559:Symbiosis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D008050:Lipid A
keywords: Adaptation; Helicobacter pylori; Immune response; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharide
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