title: Lidocaine-induced ASC apoptosis (tumescent vs. local anesthesia).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose for the present study was to determine which anesthetic method, local anesthesia versus tumescent, is superior for liposuction in terms of adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) survival in lipoaspirate; which component, lidocaine versus lidocaine with epinephrine, in anesthetic solutions could affect ASC survival; and which mechanism, necrosis versus apoptosis, is involved in lidocaine-induced ASC death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human lipoaspirates were harvested using standard liposuction technique. Individuals scheduled for liposuction on bilateral body areas gave consent and were included in the study. On one area, liposuction was conducted under local anesthesia with lidocaine/epinephrine. On the contralateral area, liposuction was accomplished with tumescent wetting solution containing lidocaine/epinephrine. Lipoaspirates were processed for the isolation of stromal vascular fraction (SVF). ASC survival was determined by the number of adherent ASCs after 24 h of SVF culture. Lidocaine dose-response (with or without epinephrine) on cultured ASCs was examined. Lidocaine-induced ASC apoptosis and necrosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide (PI) assay and analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the participants were female adults. The average age was 45 ± 4.0 years (±SEM) and the average BMI was 28 ± 1.0 (±SEM). Lipoaspirate samples (n = 14) treated by local anesthesia (n = 7/group) or tumescent anesthesia (n = 7/group) were investigated. Liposuction sites were located in the hip or thigh. The average number of adherent ASCs was 1,057 ± 146 k in the local anesthesia group, which was significantly lower than the 1,571 ± 111 k found in the tumescent group (P = 0.01). ASC survival was significantly lower in the lidocaine group and in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the correspondent PBS controls (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). ASC survival was significantly lower in both the lidocaine and lidocaine with epinephrine groups when compared to PBS controls. Annexin/PI assay showed that ASC apoptosis (but not necrosis) in the lidocaine group was significantly higher than that in the corresponding PBS control (P = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tumescent anesthesia is the superior method for liposuction with respect to ASC preservation compared to local anesthesia. Lidocaine could cause significant ASC apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 2040 W. Charleston Blvd., Suite 301, Las Vegas, NV, 89102, USA, wwang@medicine.nevada.edu.
authors.forename: Wei Z
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Shelley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Baynosa
authors.forename: Kayvan T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khiabani
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Zamboni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015187:Lipectomy; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine