title: Prevalence of dental anxiety and its relation to age and gender in coastal Andhra (Visakhapatnam) population, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental fear, anxiety and phobia have consistently been reported as widespread problems that persist despite the technological advances that have made dentistry less painful and less uncomfortable. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety (DA) and its relation to age and sex among Coastal Andhra (Visakhapatnam) population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled study was designed among 340 individuals at GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam. The sample for the study consisted of 180 female and 160 male subjects between 15 and 65 years of age; all were supplied with two questionnaires (Corah DA scale [CDAS] and Clarke and Rustvold dental concerns assessment scale describing anxiety provoking stimuli. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were applied (significance level P < 0.05). The correlations between the two questionnaires were calculated using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two questionnaires were collected from all 340 individuals and the Indian translation of both instruments was found to be internally reliable with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.093. Overall prevalence of DA was high (77.4%) but severe (22.6%) anxiety (phobia) was low. Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant relation between age and DA. The mean CDAS scores were high in 25-35 (11.08) and low in 55-65 (9.45) year age groups. Mann-Whitney U test showed significant relation between sex and DA. Mean CDAS score levels were significantly higher in females (10.88) than in males (9.96) (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients anxious about dental procedures are often more difficult to treat. If Dentists become aware about the level of DA among their patients, they can anticipate patient's behavior and can be prepared to take behavioral/pharmacological measures to reduce anxiety levels.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, India.
authors.forename: Rezwana Begum
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: M. D. S. and Reader, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, C.K.S. Teja Dental College and Hospital, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Thota
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lalithamma
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Dental Sciences, Bheemunipatnam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Dandu Maruti
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Varma
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kalinga institute of dental sciences, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Korukonda Naga Venkata
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sudhakar
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Baratam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Periodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Penumetsa Venkata
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Krishnamraju
authors.affiliation: Statistician cum Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ahammad Basha
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shaik
keywords: Dental anxiety; dental anxiety scale; dental concerns assessment scale; dental fear; prevalence
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