title: Segmentation of bones in magnetic resonance images of the wrist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease characterized by progressive and irreversible destruction of bones and joints. According to current recommendations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to asses three main signs of RA based on manual evaluation of MR images: synovitis, bone edema and bone erosions. The key feature of a future computer-assisted diagnostic system for evaluation RA lesions is accurate segmentation of 15 wrist bones. In the present paper, we focus on developing a wrist bones segmentation framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  The segmentation procedure consisted of three stages: segmentation of the distal parts of ulna and radius, segmentation of the proximal parts of metacarpal bones and segmentation of carpal bones. At every stage, markers of bones were determined first, using an atlas-based approach. Then, given markers of bones and a marker of background, a watershed from markers algorithm was applied to find the final segmentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MR data for 37 cases were analyzed. The automated segmentation results were compared with gold-standard manual segmentations using a few well-established metrics: area under ROC curve AUC, mean similarity MS and mean absolute distance MAD. The mean (standard deviation) values of AUC, MS and MAD were 0.97 (0.04), 0.93 (0.09) and 1.23 (0.28), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study demonstrate that automated segmentation of wrist bones is feasible. The proposed algorithm can be the first stage for the detection of early lesions like bone edema or synovitis.
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059,  Krakow, Poland, justyna.wlodarczyk@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Włodarczyk
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czaplicka
authors.forename: Zbisław
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tabor
authors.forename: Wadim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urbanik
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013585:Synovitis / Q000473:pathology*; D014953:Wrist / Q000473:pathology*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000473:pathology*
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