title: The developmental progression of age 14 behavioral  disinhibition, early age of sexual initiation, and  subsequent sexual risk-taking behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has demonstrated a consistent relationship between early sexual experience and subsequent sexual risk-taking behaviors. We hypothesized that this relationship is due to a general predisposition toward behavioral disinhibition (BD), and that relationships among BD, early sex, and subsequent risky sexual behavior may be influenced by common genetic influences for males and common environmental influences for females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective sample of 1,512 same-sex adolescent twins (50.2% female) was used. Adolescent BD was measured by clinical symptom counts of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and self-reported delinquent behavior (age 14). Age of sexual initiation was defined as first age of consensual oral or penetrative sex (mean age ~17). Adult risky sexual behavior was defined by sexual behaviors under the influence of drugs and alcohol and number of casual sexual partners in the past year (age 24).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analyses showed evidence for substantial common genetic variance among age 14 BD, age at sexual initiation, and adult risky sexual behavior for males, but not females. There was no significant difference in the degree of common environmental influence on these variables for females compared to males. Notably, age of sexual initiation was not significantly correlated with age 24 risky sexual behavior for females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between early sex and later risky sex can be better understood through a general liability toward BD, which is influenced primarily by genetic factors for males. The association between age 14 BD and age of sexual initiation was influenced through a combination of genetic and environmental factors for females; however, age of sexual initiation does not appear to be a salient predictor of adult women’s sexual risk-taking behavior. Findings suggest that prevention programs aimed at reducing sexual risk behavior might target youth exhibiting BD by age 14, particularly males. More research is needed on what predicts adult sexual risk-taking behavior for females.
authors.forename: Diana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Samek
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Marina A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bornovalova
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014427:Twins / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;162(6):1118-24
references.pmid: 15930060
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 2007 Aug;116(3):433-47
references.pmid: 17696699
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1987 Sep;26(5):649-53
references.pmid: 3667494
references.citation: J Youth Adolesc. 2011 Jul;40(7):825-38
references.pmid: 21069562
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2008 Jan;98(1):155-61
references.pmid: 18048793
references.citation: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012 Feb;166(2):141-8
references.pmid: 21969362
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 1999 Sep;25(3):179-81
references.pmid: 10475493
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2002 Apr;30(4):229-32
references.pmid: 11927234
references.citation: J Sex Res. 2014;51(7):721-30
references.pmid: 24423058
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Oct;79(5):643-52
references.pmid: 21787045
references.citation: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):158-62
references.pmid: 19631791
references.citation: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004 May 10;74(2):147-58
references.pmid: 15099658
references.citation: Health Psychol. 2013 Feb;32(2):180-9
references.pmid: 22708520
references.citation: J Adolesc. 2011 Apr;34(2):289-300
references.pmid: 20630578
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Oct;46(10):1272-1279
references.pmid: 17885568
references.citation: J Youth Adolesc. 2008 Apr;37(4):373-385
references.pmid: 21479148
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 2012 May;102(5):867-76
references.pmid: 22493999
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2004 Sep;18(3):411-9
references.pmid: 15382965
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:325-48
references.pmid: 18370620
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:351-81
references.pmid: 21443449
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 1999 Fall;11(4):869-900
references.pmid: 10624730
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Dec 1;358(9296):1843-50
references.pmid: 11741623
references.citation: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):390-410
references.pmid: 12585812
references.citation: Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967 Sep;6(3):168-73
references.pmid: 6077466
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2011 Jul;22(7):924-33
references.pmid: 21642552
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005 Jun;73(3):445-53
references.pmid: 15982142
references.citation: J Adolesc Health. 2006 Jan;38(1):72-81
references.pmid: 16387256
references.citation: Vital Health Stat 23. 2005 Dec;(25):1-160
references.pmid: 16532609