title: Technology efficacy in active prosthetic knees for transfemoral amputees: a quantitative evaluation.
abstract: Several studies have presented technological ensembles of active knee systems for transfemoral prosthesis. Other studies have examined the amputees' gait performance while wearing a specific active prosthesis. This paper combined both insights, that is, a technical examination of the components used, with an evaluation of how these improved the gait of respective users. This study aims to offer a quantitative understanding of the potential enhancement derived from strategic integration of core elements in developing an effective device. The study systematically discussed the current technology in active transfemoral prosthesis with respect to its functional walking performance amongst above-knee amputee users, to evaluate the system's efficacy in producing close-to-normal user performance. The performances of its actuator, sensory system, and control technique that are incorporated in each reported system were evaluated separately and numerical comparisons were conducted based on the percentage of amputees' gait deviation from normal gait profile points. The results identified particular components that contributed closest to normal gait parameters. However, the conclusion is limitedly extendable due to the small number of studies. Thus, more clinical validation of the active prosthetic knee technology is needed to better understand the extent of contribution of each component to the most functional development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Mechatronics Section, Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amr M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Sayed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nur Azah
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4277-2813
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hamzaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Azuan
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Abu Osman
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000592:standards; D011474:Prosthesis Design
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012 Oct;59(10):2716-25
references.pmid: 22996721
references.citation: J Mot Behav. 1983 Dec;15(4):302-30
references.pmid: 15151864
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011 Sep;58(9):2617-24
references.pmid: 21693411
references.citation: Prosthet Orthot Int. 1977 Dec;1(3):146-60
references.pmid: 617371
references.citation: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Apr;(361):39-47
references.pmid: 10212594
references.citation: Med Eng Phys. 2013 Jun;35(6):838-45
references.pmid: 23000012
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2011 Feb;19(1):71-8
references.pmid: 20952344
references.citation: IEEE ASME Trans Mechatron. 2009;14(6):667-676
references.pmid: 20054424
references.citation: Proc IEEE RAS EMBS Int Conf Biomed Robot Biomechatron. 2008 Oct 19;2008:523-528
references.pmid: 20648239
references.citation: Prosthet Orthot Int. 2010 Dec;34(4):362-77
references.pmid: 20969495
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:511-4
references.pmid: 21095656
references.citation: Neural Netw. 2008 May;21(4):654-66
references.pmid: 18499394
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:4310-3
references.pmid: 19163666
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Mar;93(3):541-9
references.pmid: 22373937
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:8519-22
references.pmid: 22256326
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004 Jul;41(4):555-70
references.pmid: 15558384
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2006 Nov-Dec;43(7):857-70
references.pmid: 17436172
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 Apr;84(4):569-77
references.pmid: 12690597
references.citation: IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2010 Apr;18(2):164-73
references.pmid: 20071268
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011 Jan;58(1):144-51
references.pmid: 20805047
references.citation: J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2011 Apr 26;8:22
references.pmid: 21521509
references.citation: Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Aug;84(8):563-75
references.pmid: 16034225
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(3):361-73
references.pmid: 19675988
references.citation: J Biomech Eng. 1977 Feb 1;99(1):3-8
references.pmid: 23720163
references.citation: Sensors (Basel). 2013 May 07;13(5):5826-40
references.pmid: 23653051
references.citation: Med Eng Phys. 2012 May;34(4):397-408
references.pmid: 22177895
references.citation: J Biomech. 1987;20(1):19-28
references.pmid: 3558425