title: Breast-cancer risk in families with mutations in PALB2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Germline loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 are known to confer a predisposition to breast cancer. However, the lifetime risk of breast cancer that is conferred by such mutations remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the risk of breast cancer among 362 members of 154 families who had deleterious truncating, splice, or deletion mutations in PALB2. The age-specific breast-cancer risk for mutation carriers was estimated with the use of a modified segregation-analysis approach that allowed for the effects of PALB2 genotype and residual familial aggregation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of breast cancer for female PALB2 mutation carriers, as compared with the general population, was eight to nine times as high among those younger than 40 years of age, six to eight times as high among those 40 to 60 years of age, and five times as high among those older than 60 years of age. The estimated cumulative risk of breast cancer among female mutation carriers was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 20) by 50 years of age and 35% (95% CI, 26 to 46) by 70 years of age. Breast-cancer risk was also significantly influenced by birth cohort (P<0.001) and by other familial factors (P=0.04). The absolute breast-cancer risk for PALB2 female mutation carriers by 70 years of age ranged from 33% (95% CI, 25 to 44) for those with no family history of breast cancer to 58% (95% CI, 50 to 66) for those with two or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer at 50 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 are an important cause of hereditary breast cancer, with respect both to the frequency of cancer-predisposing mutations and to the risk associated with them. Our data suggest the breast-cancer risk for PALB2 mutation carriers may overlap with that for BRCA2 mutation carriers. (Funded by the European Research Council and others.).
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Public Health and Primary Care (A.C.A., D.B., A.L., D.F.E.) and Oncology (D.F.E.), Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology (D.F.E.), and Department of Medical Genetics and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (M.T.), University of Cambridge, and the Department of Clinical Genetics, East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital (J.R., D.S., M.T.), Cambridge, and the Oncogenetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, London (C.T., S.S., N.R.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (S.C., M.-C.K.); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.H., S.K., H.N.), and the Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Helsinki, the Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Center NordLab, Oulu University Hospital (K.P., R.W.), and the Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital (J.S.M.), Oulu, Biocenter Kuopio and Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.M.), and the Institute of Biomedical Technology-Cancer Genomics, University of Tampere, Tampere (A.K.) - all in Finland; the Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (K.D.L., B.P., K.B.M.C.); the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear and Radiologic Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens (F.F., D.Y.); the Department of Genetics, Eastern Ontario Regional Genetics Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa (E.T.), Samuel Lunenfeld Research 
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics; D000076164:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group N Protein; D005260:Female; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis; D012306:Risk; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000076164:Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group N Protein; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C512790:PALB2 protein, human
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