title: Optimisation of the supercritical extraction of toxic elements in fish oil.
abstract: This study aims to optimise the operating conditions for the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of toxic elements from fish oil. The SFE operating parameters of pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction time were optimised using a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). High coefficients of determination (R²) (0.897-0.988) for the predicted response surface models confirmed a satisfactory adjustment of the polynomial regression models with the operation conditions. The results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of pressure and temperature were the most significant (p < 0.05) variables affecting the overall responses. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous elimination of toxic elements comprised a pressure of 61 MPa, a temperature of 39.8ºC, a CO₂ flow rate of 3.7 ml min⁻¹ and an extraction time of 4 h. These optimised SFE conditions were able to produce fish oil with the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury reduced by up to 98.3%, 96.1%, 94.9% and 93.7%, respectively. The fish oil extracted under the optimised SFE operating conditions was of good quality in terms of its fatty acid constituents.
authors.affiliation: a Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hajeb
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jinap
authors.forename: Sh
authors.initials: Sh
authors.lastname: Shakibazadeh
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Afsah-Hejri
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Mohebbi
authors.forename: I S M
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Zaidul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000191:economics; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008296:Malaysia; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010473:Perciformes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: fish oil; optimisation; supercritical fluid extraction; toxic elements