title: A fundamental study of cryoablation on normal bone: diagnostic imaging and histopathology.
abstract: Cryoablation is a minimally invasive cancer treatment. In this study, the effects of cryoablation on normal rabbit bone were evaluated using imaging and histopathological examinations. Cryoablation was performed using a Cryo-Hit (Galil Medical, Yokneam, Israel). Under anesthesia, one cryoablation needle was inserted at the center of the femur (day 0). To create an ice ball (2 x 3 cm), two 10-min freeze cycles were performed, separated by a 5-min thaw cycle. During cryoablation, changes in the bone and regional tissue were monitored using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI scans, computed tomography (CT) scans, and collections from the femur (for histopathological evaluation) were performed on days 7, 14, 28, and 56. In terms of the all rabbits' general conditions, we did not observe lameness, decreased appetite, or any other side effects during the experimental periods. Histopathological evaluations of the femur were performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. MRI indicated inflammation around the ice ball on day 7. Subsequently, the area of inflammation gradually decreased from days 14 to 56. In the histopathological examination, necrosis of bone marrow cells and endosteum were observed from days 7 to 56. No regeneration of bone marrow cells was observed during the experimental period. On the other hand, cryoablation did not influence osteoblasts. Furthermore, there was no pathologic fracture during the experimental period. Our results suggest that cryoablation does not induce severe adverse effects on normal bone, and therefore has potential as a therapeutic option for bone tumors, including metastatic tumors to bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan. Electronic address: kazu-azuma@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miya
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiichi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaburagi
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Medical Corporation, 2-1 Shintoyofuta, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0804, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murahata
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.affiliation: KKR Sapporo Medical Center Tonan Hospital, N1 W6, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0001, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan. Electronic address: yokamoto@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000473:pathology; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011817:Rabbits; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Bone; Bone marrow cell; Cryoablation; Magnetic resonance imaging; Necrosis; Rabbit