title: Photodynamic diagnosis of shed prostate cancer cells in voided urine treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Past attempts at detecting prostate cancer (PCa) cells in voided urine by traditional cytology have been impeded by undesirably low sensitivities but high specificities. To improve the sensitivities, we evaluate the feasibility and clinical utility of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) of prostate cancer by using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to examine shed prostate cancer cells in voided urine samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred thirty-eight patients with an abnormal digital rectal exam (DRE) and/or abnormal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were recruited between April 2009 and December 2010. Voided urine specimens were collected before prostate biopsy. Urine specimens were treated with 5-ALA and imaged by fluorescence microscopy and reported as protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) positive (presence of cells demonstrating simultaneous PPIX fluorescence) or PPIX negative (lack of cells demonstrating fluorescence).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 138 patients, PCa was detected on needle biopsy in 81 patients (58.7%); of these 81 patients with PCa, 60 were PPIX-positive (sensitivity: 74.1%). Although 57 patients did not harbor PCa by conventional diagnostic procedures, 17 of these at-risk patients were found to be PPIX-positive (specificity: 70.2%). PPIX-PDD was more sensitive compared with DRE and transrectal ultrasound and more specific compared with PSA and PSA density. The incidence of PPIX-PDD positivity did not increase with increasing total PSA levels, tumor stage or Gleason score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of PPIX in urine sediments treated with 5-ALA used to detect PCa in a noninvasive yet highly sensitive manner. However, further studies are warranted to determine the role of PPIX-PPD for PCa detection.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anai
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwada
authors.forename: Makito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Yoshitomo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chihara
authors.forename: Nobumichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8522, Japan. kiyokun@naramed-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiyohide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000652:urine; D011524:Protoporphyrins / Q000652:urine; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011524:Protoporphyrins; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C028025:protoporphyrin IX
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