title: Inaccuracy of haemoglobin A1c among HIV-infected men: effects of CD4 cell count, antiretroviral therapies and haematological parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited evidence that among HIV-infected patients haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values may not accurately reflect glycaemia. We assessed HbA1c discordance (observed HbA1c - expected HbA1c) and associated factors among HIV-infected participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting glucose (FG) and HbA1c were measured at each semi-annual MACS visit since 1999. All HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men for whom at least one FG and HbA1c pair measurement was available were evaluated. Univariate median regression determined the association between HbA1c and FG by HIV serostatus. The relationship between HbA1c and FG in HIV-uninfected men was used to determine the expected HbA1c. Generalized estimating equations determined factors associated with the Hb1Ac discordance among HIV-infected men. Clinically significant discordance was defined as observed HbA1c - expected HbA1c ≤-0.5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 13 years, 1500 HIV-uninfected and 1357 HIV-infected men were included, with a median of 11 visits for each participant. At an FG of 125 mg/dL, the median HbA1c among HIV-infected men was 0.21% lower than among HIV-uninfected men and the magnitude of this effect increased with FG >126 mg/dL. Sixty-three percent of HIV-infected men had at least one visit with clinically significant HbA1c discordance, which was independently associated with: low CD4 cell count (<500 cells/mm(3)); a regimen containing a protease inhibitor, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or zidovudine; high mean corpuscular volume; and abnormal corpuscular haemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HbA1c underestimates glycaemia in HIV-infected patients and its use in patients with risk factors for HbA1c discordance may lead to under-diagnosis and to under-treatment of established diabetes mellitus.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slama
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.forename: Alison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Xiuhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vigouroux
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pialoux
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: Jordan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: Todd T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: HIV; HbA1c; diabetes; glycosylated haemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume
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