title: Gender differences in resources and negotiation among highly motivated physician-scientists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resources, including space, equipment, funding, personnel, and protected time, are essential in academic medical careers. Negotiation often plays a key role in the distribution of these resources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study explored gender differences in resources, negotiation behaviors, and negotiation outcomes in a sample of career development awardees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postal survey of a cohort of 1,708 clinician-researchers with responses from 1,275 (75 % response rate).
  
  
  METHODS
  Researchers who received NIH K08 or K23 awards between 2006 and 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed gender differences in resources, negotiation behaviors, and negotiation outcomes, using regression models adjusted for race, K award type, K award year, degree, academic rank, specialty, and institutional funding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over one-fifth of respondents reported inadequate access to research space and one-third had asked for increased space or equipment. Perceived adequacy of these physical resources did not differ significantly by gender, but a higher proportion of women reported inadequate access to grants administrators (34.8 %) and statistical support (49.9 %) than men (26.9 %; p = 0.002 and 43.4 %; p = 0.025, respectively). Women were more likely to have asked for reduction in clinical hours (24.1 % vs. 19.3 %; p = 0.02) and to have raised concerns about unfair treatment (50.2 % vs. 38.2 %; p < 0.001). Overall, 42.9 % of women and 35.9 % of men asked for a raise in the two years preceding the survey (p = 0.09), and among those who had asked for increased resources, the likelihood that the request was granted did not differ significantly by gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many career development award recipients report resource needs and negotiate for increased resources. Gender differences in perceived access to research support personnel exist even in this select cohort of K awardees. Institutions should provide appropriate training in negotiation and ensure adequate and equitable distribution of resources to promote academic success.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holliday
authors.forename: Kent A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Castro
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ubel
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jagsi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D017008:Negotiating / Q000379:methods; D010820:Physicians / Q000191:economics*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000191:economics; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000191:economics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000191:economics*
references.citation: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007 Mar;16(2):235-44
references.pmid: 17388740
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2010 Jan;103(1):5
references.pmid: 20056662
references.citation: Psychol Sci. 2008 Mar;19(3):268-75
references.pmid: 18315800
references.citation: Acad Med. 2013 Nov;88(11):1689-99
references.pmid: 24072109
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2000 Jun 6;132(11):889-96
references.pmid: 10836916
references.citation: Gend Med. 2011 Dec;8(6):378-87
references.pmid: 22153882
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 9;109(41):16474-9
references.pmid: 22988126
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 20;355(3):281-7
references.pmid: 16855268
references.citation: J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008 Nov;17(9):1453-62
references.pmid: 18954235
references.citation: J Natl Med Assoc. 2007 Jul;99(7):764-71
references.pmid: 17668642
references.citation: Acad Med. 1996 Oct;71(10 Suppl):S25-7
references.pmid: 8940925
references.citation: J Appl Psychol. 1993 Oct;78(5):723-35
references.pmid: 8253630
references.citation: Acad Med. 2005 Apr;80(4):400-8
references.pmid: 15793027
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2009 Aug;102(8):337-42
references.pmid: 19679736
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 4;160(5):344-53
references.pmid: 24737273
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 2012 Nov;130(11):1441-6
references.pmid: 23143443
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 10;342(6):399-405
references.pmid: 10666431
references.citation: Acad Med. 2011 Nov;86(11):1415-21
references.pmid: 21952061
references.citation: Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1472-4
references.pmid: 19056961
references.citation: JAMA. 2012 Jun 13;307(22):2410-7
references.pmid: 22692173
references.citation: Acad Med. 2013 Apr;88(4):505-11
references.pmid: 23425992
references.citation: Am J Surg. 2003 Jan;185(1):74-8
references.pmid: 12531451
references.citation: Acad Med. 2001 Aug;76(8):849-51
references.pmid: 11500291
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 1;151(11):804-11
references.pmid: 19949146