title: Chronic intermittent hypoxia decreases pain sensitivity and increases the expression of HIF1α and opioid receptors in experimental rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to determine the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on pain sensitivity and the changes in the expression of delta-opioid receptor (DOR), mu-opioid receptor (MOR), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and their relationship with pain sensitivity under hypoxia.
  
  
  METHODS
  CIH was employed to model the low oxygen condition in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Normal oxygen condition was used as control. After 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week hypoxia, behavioral tests, including paw-withdrawal latency (PWL) and paw-withdrawal threshold (PWT), were performed. The expressions of DOR, MOR and HIF-1α in cortex were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIF-1α expression was significantly upregulated after 1-4 weeks of hypoxia at both mRNA and protein levels, compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Both PWL and PWT were significantly enhanced in the rats following 3 and 4 weeks of hypoxia (P < 0.05). DOR and MOR expression was significantly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels after 3 and 4 weeks of hypoxia (P < 0.05), which corresponded to the behavioral changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIH decreases pain sensitivity in rats, possibly through activating HIF-1α and increasing MOR and DOR expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiuying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu
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