title: [Heart rate: clinical variable and risk marker].
abstract: Heart rate is an easily accessible clinical variable with wide-ranging prognostic impact. Elevated resting heart rate predicts an elevated cardiovascular risk. Epidemiological studies demonstrate a relevant association between heart rate and survival in individuals without diagnosed cardiovascular disease and with cardiovascular disease like hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure. Whereas a goal directed pharmacological heart rate reduction is not supported by clinical evidence for primary prevention it plays a prognostic role for patients with CAD  and chronic heart failure. Moreover heart rate can be characterized as an independent risk factor for patients with heart failure and potentially for those with CAD. As a result the common guidelines recommend heart rate reduction as a target of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Custodis
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Reil
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Abteilung f. Kardiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin, Krankenhaus Bethanien, Moers.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möhlenkamp
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Laufs
authors.affiliation: Kardiologie, Angiologie u. Internistische Intensivmedizin, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008297:Male; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D001552:Benzazepines; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D000077550:Ivabradine