title: Clinical profile of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease among young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus seen at a diabetes speciality center in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence and clinical profile of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among young type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients at a tertiary care diabetes center in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic medical records of T1DM patients (age at first diagnosis of T1DM ≤25 years) registered between January 1992 and May 2013 who had undergone ultrasonography and denied history of any alcohol intake (n = 736) were reviewed. NAFLD was diagnosed if there was any degree of fatty liver. Retinopathy was initially assessed by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and later by retinal photography. Nephropathy was diagnosed if urine protein excretion was >500 mg/day, and neuropathy was diagnosed if a patient's vibration perception threshold on biothesiometry was ≥20 V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 204/736 (27.7%) T1DM patients had NAFLD. Compared to T1DM subjects without NAFLD those with NAFLD had higher body mass index (BMI) (18.9 ± 4.2 vs. 20.2 ± 4.7 kg/m2, P<.001), waist circumference (67.9 ± 13.2 vs. 71.9 ± 13.3 cm, P<.05), systolic blood pressure (110 ± 15 vs. 116 ± 18 mm Hg, P<.001) and diastolic blood pressure (72 ± 9 vs. 74 ± 10 mm Hg, P<.05), while fasting blood glucose (201 ± 101 vs. 183 ± 101 mg/dL, P<.05) and alkaline phosphatase (419 [12.5] vs. 315 [15.8], P<.001) levels were lower in patients with T1DM with NAFLD. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between NAFLD and retinopathy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-3.43; P = .017, after adjusting for sex, duration of diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertension, fasting plasma glucose, nephropathy, and nephropathy (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.02-3.50; P = .042), after adjusting for sex and fasting plasma glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that NAFLD is also seen among T1DM patients and that it has an independent and significant association with retinopathy and nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ramanujam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vendhan
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Anandakumar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amutha
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit Mohan
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Anjana
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Unnikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D007194:India; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000150:complications; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors