title: Optimal neurocognitive, personality and behavioral measures for assessing impulsivity in cocaine dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsivity may underlie the poor treatment retention and high relapse rates observed in cocaine-dependent persons. However, observed differences in measures of impulsivity between cocaine-dependent and healthy control participants often do not reach clinical significance, suggesting that the clinical relevance of these differences may be limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine which measures of impulsivity (i.e. self-report impulsivity, self-report personality, neurocognitive testing) best distinguish cocaine-dependent and healthy control participants (i.e. showing differences at least 1.5 standard deviations [SD] from controls). Optimal measures were considered to demonstrate sufficient classification accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five recently abstinent cocaine-dependent and 25 healthy control participants were assessed using select neurocognitive tests and self-report questionnaires including the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11a), and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When corrected for years of education and gender, neurocognitive measures did not demonstrate clinically significant differences between cocaine-dependent and control participants. The personality measures TCI Purposefulness and Congruent Second Nature and NEO-PI-R Impulsiveness, and the self-rating measures FrSBe Disinhibition and BIS-11 Motor Impulsivity and Total successfully identified clinically meaningful elevations in impulsivity within cocaine-dependent participants (>1.5 SDs from controls). Furthermore, these measures achieved 84-93% accuracy in discriminating cocaine-dependent from control participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically significant neurocognitive impairment in cocaine-dependent participants was not observed in this sample. As the BIS-11 or FrSBe are brief to administer, accurate, and have been shown to predict treatment retention and relapse, these measures appear to be optimal, relative to the personality measures, for examining trait impulsivity in cocaine dependence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX .
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: LoBue
authors.forename: C Munro
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cullum
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braud
authors.forename: Robrina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Winhusen
authors.forename: Prabha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suderajan
authors.forename: Bryon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adinoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: BIS-11; FrSBe; cocaine dependence; impulsivity; neurocognitive
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