title: A national survey on availability, price and affordability of selected essential medicines for non communicable diseases in Sri Lanka.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Access to medicines is a universal right. Low availability and low affordability of medicines are issues that deny this right to a significant proportion of the world population. The objective of this study was to determine the availability, price and affordability of essential medicines prescribed to treat non communicable diseases in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodology was based on the 2nd edition of the World Health Organization Health Action International Manual. A country survey was conducted and facilities representing both public and private pharmacies were selected. A total of 109 facilities was surveyed. At each facility data on the availability and prices of 50 essential medicines for non communicable diseases were collected. Percentage availability, median price of originator brand and lowest priced generic, median price ratio to the International Reference Price were calculated for surveyed medicines. Affordability was determined using the daily incomes of the lowest--paid unskilled government worker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Semi government community pharmacies had the highest (>80%) availability while outdoor pharmacies of public health care facilities, private pharmacies and outdoor pharmacies of private hospital showed a fairly high availability (50 - 80%) of surveyed medicines.Unit price of 76% of selected individual medicines was less than ten Sri Lankan rupees. Out of these 28% of medicines cost less than one Sri Lanka rupee. For 21 of the surveyed medicines the median price ratio to the international reference price was less than one. The prices of originator brands for 14 surveyed medicines were more than five times that of the lowest price generics.Less than a single day's wages was adequate to purchase a month's supply of the lowest priced generic of more than 67% of surveyed medicines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The availability of selected essential medicines was fairly high in both public and private sectors in Sri Lanka. Most medicines are affordable to the lowest income earners in the community. There were many generic brands and generics available for most of the medicines in private and semi government community pharmacies increasing both availability and affordability.
authors.forename: Panthihage Ruvini L
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Dabare
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. caw@sjp.ac.lk.
authors.forename: Chandanie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wanigatunge
authors.forename: Bvs Hemantha
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Beneragama
mesh_terms: D018954:Drugs, Essential / Q000191:economics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D013188:Sri Lanka
chemical_list: D018954:Drugs, Essential
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