title: Refractive errors after the use of bevacizumab for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: 2-year outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the refractive outcomes in children treated after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, bi-centre study of 34 patients (64 eyes) was conducted. The patients were divided into three groups, patients received intravitreal IVB (IVB group), patients received combined IVB and laser treatment (IVB + Laser group), or patients received lens-sparing vitrectomy (IVB + LSV group). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AXL) were evaluated at 2 years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalences of myopia and high myopia were 47.5 and 10.0% in the IVB group, respectively, which were lower than those in the IVB + Laser (82.4 and 29.4%) and IVB + LSV (all 100%) groups (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001). The prevalences of emmetropia in the IVB group, IVB + Laser group, and IVB + LSV group were 50, 5.9, and 0% (P = 0.001). The AXL were similar among all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the 2-year follow-up, severe ROP patients treated with IVB alone were more likely to remain emmetropic and had lower prevalences of myopia and high myopia. The development of high myopia in severe ROP patients could not be explained by AXL changes but may be associated with abnormalities in the anterior segment.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Chang-Hua city, Taiwan [2] School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University.
authors.forename: S-N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: R-I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Administration, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: A-N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K-J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: N-K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Y-P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Chang-Hua city, Taiwan.
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Hua Christian Hospital, Chang-Hua city, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: T-L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan [2] College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058452:Axial Length, Eye / Q000473:pathology; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D058453:Emmetropia / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D017075:Laser Coagulation; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 2012 Sep;119(9):1907-16
references.pmid: 22578258
references.citation: Ophthalmology. 1998 Jul;105(7):1292-300
references.pmid: 9663236
references.citation: Am J Ophthalmol. 2013 Jun;155(6):1119-1124.e1
references.pmid: 23490192
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2011 Feb 17;364(7):603-15
references.pmid: 21323540
references.citation: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Dec;51(12):6140-8
references.pmid: 20688740
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2005 May;115(5):e518-25
references.pmid: 15805336
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 1998 Nov;82(11):1265-71
references.pmid: 9924330
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 2012 Jun;130(6):800-1
references.pmid: 22801850
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Feb;89(2):154-9
references.pmid: 15665344
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;121(12):1684-94
references.pmid: 14662586
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2013 Jul;97(7):816-9
references.pmid: 23221964
references.citation: Retina. 2008 Jun;28(6):839-46
references.pmid: 18536600
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2012 Aug 07;49 Online:e41-3
references.pmid: 22881829
references.citation: Retina. 2013 Feb;33(2):329-38
references.pmid: 23099498
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Aug;78(8):612-4
references.pmid: 7918287
references.citation: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2004;102:233-48; discussion 248-50
references.pmid: 15747762
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):572-6
references.pmid: 16452383
references.citation: Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jul;88(7):853-4
references.pmid: 15205221
references.citation: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2009 Dec;107:300-10
references.pmid: 20126504
references.citation: Eye (Lond). 2008 Oct;22(10):1267-72
references.pmid: 18356931
references.citation: Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Aug;102(8):1130-4
references.pmid: 6547831
references.citation: J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008 Nov-Dec;45(6):356-61
references.pmid: 19043947