title: Historical trends of inorganic and organic fluorine in sediments of Lake Michigan.
abstract: Total fluorine (TF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and poly- and per-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in eight dated cores of sediment taken along with 27 surface sediments from Lake Michigan in 2010. Based on rates of sedimentation, total concentrations of PFCs (∑PFCs) reached a maximum in the later 1990s and early 2000s. This result is consistent with rapid changes in production and subsequent sedimentation. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are still the predominant PFCs in the cores, but in surface sediments, concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) are now occurring at concentrations comparable to those of PFOS and PFOA. This observation is consistent with shifts in patterns of production and use in the US and Canada. Concentrations of TF in sediments were greater than those of EOF. This result is consistent with a larger proportion of un-extractable fluorinated material in both surface sediments and in cores.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada. Electronic address: garrycodling@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Codling
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Tieyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MC 186), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MC 186), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Solidea
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonina
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2121 West Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (MC 186), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Sturchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7023, USA.
authors.forename: Karl J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Rockne
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyunghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jong-Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Khim
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Naile
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002170:Canada; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000032:analysis*; D017611:Fluorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D060106:Lakes / Q000032:analysis*; D008824:Michigan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D017611:Fluorine Compounds; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005461:Fluorine; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid; C108042:perfluorobutane
keywords: Lake Michigan; PFCs; PFOA; PFOS; Perfluorinated chemicals; Sediment