title: Alcanivorax borkumensis produces an extracellular siderophore in iron-limitation condition maintaining the hydrocarbon-degradation efficiency.
abstract: Obligate marine hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria possess genetic and physiological features to use hydrocarbons as sole source of carbon and to compete for the uptake of nutrients in usually nutrient-depleted marine habitats. In the present work we have studied the siderophore-based iron uptake systems in Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 and their functioning during biodegradation of an aliphatic hydrocarbon, tetradecane, under iron limitation conditions. The antiSMASH analysis of SK2 genome revealed the presence of two different putative operons of siderophore synthetases. Search for the predicted core structures indicated that one siderophore is clearly affiliated to the family of complex oligopeptidic siderophores possessing an Orn-Ser-Orn carboxyl motif whereas the second one is likely to belong to the family of SA (salicylic acid)-based siderophores. Analyzing the supernatant of SK2 culture, an extracellular siderophore was identified and its structure was resolved. Thus, along with the recently described membrane-associated amphiphilic tetrapeptidic siderophore amphibactin, strain SK2 additionally produces an extracellular type of iron-chelating molecule with structural similarity to pseudomonins. Comparative Q-PCR analysis of siderophore synthetases demonstrated their significant up-regulation in iron-depleted medium. Different expression patterns were recorded for two operons during the early and late exponential phases of growth, suggesting a different function of these two siderophores under iron-depleted conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy. Electronic address: renata.denaro@iamc.cnr.it.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Denaro
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crisafi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Messina
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ciavatta
authors.affiliation: CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golyshin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Coastal Marine Environment CNR, Sp.tA S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina Italy.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yakimov
mesh_terms: D053521:Alcanivoraceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000473:Alkanes / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007211:Indoles; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017262:Siderophores / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D017931:DNA Primers; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007211:Indoles; D017262:Siderophores; C024713:n-tetradecane; C015076:chrome azurol S; C007293:DAPI; D007501:Iron
keywords: Bacterial iron uptake; Marine oil-pollution; Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; Real time Q-PCR