title: The management of urethral stricture after kidney transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence and causes of urethral stricture after kidney transplantation, as well as analyze its diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical data of patients who developed urethral stricture after living-donor kidney transplantation in our center between January 2007 and June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urethral stricture occurred in 8 of the 677 eligible kidney recipients (1.18 %) during the study period; the complication occurred at a mean of 4.4 months (range 2-7 months) after transplantation. Cystoscope-related iatrogenic injury and urinary tract infection seemed to be the most likely causes. In addition to frequency and dysuria, three patients had hydronephrosis and four had elevated serum creatinine levels. Urethrography showed that the urethral stricture was anterior in two patients and posterior in the remaining six. Two patients were treated by urethral dilation, four by internal urethrotomy and two by urethra reconstruction surgery. All patients urinated readily after treatment and four patients with impaired renal function recovered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urethral strictures after kidney transplantation are rare, and they can be safely and effectively treated by urethral dilation, internal urethrotomy or urethra reconstruction. Avoiding iatrogenic injury and shortening catheterization time may help reduce the risk of this complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China, peterxielibo@163.com.
authors.forename: Libo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Romel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wazir
authors.forename: Kunjie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yiping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D014567:Urography; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
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