title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder like behavioral problems and parenting stress in pediatric allergic rhinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported comorbidity of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic diseases. The current study investigated ADHD like behavioral symptoms and parenting stress in pediatric allergic rhinitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven children (6-13 years old) with allergic rhinitis and 73 age- and sex-matched children of control group were recruited. Diagnosis and severity assessments of allergic rhinitis were determined by a pediatric allergist. The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were completed by their mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the allergic rhinitis group, the total PSI-SF score (p<0.01), ARS score (p<0.01), the subscale scores of the CBCL including somatization, attentional problems and emotional instability (p=0.01; p<0.01; p<0.01) and prevalence of ADHD (p=0.03) were significantly higher than those of the control group. Among mothers of children with allergic rhinitis, those of children with comorbid ADHD demonstrated significantly higher parenting stress than those without comorbid ADHD (p<0.01). Parenting stress was correlated with severity of child's allergic symptoms and the ARS total score (beta=0.50, p<0.01; beta=0.39, p<0.01). There was a significant correlation between allergic symptom severity and the ARS total score (B=8.4, SD=2.5, t=3.3, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that ADHD symptoms were common in children with allergic rhinitis, and this factor increased parenting stress and disrupted the parent-child relationship. Routine evaluation and early management of ADHD symptoms in pediatric allergic rhinitis may benefit families of children with allergic rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yongsang Andong Hospital, Andong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Metis Neuropsychiatric Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Tae
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chul
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bung Nyun
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Doug Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
keywords: ADHD; Allergic rhinitis; Behavior problems; Children; Parenting stress
references.citation: J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2007 Apr;12(2):93-104
references.pmid: 17371553
references.citation: Allergy. 2010 Dec;65(12):1506-24
references.pmid: 20716320
references.citation: Acta Med Croatica. 2003;57(4):281-5
references.pmid: 14639862
references.citation: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009;19 Suppl 1:32-9
references.pmid: 19476052
references.citation: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Mar;82(3):233-48; quiz 248-52
references.pmid: 10094214
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1991 Feb;19(1):1-13
references.pmid: 2030244
references.citation: Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2012;33(2):201-6
references.pmid: 22592202
references.citation: Environ Health Toxicol. 2012;27:e2012006
references.pmid: 22359737
references.citation: Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2004 Aug;54(8):330-8
references.pmid: 15284944
references.citation: J Atten Disord. 2003 Sep;7(1):31-42
references.pmid: 14738179
references.citation: Res Dev Disabil. 2013 Jan;34(1):656-68
references.pmid: 23123879
references.citation: Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013 Jan-Feb;34(1):78-83
references.pmid: 23406940
references.citation: Child Care Health Dev. 2011 Mar;37(2):224-32
references.pmid: 21083686
references.citation: Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;18(4):483-503
references.pmid: 23104966
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):942-8
references.pmid: 17541055
references.citation: Br J Dermatol. 2004 Feb;150(2):304-11
references.pmid: 14996102
references.citation: Child Health Care. 1989 Spring;18(2):114-6
references.pmid: 10292918
references.citation: J Asthma. 2004 Sep;41(6):645-53
references.pmid: 15584314
references.citation: J Urban Health. 2000 Jun;77(2):268-79
references.pmid: 10856008
references.citation: Psychother Psychosom. 1999;68(1):39-45
references.pmid: 9873241
references.citation: Fam Syst Health. 2008 Mar;26(1):16-29
references.pmid: 19198669
references.citation: Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Mar;19(2):110-24
references.pmid: 17651373
references.citation: Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011 Nov-Dec;32(6):41-6
references.pmid: 22221429
references.citation: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Jun;92(6):663-7
references.pmid: 15237769
references.citation: Lancet. 2005 Jul 16-22;366(9481):237-48
references.pmid: 16023516
references.citation: No To Hattatsu. 2012 Jul;44(4):289-94
references.pmid: 22844759
references.citation: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2005;14(4):186-201
references.pmid: 16395872
references.citation: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Sep;126(3):466-76
references.pmid: 20816182
references.citation: Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Apr;12(2):202-10
references.pmid: 22266773
references.citation: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011 Mar;29(1):57-65
references.pmid: 21560489
references.citation: Biopsychosoc Med. 2010 Oct 07;4:12
references.pmid: 20929533
references.citation: Asia Pac Allergy. 2012 Apr;2(2):93-100
references.pmid: 22701858
references.citation: Ambul Pediatr. 2001 Jul-Aug;1(4):185-93
references.pmid: 11888399
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983 Feb;51(1):86-99
references.pmid: 6826870
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2010 Nov;35(10):1083-92
references.pmid: 20484329
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2007 Jul;32(6):631-42
references.pmid: 17556405
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013 Jan;38(1):12-23
references.pmid: 23141851