title: A critical evaluation of automated blood gas measurements in comparative respiratory physiology.
abstract: Precise measurements of blood gases and pH are of pivotal importance to respiratory physiology. However, the traditional electrodes that could be calibrated and maintained at the same temperature as the experimental animal are increasingly being replaced by new automated blood gas analyzers. These are typically designed for clinical use and automatically heat the blood sample to 37°C for measurements. While most blood gas analyzers allow for temperature corrections of the measurements, the underlying algorithms are based on temperature-effects for human blood, and any discrepancies in the temperature dependency between the blood sample from a given species and human samples will bias measurements. In this study we review the effects of temperature on blood gases and pH and evaluate the performance of an automated blood gas analyzer (GEM Premier 3500). Whole blood obtained from pythons and freshwater turtles was equilibrated in rotating Eschweiler tonometers to a variety of known P(O2)'s and P(CO2)'s in gas mixtures prepared by Wösthoff gas mixing pumps and blood samples were measured immediately on the GEM Premier 3500. The pH measurements were compared to measurements using a Radiometer BMS glass capillary pH electrode kept and calibrated at the experimental temperature. We show that while the blood gas analyzer provides reliable temperature-corrections for P(CO2) and pH, P(O2) measurements were substantially biased. This was in agreement with the theoretical considerations and emphasizes the need for critical calibrations/corrections when using automated blood gas analyzers.
authors.affiliation: Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark. Electronic address: Christian.malte@biology.au.dk.
authors.forename: Christian Lind
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Malte
authors.affiliation: Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sashia Lindhøj
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.affiliation: Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D057205:Automation, Laboratory; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary; D017821:Boidae / Q000097:blood*; D002138:Calibration; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D003718:Denmark; D005618:Fresh Water; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010828:Physiology, Comparative / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D013045:Species Specificity; D014426:Turtles / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Acid–base; Automated blood gas analyzer; Blood gases; Closed system temperature change; Reptile; Respiration; Temperature correction