title: Effect of EEG electrode number on epileptic source localization in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between EEG source localization and the number of scalp EEG recording channels.
  
  
  METHODS
  128 EEG channel recordings of 5 pediatric patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy were used to perform source localization of interictal spikes. The results were compared with surgical resection and intracranial recordings. Various electrode configurations were tested and a series of computer simulations based on a realistic head boundary element model were also performed in order to further validate the clinical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The improvement seen in source localization substantially decreases as the number of electrodes increases. This finding was evaluated using the surgical resection, intracranial recordings and computer simulation. It was also shown in the simulation that increasing the electrode numbers could remedy the localization error of deep sources. A plateauing effect was seen in deep and superficial sources with further increasing the electrode number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The source localization is improved when electrode numbers increase, but the absolute improvement in accuracy decreases with increasing electrode number.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the electrode number helps decrease localization error and thus can more ably assist the physician to better plan for surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sohrabpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Pongkiat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kankirawatana
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Hyunmi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: binhe@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: EEG source localization; Electrode number; High resolution EEG; Interictal spikes; Partial epilepsy; Pediatric patients
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 May;16(3):239-66
references.pmid: 10426407
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2000 Jan;41(1):71-80
references.pmid: 10643927
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997 Mar;102(3):159-66
references.pmid: 9129570
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Jan;86(1):1-6
references.pmid: 7678386
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2001 Jan;13(1):15-28
references.pmid: 11133305
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 1999 Feb;110(2):261-71
references.pmid: 10210615
references.citation: Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2298-302
references.pmid: 15623690
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 3:S24-33
references.pmid: 11001333
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Jun 15;56(4):1908-17
references.pmid: 21453776
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Sep;112(9):1777-80
references.pmid: 11514261
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Jun;122(6):1098-105
references.pmid: 21126908
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Nov;123(11):2122-9
references.pmid: 22608485
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011 Jul;58(7):1918-31
references.pmid: 21478071
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1987 Jun;34(6):406-14
references.pmid: 3610187
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Jun;114(6):1053-68
references.pmid: 12804674
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998 Apr;45(4):440-8
references.pmid: 9556961
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Sep;87(3):154-63
references.pmid: 7691542
references.citation: J Child Neurol. 2002 Jan;17 Suppl 1:S4-17
references.pmid: 11918462
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2005 Jan 7;50(1):45-56
references.pmid: 15715421
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1991 Dec;30(6):750-7
references.pmid: 1789692
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2000 Mar;37(2):127-52
references.pmid: 10731765
references.citation: Brain Topogr. 2003 Winter;16(2):111-9
references.pmid: 14977204
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Jul;123(7):1275-83
references.pmid: 22172768
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Mar-Apr;21(2):71-83
references.pmid: 15284597
references.citation: JAMA. 2008 Dec 3;300(21):2548-50
references.pmid: 19050199
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 1993 Spring;5(2):162-76
references.pmid: 23972151
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2008 Feb;49(2):201-18
references.pmid: 17941844
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2416-32
references.pmid: 19833218
references.citation: Brain Topogr. 1996 Summer;8(4):355-66
references.pmid: 8813415
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Jan;114(1):63-9
references.pmid: 12495765
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2005 May;116(5):1130-40
references.pmid: 15826854
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Oct;114(10):1963-73
references.pmid: 14499758
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1989 Apr;72(4):355-61
references.pmid: 2467802
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2006 Jun;47(6):981-90
references.pmid: 16822244
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2006 Aug 21;51(16):4047-62
references.pmid: 16885623
references.citation: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24 Suppl D:5-12
references.pmid: 12575463
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2006 Feb 1;29(3):734-53
references.pmid: 16271483
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Jan 15;34(2):575-86
references.pmid: 17112748
references.citation: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Sep-Oct;20(5):311-9
references.pmid: 14701992
references.citation: Epilepsia. 2005 May;46(5):669-76
references.pmid: 15857432
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991 Jan;78(1):85-7
references.pmid: 1701720
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Jul;16(3 Pt 1):564-76
references.pmid: 12169243
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Aug;21(4):437-45
references.pmid: 18607204
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Oct;115(10):2195-222
references.pmid: 15351361
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2014 Jun;61(6):1660-7
references.pmid: 24845275
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012 Mar;59(3):653-62
references.pmid: 22147288
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1998 Jul;44(1):76-86
references.pmid: 9667595
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012 Jan;59(1):58-67
references.pmid: 21216698
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012 Jun;59(6):1561-71
references.pmid: 22394573
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2013 Nov;60(11):2983-92
references.pmid: 24108705
references.citation: Psychophysiology. 2000 Jul;37(4):523-32
references.pmid: 10934911
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2012 May;59(5):1339-48
references.pmid: 22333980
references.citation: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1989 Feb;36(2):165-71
references.pmid: 2917762
references.citation: Brain Topogr. 1993 Summer;5(4):321-5
references.pmid: 8357701