title: Activation of dopamine D2 receptor is critical for the development of form-deprivation myopia in the C57BL/6 mouse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study used dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) knockout (KO) mice to investigate the role of D2R activity in the development of form-deprivation myopia (FDM). Sulpiride, a D2R antagonist, was administered systemically into wild-type (WT) mice to validate the involvement of D2R in FDM development.
  
  
  METHODS
  The D2R KO and WT C57BL/6 mice were subjected to FDM. Wild-type mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of sulpiride, 8 μg/g body weight, for a period of 4 weeks. The body weight, refraction, corneal radius of curvature, and ocular axial components were measured at week 4 of the experiment. Differences in all ocular parameters between the experimental and control groups were compared statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Form-deprivation myopia in D2R KO mice (FD-KO) was significantly reduced compared with their WT littermates (interocular difference, -2.12 ± 0.91 diopter [D] in FD-KO versus -5.35 ± 0.83 D in FD-WT, P = 0.014), with a smaller vitreous chamber depth (0.008 ± 0.006 vs. 0.026 ± 0.006 mm, P = 0.044) and axial length (-0.001 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.008 mm, P = 0.007). Furthermore, FDM was attenuated in animals treated with sulpiride (-2.01 ± 0.31 D in FD-sulpiride versus -4.06 ± 0.30 D in FD-DMSO, P < 0.001) compared with those treated with vehicle, with a retardation in growth of vitreous chamber depth (-0.001 ± 0.006 vs. 0.022 ± 0.004 mm, P = 0.003) and axial length (-0.004 ± 0.007 vs. 0.027 ± 0.005 mm, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of D2R attenuates FDM development in mice, suggesting that dopamine acting on D2R appears to promote the development of FDM in C57BL/6 mice. Further studies are required to confirm these results using animal models in which retinal D2R is selectively blocked.
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Furong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Fanjun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jianhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Ruozhong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
authors.forename: Jiangfan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiangtian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology*; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D013469:Sulpiride / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D013469:Sulpiride
keywords: dopamine D2 receptor; gene knockout; mice; myopia