title: Prevalence of presbyopia in a rural African community.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When presbyopia (loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens with increasing age) sets in, doing near work becomes associated with headache and eye strain. Reading and writing become a challenge. Literacy levels may be low in rural communities; nevertheless some work other than reading, like sewing, sorting stone from grain and operating mobile phones, is done with dissatisfaction. This study aims to determine the prevalence of presbyopia, the unmet presbyopia need and the presbyopia correction coverage in a rural African community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural population aged 35 years and greater, selected by cluster random sampling. Information was sought on biodata of the participants and they were subsequently examined. Distance visual acuity for each participant was determined. Anterior and posterior segments of the eyes were examined. Objective refraction with subjective refinement was done on all subjects with distant visual acuity less than 6/6. Near visual acuity was assessed at 40 cm with distant correction in place if required. Presbyopia was defined as inability to read N8 at 40 cm or requiring an addition of at least +1.00DS to improve near vision to at least N8. Questionnaires were administered to those identified as presbyopic on source of procurement of spectacles (if they had one) and on reasons for non-procurement of presbyopic spectacles. They were also asked to rate their difficulty with various listed near work. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v16.0 and Program for Epidemiologist v4.01 software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 585 subjects (participation rate 81.1%) aged 35 years and greater were interviewed and examined. The prevalence of presbyopia was 63.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 62.6-64.2%). There was increasing prevalence with increasing age. The met presbyopia need was 17.6%, unmet need was 45.8% and presbyopic correction coverage was 27.8%. The commonest reasons for not procuring presbyopic correction were 'not a priority' (21.5%) and 'cost' (21.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of presbyopia in this rural African community is high. Many who need presbyopic correction do not have corrective spectacles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. amazingnkechi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Judith N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Uche
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. ifeoma.ezegwui@unn.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Ifeoma R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Ezegwui
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. enoch.uche@unn.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Enoch
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uche
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. erniemeka@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ernest N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Onwasigwe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. umehrich@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rich E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Umeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. chikaonwasigwe@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chika N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Onwasigwe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria; D011305:Presbyopia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: Africa; Epidemiology; Ophthalmology