title: Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hand hygiene and environmental cleaning are essential infection prevention strategies, but the relative impact of each is unknown. This information is important in assessing resource allocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an agent-based model of patient-to-patient transmission-via the hands of transiently colonized healthcare workers and incompletely terminally cleaned rooms-in a 20-patient intensive care unit. Nurses and physicians were modeled and had distinct hand hygiene compliance levels on entry and exit to patient rooms. We simulated the transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci for 1 year using data from the literature and observed data to inform model input parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We simulated 175 parameter-based scenarios and compared the effects of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning on rates of multidrug-resistant organism acquisition. For all organisms, increases in hand hygiene compliance outperformed equal increases in thoroughness of terminal cleaning. From baseline, a 2∶1 improvement in terminal cleaning compared with hand hygiene was required to match an equal reduction in acquisition rates (eg, a 20% improvement in terminal cleaning was required to match the reduction in acquisition due to a 10% improvement in hand hygiene compliance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand hygiene should remain a priority for infection control programs, but environmental cleaning can have significant benefit for hospitals or individual hospital units that have either high hand hygiene compliance levels or low terminal cleaning thoroughness.
authors.affiliation: Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sean L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Carling
authors.forename: Kerri A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Thom
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D063373:Hand Hygiene; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D008954:Models, Biological; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
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