title: Disciplined doctors: does the sex of a doctor matter? A cross-sectional study examining the association between a doctor's sex and receiving sanctions against their medical registration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between doctors' sex and receiving sanctions on their medical registration, while controlling for other potentially confounding variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The General Medical Council (GMC)'s List of Registered Medical Practitioners (LRMP) database of doctors practising in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  All doctors on the GMC's LRMP on 29 May 2013. The database included all doctors who are or have been registered to practise medicine in the UK since October 2005. The exposure of interest was doctor's sex. Confounding variables included years since primary medical qualification, world region of primary medical qualification and specialty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sanctions on a doctor's medical registration. Sanction types included warnings, undertakings, conditions, suspension or erasure from the register. Binary logistic regression modelling, controlling for confounders, described the association between the doctor's sex and sanctions on a doctor's medical registration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 329,542 doctors on the LRMP, 2697 (0.8%) had sanctions against their registration, 516 (19.1%) of whom were female. In the fully adjusted model, female doctors had nearly a third of the odds (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.41) of having sanctions compared to male doctors. There was evidence that the association varies with specialty, with female doctors who had specialised as general practitioners being the least likely to receive sanctions compared with their male colleagues (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female doctors have reduced odds of receiving sanctions on their medical registration when compared with their male colleagues. This association remained after adjustment for the confounding factors. These results are representative of all doctors registered to practise in the UK. Further exploration of why doctors' sex may impact their professional performance is underway.
authors.affiliation: UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unwin
authors.affiliation: UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.affiliation: UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wadlow
authors.affiliation: UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dacre
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008007:Licensure, Medical / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D028743:Professional Misconduct / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; GMC; Gender; LAW (see Medical Law); MEDICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING
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