title: Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment with steel-ligated conventional brackets and self-ligating brackets on halitosis and periodontal health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients, at the permanent dentition stage aged 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I malocclusion with mild-to-moderate crowding were randomly selected. Inclusion criteria were nonsmokers, without systematic disease, and no use of antibiotics and oral mouth rinses during the 2-month period before the study. The patients were subdivided into three groups randomly: the group treated with conventional brackets (group 1, n  =  20) ligated with steel ligature wires, the group treated with self-ligating brackets (group 2, n  =  20), and the control group (group 3, n  =  20). The periodontal records were obtained 1 week before bonding (T1), immediately before bonding (T2), 1 week after bonding (T3), 4 weeks after bonding (T4), and 8 weeks after bonding (T5). Measurements of the control group were repeated within the same periods. The volatile sulfur components determining halitosis were measured with the Halimeter at T2, T3, T4, and T5. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant group × time interactions were found for plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and halitosis, which means three independent groups change like each other by time. The risk of tongue coating index (TCI) being 2 was 10.2 times higher at T1 than at T5 (P < .001). Therefore, the probability of higher TCI was decreased by time in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The self-ligating brackets do not have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to periodontal status and halitosis.
authors.affiliation: a  Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaygisiz
authors.forename: Fatma Deniz
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Uzuner
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yuksel
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taner
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Çulhaoğlu
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sezgin
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ateş
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006209:Halitosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013232:Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D013232:Steel
keywords: Conventional brackets; Halitosis; Periodontal condition; Self-ligating brackets
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