title: Cyclooxygenase 2, toll-like receptor 4 and interleukin 1β mRNA expression in atherosclerotic plaques of type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation has a prominent role in the development of atherosclerosis. Type 2 diabetes could contribute to atherosclerosis development by promoting inflammation. This status might accelerate changes in intrinsic vascular wall cells and favor plaque formation. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. COX-2 gene expression is promoted through activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL1-β). Aim of this study is to investigate whether expression profiles of pro-inflammatory genes such as COX-2, TLR4 and IL1-β in atherosclerotic plaques are altered in type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total RNA was isolated from plaques of atherosclerotic patients and expression of COX-2, TLR4, IL1-β analyzed using real-time PCR. Histological analysis was performed on sections of the plaque to establish the degree of instability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in mRNA expression of COX-2 and IL1-β were found in plaques of T2D compared with non-T2D patients. A multi-variable linear regression model suggests that COX-2 mRNA expression is affected by T2D pathology and IL1-β mRNA expression in atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis that T2D pathology contributes in vivo to increase the inflammatory process associated with the atherosclerotic plaque formation, as shown by an increment of COX-2 and IL1-β mRNA expression.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, alessandro.baldan@univr.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baldan
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferronato
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olivato
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malerba
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scuro
authors.forename: Gian Franco
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Veraldi
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gelati
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mariotto
authors.forename: Pier Franco
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Pignatti
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzucco
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomez-Lira
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human
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