title: Fractionation of the visuomotor feedback response to directions of movement and perturbation.
abstract: Recent studies have highlighted the modulation and control of feedback gains as support for optimal feedback control. While many experiments contrast feedback gains across different environments, only a few have demonstrated the appropriate modulation of feedback gains from one movement to the next. Here we extend previous work by examining whether different visuomotor feedback gains can be learned for different directions of movement or perturbation directions in the same posture. To do this we measure visuomotor responses (involuntary motor responses to shifts in the visual feedback of the hand) during reaching movements. Previous work has demonstrated that these feedback responses can be modulated depending on the statistical distributions of the environment. Specifically, feedback gains were upregulated for task-relevant environments and downregulated for task-irrelevant environments. Using these two statistical distributions, the first experiment examined whether these feedback responses could be independently modulated for the same limb posture for two directions of movement (same limb posture but on either an inward or outward movement), while the second examined whether the feedback responses could modulate, within a single movement, to perturbations to the left or right of the reach. Both experiments demonstrated that visuomotor feedback responses could be learned independently such that the response was appropriate for the environment. This work demonstrates that feedback gains can be simultaneously tuned (upregulated and downregulated) depending on the state of the body and the environment. The results indicate the degree to which feedback responses can be fractionated in order to adapt to the world.
authors.affiliation: Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom dwf25@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wolpert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance
keywords: adaptive control of reflex magnitude; motor control; online control; reflex modulation; visually guided reaching
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 20;108(51):E1433-40
references.pmid: 22123965
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2012 Jul 11;32(28):9537-45
references.pmid: 22787039
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2012 Jul;108(2):467-78
references.pmid: 22539828
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2000 Aug;84(2):853-62
references.pmid: 10938312
references.citation: J Physiol. 1976 May;257(1):1-44
references.pmid: 133238
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2008 Mar 25;18(6):449-53
references.pmid: 18356051
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Oct 26;25(43):9919-31
references.pmid: 16251440
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2012 Aug;108(4):999-1009
references.pmid: 22623483
references.citation: J Physiol. 1992 Feb;447:575-85
references.pmid: 1593461
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2012 May;218(3):341-59
references.pmid: 22370742
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Mar 12;28(11):2883-91
references.pmid: 18337419
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2014 Mar 31;24(7):780-5
references.pmid: 24631246
references.citation: PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000419
references.pmid: 19557193
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2007 Oct 9;17(19):1675-9
references.pmid: 17900901
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2002 Nov;5(11):1226-35
references.pmid: 12404008
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1988 Apr;59(4):1296-313
references.pmid: 3373279
references.citation: J Physiol. 2001 Aug 1;534(Pt 3):925-33
references.pmid: 11483721
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 May 18;25(20):4941-51
references.pmid: 15901775
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2013 Apr;109(8):2021-8
references.pmid: 23365179
references.citation: J Physiol. 1992 Feb;447:563-73
references.pmid: 1593460
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 29;34(5):1769-80
references.pmid: 24478359
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2000 Jan;130(2):159-68
references.pmid: 10672469
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1983 Dec;50(6):1296-311
references.pmid: 6663327
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2005 Oct 5;25(40):9294-303
references.pmid: 16207889
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Aug 4;195(2):97-100
references.pmid: 7478277
references.citation: J Physiol. 2009 Apr 15;587(Pt 8):1669-76
references.pmid: 19237419
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1976 Sep;39(5):925-35
references.pmid: 978238
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1996 Aug;76(2):1112-20
references.pmid: 8871224
references.citation: J Mot Behav. 2013;45(5):395-404
references.pmid: 23919660
references.citation: J Neurosci Methods. 2009 Jul 30;181(2):199-211
references.pmid: 19450621
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 1986;61(3):482-96
references.pmid: 3956610
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2011 Oct;214(3):453-62
references.pmid: 21874536
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2003 Aug;151(4):524-35
references.pmid: 12830346
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2013 Jan;109(1):147-61
references.pmid: 23054604
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 1994 Apr 18;61(2):135-42
references.pmid: 8037861
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2003 Oct;152(3):341-52
references.pmid: 12904935
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1983 Jan;49(1):16-27
references.pmid: 6827293
references.citation: J Physiol. 2005 Sep 1;567(Pt 2):651-64
references.pmid: 15961421
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Aug 29;27(35):9354-68
references.pmid: 17728449
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Oct;102(4):2220-31
references.pmid: 19657074
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Oct 2;33(40):15903-14
references.pmid: 24089496
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 24;28(52):14165-75
references.pmid: 19109499
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 May 17;26(20):5301-8
references.pmid: 16707782
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1996 Dec;6(6):788-95
references.pmid: 9000029
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2004 May;156(1):72-9
references.pmid: 14689132
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2008 Jan;11(1):13-5
references.pmid: 18059264
references.citation: J Biomech. 2000 Dec;33(12):1705-9
references.pmid: 11006397
references.citation: Neuron. 2011 Nov 3;72(3):425-42
references.pmid: 22078503
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2009 Aug;102(2):992-1003
references.pmid: 19439680
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 18;27(29):7705-16
references.pmid: 17634365
references.citation: Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:723-53
references.pmid: 10845109
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Sep 28;478(7369):387-90
references.pmid: 21964335
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 1992 Feb;67(2):455-69
references.pmid: 1569469
references.citation: Neuron. 2004 Jun 10;42(5):831-41
references.pmid: 15182721
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 1965 Jan;11:115-46
references.pmid: 14272555
references.citation: Nature. 1986 Apr 24-30;320(6064):748-50
references.pmid: 3703000
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113
references.pmid: 5146491
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004 Jul;5(7):532-46
references.pmid: 15208695
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 1987;28(4):345-76
references.pmid: 3588965
references.citation: Spat Vis. 2003;16(3-4):365-76
references.pmid: 12858957
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1986 May;6(5):1308-13
references.pmid: 3711981
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2013 Jun 26;33(26):10898-909
references.pmid: 23804109
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2004 Sep;7(9):907-15
references.pmid: 15332089
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2003 Jul;151(2):145-57
references.pmid: 12783150
references.citation: J Physiol. 2010 Mar 1;588(Pt 5):799-807
references.pmid: 20064857
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2011 Jul;106(1):449-59
references.pmid: 21543751
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2012 Feb;107(3):890-901
references.pmid: 22072514
references.citation: J Physiol. 2004 May 1;556(Pt 3):675-81
references.pmid: 15020693
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Jan 26;31(4):1219-37
references.pmid: 21273407
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2004 Nov;92(5):3097-105
references.pmid: 15201309
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2009 Oct 21;29(42):13255-63
references.pmid: 19846713