title: Measures of initiation and progression to increased smoking among current menthol compared to non-menthol cigarette smokers based on data from four U.S. government surveys.
abstract: There are no large-scale, carefully designed cohort studies that provide evidence on whether menthol cigarette use is associated with a differential risk of initiating and/or progressing to increased smoking. However, questions of whether current menthol cigarette smokers initiated smoking at a younger age or are more likely to have transitioned from non-daily to daily cigarette use compared to non-menthol smokers can be addressed using cross-sectional data from U.S. government surveys. Analyses of nationally representative samples of adult and youth smokers indicate that current menthol cigarette use is not associated with an earlier age of having initiated smoking or greater likelihood of being a daily versus non-daily smoker. Some surveys likewise provide information on cigarette type preference (menthol versus non-menthol) among youth at different stages or trajectories of smoking, based on number of days smoked during the past month and/or cigarettes smoked per day. Prevalence of menthol cigarette use does not appear to differ among new, less experienced youth smokers compared to established youth smokers. While there are limitations with regard to inferences that can be drawn from cross-sectional analyses, these data do not suggest any adverse effects for menthol cigarettes on measures of initiation and progression to increased smoking.
authors.affiliation: RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States. Electronic address: curting@rjrt.com.
authors.forename: Geoffrey M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.affiliation: ENVIRON International Corporation, 28 Amity Street, Suite 2A, Amherst, MA 01002, United States. Electronic address: ssulsky@environcorp.com.
authors.forename: Sandra I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Sulsky
authors.affiliation: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1900 North 18th Street, Suite 804, Monroe, LA 71201, United States. Electronic address: cvanlandingham@environcorp.com.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Landingham
authors.affiliation: RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States. Electronic address: maranok@rjrt.com.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marano
authors.affiliation: RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States. Electronic address: gravesm1@rjrt.com.
authors.forename: Monica J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States. Electronic address: ogdenm@rjrt.com.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.affiliation: RAI Services Company, 401 North Main Street, P.O. Box 464, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, United States. Electronic address: swaugej@rjrt.com.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Swauger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006076:Government; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008610:Menthol
keywords: Age; Cigarette; Cigarette type preference; Daily smoking; Menthol; Smoking initiation