title: Type 3 diabetes is sporadic Alzheimer׳s disease: mini-review.
abstract: Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in North America. Growing evidence supports the concept that AD is a metabolic disease mediated by impairments in brain insulin responsiveness, glucose utilization, and energy metabolism, which lead to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and worsening of insulin resistance. In addition, metabolic derangements directly contribute to the structural, functional, molecular, and biochemical abnormalities that characterize AD, including neuronal loss, synaptic disconnection, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid-beta accumulation. Because the fundamental abnormalities in AD represent effects of brain insulin resistance and deficiency, and the molecular and biochemical consequences overlap with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, we suggest the term "Type 3 diabetes" to account for the underlying abnormalities associated with AD-type neurodegeneration. In light of the rapid increases in sporadic AD prevalence rates and vastly expanded use of nitrites and nitrates in foods and agricultural products over the past 30-40 years, the potential role of nitrosamine exposures as mediators of Type 3 diabetes is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI 02903, USA. Electronic address: Suzanne_DeLaMonte_MD@Brown.edu.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de la Monte
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000378:metabolism; D024801:Tauopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D007328:Insulin; D009602:Nitrosamines; D013002:Somatomedins; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Alzheimer׳s; Diabetes; Glucose Metabolism; Insulin resistance; Nitrosamines
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