title: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in on-line game addiction.
abstract: Recent brain imaging studies suggested that both the frontal and temporal cortices are important candidate areas for mediating the symptoms of internet addiction. We hypothesized that deficits of prefrontal and temporal cortical function in patients with on-line game addiction (PGA) would be reflected in decreased levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and cytosolic, choline containing compound (Cho). Seventy three young PGA and 38 age and sex matched healthy control subjects were recruited in the study. Structural MR and (1)H MRS data were acquired using a 3.0 T MRI scanner. Voxels were sequentially placed in right frontal cortex and right medial temporal cortices. In the right frontal cortex, the levels of NAA in PGA were lower than those in healthy controls. In the medial temporal cortex, the levels of Cho in PGA participants were lower than those observed in healthy controls. The Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS) scores and perseverative responses in PGA were negatively correlated with the level of NAA in right frontal cortex. The Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) scores in the PGA cohort were negatively correlated with Cho levels in the right temporal lobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first MRS study of individuals with on-line game addiction. Although, the subjects with on-line game addiction in the current study were free from psychiatric co-morbidity, patients with on-line game addiction appear to share characteristics with ADHD and MDD in terms of neurochemical changes in frontal and temporal cortices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Doug Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Xianfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. Electronic address: perry_renshaw@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Perry F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Renshaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D002794:Choline; D003401:Creatine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009862:Online Systems; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline
keywords: Choline containing compound; Frontal cortex; Medial temporal cortex; N-acetyl aspartate
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