title: Cognitive function and the risk for diabetes among young men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is a risk factor for an accelerated rate of cognitive decline and dementia. However, the relationship between cognitive function and the subsequent development of diabetes is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a historical-prospective cohort study merging data collected at premilitary recruitment assessment with information collected at the Staff Periodic Examination Center of the Israeli Army Medical Corps. Included were men aged 25 years or older without a history of diabetes at the beginning of follow-up with available data regarding their general intelligence score (GIS), a comprehensive measure of cognitive function, at age 17 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 35,500 men followed for a median of 5.5 years, 770 new cases of diabetes were diagnosed. After adjustment for age, participants in the lowest GIS category had a 2.6-fold greater risk for developing diabetes compared with those in the highest GIS category. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, sociogenetic variables, and lifestyle risk factors, those in the lowest GIS category had a twofold greater risk for incident diabetes when compared with the highest GIS category (hazard ratio 2.1 [95% CI 1.5-3.1]; P < 0.001). Additionally, participants in the lowest GIS category developed diabetes at a mean age of 39.5 ± 4.7 years and those in the highest GIS group at a mean age of 41.5 ± 5.1 years (P for comparison 0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that in addition to a potential causal link between diabetes and enhanced cognitive decline, lower cognitive function at late adolescence is independently associated with an elevated risk for future diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Dr. Pinchas Bornstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel gilad.twig@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Twig
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gluzman
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tirosh
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hertzel C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Department of Radiology and Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yaniv
authors.affiliation: Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Arnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afek
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Derazne
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tzur
authors.affiliation: Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karasik
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Barak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fruchter
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Israel Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lubin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Assaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rudich
authors.affiliation: Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel Gertner Institute for Epidemiology, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cukierman-Yaffe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult