title: Pterostilbene suppresses oral cancer cell invasion by inhibiting MMP-2 expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyphenol compounds, present in a wide variety of natural plants, exhibit antioxidant and free radical scavenging ability and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, the effect of pterostilbene on oral cancer cell metastasis has not been clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study aimed to examine the anti-metastatic properties of pterostilbene in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-9 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, pterostilbene treatment significantly inhibited migration/invasion capacities of SCC-9 cells in vitro. The results of zymography and western blotting revealed that the activities and protein levels of the MMP-2 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) was inhibited by pterostilbene. Western blot analysis also showed that pterostilbene inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38. Determinations of the mRNA levels, real-time polymerase chain reaction and promoter assays were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of pterostilbene on MMP-2 and u-PA expression in SCC-9 cells. Such inhibitory effects were associated with the upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the downregulation of the transcription factors of NF-κB, SP-1 and CREB signaling pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pterostilbene may have potential use as a chemopreventive agent against oral cancer metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Oral Sciences , Taichung 40201 , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiao-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ying-Erh
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Hui-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chiou
authors.forename: Mu-Kuan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-En
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ming-Ju
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Shun-Fa
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013267:Stilbenes; C107773:pterostilbene; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2
keywords: MMP-2; migration; oral cancer; pterostilbene; urokinase-type plasminogen activator