title: Long-term assessment of an innovative mangrove rehabilitation project: case study on Carey Island, Malaysia.
abstract: Wave energy and storm surges threaten coastal ecology and nearshore infrastructures. Although coastal structures are conventionally constructed to dampen the wave energy, they introduce tremendous damage to the ecology of the coast. To minimize environmental impact, ecofriendly coastal protection schemes should be introduced. In this paper, we discuss an example of an innovative mangrove rehabilitation attempt to restore the endangered mangroves on Carey Island, Malaysia. A submerged detached breakwater system was constructed to dampen the energy of wave and trap the sediments behind the structure. Further, a large number of mangrove seedlings were planted using different techniques. Further, we assess the possibility of success for a future mangrove rehabilitation project at the site in the context of sedimentology, bathymetry, and hydrogeochemistry. The assessment showed an increase in the amount of silt and clay, and the seabed was noticeably elevated. The nutrient concentration, the pH value, and the salinity index demonstrate that the site is conducive in establishing mangrove seedlings. As a result, we conclude that the site is now ready for attempts to rehabilitate the lost mangrove forest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shervin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Motamedi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roslan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rozainah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Bakrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sofawi
mesh_terms: D032407:Avicennia / Q000254:growth & development*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D065928:Forests; D008296:Malaysia
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