title: Use of incretin-based therapy in hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia is common in hospitalized patients with and without prior history of diabetes and is an independent marker of morbidity and mortality in critically and noncritically ill patients. Tight glycemic control using insulin has been shown to reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, but it also results in hypoglycemic episodes, which have been linked to poor outcomes. Thus, alternative treatment options that can normalize blood glucose levels without undue hypoglycemia are being sought. Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists (RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, may have this potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed database was searched to find literature describing the use of incretins in hospital settings. Title searches included the terms "diabetes" (care, management, treatment), "hospital," "inpatient," "hypoglycemia," "hyperglycemia," "glycemic," "incretin," "dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor," "glucagon-like peptide-1," and "glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preliminary research experience with native GLP-1 therapy has shown promise, achieving improved glycemic control with a low risk of hypoglycemia, counteracting the hyperglycemic effects of stress hormones, and improving cardiac function in patients with heart failure and acute ischemia. Large, randomized controlled clinical trials are necessary to determine whether these favorable results will extend to the use of GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review offers hospitalist physicians and healthcare providers involved in inpatient diabetes care a pathophysiologic-based approach for the use of incretin agents in patients with hyperglycemia and diabetes, as well as a summary of benefits and concerns of insulin and incretin-based therapy in the hospital setting.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Guillermo E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Umpierrez
authors.affiliation: Main Line Health System, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1