title: Oxygen-carbon nanotubes as a chemotherapy sensitizer for paclitaxel in breast cancer treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the in vivo and in vitro effects of adding oxygen carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to chemotherapy for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were co-cultured with paclitaxel and then exposed to oxygen-CNTs under hypoxic conditions. Cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis rate were analyzed. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. Nude mice were used as a human breast cancer model to explore the impact of oxygen-CNTs on the in vivo chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxygen-CNTs had no significant effects on the growth of breast cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. However, in the hypoxic environment, oxygen-CNTs significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell proliferation, as well as the apoptosis rate. Under hypoxia, downregulation of HIF-1α and upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, LC3 and Beclin-1 were observed when paclitaxel was combined with oxygen-CNT. Furthermore, addition of oxygen-CNTs to chemotherapy was found to significantly reduce tumor weight in the tumor-bearing mice model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxygen-CNTs can significantly increase the chemotherapeutic effect of paclitaxel on breast cancer cells. Oxygen-CNTs may be a potential chemosensitizer in breast cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yongkun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chuanying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xianhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mingjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yunshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Longlong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Anorectal Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ziyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kejin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D051379:Mice; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017239:Paclitaxel; D010100:Oxygen
references.citation: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar;136(3):447-56
references.pmid: 19760195
references.citation: Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2011 Jun;26(3):335-43
references.pmid: 21711108
references.citation: Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Oct 13;6:555
references.pmid: 21995320
references.citation: Mol Cancer. 2010 Jul 13;9:191
references.pmid: 20626868
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 16;102(33):11600-5
references.pmid: 16087878
references.citation: Oncogene. 2003 May 22;22(21):3213-20
references.pmid: 12761491
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2002 Nov 4;89(19):197602
references.pmid: 12443148
references.citation: Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2361-6
references.pmid: 12459549
references.citation: Mol Pharmacol. 2007 Jul;72(1):162-72
references.pmid: 17400763
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2011 Dec;31(12):4529-35
references.pmid: 22199327
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2002 Nov-Dec;9(6):1163-6
references.pmid: 12375012
references.citation: Nanotechnology. 2013 Sep 20;24(37):375104
references.pmid: 23975064
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Jun;26(2):225-39
references.pmid: 17440684
references.citation: Biomaterials. 2013 Dec;34(38):10109-19
references.pmid: 24060420
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Feb 15;72(4):949-57
references.pmid: 22186139
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 15;12(16):4933-9
references.pmid: 16914582
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:578290
references.pmid: 24195076
references.citation: Drug Discov Today. 2010 Jun;15(11-12):428-35
references.pmid: 20451656
references.citation: Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2014 Apr;8(1):12-26
references.pmid: 24456215
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Nov 15;59(22):5830-5
references.pmid: 10582706
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 1;72(1):304-14
references.pmid: 22084398
references.citation: Oncol Lett. 2010 Jul;1(4):657-662
references.pmid: 22966359
references.citation: J Biosci Bioeng. 2013 Jun;115(6):674-9
references.pmid: 23428334
references.citation: J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Aug;13(8B):1706-1718
references.pmid: 19602039
references.citation: Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2963-79
references.pmid: 22162655
references.citation: Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):787-92
references.pmid: 12161643
references.citation: Cancer Treat Rev. 2003 Aug;29(4):297-307
references.pmid: 12927570
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Sep 8;281(36):25903-14
references.pmid: 16847054
references.citation: Theranostics. 2012;2(3):271-82
references.pmid: 22509195
references.citation: Expert Rev Med Devices. 2011 Sep;8(5):561-6
references.pmid: 22026621
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1995 Aug 15;55(16):3564-8
references.pmid: 7627965
references.citation: Acta Oncol. 1995;34(3):409-12
references.pmid: 7779432
references.citation: Phys Rev Lett. 2000 Jun 26;84(26 Pt 1):6082-5
references.pmid: 10991129
references.citation: Anticancer Res. 2011 Dec;31(12):4429-37
references.pmid: 22199311