title: Trial Watch:: Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy.
abstract: Oncolytic viruses are natural or genetically modified viral species that selectively infect and kill neoplastic cells. Such an innate or exogenously conferred specificity has generated considerable interest around the possibility to employ oncolytic viruses as highly targeted agents that would mediate cancer cell-autonomous anticancer effects. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy is not a simple consequence of the cytopathic effect, but strongly relies on the induction of an endogenous immune response against transformed cells. In line with this notion, superior anticancer effects are being observed when oncolytic viruses are engineered to express (or co-administered with) immunostimulatory molecules. Although multiple studies have shown that oncolytic viruses are well tolerated by cancer patients, the full-blown therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy, especially when implemented in the absence of immunostimulatory interventions, remains unclear. Here, we cover the latest advances in this active area of translational investigation, summarizing high-impact studies that have been published during the last 12 months and discussing clinical trials that have been initiated in the same period to assess the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy in oncological indications.
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pol
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloy
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Florine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Obrist
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eggermont
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galon
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.affiliation: Transgene S.A.; Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erbs
authors.affiliation: Transgene S.A.; Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Limacher
authors.affiliation: Transgene S.A.; Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Preville
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
keywords: ColoAd1; MV-NIS; adenovirus; mesenchymal stem cells; reolysin; talimogene laherparepvec
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 15;66(14):7185-94
references.pmid: 16849565
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2013 Jun;29(6):2355-61
references.pmid: 23525624
references.citation: Nat Med. 1997 Dec;3(12):1354-61
references.pmid: 9396605
references.citation: J Virol. 2009 Jun;83(11):5933-8
references.pmid: 19279088
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54506
references.pmid: 23349911
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2005 Jan;12(1):87-94
references.pmid: 15385953
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Oct 1;1(7):1074-1083
references.pmid: 23170255
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1997 Feb 1;57(3):466-71
references.pmid: 9012475
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Feb;21(2):348-57
references.pmid: 23011032
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2003 Feb;10(4):292-303
references.pmid: 12595888
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 1;2(8):e25961
references.pmid: 24083084
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2012 Jul 10;30(7):658-70
references.pmid: 22781695
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 03;8(7):e67512
references.pmid: 23844018
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 May 22;98(11):6396-401
references.pmid: 11353831
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2006 Jul;13(14):1080-7
references.pmid: 16554839
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2000 May;7(5):732-8
references.pmid: 10830720
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 Jan 15;132(2):485-94
references.pmid: 22729516
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 May 15;132(10):2327-38
references.pmid: 23114986
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2013 Jun;15(6):591-9
references.pmid: 23730207
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Feb 17;357(9255):525-6
references.pmid: 11229673
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Apr 1;2(4):e23658
references.pmid: 23734319
references.citation: Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012 Nov;61(11):2113-23
references.pmid: 22576056
references.citation: Blood. 2014 Feb 27;123(9):1327-35
references.pmid: 24345754
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Nov 27;8(11):e81768
references.pmid: 24312353
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2013 Jan 1;328(1):95-103
references.pmid: 23000515
references.citation: Cell Death Dis. 2013 Jul 18;4:e728
references.pmid: 23868061
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2010 Jul;18(7):1275-83
references.pmid: 20442708
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 1;2(8):e25083
references.pmid: 24083075
references.citation: Adv Virol. 2012;2012:805629
references.pmid: 22400027
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2006 Jul;13(13):1010-20
references.pmid: 16525479
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2013 May 15;19(10):2734-44
references.pmid: 23493351
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Mar 1;1(2):208-210
references.pmid: 22720244
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 Apr 1;132(7):1592-601
references.pmid: 22949155
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Apr 1;72(7):1621-31
references.pmid: 22323527
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2014 May 01;3:e28344
references.pmid: 25050207
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2000 May;7(10):867-74
references.pmid: 10845725
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Jul 1;1(4):563-565
references.pmid: 22754788
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Oct;21(10):1814-8
references.pmid: 24081122
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jun 1;2(6):e24612
references.pmid: 23894720
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2013 Oct;149(1):1-10
references.pmid: 23886549
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 Dec;20(12):1131-9
references.pmid: 23842593
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2013 Nov;14(11):1016-23
references.pmid: 24025362
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2010 Nov;24(5):1285-90
references.pmid: 20878122
references.citation: AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 Aug;195(2):341-9
references.pmid: 20651188
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):289-98
references.pmid: 11208818
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 2007 Sep 8;254(2):178-216
references.pmid: 17383089
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Oct 1;1(7):1181-1182
references.pmid: 23170272
references.citation: Adv Cancer Res. 2012;115:265-318
references.pmid: 23021247
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 1996 Jun 10;7(9):1095-101
references.pmid: 8773511
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2000 May;30(5):1297-307
references.pmid: 10820375
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Feb 15;62(4):1063-8
references.pmid: 11861383
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12):e26860
references.pmid: 24498559
references.citation: Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Jan;1(1):13-23
references.pmid: 20021420
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2010 Aug;18(8):1430-9
references.pmid: 20551919
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Jul;6(7):529-40
references.pmid: 18552863
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jun 1;2(6):e24568
references.pmid: 23894718
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 Jan;20(1):7-15
references.pmid: 22170342
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2009 Sep;20(9):975-88
references.pmid: 19469693
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2003 Sep;8(3):449-58
references.pmid: 12946318
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2008 Oct;15(20):1361-71
references.pmid: 18480846
references.citation: Invest New Drugs. 2013 Jun;31(3):696-706
references.pmid: 22886613
references.citation: Science. 2012 Sep 28;337(6102):1678-84
references.pmid: 23019653
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Sep;21(9):1749-57
references.pmid: 23732991
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 20;8(9):e73555
references.pmid: 24073198
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2012 Mar;23(3):295-301
references.pmid: 22235810
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Aug 31;477(7362):99-102
references.pmid: 21886163
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2006 Oct 23;95(8):1020-7
references.pmid: 17047650
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12):e27138
references.pmid: 24498567
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 Nov;20(11):1033-41
references.pmid: 23719065
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2011 Jun;18(6):435-43
references.pmid: 21394109
references.citation: Nat Med. 2013 Mar;19(3):329-36
references.pmid: 23396206
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 1;19(5):1147-58
references.pmid: 23339127
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Nov 7;99(21):1623-33
references.pmid: 17971529
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2013 Aug;24(8):766-75
references.pmid: 23889332
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2013 Jan;9(1):e1003155
references.pmid: 23382683
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 May 7;95(9):652-60
references.pmid: 12734316
references.citation: Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:387362
references.pmid: 23586034
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 Jan;22(1):123-31
references.pmid: 24343053
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Nov 1;2(11):e26441
references.pmid: 24349876
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2006 Sep;13(9):845-55
references.pmid: 16710344
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 May;22(5):1048-55
references.pmid: 24572293
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 May 15;70(10):3890-5
references.pmid: 20424118
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2011 Sep;18(9):1403-13
references.pmid: 21072053
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Jul 1;10(13):4509-16
references.pmid: 15240543
references.citation: J Urol. 2012 Dec;188(6):2391-7
references.pmid: 23088985
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Sep 12;8(9):e73964
references.pmid: 24069256
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2011 Jul;91(3):1071-121
references.pmid: 21742796
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2013 Oct 14;11:257
references.pmid: 24124726
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2014 Jun 15;134(12):2878-90
references.pmid: 24248808
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2011 May 1;17(9):2807-18
references.pmid: 21346145
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:825-52
references.pmid: 11861619
references.citation: Oncogene. 2003 Apr 10;22(14):2065-72
references.pmid: 12687009
references.citation: Immunotherapy. 2013 Aug;5(8):817-9
references.pmid: 23902549
references.citation: Tumour Biol. 2013 Apr;34(2):1263-71
references.pmid: 23430584
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Sep 1;2(9):e25789
references.pmid: 24244905
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Aug;130(2):362-8
references.pmid: 23676551
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37239
references.pmid: 22615950
references.citation: J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(3):1550-62
references.pmid: 19906911
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 Jan;22(1):112-22
references.pmid: 24025748
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010 Apr-Jun;21(2-3):197-203
references.pmid: 20299272
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2011 Oct;19(10):1802-12
references.pmid: 21792179
references.citation: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;13(9):1852-7
references.pmid: 21740357
references.citation: Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009 Jul;9(7):817-30
references.pmid: 19527106
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2013 Dec;24(12):1029-41
references.pmid: 24099555
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12):e27231
references.pmid: 24498570
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Nov 1;2(11):e26494
references.pmid: 24482747
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 Aug 1;60(15):4251-5
references.pmid: 10945638
references.citation: Immunity. 2013 Jul 25;39(1):74-88
references.pmid: 23890065
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2004 May;9(5):650-7
references.pmid: 15120325
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2014 Feb;32(2):182-90
references.pmid: 24463573
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Apr 2;110(14):E1291-300
references.pmid: 23509246
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Apr 1;2(4):e24802
references.pmid: 23734338
references.citation: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;28:81
references.pmid: 19527508
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Jun;5(6):1523-37
references.pmid: 10389942
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 7;307(5706):58-62
references.pmid: 15637262
references.citation: Cell Rep. 2012 Aug 30;2(2):257-69
references.pmid: 22854025
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Nov 1;1(8):1344-1354
references.pmid: 23243597
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 Feb;22(2):420-429
references.pmid: 24322333
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Jan 1;10(1 Pt 1):53-60
references.pmid: 14734451
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Oct 1;1(7):1038-1047
references.pmid: 23170252
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2006 Nov;13(11):1011-22
references.pmid: 16799468
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2014 Feb;22(2):251-256
references.pmid: 24048442
references.citation: J Nanobiotechnology. 2006 Feb 13;4:2
references.pmid: 16476163
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2013 Jun;91(6):715-25
references.pmid: 23292172
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Mar 1;2(3):e23510
references.pmid: 23687621
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 7;2(8):e26084
references.pmid: 28090392
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Sep 19;99(18):1410-4
references.pmid: 17848677
references.citation: Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2011 Mar;30(1):61-9
references.pmid: 21249425
references.citation: Cancer. 2003 May 15;97(10):2576-87
references.pmid: 12733157
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Mar 1;2(3):e23618
references.pmid: 23802089
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 Aug 15;73(16):5003-15
references.pmid: 23536556
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2009 Jun;16(6):796-804
references.pmid: 19242529
references.citation: J Virol. 2013 Mar;87(6):3217-28
references.pmid: 23283963
references.citation: Int J Mol Med. 2013 Feb;31(2):377-85
references.pmid: 23229955
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:51-72
references.pmid: 23157435
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jan 1;2(1):e22409
references.pmid: 23482968
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2011 Oct;19(10):1913-22
references.pmid: 21772252
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Nov 1;2(11):e26442
references.pmid: 24404427
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2003 Oct;4(4):263-75
references.pmid: 14585354
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Jun;21(6):1212-23
references.pmid: 23546299
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2012 Jan 04;10:3
references.pmid: 22216938
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36506
references.pmid: 22563505
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2013 Sep;59(3):583-94
references.pmid: 23567086
references.citation: J Virol. 2013 Apr;87(7):3792-800
references.pmid: 23345509
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2007 Sep;15(9):1607-15
references.pmid: 17579575
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Sep 1;1(6):894-907
references.pmid: 23162757
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Jan;113(1):21-30
references.pmid: 18256929
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2012 Dec;14(12):1115-21
references.pmid: 23308044
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Mar;21(3):561-9
references.pmid: 23070115
references.citation: Mol Biol Rep. 2013 Sep;40(9):5397-405
references.pmid: 23666064
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2014 Mar 5;6(226):226ra32
references.pmid: 24598590
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Jul;80(13):6603-11
references.pmid: 16775347
references.citation: Curr Opin Oncol. 2013 Nov;25(6):659-64
references.pmid: 24100345
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2006 Feb;4(2):61-70
references.pmid: 16513837
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 1;12(1):305-13
references.pmid: 16397056
references.citation: Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1332-4
references.pmid: 9812900
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jun 1;2(6):e24786
references.pmid: 23894723
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 Jun 1;132(11):2548-56
references.pmid: 23151948
references.citation: J Virol. 2013 Mar;87(6):3484-501
references.pmid: 23302892
references.citation: J R Soc Med. 2013 Aug;106(8):310-4
references.pmid: 23824333
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2012 Apr;19(4):238-46
references.pmid: 22158521
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2012 May;23(5):484-91
references.pmid: 22171635
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57340
references.pmid: 23437375
references.citation: J Hepatol. 2013 Nov;59(5):999-1006
references.pmid: 23867315
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Jan 15;70(2):598-608
references.pmid: 20068158
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 1;67(17):8255-63
references.pmid: 17804740
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2005 Aug;12(15):1198-205
references.pmid: 15800658
references.citation: Lancet Oncol. 2008 Jun;9(6):533-42
references.pmid: 18495536
references.citation: Nat Methods. 2009 Aug;6(8):577-9
references.pmid: 19578384
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 Mar;20(3):318-27
references.pmid: 22673390
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2012 Apr 15;130(8):1937-47
references.pmid: 21630267
references.citation: Immunity. 2013 Apr 18;38(4):729-41
references.pmid: 23562161
references.citation: Oncotarget. 2014 Jan 15;5(1):150-60
references.pmid: 24473833
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2014 Jan 1;3(1):e27297
references.pmid: 24701370
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Aug 02;8(8):e71932
references.pmid: 23936533
references.citation: Blood. 2001 Jun 15;97(12):3746-54
references.pmid: 11389012
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Sep 1;2(9):e26535
references.pmid: 24244910
references.citation: Exp Gerontol. 2002 Jun;37(6):823-31
references.pmid: 12175482
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 15;73(2):490-5
references.pmid: 23172310
references.citation: Oncol Rep. 2013 Mar;29(3):895-902
references.pmid: 23292657
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2005 Oct;41(15):2280-7
references.pmid: 16143516
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 15;73(2):865-74
references.pmid: 23293278
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Apr;21(4):887-94
references.pmid: 23295947
references.citation: Gynecol Oncol. 2013 Sep;130(3):518-24
references.pmid: 23756180
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 2014 Mar;25(1):16-27
references.pmid: 24649838
references.citation: Cancer. 2005 Aug 1;104(3):618-28
references.pmid: 15973737
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Oct 1;1(7):1178-1180
references.pmid: 23170271
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Oct 1;2(10):e26536
references.pmid: 24404424
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 Sep 15;133(6):1479-88
references.pmid: 23444104
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2012 Apr;23(4):419-27
references.pmid: 22185260
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 May;20(5):521-8
references.pmid: 22895509
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2010 May;18(5):929-35
references.pmid: 20179676
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2001 Mar;8(5):341-8
references.pmid: 11313809
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2014 Feb;21(2):195-204
references.pmid: 24305418
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47472
references.pmid: 23091626
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 Jul;6(7):821-5
references.pmid: 10888934
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2013 Oct;20(10):544-51
references.pmid: 23969884
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12):e26621
references.pmid: 24498550
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Apr 1;2(4):e23619
references.pmid: 23734314
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Apr 1;2(4):e23566
references.pmid: 23734313
references.citation: Virol J. 2013 Jul 22;10:241
references.pmid: 23876001
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 1;70(5):1793-803
references.pmid: 20145152
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 29;97(5):2208-13
references.pmid: 10681459
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Feb 03;11(3):215-33
references.pmid: 22301798
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 May 30;4(5):e1000018
references.pmid: 18516228
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2013 Aug 21;11:193
references.pmid: 23965133
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 1;2(8):e26013
references.pmid: 24083086
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Nov 1;1(8):1323-1343
references.pmid: 23243596
references.citation: Blood Cancer J. 2013 Jul 12;3:e123
references.pmid: 23852158
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2000 Nov;7(21):1824-32
references.pmid: 11110414
references.citation: J Virol. 2000 May;74(10):4765-75
references.pmid: 10775615
references.citation: Nat Med. 2008 Oct;14(10):1123-7
references.pmid: 18836461
references.citation: Cancer Sci. 2013 Feb;104(2):238-44
references.pmid: 23134437
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2012 Nov;20(11):2076-86
references.pmid: 22828500
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2013 Mar 15;132(6):1451-62
references.pmid: 22886913
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2009 Oct;17(10):1814-21
references.pmid: 19603003
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 Feb 15;73(4):1265-75
references.pmid: 23393196
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jun 1;2(6):e25396
references.pmid: 23894726
references.citation: PLoS One. 2014 Mar 20;9(3):e92919
references.pmid: 24651853
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 16;348(3):255-6
references.pmid: 12529469
references.citation: Mol Med Rep. 2013 Nov;8(5):1416-24
references.pmid: 24042845
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Sep 1;1(6):874-883
references.pmid: 23162755
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2010 Sep;21(9):1119-28
references.pmid: 20486770
references.citation: Virology. 1996 Sep 15;223(2):392-5
references.pmid: 8806577
references.citation: Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):2170-80
references.pmid: 17925489
references.citation: J Transl Med. 2013 Jan 24;11:20
references.pmid: 23347343
references.citation: Hum Gene Ther. 2013 Jul;24(7):644-54
references.pmid: 23642239
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2010 Apr-Jun;21(2-3):177-83
references.pmid: 20219409
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 May 1;72(9):2327-38
references.pmid: 22396493
references.citation: World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug 21;19(31):5138-43
references.pmid: 23964149
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2005 Jan;12(2):147-59
references.pmid: 15372069
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2003 Aug;10(8):589-90
references.pmid: 12872140
references.citation: Gene Ther. 2013 Mar;20(3):255-61
references.pmid: 22476202
references.citation: Nat Med. 2008 Nov;14(11):1278-83
references.pmid: 18953352
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2008 Aug;16(8):1437-43
references.pmid: 18560417
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Jul 17;105(14):1059-65
references.pmid: 23739064
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Oct 1;1(7):1146-1155
references.pmid: 23170261
references.citation: J Virol. 2011 Jun;85(11):5679-84
references.pmid: 21450833
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2014 Aug 1;135(3):720-30
references.pmid: 24374597
references.citation: J Nucl Med. 2006 Jul;47(7):1136-43
references.pmid: 16818948
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Aug 15;19(16):4541-2
references.pmid: 23946419
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2009 Jan;17(1):199-207
references.pmid: 18957964
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2007 Aug;14(8):756-61
references.pmid: 17557108
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2012 Sep;20(9):1689-98
references.pmid: 22547150
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2005 Jun;26(6):1471-6
references.pmid: 15870858
references.citation: Bioengineered. 2013 Mar-Apr;4(2):84-9
references.pmid: 23093804
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jan 1;2(1):e22789
references.pmid: 23482847
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2013 May 15;73(10):2943-8
references.pmid: 23440426
references.citation: J Virol. 2006 Jun;80(11):5145-55
references.pmid: 16698995
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Nov 1;2(11):e26967
references.pmid: 24427545
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2011 Sep 1;71(17):5601-5
references.pmid: 21846822
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;13(12):780-8
references.pmid: 23175281
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2008 Mar;16(3):487-93
references.pmid: 18253154
references.citation: Neuro Oncol. 2012 Feb;14(2):145-59
references.pmid: 22070930
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12):e27528
references.pmid: 24575381
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jun;12(6):385-92
references.pmid: 21527953
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Jul 4;93(13):998-1007
references.pmid: 11438565
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2010 Jun;18(6):1155-64
references.pmid: 20234340
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Sep 1;2(9):e25595
references.pmid: 24319634
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Aug 1;2(8):e25238
references.pmid: 24083080
references.citation: Invest New Drugs. 2012 Apr;30(2):568-81
references.pmid: 21170760
references.citation: Sci Transl Med. 2013 May 15;5(185):185ra63
references.pmid: 23677592
references.citation: Cancer Biol Ther. 2006 Apr;5(4):435-40
references.pmid: 16575205
references.citation: Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):415-9
references.pmid: 14564000
references.citation: Oncogene. 2012 Apr 12;31(15):1869-83
references.pmid: 21892204
references.citation: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar;8(3):151-60
references.pmid: 21364688
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 15;18(22):6271-83
references.pmid: 23014529
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jan 1;2(1):e22246
references.pmid: 23482454
references.citation: J Virol. 2014 May;88(9):5152-64
references.pmid: 24574393
references.citation: Mol Cancer. 2013 Sep 11;12(1):103
references.pmid: 24020520
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2003 Nov;8(5):746-55
references.pmid: 14599807
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1999 Jan 15;59(2):410-3
references.pmid: 9927055
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2005 Oct;12(10):835-48
references.pmid: 15891772
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 15;63(20):6877-84
references.pmid: 14583486
references.citation: Cancer Gene Ther. 2013 Jan;20(1):17-24
references.pmid: 23138870
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2011 Aug;19(8):1558-68
references.pmid: 21468000
references.citation: Adv Virol. 2012;2012:586389
references.pmid: 22312363
references.citation: PLoS One. 2008 Jun 18;3(6):e2409
references.pmid: 18560559
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2013 Jun 1;2(6):e24501
references.pmid: 23894711
references.citation: J Virol Methods. 2009 Jan;155(1):44-54
references.pmid: 18951922
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2002 Aug 15;62(16):4656-62
references.pmid: 12183422
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2013 Mar;21(3):620-8
references.pmid: 23229093
references.citation: Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013 Dec;296(12):1833-41
references.pmid: 24136729
references.citation: Oncoimmunology. 2012 Mar 1;1(2):179-188
references.pmid: 22720239
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;15(4):1317-25
references.pmid: 19228733
references.citation: Head Neck. 2014 Mar;36(3):411-8
references.pmid: 23728900