title: Neurobehavioral Integrity of Chimpanzee Newborns: Comparisons across groups and across species reveal gene-environment interaction effects.
abstract: The aims of this article are to describe the neurobehavioral integrity of chimpanzee newborns, to investigate how early experiences affect the neurobehavioral organization of chimpanzees, and to explore species differences by comparing chimpanzee newborns to a group of typically developing human newborns. Neurobehavioral integrity related to orientation, motor performance, arousal, and state regulation of 55 chimpanzee (raised in four different settings) and 42 human newborns was measured with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) a semi-structured 25-minute interactive assessment. Thirty-eight chimpanzees were tested every other day from birth, and analyses revealed significant developmental changes in 19 of 27 NBAS scores. The cross-group and cross-species comparisons were conducted at 2 and 30 days of age. Among the 4 chimpanzee groups, significant differences were found in 23 of 24 NBAS scores. Surprisingly, the cross-species comparisons revealed that the human group was distinct in only 1 of 25 NBAS scores (the human group had significantly less muscle tone than all the chimpanzee groups). The human group was indistinguishable from at least one of the chimpanzee groups in the remaining 24 of 25 NBAS scores. The results of this study support the conclusion that the interplay between genes and environment, rather than genes alone or environment alone, accounts for phenotypic expressions of newborn neurobehavioral integrity in hominids.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Study of Emotion, Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth UK.
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bard
authors.affiliation: ChimpHaven, Keithville LA USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brent
authors.affiliation: Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence RI USA.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Worobey
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Suomi
keywords: Brazelton test; NBAS; ape; early development; emotion; epigenesis; infant; social cognition
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