title: Definition and applications of a versatile chemical pollution footprint methodology.
abstract: Because of the great variety in behavior and modes of action of chemicals, impact assessment of multiple substances is complex, as is the communication of its results. Given calls for cumulative impact assessments, we developed a methodology that is aimed at expressing the expected cumulative impacts of mixtures of chemicals on aquatic ecosystems for a region and subsequently allows to present these results as a chemical pollution footprint, in short: a chemical footprint. Setting and using a boundary for chemical pollution is part of the methodology. Two case studies were executed to test and illustrate the methodology. The first case illustrates that the production and use of organic substances in Europe, judged with the European water volume, stays within the currently set policy boundaries for chemical pollution. The second case shows that the use of pesticides in Northwestern Europe, judged with the regional water volume, has exceeded the set boundaries, while showing a declining trend over time. The impact of mixtures of substances in the environment could be expressed as a chemical footprint, and the relative contribution of substances to that footprint could be evaluated. These features are a novel type of information to support risk management, by helping prioritization of management among chemicals and environmental compartments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michiel C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zijp
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Posthuma
authors.forename: Dik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Meent
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical