title: Gestational diabetes mellitus worsens the profile of cardiometabolic risk markers and decrease indexes of beta-cell function independently of insulin resistance in nondiabetic women with a parental history of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with a history of both parental type 2 diabetes (pt2DM) and previous gestational diabetes (pGDM) represent a group at high risk of cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that pGDM changes cardiometabolic risk markers levels as well as theirs associations with glucose indices in nondiabetic pt2DM women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric parameters, glucose regulation (OGTT), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), beta-cell function, lipid levels, parameters of endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation were evaluated in 55 women with pt2DM, 40 with both pt2DM and pGDM 2-24 months postpartum, and 35 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prediabetes was diagnosed more frequently in women with both pt2DM and pGDM in comparison with women with only pt2DM (10 versus 8, P = 0.04). The pGDM group had higher LDL-cholesterol, sICAM-1, tPa Ag, fibrinogen, and lower beta-cell function after adjustment for HOMA-IR, in comparison with pt2DM group. In pt2DM group postchallenge glucose correlated independently with hsCRP and in pGDM group fasting glucose with HOMA-IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pGDM exerts a combined effect on cardiometabolic risk markers in women with pt2DM. In these women higher LDL-cholesterol, fibrinogen, sICAM-1, tPa Ag levels and decreased beta cell function are associated with pGDM independently of HOMA-IR index value. Fasting glucose is an important cardiometabolic risk marker and is independently associated with HOMA-IR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Angiology and Internal Diseases, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. J. Biziel University Hospital, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland ; Department of Endocrinology, Dr. J. Biziel University Hospital, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokup
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. A. Jurasz University Hospital, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruszkowska-Ciastek
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. J. Biziel University Hospital, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walentowicz-Sadłecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. J. Biziel University Hospital, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Dr. A. Jurasz University Hospital, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rość
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010375:Pedigree; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
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