title: The relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits, and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The inverse relationships of combined fruits and vegetables intake with blood pressure have been reported. However, whether there are such relationships with salty vegetables has rarely been investigated in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated the relation of combined and separate intake of fruits, vegetable intakes, and salty vegetables, as well as sodium and potassium, with blood pressure among the middle-aged and elderly populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort baseline survey was performed with 6,283 subjects (2,443 men and 3,840 women) and free of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The significantly inverse linear trend of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found in fruits and non-pickled vegetables (81.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.0 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0040) and fruits only (80.9 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 79.4 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0430) among men. In contrast, sodium and sodium to potassium ratio were positively related with blood pressure among men (DBP, 78.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.6 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0079 for sodium; DBP, 79.0 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.7 mmHg in the highest quintile, P for trend = 0.0199 and SBP, 123.8 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 125.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for sodium/potassium). Kimchies consumption was positively related to DBP for men (78.2 mmHg in the lowest quintile vs 80.9 mmHg in the highest quintile for DBP, P for trend = 0.0003). Among women, these relations were not found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fruits and/or non-pickled vegetables may be inversely, but sodium, sodium to potassium, and Kimchies may be positively related to blood pressure among men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School Building A-Room 512, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-715, Korea.
authors.forename: Kirang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 503-340, Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Chonbuk 561-851, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Health Promotion Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Yeol
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical School Building A-Room 512, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Youl
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Kimchies; Sodium; blood pressure; fruits and vegetables; potassium
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