title: Anticancer activity of VDR-coregulator inhibitor PS121912.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  PS121912 has been developed as selective vitamin D receptor (VDR)-coregulator inhibitor starting from a high throughput screening campaign to identify new agents that modulate VDR without causing hypercalcemia. Initial antiproliferative effects of PS121912 were observed that are characterized herein to enable future in vivo investigation with this molecule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antiproliferation and apoptosis were determined using four different cancer cell lines (DU145, Caco2, HL-60 and SKOV3) in the presence of PS121912, 1,25-(OH)₂D₃, or a combination of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and PS121912. VDR si-RNA was used to identify the role of VDR during this process. The application of ChIP enabled us to determine the involvement of coregulator recruitment during transcription, which was investigated by RT-PCR with VDR target genes and those affiliated with cell cycle progression. Translational changes of apoptotic proteins were determined with an antibody array. The preclinical characterization of PS121912 includes the determination of metabolic stability and CYP3A4 inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PS121912 induced apoptosis in all four cancer cells, with HL-60 cells being the most sensitive. At sub-micromolar concentrations, PS121912 amplified the growth inhibition of cancer cells caused by 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ without being antiproliferative by itself. A knockout study with VDR si-RNA confirmed the mediating role of VDR. VDR target genes induced by 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ were down-regulated with the co-treatment of PS121912. This process was highly dependent on the recruitment of coregulators that in case of CYP24A1 was SRC2. The combination of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ reduced the presence of SRC2 and enriched the occupancy of corepressor NCoR at the promoter site. E2F transcription factors 1 and 4 were down-regulated in the presence of PS121912 and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ that in turn reduced the transcription levels of cyclin A and D, thus arresting HL-60 cells in the S or G2/M phase. In addition, proteins with hematopoietic functions such as cyclin-dependent kinase 6, histone deacetylase 9 and transforming growth factor beta 2 and 3 were down-regulated as well. Elevated levels of P21 and GADD45, in concert with cyclin D1, also mediated the antiproliferative response of HL-60 in the presence of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ and PS121912. Studies at higher concentration of P121912 identified a VDR-independent pathway of antiproliferation that included the enzymatic and transcriptional activation of caspase 3/7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we conclude that PS121912 behaves like a VDR antagonist at low concentrations but interacts with more targets at higher concentrations leading to apoptosis mediated by caspase 3/7 activation. In addition, PS121912 showed an acceptable metabolic stability to enable in vivo cancer studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Preetpal S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Teske
authors.forename: Belaynesh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feleke
authors.forename: Nina Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Margaret L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Grant B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fernstrum
authors.forename: Nishita D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Vyas
authors.forename: Lanlan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bogart
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Silvaggi
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Rakesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Bikle
authors.forename: Leggy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Arnold
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D053470:Caspases, Effector / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D053470:Caspases, Effector
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