title: Wastewater testing compared with random urinalyses for the surveillance of illicit drug use in prisons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Illicit drug use is known to occur among inmate populations of correctional (prison) facilities. Conventional approaches to monitor illicit drug use in prisons include random urinalyses (RUA). Conventional approaches are expected to be prone to bias because prisoners may be aware of which days of the week RUAs are conducted. Therefore, we wanted to compare wastewater loads for methamphetamine and cocaine during days with RUA testing and without.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected daily 24-h composite samples of wastewater by continuous sampling, computed daily loads for 1 month and compared the frequency of illicit drug detection to the number of positive RUAs. Diurnal data also were collected for 3 days to determine within-day patterns of illicit drugs excretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methamphetamine was observed in each sample of prison wastewater with no significant difference in daily mass loads between RUA testing and non-testing days. Cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, were observed only at levels below quantification in prison wastewater. Six RUAs were positive for methamphetamine during the month while none were positive for cocaine out of the 243 RUAs conducted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wastewater analyses offer data regarding the frequency of illicit drug excretion inside the prison that RUAs alone could not detect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.|Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Caleb J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Banta-Green
authors.affiliation: Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ort
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
authors.forename: Alix E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Robel
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000032:analysis; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine; D062065:Wastewater; C005618:benzoylecgonine
keywords: cocaine; methamphetamine; prison; wastewater
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