title: Increased expression of native cytosolic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase improves tolerance to oxidative and chilling stresses in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a tropical root crop, and is therefore, extremely sensitive to low temperature; its antioxidative response is pivotal for its survival under stress. Timely turnover of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells generated by chilling-induced oxidative damages, and scavenging can be achieved by non-enzymatic and enzymatic reactions in order to maintain ROS homeostasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic cassava plants that co-express cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), MeCu/ZnSOD, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), MeAPX2, were produced and tested for tolerance against oxidative and chilling stresses. The up-regulation of MeCu/ZnSOD and MeAPX2 expression was confirmed by the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and enzymatic activity analyses in the leaves of transgenic cassava plant lines with a single-transgene integration site. Upon exposure to ROS-generating agents, 100 μM ROS-generating reagent methyl viologen and 0.5 M H₂O₂, higher levels of enzymatic activities of SOD and APX were detected in transgenic plants than the wild type. Consequently, the oxidative stress parameters, such as lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll degradation and H₂O₂ synthesis, were lower in the transgenic lines than the wild type. Tolerance to chilling stress at 4°C for 2 d was greater in transgenic cassava, as observed by the higher levels of SOD, catalase, and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (e.g., APX, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reducatase and glutathione reductase) and lower levels of malondialdehyde content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the expression of native cytosolic SOD and APX simultaneously activated the antioxidative defense mechanisms via cyclic ROS scavenging, thereby improving its tolerance to cold stress.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiaoguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Yueming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China. zhangpeng@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D002365:Manihot / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D060387:Ascorbate Peroxidases; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
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