title: Vandetanib as a potential treatment for breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The VEGF A /VEGF receptor (VEGFR) network actively contributes to breast cancer pathogenesis and progression, playing a pivotal role in promoting tumour-associated angiogenesis. Vandetanib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively blocks VEGFR-2, the EGFR and RET tyrosine kinases. The drug has shown promising anti-tumour activity in preclinical models of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors summarise the data on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, preclinical and clinical studies of vandetanib up to April 2014, using: the PubMed and the clinicaltrials.gov databases; the FDA and EMA websites and the ASCO proceedings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vandetanib has demonstrated a modest efficacy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. In this respect, the increased number of angiogenic pathways activated during tumour progression might partially explain the intrinsic and acquired resistance to the drug in advanced breast cancer. The activity of vandetanib in early phases of the disease, and in combination with other anti-angiogenic factors or metronomic therapy, should be explored in order to improve the clinical efficacy of the drug. Finally, the identification of predictive markers might help to select patients who are more likely to respond to anti-angiogenic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" - IRCCS, Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit , Via Mariano Semmola 80131, Naples , Italy +39 081 5903826 ; antoneldel@hotmail.com , a.deluca@istitutotumori.na.it.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Alessio
authors.forename: Monica Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bevilacqua
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frezzetti
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Normanno
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010880:Piperidines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; C452423:vandetanib
keywords: EGFR; VEGFR-2; breast cancer; vandetanib