title: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry as a new approach to analyze neonicotinoid insecticides.
abstract: This paper represents the first report of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method compatible with mass spectrometry (MS) detection for simultaneously analyzing seven neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam). Different variables affecting CE separation (buffer concentration, pH, applied voltage and injection time) and MS detection (electrospray parameters) were studied. Low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were achieved for all analytes, ranging from 1.0 to 2.3μg/L, and from 3.5 to 7.2μg/L, respectively. In addition, the proposed method showed itself to be linear in the range from LOQ to 1000μg/L and to be precise, as the relative standard deviations of the migration times were lower than 4% in all cases. Finally, the proposed CE-MS method was applied to assess the efficacy of a beeswax cleaning treatment with oxalic acid to remove residues of three of the most commonly used neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam), use of which has recently been restricted by the European Union.
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Deamelys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hernández-Domínguez
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neusüß
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: María T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: I.U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain. Electronic address: jlbernal@qa.uva.es.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bernal
mesh_terms: D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D010078:Oxazines / Q000032:analysis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013843:Thiazines / Q000032:analysis; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000032:analysis; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D011725:Pyridines; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D014885:Waxes; C465368:dinotefuran; C038228:beeswax; C464843:nitenpyram; C082359:imidacloprid; C464485:acetamiprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C417209:thiacloprid
keywords: Beeswax; Capillary electrophoresis; Insecticides; Mass spectrometry; Neonicotinoids