title: Increased incidence of pseudarthrosis after unilateral instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with lumbar spondylosis: Clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with segmental pedicular instrumentation is a well established procedure used to treat lumbar spondylosis with or without spondylolisthesis. Available biomechanical and clinical studies that compared unilateral and bilateral constructs have produced conflicting data regarding patient outcomes and hardware complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was undertaken by a group of neurosurgeons. They prospectively enrolled 80 patients into either bilateral or unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation groups (40 patients/group). Demographic data collected for each group included sex, age, body mass index, tobacco use, and Workers' Compensation/litigation status. Operative data included segments operated on, number of levels involved, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and perioperative complications. Long-term outcomes (hardware malfunction, wound dehiscence, and pseudarthrosis) were recorded. For all patients, preoperative baseline and 6-month postoperative scores for Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) outcomes were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient follow-up times ranged from 37 to 63 months (mean 52 months). No patients were lost to follow-up. The patients who underwent unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation (unilateral cohort) were slightly younger than those who underwent bilateral pedicle screw instrumentation (bilateral cohort) (mean age 42 vs. 47 years, respectively; p = 0.02). No other significant differences were detected between cohorts with regard to demographic data, mean number of lumbar levels operated on, or distribution of the levels operated on. Estimated blood loss was higher for patients in the bilateral cohort, but length of stay was similar for patients in both cohorts. The incidence of pseudarthrosis was significantly higher among patients in the unilateral cohort (7 patients [17.5%]) than among those in the bilateral cohort (1 patient [2.5%]) (p = 0.02). Wound dehiscence occurred for 1 patient in the unilateral cohort. Reoperation was offered to 8 patients in the unilateral cohort and 1 patient in the bilateral cohort (p = 0.03). The physical component scores of the Medical Outcomes SF-36 outcomes improved significantly for all patients (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with either unilateral or bilateral segmental pedicular instrumentation is an effective treatment for lumbar spondylosis. Because patients with unilateral constructs were 7 times more likely to experience pseudarthrosis and require reoperation, TLIF with bilateral constructs might be the biomechanically superior technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Yakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gologorsky
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Skovrlj
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steinberger
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arginteanu
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: HRQOL = health-related quality of life; MCS = mental component summary; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PCS = physical component summary; PLIF = posterior lumbar interbody fusion; SF-36; SF-36 = 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; TLIF; TLIF = transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; clinical outcomes; lumbar; pseudarthrosis; rhBMP-2 = human bone morphogenetic protein; transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion