title: The relative validity and repeatability of an FFQ for estimating intake of zinc and its absorption modifiers in young and older Saudi adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relative validity and repeatability of a sixty-four-item FFQ for estimating dietary intake of Zn and its absorption modifiers in Saudi adults. In addition, we used the FFQ to investigate the effect of age and gender on these intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess validity, all participants completed the FFQ (FFQ1) and a 3 d food record. After 1 month, the FFQ was administered for a second time (FFQ2) to assess repeatability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred males and females aged 20-30 years and 60-70 years participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean intakes of Zn and protein from FFQ1 were significantly higher than those from the food record while there were no detectable differences between tools for measurement of phytic acid intake. Estimated intakes of Zn, protein and phytate by both approaches were strongly correlated (P<0·001). Bland-Altman analysis showed for protein that the difference in intake as measured by the two methods was similar across the range of intakes while for Zn and phytic acid, the difference increased with increasing mean intake. Zn and protein intakes from FFQ1 and FFQ2 were highly correlated (r>0·68, P<0·001) but were significantly lower at the second measurement (FFQ2). Older adults consumed less Zn and protein compared with young adults. Intakes of all dietary components were lower in females than in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FFQ developed and tested in the current study demonstrated reasonable relative validity and high repeatability and was capable of detecting differences in intakes between age and gender groups.
authors.affiliation: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
authors.forename: Hadeil M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Alsufiani
authors.affiliation: 3Faculty of Medicine,King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fatmah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamani
authors.affiliation: 2Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department,King Abdulaziz University,PO Box 50981,Jeddah 21533,Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.affiliation: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mathers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D015930:Diet Records; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D058620:Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010833:Phytic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D010833:Phytic Acid; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Young and older adults
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