title: Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 2: glenohumeral joint.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare differences in glenohumeral joint angular motion and linear translations between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals during shoulder motion performed in 3 planes of humerothoracic elevation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Numerous clinical theories have linked abnormal glenohumeral kinematics, including decreased glenohumeral external rotation and increased superior translation, to individuals with shoulder pain and impingement diagnoses. However, relatively few studies have investigated glenohumeral joint angular motion and linear translations in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcortical bone pins were inserted into the scapula and humerus of 12 asymptomatic and 10 symptomatic participants for direct bone-fixed tracking using electromagnetic sensors. Glenohumeral joint angular positions and linear translations were calculated during active shoulder flexion, abduction, and scapular plane abduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between groups in angular positions were limited to glenohumeral elevation, coinciding with a reduction in scapulothoracic upward rotation. Symptomatic participants demonstrated 1.4 mm more anterior glenohumeral translation between 90° and 120° of shoulder flexion and an average of 1 mm more inferior glenohumeral translation throughout shoulder abduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in glenohumeral kinematics exist between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The clinical implications of these differences are not yet understood, and more research is needed to understand the relationship between abnormal kinematics, shoulder pain, and pathoanatomy.
authors.affiliation: Program in Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Rebekah L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Braman
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Staker
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Laprade
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ludewig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001858:Bone Nails; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: biomechanics; glenohumeral translations; impingement syndrome
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