title: Enhanced apoptosis by pemetrexed and simvastatin in malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer cells by reactive oxygen species-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and Bim induction.
abstract: Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate currently used for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used primarily for hyperlidpidemia, have been studied for their antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. However, the effects of simvastatin on pemetrexed-induced apoptosis have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated whether combination treatment with pemetrexed and simvastatin potentiates the apoptotic activity above that is seen with either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and NSCLC cells. We found that the combination of pemetrexed and simvastatin induced more extensive caspase-dependent apoptosis than either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma cells (MSTO-211) or NSCLC cells (A549). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells treated with both pemetrexed and simvastatin was markedly increased compared to cells treated with either pemetrexed or simvastatin alone. Combination treatment also increased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytosolic release of cytochrome c, and altered expression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) families of apoptosis related proteins. On the other hand, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by pemetrexed and simvastatin. In addition, Bim siRNA conferred protection against apoptosis induced by pemetrexed and simvastatin. These results suggest that combination of pemetrexed and simvastatin potentiates their apoptotic activity beyond that of either drug alone in malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. This activity is mediated through ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and Bim induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Ri
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Do-Sim
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-180, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byong-Ki
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Ryun
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwon-Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Taik
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hak-Ryul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005971:Glutamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000086002:Mesothelioma, Malignant; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C000606775:BCL2L11 protein, human; D000072224:Bcl-2-Like Protein 11; D005971:Glutamates; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D006147:Guanine; D019821:Simvastatin; D000111:Acetylcysteine