title: Developments in human growth hormone preparations: sustained-release, prolonged half-life, novel injection devices, and alternative delivery routes.
abstract: Since the availability of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) enabled the application of human growth hormone both in clinical and research use in the 1980s, millions of patients were prescribed a daily injection of rhGH, but noncompliance rates were high. To address the problem of noncompliance, numerous studies have been carried out, involving: sustained-release preparations, prolonged half-life derivatives, new injectors that cause less pain, and other noninvasive delivery methods such as intranasal, pulmonary and transdermal deliveries. Some accomplishments have been made and launched already, such as the Nutropin Depot microsphere and injectors (Zomajet, Serojet, and NordiFlex). Here, we provide a review of the different technologies and illustrate the key points of these studies to achieve an improved rhGH product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Minglu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhenguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D020100:Hydrogels; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D015032:Zinc
keywords: hydrogel; intranasal; microneedle; microsphere; pulmonary; transdermal
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