title: Is there a cannabis epidemic model? Evidence from France, Germany and USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabis is the most popular illicit drug in the world, but the process of its diffusion through the population has rarely been studied. The unfolding of the tobacco epidemic was accompanied by a shift in the educational gradient of users across generations. As a consequence, cannabis may show the same pattern of widening social inequalities. We test the diffusion hypotheses that a positive value in older cohorts - the more educated experimenting more - shifts to a negative one in younger cohorts - the more educated experimenting less, first for males and then females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three nationwide subsamples (18-64 years old) of representative surveys conducted in France (n=21,818), Germany (n=7887) and USA (n=37,115) in 2009-2010 recorded age at cannabis experimentation (i.e., first use), educational level, gender, and age. Cumulative prevalence of experimentation was plotted for three retrospective cohorts (50-64, 35-49, 18-34 years old at data collection) and multivariate time-discrete logistic regression was computed by gender and generation to model age at experimentation adjusted on age at data collection and educational level. This latter was measured according to four categories derived from the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) and a relative (rather than absolute) index of education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of evolution of the prevalence, gender ratio and educational gradient across generations and countries that support the hypothesis of an "epidemic" of cannabis experimentation that mimics the epidemic of tobacco.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence for a cannabis epidemic model similar to the tobacco epidemic model. In the absence of clues regarding the future of cannabis use, our findings demonstrate that the gender gap is decreasing and, based on the epidemic model, suggest that we may expect widening social inequalities in cannabis experimentation if cannabis use decreases in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Paris, France; INSERM, U669, Paris, France; University Paris-Sud and University Paris Descartes, UMR-S0669, Paris, France. Electronic address: Stephane.legleye@ined.fr.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Legleye
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piontek
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pampel
authors.affiliation: Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goffette
authors.affiliation: Institut national d'études démographiques (INED), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khlat
authors.affiliation: IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, SoRAD, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004522:Educational Status; D058872:Epidemics; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cannabis epidemic; Cannabis experimentation; Cross-national comparison; Educational inequalities; Gender inequalities