title: Cancer in immigrants as a pointer to the causes of cancer.
abstract: The early cancer studies on immigrants, which started to appear some 50 years ago, showed that the incidence in cancers changes to the level of the new host country in one or two generations. These findings were fundamental to the understanding of the environmental etiology of human cancer. Many immigrant groups originate from countries with no cancer registration, and, hence, the immigrant studies may provide estimates on the indigenous cancer rates. The Swedish Family-Cancer Database has been an important source of data for immigrant studies on various diseases. The Database covers the Swedish population of the past 100 years, and it records the country of birth for each subject. A total of 1.79 million individuals were foreign born, Finns and other Scandinavians being the largest immigrant groups. Over the course of years, some 30 publications have appeared relating to cancer in immigrants. In the present article, we will review more recent immigrant studies, mainly among Swedish immigrants, on all cancers and emphasize the differences between ethnic groups. In the second part, we discuss the problem of reliable registration of cancer and compare cancer incidence among non-European immigrants with cancer incidence in countries of origin, as these have now active cancer registries. We discuss the experiences in cancer registration in Morocco and Egypt. We show the usefulness and limitations in predicting cancer incidence in the countries of origin.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany2 Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden K.Hemminki@dkfz.de.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemminki
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany2 Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Asta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Försti
authors.affiliation: 3 Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khyatti
authors.affiliation: 4 Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wagida A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mousavi
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005387:Finland / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012042:Registries; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000208:ethnology; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology