title: Use of passive samplers in pollution monitoring: a numerical approach for marinas.
abstract: Triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and butyl rubber (BR) based sorbents were employed as passive samplers in 14 coastal stations of Turkey including shipyards and marinas to characterize time-integrated levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their relationship to potential pollution sources. Passive samplers of SPMDs and BR sorbents were deployed for 30days in the spring of 2012. The maximum concentrations of total PAH and PCB compounds sequestered by SPMDs were 3338 ng g(-1) SPMD and 4247 pg g(-1) SPMD. (END)-I and DDT-related compounds were dominant OCP compounds for most of the sites in passive samplers. Total PAH concentrations in SPMDs were found 1.2 to 8 times higher than the concentrations in BRs. However, BR sorbents were able to sample some PAHs which could not be sampled by SPMDs. The concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in BRs were similar or higher than SPMDs. SPMD-data were used to estimate the average ambient water concentrations of the contaminants. Two existing theoretical approaches have been used to derive the concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants in the ambient waters. The results were found very similar and range from 7318 to 183864 pg L(-1) for PAHs, from 2 to 186 pg L(-1) for PCBs, and from 98 to 848 pg L(-1) for OCPs. Furthermore, a simple numerical model was designed to estimate the boat-related water concentrations in marinas by using the seawater data supplied by SPMDs. The model was mainly built on the water concentration and the capacities of a particular marina and then applied to two sites in the second marina. A good correlation was found between the model outputs and SPMD-water data.
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karacık
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henkelmann
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung und Landnutzung, Department für Biowissenschaften, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Yakan
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: barlas@itu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barlas
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, 34469, Maslak, İstanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: oya.okay@itu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Okay
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D012767:Ships; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Marina; PAH; POP; Passive water sampling; Pollution; Shipyard