title: Recreational Exercise Before and During Pregnancy in Relation to Plasma C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Pregnant Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pregnant women who are physically active have a lower risk of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes than women who are less active. One possible mechanism is a reduction in low-grade inflammation, as measured by plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP). The association between exercise and CRP in pregnant women, however, has not been adequately investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 537 pregnant women, enrolled around the 17th week of gestation in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study in 2003 to 2004, were studied. Self-reported recreational exercise was recalled for both 3 months before pregnancy and early pregnancy. The total energy expenditure from recreational exercise (total recreational exercise, metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-hr/week) was estimated, and low-, moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise was defined. Plasma CRP concentrations were measured during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted linear regression models, mean CRP concentration was 1.0% lower [95% CI = -1.9% to 0.2%] with each 1 MET-hr/week of total recreational exercise before pregnancy. In addition, vigorous-intensity exercise before pregnancy was more strongly related to a reduction in CRP levels than low- or moderate-intensity exercise. However, we observed no association between recreational exercise during pregnancy and plasma CRP levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recreational exercise before pregnancy, especially vigorous exercise, may reduce the risk of maternal inflammation during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lea A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupul-Uicab
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rogan
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eggesbo
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Travlos
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Longnecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
references.citation: Trends Immunol. 2004 Jan;25(1):4-7
references.pmid: 14698276
references.citation: Eur J Epidemiol. 2006;21(8):619-25
references.pmid: 17031521
references.citation: Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Apr;154(4):577-85
references.pmid: 16556721
references.citation: Acta Diabetol. 2013 Apr;50(2):201-8
references.pmid: 21327985
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Feb;180(2 Pt 1):499-506
references.pmid: 9988826
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):499-511
references.pmid: 12551878
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Apr;98(4):1154-62
references.pmid: 15772055
references.citation: Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010 Dec;5(6):509-15
references.pmid: 20233150
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Aug;41(8):1533-9
references.pmid: 19568208
references.citation: Metabolism. 2006 Nov;55(11):1500-7
references.pmid: 17046553
references.citation: J Epidemiol Community Health. 1989 Jun;43(2):147-52
references.pmid: 2592903
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb;204(2):164.e1-9
references.pmid: 20974458
references.citation: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012 Jul;97(1):e6-8
references.pmid: 22510300
references.citation: Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004 Sep;18(5):377-84
references.pmid: 15367325
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Apr;42(4):701-7
references.pmid: 19952829
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Jul;179(1):80-6
references.pmid: 9704769
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Oct;35(5):1146-50
references.pmid: 16926217
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 Sep;32(9 Suppl):S498-504
references.pmid: 10993420
references.citation: Epidemiology. 2012 Mar;23(2):257-63
references.pmid: 22081060
references.citation: Int J Clin Pract. 2013 Dec;67(12):1247-53
references.pmid: 24246205
references.citation: Biomarkers. 2008 Feb;13(1):41-51
references.pmid: 17852073
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Sep;40(9):1581-8
references.pmid: 18685534
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):363-9
references.pmid: 12551853
references.citation: Matern Child Nutr. 2008 Jan;4(1):28-43
references.pmid: 18171405
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Oct 15;160(8):758-65
references.pmid: 15466498
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Feb;48(2):237-48
references.pmid: 19943809
references.citation: Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Feb;20(1):e48-55
references.pmid: 19486481
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Nov;37(11):1836-41
references.pmid: 16286850
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Dec;36(12):2024-31
references.pmid: 15570135
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Sep;88(9):942-51
references.pmid: 24001486
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):115-26
references.pmid: 9887164
references.citation: Sports Med. 2006;36(5):443-58
references.pmid: 16646631
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jun;43(6):1002-9
references.pmid: 21085036
references.citation: Hepatology. 1990 Nov;12(5):1179-86
references.pmid: 1699862
references.citation: J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Jun;19(6):371-5
references.pmid: 17614271
references.citation: Midwifery. 2004 Jun;20(2):133-41
references.pmid: 15177856
references.citation: J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Nov;57 Suppl 10:43-51
references.pmid: 17242490
references.citation: Am J Prev Med. 2009 Jan;36(1):56-62
references.pmid: 19013748
references.citation: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012 Jan;5(1):98-108
references.pmid: 21982875
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1200-7
references.pmid: 17077243
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Jun;41(6):1273-80
references.pmid: 12719446
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Mar 5;105(9):1135-43
references.pmid: 11877368
references.citation: Adv Intern Med. 1992;37:313-36
references.pmid: 1558000
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Dec 1;162(11):1108-13
references.pmid: 16236995
references.citation: Am J Hypertens. 2004 Feb;17(2):154-60
references.pmid: 14751658
references.citation: Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jun;51(2):467-80
references.pmid: 18463475