title: Tuberous sclerosis-associated renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 57 separate carcinomas in 18 patients.
abstract: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder with characteristic tumors involving multiple organ systems. Whereas renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is common in TSC, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rarely reported. Fifty-seven RCCs from 13 female and 5 male TSC patients were reviewed. Age at surgery ranged from 7 to 65 years (mean: 42 y). Nine patients (50%) had multiple synchronous and/or metachronous RCCs (range of 2 to 20 RCCs) and 5 had bilateral RCCs (28%). Seventeen patients (94%) had histologically confirmed concurrent renal AMLs, including 15 with multiple AMLs (88%) and 9 (50%) with AMLs with epithelial cysts. None of the 15 patients with available clinical follow-up information had evidence of distant metastatic disease from 6 to 198 months after their initial surgery (mean: 52 mo). The 57 RCCs exhibited 3 major distinct morphologies: (1) 17 RCCs (30%) had features similar to tumors previously described as "renal angiomyoadenomatous tumor" or "RCC with smooth muscle stroma"; (2) 34 RCCs (59%) showed features similar to chromophobe RCC; and (3) 6 RCCs (11%) showed a granular eosinophilic-macrocystic morphology. Distinct histologic changes were also commonly present in the background kidney parenchyma and included cysts or renal tubules lined by epithelial cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm, nucleomegaly, and nucleoli. Immunohistochemically, all RCCs tested showed strong nuclear reactivity for PAX8 and HMB45 negativity. Compared with sporadic RCCs, TSC-associated RCCs have unique clinicopathologic features including female predominance, younger age at diagnosis, multiplicity, association with AMLs, 3 recurring histologic patterns, and an indolent clinical course. Awareness of the morphologic and clinicopathologic spectrum of RCC in this setting will allow surgical pathologists to better recognize clinically unsuspected TSC patients.
authors.affiliation: *Cleveland Clinic, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute ***Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH †Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA ‡Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR §Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA ∥Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN ¶Department of Pathology, El Camino Hospital, Mountain View ‡‡Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA #Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX ††Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI §§Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY **Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain ∥∥Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospitals, Lille, France ¶¶Department of Anatomic Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia ##Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary and Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tretiakova
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Troxell
authors.forename: Adeboye O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Osunkoya
authors.forename: Oluwole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fadare
authors.forename: Ankur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sangoi
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Beltran
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: Amer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Lara R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Harik
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Kiril
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trpkov
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Przybycin
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magi-Galluzzi
authors.forename: Jesse K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: McKenney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary; D009392:Nephrectomy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor