title: Mother-child interactions in the NICU: relevance and implications for later parenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the feasibility of observing mother-child interactions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), whether NICU interactions related to later interactions, and how interactions related to child and maternal characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 130 preterm infants and their mothers, observed in a feeding interaction in the NICU. Dyads were observed through 36 months postterm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observed maternal positive affective involvement and verbalizations in the NICU were associated with the same parenting behaviors at 24 months, social support, socioeconomic status, and being born in the late preterm period. Maternal negative affect and behavior were unrelated to later maternal negativity or child and maternal characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Positive parenting assessed in the NICU appears related to later parenting interaction quality, suggesting early assessment is possible. Maternal negative affect and behavior toward children may not consistently emerge until later in development.
authors.affiliation: Waisman Center, Waisman Center, Human Development and Family Studies, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison Gerstein2@waisman.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Emily D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Gerstein
authors.affiliation: Waisman Center, Waisman Center, Human Development and Family Studies, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison Waisman Center, Waisman Center, Human Development and Family Studies, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poehlmann-Tynan
authors.affiliation: Waisman Center, Waisman Center, Human Development and Family Studies, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
authors.forename: Roseanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000067289:Behavior Observation Techniques; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000523:psychology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: assessment; parenting; prematurity; social support
references.citation: Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012 May 10;60(5):1-27
references.pmid: 24974588
references.citation: Acta Paediatr. 2008 Jun;97(6):724-30
references.pmid: 18373715
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2004 Sep;79(2):145-58
references.pmid: 15324994
references.citation: Child Dev. 1997 Apr;68(2):364-83
references.pmid: 9180007
references.citation: Dev Psychobiol. 2003 Sep;43(2):109-19
references.pmid: 12918090
references.citation: J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2006 Jan-Mar;20(1):98-102
references.pmid: 16508475
references.citation: Fam Relat. 2012 Oct 1;61(4):642-656
references.pmid: 23125472
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2002 Jul;110(1 Pt 1):16-26
references.pmid: 12093942
references.citation: Infant Behav Dev. 2008 Sep;31(3):361-73
references.pmid: 18295898
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Sep;34(8):837-49
references.pmid: 19098064
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Jul;118(1):e107-14
references.pmid: 16818525
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2000 Aug;20(5):561-92
references.pmid: 10860167
references.citation: Attach Hum Dev. 2006 Jun;8(2):89-111
references.pmid: 16818417
references.citation: Biol Res Nurs. 2012 Oct;14(4):375-86
references.pmid: 22833586
references.citation: J Adv Nurs. 2003 Jun;42(6):578-86
references.pmid: 12787231
references.citation: J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2012 Jan-Mar;26(1):81-7; quiz 88-9
references.pmid: 22293645
references.citation: Semin Perinatol. 2011 Feb;35(1):20-8
references.pmid: 21255703
references.citation: Child Dev. 2008 Sep-Oct;79(5):1444-62
references.pmid: 18826535
references.citation: Neonatal Netw. 2000 Sep;19(6):27-37
references.pmid: 11949118
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2003;24(2-3):559-91
references.pmid: 14561562
references.citation: Child Dev. 1983 Oct;54(5):1199-210
references.pmid: 6354627
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;53(10):1018-25
references.pmid: 22582942
references.citation: Child Dev. 1974 Dec;45(4):959-65
references.pmid: 4143886
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2011 Jan;47(1):91-105
references.pmid: 21244152
references.citation: JAMA. 1999 Mar 3;281(9):799-805
references.pmid: 10071000
references.citation: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2003 Oct;73(4):441-54
references.pmid: 14609406
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(1):83-91
references.pmid: 7675994
references.citation: Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012 Oct 3;61(5):1-18
references.pmid: 24979973
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2011 Apr;87(4):273-80
references.pmid: 21334150
references.citation: J Perinatol. 2007 Dec;27 Suppl 2:S32-7
references.pmid: 18034178
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2001 May;37(3):387-403
references.pmid: 11370914
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(4):522-36
references.pmid: 20589563
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1978 Mar;61(3):470-4
references.pmid: 643420
references.citation: Res Nurs Health. 2001 Jun;24(3):157-69
references.pmid: 11526615
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2005 Dec;30(8):667-77
references.pmid: 16260436
references.citation: Adv Neonatal Care. 2003 Feb;3(1):37-46
references.pmid: 12882180