title: The effects of season and sex upon the morphology and material properties of keratin in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea).
abstract: The material properties and morphologies of the modified integumentary organs of birds (the keratinous bills, claws and feathers) have evolved to withstand the variety of mechanical stresses imposed by their interaction with the environment. These stresses are likely to vary temporally in seasonal environments and may also differ between the sexes as a result of behavioural dimorphism. Here we investigate the morphology and material properties of the claws of male and female Svalbard ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea) during the summer and winter using nanoindentation. Despite differences in locomotor demands between the sexes and pronounced seasonal differences in environmental conditions, like ground substrate, ambient temperature and day length, there was no significant difference in Young׳s modulus or hardness between the seasons for each sex. However, when comparing males and females, female claws were significantly harder than those of males and both sexes had significantly wider claws during winter. We propose that wider claws may follow winter claw moulting as the claws are regrown and form an important part of the ptarmigan׳s snowshoe-like foot that is an adaptation to locomotion on snow. Future work focusing on growth rates and more broad measures of material properties in both captive and wild birds is required to determine the extent of seasonal and sex differences in the material properties of their keratinous structures.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Folkow
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nudds
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. Electronic address: jonathan.codd@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Codd
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D046094:Galliformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins
keywords: Bird; Claw keratin; Hardness; Nanoindentation; Ptarmigan; Young׳s modulus