title: Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review.
abstract: Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahal
authors.affiliation: Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India.
authors.forename: Sandip
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0175-5320
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
authors.forename: Amit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7469-4752
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
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