title: Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with spinal cord injury (SCI) may benefit from resistive inspiratory muscle training (RIMT). Current evidence is weak, and little is known about the effect on functional outcomes and long-term effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess immediate and long-term effects of RIMT in people with SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at 4 specialized SCI units in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants were 40 people with SCI (15 with motor complete tetraplegia, 16 with incomplete tetraplegia, 8 with motor complete paraplegia, and 1 with incomplete paraplegia) who had impaired pulmonary function and were admitted for initial inpatient rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were randomized to an RIMT group or a control group. All participants received usual rehabilitation care. In addition, participants in the intervention group performed RIMT with a threshold trainer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were performed at baseline, after 8 weeks of intervention, 8 weeks later, and 1 year after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Primary outcome measures were: respiratory muscle function, lung volumes and flows, and perceived respiratory function. Secondary outcome measures concerned patient functioning, which included health-related quality of life, limitations in daily life due to respiratory problems, and respiratory complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the intervention period, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) improved more in the RIMT group than in the control group (11.7 cm H2O, 95% confidence interval=4.3 to 19.0). At follow-up, this effect was no longer significant. No effect on other primary or secondary outcome measures was found except for an immediate effect on mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sample size was insufficient to study effects on respiratory complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistive inspiratory muscle training has a positive short-term effect on inspiratory muscle function in people with SCI who have impaired pulmonary function during inpatient rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: K. Postma, MSc, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Rotterdam. kpostma@rijndam.nl.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: J.A. Haisma, MD, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Haisma
authors.affiliation: M.T.E. Hopman, MD, PhD, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria T E
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hopman
authors.affiliation: M.P. Bergen, MD, PhD, Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.affiliation: H.J. Stam, MD, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stam
authors.affiliation: J.B. Bussmann, MD, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bussmann
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome