title: Nitrate dynamics in natural plants: insights based on the concentration and natural isotope abundances of tissue nitrate.
abstract: The dynamics of nitrate (NO(-) 3), a major nitrogen (N) source for natural plants, has been studied mostly through experimental N addition, enzymatic assay, isotope labeling, and genetic expression. However, artificial N supply may not reasonably reflect the N strategies in natural plants because NO(-) 3 uptake and reduction may vary with external N availability. Due to abrupt application and short operation time, field N addition, and isotopic labeling hinder the elucidation of in situ NO(-) 3-use mechanisms. The concentration and natural isotopes of tissue NO(-) 3 can offer insights into the plant NO(-) 3 sources and dynamics in a natural context. Furthermore, they facilitate the exploration of plant NO(-) 3 utilization and its interaction with N pollution and ecosystem N cycles without disturbing the N pools. The present study was conducted to review the application of the denitrifier method for concentration and isotope analyses of NO(-) 3 in plants. Moreover, this study highlights the utility and advantages of these parameters in interpreting NO(-) 3 sources and dynamics in natural plants. We summarize the major sources and reduction processes of NO(-) 3 in plants, and discuss the implications of NO(-) 3 concentration in plant tissues based on existing data. Particular emphasis was laid on the regulation of soil NO(-) 3 and plant ecophysiological functions in interspecific and intra-plant NO(-) 3 variations. We introduce N and O isotope systematics of NO(-) 3 in plants and discuss the principles and feasibilities of using isotopic enrichment and fractionation factors; the correlation between concentration and isotopes (N and O isotopes: δ(18)O and Δ(17)O); and isotope mass-balance calculations to constrain sources and reduction of NO(-) 3 in possible scenarios for natural plants are deliberated. Finally, we offer a preliminary framework of intraplant δ(18)O-NO(-) 3 variation, and summarize the uncertainties in using tissue NO(-) 3 parameters to interpret plant NO(-) 3 utilization.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, China ; Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Japan.
authors.forename: Xue-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koba
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science on Biosphere, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makabe
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang, China.
authors.forename: Cong-Qiang
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: atmospheric nitrate; denitrifier method; isotopic enrichment; isotopic fractionation; nitrate reductase; oxygen isotope; plant nitrate; soil nitrogen availability
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