title: Toll-like receptor 9 in breast cancer.
abstract: Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a Th1-biased adaptive immune attack. In addition to cells of the immune system, TLR9 mRNA and protein are also widely expressed in breast cancer cell lines and in clinical breast cancer specimens. Although synthetic TLR9-ligands induce cancer cell invasion in vitro, the role of TLR9 in cancer pathophysiology has remained unclear. In the studies conducted so far, tumor TLR9 expression has been shown to have prognostic significance only in patients that have triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Specifically, high tumor TLR9 expression predicts good prognosis among TNBC patients. Pre-clinical studies suggest that TLR9 expression may affect tumor immunophenotype and contribute to the immunogenic benefit of chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the possible contribution of tumor TLR9 to the pathogenesis and treatment responses in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University , Turku , Finland.
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandholm
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Lapland Central Hospital , Rovaniemi , Finland ; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA.
authors.forename: Katri S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Selander
keywords: TLR9; breast cancer; inflammation; invasion; prognosis
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