title: The response to high CO2 levels requires the neuropeptide secretion component HID-1 to promote pumping inhibition.
abstract: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key molecule in many biological processes; however, mechanisms by which organisms sense and respond to high CO2 levels remain largely unknown. Here we report that acute CO2 exposure leads to a rapid cessation in the contraction of the pharynx muscles in Caenorhabditis elegans. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this response, we performed a forward genetic screen and found that hid-1, a key component in neuropeptide signaling, regulates this inhibition in muscle contraction. Surprisingly, we found that this hid-1-mediated pathway is independent of any previously known pathways controlling CO2 avoidance and oxygen sensing. In addition, animals with mutations in unc-31 and egl-21 (neuropeptide secretion and maturation components) show impaired inhibition of muscle contraction following acute exposure to high CO2 levels, in further support of our findings. Interestingly, the observed response in the pharynx muscle requires the BAG neurons, which also mediate CO2 avoidance. This novel hid-1-mediated pathway sheds new light on the physiological effects of high CO2 levels on animals at the organism-wide level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Kfir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Chayki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charar
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Nurit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Inbar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mizrahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaslaver
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jacob I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Sznajder
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yosef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gruenbaum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009154:Mutation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C557719:HID-1 protein, C elegans; C107581:UNC-31 protein, C elegans; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
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