title: Duodenal luminal nutrient sensing.
abstract: The gastrointestinal mucosa is exposed to numerous chemical substances and microorganisms, including macronutrients, micronutrients, bacteria, endogenous ions, and proteins. The regulation of mucosal protection, digestion, absorption and motility is signaled in part by luminal solutes. Therefore, luminal chemosensing is an important mechanism enabling the mucosa to monitor luminal conditions, such as pH, ion concentrations, nutrient quantity, and microflora. The duodenal mucosa shares luminal nutrient receptors with lingual taste receptors in order to detect the five basic tastes, in addition to essential nutrients, and unwanted chemicals. The recent 'de-orphanization' of nutrient sensing G protein-coupled receptors provides an essential component of the mechanism by which the mucosa senses luminal nutrients. In this review, we will update the mechanisms of and underlying physiological and pathological roles in luminal nutrient sensing, with a main focus on the duodenal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, N5020 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.affiliation: Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Yasutada
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.affiliation: Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. Electronic address: jake@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kaunitz
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D004386:Duodenum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D010455:Peptides
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