title: New advances in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: focus on stroke prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and brings about significant mortality and morbidity as a result of heart failure and ischemic stroke. Besides vitamin K antagonists (VKA), several new pharmacological agents (nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants [NOACs]) and procedures have since been developed to improve stroke prevention efforts in AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper will discuss the antiplatelet agents, VKA and NOACs, and their efficacy and safety for stroke prevention in AF. Focus will be placed on the NOACs, their limitations and special considerations. A short assessment of other nonpharmacological antithrombotic procedures will also be made. An extensive PubMed search was used to identify suitable papers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the advent of NOACs, the VKAs will remain as an important oral anticoagulant due to its versatility. However, convenience and limited food or drug interactions will make NOACs attractive options. The choice between various NOACs will depend on several important factors as illustrated below. Over time, the role for antiplatelet agents will gradually diminish. Left atrial appendage occlusion devices have shown promising results and may have the potential to change the way clinicians manage thromboembolism risks related to AF.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital , Birmingham , UK.
authors.forename: Yee C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D014812:Vitamin K
keywords: antithrombotic treatment; apixaban; atrial fibrillation; dabigatran; edoxaban; left atrial appendage closure device; left atrial appendage occlusion device; non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; rivaroxaban; vitamin K antagonist; warfarin