title: Validation of the nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale for Greek patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale is a validated disease-specific questionnaire for the assessment of Nasal Obstruction (NO). The aim of this study was to validate the Greek-NOSE questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective instrument validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  NOSE questionnaire was translated into Greek and then translated back into English. A prospective study was conducted on adult patients with NO due to septal deviation (SD). Test-retest evaluation of SD patients was carried out. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha test and test-retest reliability with Pearson's test (correlation), kappa (reproducibility), and Bland-Altman plot (extent of agreement). Validity was assessed by comparing scores of a control group of volunteers without NO to preoperative scores of SD patients undergoing septoplasty with Mann-Whitney test. Responsiveness was assessed by comparing preoperative to 3 months postoperative scores of SD patients with paired t test and evaluating the magnitude of surgery effect.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest evaluation was accepted on 109 patients. The Greek-NOSE had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.74 for test and 0.76 for retest). All its items were significantly correlated between test and retest evaluation. NOSE showed high reproducibility (mean kappa: 0.75), and almost all differences in Bland-Altman plot were between agreement thresholds. Controls (123 volunteers) had significant lower score. Postoperative scores were significantly lower than preoperative, and magnitude of surgery effect was high, both indicating good responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Greek-NOSE questionnaire is a valid instrument with satisfactory internal consistency, reliability, reproducibility, validity, and responsiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece vlachanas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vasileios A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Lachanas
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Stergiani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsiouvaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Malamati
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsea
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Jiannis K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hajiioannou
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalampos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Skoulakis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Greek language; NOSE; Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale