title: Morphology study of thoracic transverse processes and its significance in pedicle-rib unit screw fixation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracic transverse process is an important anatomic structure of the spine. Several anatomic studies have investigated the adjacent structures of the thoracic transverse process. But there is still a blank on the morphology of the thoracic transverse processes. The purpose of the cadaveric study is to investigate the morphology of thoracic transverse processes and to provide morphology basis for the pedicle-rib unit (extrapedicular) screw fixation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five adult dehydrated skeletons (T1-T10) were included in this study. The length, width, thickness, and the tilt angle (upward and backward) of the thoracic transverse process were measured. The data were then analyzed statistically. On the basis of the morphometric study, 5 fresh cadavers were used to place screws from transverse processes to the vertebral body in the thoracic spine, and then observed by the naked eye and on computed tomography scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lengths of thoracic transverse processes were between 16.63±1.59 and 18.10±1.95 mm; the longest was at T7, and the shortest was at T10. The widths of thoracic transverse processes were between 11.68±0.80 and 12.87±1.48 mm; the widest was at T3, and the narrowest was at T7. The thicknesses of thoracic transverse processes were between 7.86±1.24 and 10.78±1.35 mm; the thickest was at T1, and the thinnest was at T7. The upward tilt angles of thoracic transverse processes were between 24.9±3.1 and 3.0±1.56 degrees; the maximal upward tilt angle was at T1, and the minimal upward tilt angle was at T7. The upward tilt angles of T1 and T2 were obviously different from the other thoracic transverse processes (P<0.01). The backward tilt angles of thoracic transverse processes gradually increased from 24.5±2.91 degrees at T1 to 64.5±5.12 degrees at T10. The backward tilt angles were significantly different between each other, except between T5 and T6. In the validation study, screws were all placed successfully from transverse processes to the vertebrae of thoracic spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The length, width, and thickness of the thoracic transverse processes are suitable for screw placement. And the obvious upward and backward tilt angles provide an excellent screw passage from transverse process to the vertebral body. Screw placement from the transverse processes to the vertebral body is feasible in the thoracic spine. However, there is still some place for improvement of the pedicle-rib unit screw fixation method.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Spine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University †Postdoctor Scientific Research Workstation ‡Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Jinan Military General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin-gang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jin-fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jian-min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhen-song
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D012272:Ribs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult