title: Pharmacogenomics in heart failure: where are we now and how can we reach clinical application?
abstract: Heart failure is becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Several therapies are currently available to treat this chronic illness; however, clinical response to these treatment options exhibit significant interpatient variation. It is now clearly understood that genetics is a key contributor to diversity in therapeutic response, and evidence that genetic polymorphisms alter the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical response of heart failure drugs continues to accumulate. This suggests that pharmacogenomics has the potential to help clinicians improve the management of heart failure by choosing the safest and most effective medications and doses. Unfortunately, despite much supportive data, pharmacogenetic optimization of heart failure treatment regimens is not yet a reality. In order to attenuate the rising burden of heart failure, particularly in the context of the recent paucity of new effective interventions, there is an urgent need to extend pharmacogenetic knowledge and leverage these associations in order to enhance the effectiveness of existing heart failure therapies. This review focuses on the current state of pharmacogenomics in heart failure and provides a glimpse of the aforementioned future needs.
authors.affiliation: From the *University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Chapel Hill, NC; and †Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Research Scientist, Center for Health Services Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
authors.forename: Akinyemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oni-Orisan
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Lanfear
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023281:Genomics / Q000639:trends*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000639:trends*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists
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