title: The role of cell wall-based defences in the early restriction of non-pathogenic hrp mutant bacteria in Arabidopsis.
abstract: We have investigated the cause of the restricted multiplication of hrp mutant bacteria in leaves of Arabidopsis. Our focus was on early interactions leading to differentiation between virulent wild-type and non-pathogenic hrpA mutant strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. An initial drop in recoverable bacteria detected 0-4 h after inoculation with either strain was dependent on a functional FLS2 receptor and H2O2 accumulation in challenged leaves. Wild-type bacteria subsequently multiplied rapidly whereas the hrpA mutant was restricted within 6 h. Despite the early restriction, the hrpA mutant was still viable several days after inoculation. Analysis of intercellular washing fluids (IWFs), showed that high levels of nutrients were readily available to bacteria in the apoplast and that no diffusible inhibitors were produced in response to bacterial challenge. Histochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used to detect changes in polysaccharides (callose, two forms of cellulose, and pectin), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), H2O2 and peroxidase. Quantitative analysis showed very similar changes in localisation of AGPs, cellulose epitopes and callose 2 and 4 h after inoculation with either strain. However from 6 to 12 h after inoculation papillae expanded only next to the hrp mutant. In contrast to the similar patterns of secretory activity recorded from mesophyll cells, accumulation of H2O2 and peroxidase was significantly greater around the hrpA mutant within the first 4h after inoculation. A striking differential accumulation of H2O2 was also found in chloroplasts in cells next to the mutant. Ascorbate levels were lower in the IWFs recovered from sites inoculated with the hrp mutant than with wild-type bacteria. The critical response, observed at the right time and place to explain the observed differential behaviour of wild-type and hrpA mutant bacteria was the accumulation of H2O2, probably generated through Type III peroxidase activity and in chloroplasts. It is proposed that H2O2 and apoplastic peroxidase cross-link secreted glycoproteins and polysaccharides to agglutinate the hrp mutant. Generation of H2O2 has been identified as a likely target for effector proteins injected into plant cells by the wild-type bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT127NZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knox
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Electronic address: j.mansfield@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mansfield
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D009195:Peroxidase; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Apoplast; Arabinogalactan protein; Basal defence; Cell wall alterations; Effector proteins; Electron microscopy; Immunocytochemistry; Reactive oxygen species