title: Increased electroencephalographic high frequencies during the sleep onset period in patients with restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral content in untreated patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) during the sleep onset period (SOP) and during the quiet wakefulness preceding sleep, in order to test the hypothesis that a state of hyperarousal might be present during the SOP with RLS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep Research Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven untreated consecutive patients with RLS (mean age = 53.6 y), 11 untreated consecutive patients with primary insomnia (mean age = 58.9 y), and 14 normal controls (mean age = 50.3 y).
  
  
  METHODS
  SOP was defined as the 10-min period centered with the occurrence of the first sleep spindle in the EEG, and then subdivided into SOP-1 (period of 5 min before the first spindle) and SOP-2 (period of 5 min following). Leg movements occurring during SOP were counted and used as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Also, one period of 1 min of artifact-free quiet wakefulness after lights off was identified. EEG spectral analysis was run during these periods using the C3/A2 or C4/A1 channel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased EEG alpha and beta bands and/or beta/delta ratio in RLS versus normal controls, during both wakefulness preceding sleep and SOP (both parts SOP-1 and SOP-2) were found, which were, however, smaller than the increases found in patients with insomnia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the hypothesis of the presence of a state of hyperarousal in restless legs syndrome (RLS) during the sleep onset period. Treatment for RLS might need to take these findings into consideration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ferri R, Cosentino FI, Manconi M, Rundo F, Bruni O, Zucconi M. Increased electroencephalographic high frequencies during the sleep onset period in patients with restless legs syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy.
authors.forename: Filomena I I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Cosentino
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Troina, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rundo
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Oliviero
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bruni
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University, Institute and Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucconi
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: beta band; hyperarousal; insomnia; restless legs syndrome; sleep onset period; spectral EEG analysis
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