title: Evaluation of a piezoelectric system as an alternative to electroencephalogram/ electromyogram recordings in mouse sleep studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditionally, sleep studies in mammals are performed using electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings to determine sleep-wake state. In laboratory animals, this requires surgery and recovery time and causes discomfort to the animal. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an alternative, noninvasive approach utilizing piezoelectric films to determine sleep and wakefulness in mice by simultaneous EEG/EMG recordings. The piezoelectric films detect the animal's movements with high sensitivity and the regularity of the piezo output signal, related to the regular breathing movements characteristic of sleep, serves to automatically determine sleep. Although the system is commercially available (Signal Solutions LLC, Lexington, KY), this is the first statistical validation of various aspects of sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG/EMG and piezo signals were recorded simultaneously during 48 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine male and nine female CFW outbred mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG/EMG surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed a high correspondence between EEG/EMG-determined and piezo-determined total sleep time and the distribution of sleep over a 48-h baseline recording with 18 mice. Moreover, the piezo system was capable of assessing sleep quality (i.e., sleep consolidation) and interesting observations at transitions to and from rapid eye movement sleep were made that could be exploited in the future to also distinguish the two sleep states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The piezo system proved to be a reliable alternative to electroencephalogram/electromyogram recording in the mouse and will be useful for first-pass, large-scale sleep screens for genetic or pharmacological studies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Mang GM, Nicod J, Emmenegger Y, Donohue KD, O'Hara BF, Franken P. Evaluation of a piezoelectric system as an alternative to electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings in mouse sleep studies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Géraldine M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mang
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicod
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Emmenegger
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY ; Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Donohue
authors.affiliation: Signal Solutions, LLC, Lexington, KY ; Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
authors.forename: Bruce F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: EEG/EMG; automated; noninvasive; outbred mice; piezoelectric system; sleep
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