title: Transport via xylem and accumulation of aflatoxin in seeds of groundnut plant.
abstract: Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut seeds in the absence of any aflatoxigenic fungi leads to a hypothesis that aflatoxins are present naturally in soil and is transferred to seeds through uptake by roots. A survey was conducted on the natural occurrence of aflatoxins in agricultural soils, among nine main groundnut-growing regions of Karnataka state, India. All 71 soil samples collected in this survey were contaminated with aflatoxins esp. AFB1. An in vitro xylem sap experiment proved the ability of groundnut plant roots to absorb AFB1, and transport to aerial plant parts via the xylem. Hydroponics experiment also proved the uptake of AFB1 by the roots and their translocation to shoot. Uptake was affected by the initial concentration of toxin and pH of the medium. Among the 14 varieties screened, GPBD4 and MLT.K.107 (III) recorded highest and least AFB1 uptake, respectively. The above results were validated using a greenhouse experiment. Here, the aflatoxin absorbed by root gradually transferred to shoot that was later found in seeds towards the end of experiment. Thus, the groundnut seeds can also get contaminated with aflatoxin by direct uptake of aflatoxin through conducting tissue in addition to fungal infection. The present study revealed the novel mode of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut seeds without fungal infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Microbiology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snigdha
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hariprasad
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Microbiology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: venkatcftri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venkateswaran
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D010367:Arachis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018527:Hydroponics; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007194:India; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D052584:Xylem / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Aflatoxin; Groundnut; Seed; Uptake; Xylem sap