title: Back to the future: estimating pre-injury brain volume in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent meta-analysis by Hedman et al. allows for accurate estimation of brain volume changes throughout the life span. Additionally, Tate et al. showed that intracranial volume at a later point in life can be used to estimate reliably brain volume at an earlier point in life. These advancements were combined to create a model which allowed the estimation of brain volume just prior to injury in a group of patients with mild or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). This volume estimation model was used in combination with actual measurements of brain volume to test hypotheses about progressive brain volume changes in the patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty six patients with mild or moderate TBI were compared to 20 normal control subjects. NeuroQuant® was used to measure brain MRI volume. Brain volume after the injury (from MRI scans performed at t1 and t2) was compared to brain volume just before the injury (volume estimation at t0) using longitudinal designs. Groups were compared with respect to volume changes in whole brain parenchyma (WBP) and its 3 major subdivisions: cortical gray matter (GM), cerebral white matter (CWM) and subcortical nuclei+infratentorial regions (SCN+IFT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the normal control data, the volume estimation model was tested by comparing measured brain volume to estimated brain volume; reliability ranged from good to excellent. During the initial phase after injury (t0-t1), the TBI patients had abnormally rapid atrophy of WBP and CWM, and abnormally rapid enlargement of SCN+IFT. Rates of volume change during t0-t1 correlated with cross-sectional measures of volume change at t1, supporting the internal reliability of the volume estimation model. A logistic regression analysis using the volume change data produced a function which perfectly predicted group membership (TBI patients vs. normal control subjects).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the first few months after injury, patients with mild or moderate TBI have rapid atrophy of WBP and CWM, and rapid enlargement of SCN+IFT. The magnitude and pattern of the changes in volume may allow for the eventual development of diagnostic tools based on the volume estimation approach.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Midlothian, VA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: DRoss@VaNeuropsychiatry.org.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Midlothian, VA, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Alfred L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Midlothian, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D Zannoni
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Midlothian, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seabaugh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Cortical atrophy; Forensic; Longitudinal study; Magnetic resonance imaging; Medicolegal; Mild traumatic brain injury; NeuroQuant®; Traumatic brain injury; Volumetry