title: Conditioning materials with biomacromolecules: composition of the adlayer and influence on cleanability.
abstract: The influence of substrate hydrophobicity and biomacromolecules (dextran, bovine serum albumin - BSA) adsorption on the cleanability of surfaces soiled by spraying aqueous suspensions of quartz particles (10-30μm size), then dried, was investigated using glass and polystyrene as substrates. The cleanability was evaluated using radial flow cell (RFC). The surface composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The interpretation of XPS data allowed the complexity due to the ubiquitous presence of organic contaminants to be coped with, and the surface composition to be expressed in terms of both the amount of adlayer and the mass concentration of adlayer constituents. When soiled with a suspension of particles in water, glass was much less cleanable than polystyrene, which was attributed to its much lower water contact angle, in agreement with previous observations on starch soil. Dextran was easily desorbed and did not affect the cleanability. The presence of BSA at the interface strongly improved the cleanability of glass while the contact angle did not change appreciably. In contrast, soiling polystyrene with quartz particles suspended in a BSA solution instead of water did not change markedly the cleanability, while the contact angle was much lower and the aggregates of soiling particles were more flat. These observations are explained by the major role of capillary forces developed upon drying, which influence the closeness of the contact between the soiling particles and the substrate and, thereby, the adherence of particles. The capillary forces are proportional to the liquid surface tension and depend in a more complex way on contact angles of the particles and of the substrate. The dependence of cleanability on capillary forces, and in particular on the liquid surface tension, is predominant as compared with its dependence on the size and shape of the soiling aggregates, which influence the efficiency of shear forces exerted by the flowing water upon cleaning.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agro-food Quality and Safety, Analysis Quality and Risk Unit, University of Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Electronic address: yetiomantiti@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Yetioman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Touré
authors.affiliation: Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.01, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Electronic address: michel.genet@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Michel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Genet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.01, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Electronic address: christine.dupont@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dupont-Gillain
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Agro-food Quality and Safety, Analysis Quality and Risk Unit, University of Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Electronic address: marianne.sindic@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sindic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1/L7.04.01, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Electronic address: paul.rouxhet@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Rouxhet
keywords: Capillary forces; Cleaning; Fouling; Particulate soiling; Polysaccharide adsorption; Protein adsorption; Radial-flow cell; XPS