title: Isolation and characteristics of protocatechuic acid from Paenibacillus elgii HOA73 against Botrytis cinerea on strawberry fruits.
abstract: This study was undertaken to describe purification, identification, and characteristics of protocatechuic acid (PCA) isolated for the first time from Paenibacillus elgii HOA73 against Botrytis cinerea (the cause of gray mold disease on strawberry fruit). PCA was purified by different chromatographic techniques and identified as PCA (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. PCA displayed potent antifungal activity against B. cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. However, the antifungal activities were not sufficient to inhibit mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PCA to inhibit any visible mycelial growth of both B. cinerea and R. solani was 64 µg ml(-1) . Most B. cinerea conidia displayed altered shape and absence of germination, or were degraded after treatment with 50 and 100 µg ml(-1) PCA, respectively. Moreover, gray mold formation on strawberry fruit was almost or completely inhibited by these PCA concentrations 7 days following infection with B. cinerea conidia, respectively. PCA may be a promising alternative to chemical fungicides as a potential biofungicide to prevent growth of B. cinerea in strawberry fruit disease management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Xuan Hoa
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Kyaw Wai
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.forename: Young Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae Hak
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kil Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D025282:Mycelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C009091:protocatechuic acid
keywords: Antifungal activity; Botrytis cinerea; Paenibacillus elgii; Protocatechuic acid; Strawberry