title: Endogenous contrast MRI of cardiac fibrosis: beyond late gadolinium enhancement.
abstract: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of detection of cardiac fibrosis with MRI using current standards and novel endogenous MRI techniques. Assessment of cardiac fibrosis is important for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and follow-up after therapy. During the past years, progress has been made in fibrosis detection using MRI. Cardiac infarct size can be assessed noninvasively with late gadolinium enhancement. Several methods for fibrosis detection using endogenous contrast have been developed, such as native T1 -mapping, T1ρ -mapping, Magnetization transfer imaging, and T2 *-mapping. Each of these methods will be described, providing the basic methodology, showing potential applications from applied studies, and discussing the potential and challenges or pitfalls. We will also identify future steps and developments that are needed for bringing these methods to the clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joep W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Oorschot
authors.forename: Johannes M I H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gho
authors.forename: Gerardus P J
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: van Hout
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Froeling
authors.forename: Sanne J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jansen Of Lorkeers
authors.forename: Imo E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Hoefer
authors.forename: Pieter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Luijten
authors.forename: Steven A J
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chamuleau
authors.forename: Jaco J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zwanenburg
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004719:Endomyocardial Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: MOLLI; T1-mapping; T1ρ-mapping; T2*-mapping; cardiac fibrosis; endogenous contrast; magnetic resonance imaging; magnetization transfer imaging