title: Multiparametric MRI assessment of human articular cartilage degeneration: Correlation with quantitative histology and mechanical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity of quantitative MRI techniques (T1, T1,Gd, T2, continous wave (CW) T1ρdispersion, adiabatic T1ρ, adiabatic T2ρ, RAFF and inversion-prepared magnetization transfer (MT)) for assessment of human articular cartilage with varying degrees of natural degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteochondral samples (n = 14) were obtained from the tibial plateaus of patients undergoing total knee replacement. MRI of the specimens was performed at 9.4T and the relaxation time maps were evaluated in the cartilage zones. For reference, quantitative histology, OARSI grading and biomechanical measurements were performed and correlated with MRI findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All MRI parameters, except T1,Gd, showed statistically significant differences in tangential and full-thickness regions of interest (ROIs) between early and advanced osteoarthritis (OA) groups, as classified by OARSI grading. CW-T1ρshowed significant dispersion in all ROIs and featured classical laminar structure of cartilage with spin-lock powers below 1000 Hz. Adiabatic T1ρ, T2ρ, CW-T1ρ,MT, and RAFF correlated strongly with OARSI grade and biomechanical parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI parameters were able to differentiate between early and advanced OA. Furthermore, rotating frame methods, namely adiabatic T1ρ, adiabatic T2ρ, CW-T1ρ, and RAFF, as well as MT experiment correlated strongly with biomechanical parameters and OARSI grade, suggesting high sensitivity of the parameters for cartilage degeneration. Magn Reson Med 74:249-259, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Mikko J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Elli-Noora
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiitu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko A J
authors.initials: MAJ
authors.lastname: Finnilä
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli-Matti
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Aho
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saarakkala
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehenkari
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Departments of Radiology and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Miika T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nieminen
keywords: cartilage; human; osteoarthritis; quantitative MRI; rotating frame relaxation
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2010 Oct;64(4):983-94
references.pmid: 20740665
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001 Jul;9(5):393-406
references.pmid: 11467887
references.citation: Radiology. 2013 Oct;269(1):113-21
references.pmid: 23674789
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 May;20(5):451-459
references.pmid: 22321720
references.citation: J Orthop Res. 2004 May;22(3):557-64
references.pmid: 15099635
references.citation: Instr Course Lect. 1998;47:487-504
references.pmid: 9571450
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2003 Mar;49(3):488-92
references.pmid: 12594751
references.citation: J Biomech. 2002 Jul;35(7):903-9
references.pmid: 12052392
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2013 Sep;82(9):1499-505
references.pmid: 23743050
references.citation: Histochem J. 1996 Feb;28(2):99-107
references.pmid: 8737291
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Sep;54(3):507-12
references.pmid: 16086319
references.citation: Radiology. 2013 May;267(2):503-13
references.pmid: 23297335
references.citation: Radiology. 2000 Jan;214(1):259-66
references.pmid: 10644134
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2015 Jan;73(1):254-62
references.pmid: 24523028
references.citation: NMR Biomed. 2006 Nov;19(7):781-821
references.pmid: 17075961
references.citation: Microsc Res Tech. 2008 Apr;71(4):279-87
references.pmid: 18072283
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2000 May;43(5):676-81
references.pmid: 10800032
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2004 Aug;169(2):293-9
references.pmid: 15261625
references.citation: Biopolymers. 2001;62(1):1-8
references.pmid: 11135186
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2011 Apr;209(2):269-76
references.pmid: 21334231
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2013 Apr;82(4):e192-8
references.pmid: 23265927
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2011 Sep;66(3):725-34
references.pmid: 21416504
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2013 Aug;21(8):1058-67
references.pmid: 23707754
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Apr;29(3):324-34
references.pmid: 21130590
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Jan;14(1):13-29
references.pmid: 16242352
references.citation: Eur Radiol. 2009 Jan;19(1):132-43
references.pmid: 18709373
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007 Oct;15(10):1149-57
references.pmid: 17502160
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014 Oct;22(10):1444-52
references.pmid: 25278055
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011 Feb;19(2):171-9
references.pmid: 21112409
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010 Jan;18(1):73-81
references.pmid: 19733642
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2002 Oct;48(4):640-8
references.pmid: 12353281
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Mar;1192:230-7
references.pmid: 20392241
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2000 Dec;44(6):840-51
references.pmid: 11108620
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1995 Sep;34(3):319-25
references.pmid: 7500869
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2004 Nov;52(5):1103-9
references.pmid: 15508163
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Nov;10(11):838-44
references.pmid: 12435327
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Oct 23;98(22):12479-84
references.pmid: 11606754
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2010 May;63(5):1376-82
references.pmid: 20432308
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1997 Dec;38(6):863-7
references.pmid: 9402184
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Jun;27(5):727-32
references.pmid: 19056195
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Dec;14(12):1265-71
references.pmid: 16843689
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jul 28;132(29):9979-81
references.pmid: 20590094
references.citation: J Biomech. 2003 Sep;36(9):1373-9
references.pmid: 12893046
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Oct;27(8):1074-87
references.pmid: 19559559
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 2005 Jul;54(1):14-9
references.pmid: 15968651
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Nov;31(9):1537-43
references.pmid: 23993794
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2001 Dec;153(2):155-77
references.pmid: 11740891
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Nov;38(5):991-1008
references.pmid: 24115571
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012 May;20(5):396-404
references.pmid: 22334095
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Apr;23(4):547-53
references.pmid: 16523468
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2006 Jul;181(1):135-47
references.pmid: 16675277
references.citation: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Jan;29(1):206-16
references.pmid: 18827834
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Sep;18(3):336-41
references.pmid: 12938129
references.citation: Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007 Jul;15(7):789-97
references.pmid: 17307365
references.citation: Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Dec;29(10):1346-50
references.pmid: 21601405
references.citation: J Magn Reson. 2009 Nov;201(1):61-71
references.pmid: 19762258
references.citation: Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003 Mar;29(3):447-54
references.pmid: 12706196
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1998 Jun;39(6):941-9
references.pmid: 9621918
references.citation: Magn Reson Med. 1996 Nov;36(5):665-73
references.pmid: 8916016
references.citation: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Dec;36(6):1287-99
references.pmid: 23165732