title: Anti-inflammatory potential of peat moss extracts in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of peat moss aqueous extract (PME) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. To demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of PME, the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines were measured using Griess reagent and cytokine ELISA kits, respectively. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis were conducted to evaluate the expression of genes and proteins. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the expression and translocation of transcription factors. Pre-treatment with PME inhibited the production of prostaglandin E(2) and NO by suppressing the gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase, respectively. The LPS-stimulated gene expression and the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were significantly reduced by PME. In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, nuclear factor‑κB (NF-κB) translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, while pre-treatment with PME induced the sequestration of NF-κB in the cytosol through the inhibition of IκBα degradation. In the same manner, PME contributed to the inhibition of the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. In addition, the PME-treated RAW 264.7 cells facilitated the activation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) , and in turn, enhanced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. These results indicate that PME exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and suggest that PME may neutralize inflammation and prevent cellular damage by oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Suk
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Daegu Haany University College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 706-828, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Ok
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Anti-Aging Research Center and Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Woo
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Busan National University College of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woe-Yeon
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Green Vortex Co., Ltd., Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kwon-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gun-Do
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D044003:Sphagnopsida / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone