title: Cooperative secretions facilitate host range expansion in bacteria.
abstract: The majority of emergent human pathogens are zoonotic in origin, that is, they can transmit to humans from other animals. Understanding the factors underlying the evolution of pathogen host range is therefore of critical importance in protecting human health. There are two main evolutionary routes to generalism: organisms can tolerate multiple environments or they can modify their environments to forms to which they are adapted. Here we use a combination of theory and a phylogenetic comparative analysis of 191 pathogenic bacterial species to show that bacteria use cooperative secretions that modify their environment to extend their host range and infect multiple host species. Our results suggest that cooperative secretions are key determinants of host range in bacteria, and that monitoring for the acquisition of secreted proteins by horizontal gene transfer can help predict emerging zoonoses.
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK [2] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Mafalda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: 1] Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK [2] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
authors.forename: Sam P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D058507:Host Specificity; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013045:Species Specificity; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D015047:Zoonoses
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