title: Ca(V)3.2 channels and the induction of negative feedback in cerebral arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  T-type (CaV3.1/CaV3.2) Ca(2+) channels are expressed in rat cerebral arterial smooth muscle. Although present, their functional significance remains uncertain with findings pointing to a variety of roles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study tested whether CaV3.2 channels mediate a negative feedback response by triggering Ca(2+) sparks, discrete events that initiate arterial hyperpolarization by activating large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micromolar Ni(2+), an agent that selectively blocks CaV3.2 but not CaV1.2/CaV3.1, was first shown to depolarize/constrict pressurized rat cerebral arteries; no effect was observed in CaV3.2(-/-) arteries. Structural analysis using 3-dimensional tomography, immunolabeling, and a proximity ligation assay next revealed the existence of microdomains in cerebral arterial smooth muscle which comprised sarcoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. Within these discrete structures, CaV3.2 and ryanodine receptor resided in close apposition to one another. Computational modeling revealed that Ca(2+) influx through CaV3.2 could repetitively activate ryanodine receptor, inducing discrete Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release events in a voltage-dependent manner. In keeping with theoretical observations, rapid Ca(2+) imaging and perforated patch clamp electrophysiology demonstrated that Ni(2+) suppressed Ca(2+) sparks and consequently spontaneous transient outward K(+) currents, large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel mediated events. Additional functional work on pressurized arteries noted that paxilline, a large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel inhibitor, elicited arterial constriction equivalent, and not additive, to Ni(2+). Key experiments on human cerebral arteries indicate that CaV3.2 is present and drives a comparable response to moderate constriction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate for the first time that CaV3.2 channels localize to discrete microdomains and drive ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) sparks, enabling large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel activation, hyperpolarization, and attenuation of cerebral arterial constriction.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Osama F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Harraz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Rasha R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Abd El-Rahman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bigdely-Shamloo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Albert L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Earley
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vigmond
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Rania E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mufti
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Starreveld
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furstenhaupt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Muellerleile
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kurjiaka
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.).
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.). dwelsh@ucalgary.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C500994:Cacna1g protein, rat; C509958:Cacna1h protein, rat; D020747:Calcium Channels, T-Type; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel
keywords: calcium channels; calcium channels, T-type; calcium signaling; cerebral arteries; muscle, smooth, vascular; potassium channels, calcium-activated; vasodilation
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