title: Cross-section perimeter is a suitable parameter to describe the effects of different baffle geometries in shaken microtiter plates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biotechnological screening processes are performed since more than 8 decades in small scale shaken bioreactors like shake flasks or microtiter plates. One of the major issues of such reactors is the sufficient oxygen supply of suspended microorganisms. Oxygen transfer into the bulk liquid can in general be increased by introducing suitable baffles at the reactor wall. However, a comprehensive and systematic characterization of baffled shaken bioreactors has never been carried out so far. Baffles often differ in number, size and shape. The exact geometry of baffles in glass lab ware like shake flasks is very difficult to reproduce from piece to piece due to the hard to control flow behavior of molten glass during manufacturing. Thus, reproducibility of the maximum oxygen transfer capacity in such baffled shake flasks is hardly given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a first step to systematically elucidate the general effect of different baffle geometries on shaken bioreactor performance, the maximum oxygen transfer capacity (OTRmax) in baffled 48-well microtiter plates as shaken model reactor was characterized. This type of bioreactor made of plastic material was chosen, as the exact geometry of the baffles can be fabricated by highly reproducible laser cutting. As a result, thirty different geometries were investigated regarding their maximum oxygen transfer capacity (OTRmax) and liquid distribution during shaking. The relative perimeter of the cross-section area as new fundamental geometric key parameter is introduced. An empirical correlation for the OTRmax as function of the relative perimeter, shaking frequency and filling volume is derived. For the first time, this correlation allows a systematic description of the maximum oxygen transfer capacity in baffled microtiter plates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calculated and experimentally determined OTRmax values agree within ± 30% accuracy. Furthermore, undesired out-of-phase operating conditions can be identified by using the relative perimeter as key parameter. Finally, an optimum well geometry characterized by an increased perimeter of 10% compared to the unbaffled round geometry is identified. This study may also assist to comprehensively describe and optimize the baffles of shake flasks in future.
authors.affiliation: AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lattermann
authors.affiliation: Lonza Group Ltd, Münchensteinerstraße 38, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.affiliation: Evonik Industries AG, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diederichs
authors.affiliation: AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Büchs
keywords: Degree of baffling; Maximum oxygen transfer capacity (OTRmax); Out-of-phase phenomena; Relative perimeter; Shaken bioreactors
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