title: Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a diabetic center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore an association between oral mucosal alterations and type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology and Baqai Medical University from September 2010 to September 2012. A total of 800 individuals' 395 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 405 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. An oral clinical examination was carried out for all participants using a mouth mirror, visible light source and cotton gauze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was high significantly < 0.0001; odd ratio 2.601, CI 1.929-3.509 in type 2 diabetic as compared to non-diabetic. With respect to specific oral mucosal lesions, highly significant association p<0.0001; Odd ratio 4.275, CI 2.798-6.534 was found between coated tongue with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study did not find any association (p>0.05) between type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially malignant disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was higher in type 2 diabetic than non-diabetics. This study provides evidence that diabetes has a negative influence on oral health.
authors.affiliation: Syed Fareed Mohsin, BDS, MSc (London), MFD RCS(Ireland), MFDS RCPSG, PhD, Department of Oral Medicine/Oral Pathology, Baqai Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Fareed
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Mohsin
authors.affiliation: Syed Azhar Ahmed, MBBS, PhD (London),FRC, Path.(London), FCPS (Pak), Director Post graduate Education, Baqai Medical University Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Azhar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Asher Fawwad, MBBS, MPhil, Department of Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Asher
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawwad
authors.affiliation: Abdul Basit, MBBS, FRCP, Director Baqai institute of Diabetology and Endocrinilogy, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basit
keywords: Oral mucosal lesions; Potentially malignant disorders; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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