title: Selecting chemical and ecotoxicological test batteries for risk assessment of trace element-contaminated soils (phyto)managed by gentle remediation options (GRO).
abstract: During the past decades a number of field trials with gentle remediation options (GRO) have been established on trace element (TE) contaminated sites throughout Europe. Each research group selects different methods to assess the remediation success making it difficult to compare efficacy between various sites and treatments. This study aimed at selecting a minimum risk assessment battery combining chemical and ecotoxicological assays for assessing and comparing the effectiveness of GRO implemented in seven European case studies. Two test batteries were pre-selected; a chemical one for quantifying TE exposure in untreated soils and GRO-managed soils and a biological one for characterizing soil functionality and ecotoxicity. Soil samples from field studies representing one of the main GROs (phytoextraction in Belgium, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland, aided phytoextraction in France, and aided phytostabilization or in situ stabilization/phytoexclusion in Poland, France and Austria) were collected and assessed using the selected test batteries. The best correlations were obtained between NH4NO3-extractable, followed by NaNO3-extractable TE and the ecotoxicological responses. Biometrical parameters and biomarkers of dwarf beans were the most responsive indicators for the soil treatments and changes in soil TE exposures. Plant growth was inhibited at the higher extractable TE concentrations, while plant stress enzyme activities increased with the higher TE extractability. Based on these results, a minimum risk assessment battery to compare/biomonitor the sites phytomanaged by GROs might consist of the NH4NO3 extraction and the bean Plantox test including the stress enzyme activities.
authors.affiliation: Luleå University of Technology, Waste Science & Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden. Electronic address: jurate.kumpiene@ltu.se.
authors.forename: Jurate
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumpiene
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Technologies and Sustainable and Clean Processes, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bert
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimitriou
authors.affiliation: Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health and Environment Department, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Friesl-Hanl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Galazka
authors.affiliation: Phytotech Foundation and AGB, Quartiergasse 12, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jolien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mench
authors.affiliation: Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neu
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Nadège
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oustriere
authors.affiliation: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna - BOKU, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puschenreiter
authors.affiliation: University of Florence, Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, P.le delle Cascine 28, I-50144 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renella
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Hervé
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Roumier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siebielec
authors.affiliation: Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jaco
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vangronsveld
authors.affiliation: INERIS, Expertise and Assays in Ecotoxicology, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manier
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D005602:France; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Ecotoxicity; Metal; Nematode; Plant; Single extraction; Worm avoidance