title: Structure and anterior regeneration of musculature and nervous system in Cirratulus cf. cirratus (Cirratulidae, Annelida).
abstract: Annelids provide suitable models for studying regeneration. By now, comprehensive information is restricted to only a few taxa. For many other annelids, comparative data are scarce or even missing. Here, we describe the regeneration of a member of the Cirratulus cirratus species complex. Using phalloidin-labeling and antibody-stainings combined with subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy, we provide data about the organization of body wall musculature and nervous system of intact specimens, as well as about anteriorly regenerating specimens. Our analyses show that C. cf. cirratus exhibits a prominent longitudinal muscle layer forming a dorsal muscle plate, two ventral muscle strands and a ventral-median muscle fiber. The circular musculature forms closed rings which are interrupted in the area of parapodia. The nervous system of C. cf. cirratus shows a typical rope-ladder like arrangement and the circumesophageal connectives exhibit two separate roots leading to the brain. During regeneration, the nervous system redevelops remarkably earlier than the musculature, first constituting a tripartite loop-like structure which later become the circumesophageal connectives. Regeneration of longitudinal musculature starts with diffuse ingrowth and subsequent structuring into the blastema. In contrast, circular musculature develops independently inside the blastema. Our findings constitute the first analysis of regeneration for a member of the Cirratuliformia on a structural level. Summarizing the regeneration process in C. cf. cirratus, five main phases can be subdivided: 1) wound closure, 2) blastema formation, 3) blastema differentiation, 4) resegmentation, and 5) growth, respectively elongation. Additionally, the described tripartite loop-like structure of the regenerating nervous system has not been reported for any other annelid taxon. In contrast, the regeneration of circular and longitudinal musculature originating from different groups of cells seems to be a general pattern in annelid regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weidhase
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bleidorn
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Helm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D024510:Muscle Development; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D009424:Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration
keywords: Cirratulus; cLSM; musculature; nervous system; polychaete; regeneration