title: Gastroenteritis due to typhoidal Salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) with diarrhea between urban and rural Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant information of 77/25,767 (0.30%) and 290/17,622 (1.65%) patients positive with TS (in stool) were extracted from the data archive of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b (urban Dhaka and rural Matlab Hospitals respectively) during 2000-2012. Comparison group (diarrhea patients negative for TS) was randomly selected from the database (1:3 ratio). Two poisson regression models were investigated for modelling seasonal effects on the number of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salmonella Typhi was more frequently isolated in Dhaka than Matlab (57% vs. 5%, p < 0.001); while Salmonella Paratyphi was more frequent in Matlab than Dhaka (96% vs. 43%; p < 0.001). Fever [adj. OR-5.86 (95% CI: 2.16, 15.94)], antimicrobial use at home [5.08 (2.60, 9.90)], and fecal red blood cells [2.53 (1.38, 4.64)] were significantly associated with detection of TS in stool of patient from Dhaka. For Matlab, the correlates were, vomiting [1.88 (1.35, 2.64)], fecal macrophage [1.89 (1.29, 2.74)] in addition to fever and duration of diarrhea and antimicrobial use. At Dhaka, all Salmonella Typhi isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone; while in Dhaka and Matlab however, for ciprofloxacin it was 45% and 91%, respectively. Susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid ranged from 12%-58%. Salmonella Paratyphi were susceptible to ceftriaxone (99%). A significant seasonal trend and year difference (before and after 2007) for Matlab was observed (p < 0.001 for all effects). Dhaka does not show significant year or seasonal effects (p = 0.07 for years and p = 0.81 and p = 0.18 for the cos and sin components, respectively). While not significant, two seasonal peaks were observed in Dhaka (January-February and September-November); while a single peak (August-November) was observed in Matlab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proportion of serovar distribution of TS and their clinical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and seasonal pattern were different among diarrhea patients in urban Dhaka and rural Matlab of Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sumon Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Mohammod Jobayer
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chisti
authors.forename: Mokibul Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Afrad
authors.forename: Mohammad Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferdous
authors.forename: Fahmida Dil
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Farzana
authors.forename: Jui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Shahunja
authors.forename: Farzana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Afroze
authors.forename: Mohammed Abdus
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.forename: Tahmeed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh. gfaruque@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Abu Syed Golam
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Faruque
authors.forename: Peter John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Mamun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
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