title: Chronic aerobic exercise improves blood pressure dipping status in African American nondippers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of exercise training on nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping status remain unclear. African Americans have the highest prevalence of nondippers compared with other racial/ethnic populations. In this 6-month study we tested the hypothesis that long-term aerobic exercise training would increase the levels of nocturnal BP dipping in African American nondippers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited African Americans who were nondiabetic, nonsmoking, and free from cardiovascular and renal disease. For this analysis, only African Americans with a nondipping profile, defined as those with the absence of a nocturnal decline in systolic or diastolic BP (<10% of daytime values), which was determined by ambulatory BP monitoring, were chosen. A pre-post design was used, with baseline and final evaluation including office blood pressure measurement, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, fasted blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Participants engaged in 6 months of supervised aerobic exercise training (AEXT). Following the AEXT intervention, there were significant increases in systolic BP dipping (baseline: 5.8±3.9% vs. final: 9.4±6.1%, P=0.0055) and pulse pressure dipping (baseline: -3.1±6.6% vs. final: 5.0±12.8%, P=0.0109). Of the 18 participants with a nondipping profile at baseline, eight were nonclassified as nondippers after the AEXT intervention. There were no significant changes in office systolic BP/diastolic BP values following the AEXT intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the nondipping pattern of ambulatory BP can be improved by chronic AEXT in African American nondippers, regardless of a change in the 24-h average BP. This finding may be clinically important because of the target organ implication of nondipping nocturnal BP.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois bDepartment of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions, Temple University cInstitute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia dDepartment of Health and Exercise Physiology, Ursinus College, Collegeville eDepartment of Exercise Science, College of Education, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania fDepartment of Medicine, Columbia University, Medical Center, New York, New York gDepartment of Kinesiology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri hDepartment of Biology, Notre Dame University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Chenyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Feairheller
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veerabhadrappa
authors.forename: Sheara T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Hojun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.forename: Dianne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Babbitt
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
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