title: Deafferentation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) exaggerates the sympathoadrenal system activity in stressed rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is a key structure in the regulation of the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems response to acute and chronic stress challenges. In this study, we examined the effect of a mechanical posterolateral deafferentation of the PVN on the activity of sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by measuring plasma concentrations of epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and corticosterone (CORT) in rats exposed to acute immobilization (IMO) stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical posterolateral deafferentation of the PVN (PVN-deaf) was performed by Halasz knife, in brain of the adult male Sprague Dawley rats, according to coordinates of a stereotaxic atlas. Sham-operated (SHAM) animals underwent a craniotomy only. The animals were allowed to recover 14 days. Thereafter, the tail artery was cannulated and the animals exposed to acute IMO for 2 h. The blood samples were collected via cannula at the time points of 0, 5, 30, 60, and 120 min of the IMO. Concentrations of plasma EPI, NE, and CORT were determined by radioimmunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IMO-induced elevation of plasma EPI concentrations in the PVN-deaf rats reached statistical significance at 60 min of the IMO, when compared to SHAM rats. Similarly, the stress-induced elevation of the NE plasma levels in the PVN-deaf rats was significantly exaggerated at all time intervals of IMO in comparison with SHAM rats, whereas plasma CORT levels were significantly reduced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to the traditional view of excitatory role of the PVN in response to stress, our data indicate that some projections from the PVN to caudally localized hypothalamic structures, the brainstem or the spinal cord, exert inhibitory effect on the SAS system activity during acute IMO stress. The data indicate that stress-induced activation of the HPA axis is partially dependent on inputs from the brainstem to the PVN.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ondicova
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kvetnansky
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mravec
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003714:Denervation; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine