title: The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: support for a bifactor model with a dominant general factor and a specific factor for positive affect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ratings, the study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 1,178) were older adults from the general community who completed the CES-D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis of their ratings indicated support for the bifactor model. For this model, the general factor explained most of the covariance in the scores of the CES-D items for Depressed Affect, Somatic Symptoms and Retarded Activity, and Interpersonal Difficulties items. Most of the covariance in the scores of the Positive Affect (PA) scale was explained by its own specific factor. Additional analyses showed support for internal consistencies and external validities of general factors based on all the CES-D items, and when PA items were excluded, and also the PA-specific factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the use of a total CES-D score without the PA items and also the concurrent use of the PA scale score.
authors.affiliation: Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Rapson
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia s.mclaren@federation.edu.au.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLaren
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D059020:Suicidal Ideation
keywords: CES-D; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; bifactor model; external validity; internal consistency; older adults