title: Respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes during sleep in healthy children and in children with sleep disordered breathing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes (RCREC) in healthy children and in children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) during scored event-free (SEF) breathing periods of sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional case-control repeated measurements design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paediatric sleep laboratory in a hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty children with SDB and 40 healthy, age- and sex-matched children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenotonsillectomy in children with SDB and no intervention in controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overnight polysomnography; electroencephalography (EEG) power variations within SEF respiratory cycles in the overall and frequency band-specific EEG within stage 2 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Within both groups there was a decrease in EEG power during inspiration compared to expiration across all sleep stages. Compared to controls, RCREC in children with SDB in the overall EEG were significantly higher during REM and frequency band specific RCRECs were higher in the theta band of stage 2 and REM sleep, alpha band of SWS and REM sleep, and sigma band of REM sleep. This between-group difference was not significant postadenotonsillectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of nonrandom respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes (RCREC) in both healthy children and in children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) during NREM and REM sleep has been demonstrated. The RCREC values were higher in children with SDB, predominantly in REM sleep and this difference reduced after adenotonsillectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Immanuel SA, Pamula Y, Kohler M, Martin J, Kennedy D, Saint DA, Baumert M. Respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes during sleep in healthy children and in children with sleep disordered breathing.
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Immanuel
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pamula
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ; Childrens Research Centre, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia ; Childrens Research Centre, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Saint
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumert
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012119:Respiration; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D014068:Tonsillectomy
keywords: adenotonsillectomy; children; electroencephalogram; respiratory cycle; sleep disordered breathing; sleep stage
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul 1;164(1):16-30
references.pmid: 11435234
references.citation: Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2013;2013:1940-3
references.pmid: 24110094
references.citation: Sleep. 2008 Dec;31(12):1713-20
references.pmid: 19090327
references.citation: J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Mar 15;3(2):201-40
references.pmid: 17557427
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Jun;84(6):1926-36
references.pmid: 9609786
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 1998 Jan;28(1):23-35
references.pmid: 9506309
references.citation: Adv Data. 2000 Jun 8;(314):1-27
references.pmid: 11183293
references.citation: Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002 Mar;3(1):3-9
references.pmid: 12065176
references.citation: Sleep. 2004 Feb 1;27(1):116-21
references.pmid: 14998247
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009 Oct 06;4(10):e7343
references.pmid: 19806214
references.citation: Sleep. 2002 Aug 1;25(5):543-9
references.pmid: 12150321
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2011 Feb 23;175:178-83
references.pmid: 21145944
references.citation: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Nov;146(5 Pt 1):1231-4
references.pmid: 1443876
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Nov;113(10):1635-42
references.pmid: 23019313
references.citation: Physiol Res. 2005;54(3):327-33
references.pmid: 15588159
references.citation: Sleep Breath. 2012 Jun;16(2):491-7
references.pmid: 21567337
references.citation: Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Sep;114(9):1744-54
references.pmid: 12948805
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 1994 Oct;18(1):75-9
references.pmid: 7876041
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2003 Apr;53(4):580-8
references.pmid: 12612196
references.citation: Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2009 Jan;29(1):10-7
references.pmid: 18803640
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Mar 15;171(6):652-8
references.pmid: 15591467
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):866-78
references.pmid: 8564147
references.citation: Sleep. 2004 Feb 1;27(1):110-5
references.pmid: 14998246
references.citation: Sleep. 2008 Jan;31(1):55-61
references.pmid: 18220078
references.citation: Sleep. 2006 Apr;29(4):495-503
references.pmid: 16676783
references.citation: Sleep. 2012 Feb 01;35(2):203-9
references.pmid: 22294810
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1996 Dec;81(6):2651-7
references.pmid: 9018518
references.citation: Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1969 Jul;27(1):12-22
references.pmid: 4182885
references.citation: Int J Psychophysiol. 1983 Aug;1(1):65-73
references.pmid: 6687262
references.citation: Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000 May;29(5):359-65
references.pmid: 10790247
references.citation: Pediatr Res. 2005 Jan;57(1):99-107
references.pmid: 15557113
references.citation: Sleep Med. 2011 Mar;12(3):230-8
references.pmid: 21296613
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 1;79:81-93
references.pmid: 23631982
references.citation: Sleep. 2008 Mar;31(3):403-10
references.pmid: 18363317