title: Antimicrobial effect of the triterpene 3β,6β,16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene on planktonic cells and biofilms from Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
abstract: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of 3β,6β,16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (CLF1), a triterpene isolated from Combretum leprosum Mart., in inhibiting the planktonic growth and biofilms of Gram positive bacteria Streptococcus mutans and S. mitis. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The antibiofilm potential was determined by quantifying total biomass and enumerating biofilm-entrapped viable bacteria. In addition, the acute toxicity of CLF1 on Artemia sp. nauplii was also determined. The results showed that CLF1 was able in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and S. mitis with MIC and MBC of 7.8 μg/mL and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively. CLF1 was highly effective on biofilms of both bacteria. Only 7.8 μg/mL CLF1 was enough to inhibit by 97% and 90% biomass production of S. mutans and S. mitis, respectively. On the other hand, such effects were not evident on Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella oxytoca. The toxicity tests showed that the LC50 of CLF1 was 98.19 μg/mL. Therefore, CLF1 isolated from C. leprosum may constitute an important natural agent for the development of new therapies for caries and other infectious diseases caused by S. mutans and S. mitis.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Flávio Vasconcelos
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Evaristo
authors.affiliation: Centre of Exact Sciences and Technology, Acaraú Valley State University, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Rose Jane R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Centre of Exact Sciences and Technology, Acaraú Valley State University, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélcio Silva
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Centre of Exact Sciences and Technology, Acaraú Valley State University, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Nogueira
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Centre of Exact Sciences and Technology, Acaraú Valley State University, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio do Nascimento
authors.initials: Fdo N
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Rocha
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ariana Azevedo
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erica de Menezes
authors.initials: Ede M
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Gonzaga
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Nascimento-Neto
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Vassiliepe Sousa
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil ; Biologically Active Molecules Laboratory (BioMol-Lab/BioMol-Group), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayron Alves
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor Alves
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.affiliation: Biologically Active Molecules Laboratory (BioMol-Lab/BioMol-Group), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benildo Sousa
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cavada
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS/BioMol-Group), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-160, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Holanda
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D029765:Combretum / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010933:Plankton / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C510987:3beta,6beta,16beta-trihidroxilup-20(29)-ene; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes
references.citation: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2011 Apr;22(2):172-9
references.pmid: 21109420
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47722
references.pmid: 23091642
references.citation: Molecules. 2010 Dec 30;16(1):190-201
references.pmid: 21193844
references.citation: J Nat Prod. 2007 Mar;70(3):461-77
references.pmid: 17309302
references.citation: Nat Prod Rep. 2011 Jun;28(6):1087-117
references.pmid: 21528127
references.citation: Phytochemistry. 2003 May;63(1):81-8
references.pmid: 12657301
references.citation: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:867103
references.pmid: 22548121
references.citation: Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2007 Sep-Oct;62(9-10):668-72
references.pmid: 18069238
references.citation: Subcell Biochem. 2010;53:69-99
references.pmid: 20593263
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2001 Sep;8(5):395-400
references.pmid: 11695884
references.citation: BMC Microbiol. 2011 Mar 16;11:54
references.pmid: 21406118
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 1998 Oct;30(2):295-304
references.pmid: 9791175
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jul;71(7):4022-34
references.pmid: 16000817
references.citation: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997 May;41(5):992-8
references.pmid: 9145858
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jan 9;145(1):311-9
references.pmid: 23159472
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2009 Nov;155(Pt 11):3500-3508
references.pmid: 19643762
references.citation: Infection. 2011 Oct;39(5):439-50
references.pmid: 21732120
references.citation: Drug Resist Updat. 2011 Apr;14(2):79-87
references.pmid: 21482177
references.citation: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 May 20;13:111
references.pmid: 23688235
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov;112(10):1466-77
references.pmid: 14617746
references.citation: BMC Res Notes. 2011 Oct 13;4:406
references.pmid: 21992439
references.citation: Trop Anim Health Prod. 2012 Aug;44(6):1169-73
references.pmid: 22207479
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2010 Dec;78(12):5233-43
references.pmid: 20837715
references.citation: Arch Oral Biol. 2012 May;57(5):550-5
references.pmid: 22119044
references.citation: J Nat Prod. 2006 Jan;69(1):118-20
references.pmid: 16441080
references.citation: Cardiovasc Pathol. 2006 Sep-Oct;15(5):264-270
references.pmid: 16979033
references.citation: J Dent Educ. 2001 Oct;65(10):1028-37
references.pmid: 11699974
references.citation: APMIS. 2009 Jul;117(7):537-46
references.pmid: 19594494
references.citation: Phytomedicine. 2000 Apr;7(2):161-5
references.pmid: 10839220
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Sep;8(9):623-33
references.pmid: 20676145
references.citation: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Aug 22;100(1-2):80-4
references.pmid: 15964727
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):161-5
references.pmid: 19589993
references.citation: Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(2):256-79
references.pmid: 21110801
references.citation: Pharmazie. 2009 Jan;64(1):58-62
references.pmid: 19216233
references.citation: Euro Surveill. 2011 Jul 21;16(29):
references.pmid: 21801693