title: Modification of agricultural waste/by-products for enhanced phosphate removal and recovery: potential and obstacles.
abstract: There is a growing trend to employ agricultural waste/by-products (AWBs) as the substrates for the development of phosphate biosorbents. Nevertheless, due to the lack of anion binding sites, natural AWBs are usually inefficient in phosphate decontamination. Consequently, modification plays a vital role in improving phosphate sorption's property of raw AWBs. This review paper evaluates all existing methods of modification. The literatures indicate that modification can significantly improve phosphate removal ability of AWBs by retaining phosphate ion onto modified AWBs principally via ion exchange (electrostatic interaction) and ligand exchange mechanisms. So far, little work has been done on the beneficial use of modified AWBs for the phosphorus recovery from aqueous solutions. The poor recyclability of modified AWBs could be responsible for their limited application. Hence, further study is essential to search for novel, cost-effective, and green methods of modification.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: T A H
authors.initials: TAH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. Electronic address: ngohuuhao121@gmail.com.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Division of Environmental Engineering and Management, Ton Duc Thang University, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
authors.forename: X T
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Bui
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D002412:Cations; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology; D010710:Phosphates / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D008670:Metals; D010710:Phosphates; D014866:Waste Products
keywords: Agricultural waste/by-products; Biosorbent; Modification; Phosphate; Removal efficiency