title: Economic cost of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania.
abstract: Tanzania is facing a double burden of disease, with non-communicable diseases being an increasingly important contributor. Evidence-based preventive measures are important to limit the growing financial burden. This article aims to estimate the cost of providing medical primary prevention interventions for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among at-risk patients, reflecting actual resource use and if the World Health Organization (WHO)'s CVD medical preventive guidelines are implemented in Tanzania. In addition, we estimate and explore the cost to patients of receiving these services. Cost data were collected in four health facilities located in both urban and rural settings. Providers' costs were identified and measured using ingredients approach to costing and resource valuation followed the opportunity cost method. Unit costs were estimated using activity-based and step-down costing methodologies. The patient costs were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The unit cost of providing CVD medical primary prevention services ranged from US$30-41 to US$52-71 per patient per year at the health centre and hospital levels, respectively. Employing the WHO's absolute risk approach guidelines will substantially increase these costs. The annual patient cost of receiving these services as currently practised was estimated to be US$118 and US$127 for urban and rural patients, respectively. Providers' costs were estimated from two main viewpoints: 'what is', that is the current practice, and 'what if', reflecting a WHO guidelines scenario. The higher cost of implementing the WHO guidelines suggests the need for further evaluation of whether these added costs are reasonable relative to the added benefits. We also found considerably higher patient costs, implying that distributive and equity implications of access to care require more consideration. Facility location surfaced as the main explanatory variable for both direct and indirect patient costs in the regression analysis; further research on the influence of other provider characteristics on these costs is important.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, PO Box 7804, N-5020, Bergen, Norway, frida.ngalesoni@igs.uib.no fngalesoni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ngalesoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, PO Box 7804, N-5020, Bergen, Norway, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University, PO Box 65015 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruhago
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, PO Box 7804, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Norheim
authors.affiliation: Center of International Health, University of Bergen, PO Box 7804, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjarne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robberstad
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000191:economics*; D013636:Tanzania
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Tanzania; cost analysis; diabetes; direct and indirect cost; hypertension; primary prevention; sub-Saharan Africa
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