title: Lipophilic toxins in cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Baja California, Mexico.
abstract: Here, we report different lipophilic toxins (LTs) detected by LC-MS/MS in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected through 2012 in Todos Santos Bay, northwest Baja California, Mexico. The concentration of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) reached 500 μg kg(-1) during July and increased to 1647 μg kg(-1) in October. These toxins were associated with the presence of Dinophysis fortii and Dinophysis acuminata and a strong stratification of the water column. Other LTs present were yessotoxins, with a maximum concentration of 1080 μg kg(-1) in June. Cyclic imines (13-desmethyl spirolide and gymnodimine) and azaspiracid 1 were also detected in the mussels but at low concentrations. Diarrhetic toxins concentrations evaluated by LC-MS/MS were compared with the results of two mouse bioassay protocols. Positive results were obtained with both MBA protocols in several samples that presented toxicities below 160 μg OA-eq kg(-1), as estimated by LC-MS/MS results whereas other samples returned negative MBA results in samples with concentrations above this level. Therefore, analytical methods need to be applied to confirm the presence of regulated LTs. This is the first report of LTs in mussels cultivated in Mexico. The occurrence of these toxins represents an emerging problem in the region.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ens-Tij 3608, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Electronic address: ergarcia@cicese.mx.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ens-Tij 3608, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Yaireb A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Bravo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Pedras de Corón S/N, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ens-Tij 3608, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mancera-Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografía Física, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ens-Tij 3608, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Brunius
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Ens-Tij 3608, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, CICY, Calle 8, No. 39, S. M. 64, Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almazán-Becerril
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos del Mar en Ensenada, Km. 6.5, Carr. Ens-Tij, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Peña-Manjarrez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D049878:Mytilus / Q000737:chemistry*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D018942:Macrolides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011714:Pyrans; C051905:pectenotoxin 1; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C076221:dinophysistoxin 2
keywords: Azaspiracids; Cyclic imines; Diarrhetic shellfish toxins; Dinophysis; Mouse bioassay; Yessotoxisn