title: The tryptophan utilization concept in pregnancy.
abstract: The decrease in maternal plasma total (free + albumin-bound) tryptophan (Trp) during the third pregnancy trimester is attributed to induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). When measured, free [Trp] is increased because of albumin depletion and non-esterified fatty acid elevation. The Trp depletion concept in pregnancy is therefore not supported because of incorrect interpretation of changes in Trp disposition and also for not addressing mouse strain differences in Trp-related responses and potential inhibition of Trp transport by the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl tryptophan. Application of the Trp utilization concept in pregnancy offers several physiological advantages favoring fetal development and successful outcome, namely provision of Trp for fetal protein synthesis and growth, serotonin for signaling pathways, kynurenic acid for neuroprotection, quinolinic acid for NAD(+) synthesis, and other kynurenines for suppression of T cell responses. An excessive increase in Trp availability could compromise pregnancy by undermining T cell suppression, e.g., in pre-eclampsia.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Abdulla A-B
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Badawy
keywords: Albumin; Free tryptophan; Non-esterified fatty acids; Pregnancy; Tryptophan
references.citation: Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010 Aug;48(8):1127-31
references.pmid: 20441471
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;54 Suppl 1:S47-51
references.pmid: 10805038
references.citation: FASEB J. 1991 Aug;5(11):2516-22
references.pmid: 1907934
references.citation: J Chromatogr. 1992 May 8;576(2):334-9
references.pmid: 1400722
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1968 Jun;214(6):1410-4
references.pmid: 4384954
references.citation: Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994 Mar;20(1):77-86
references.pmid: 7513511
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 25;265(6):3189-92
references.pmid: 2154472
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2001 Jul;31(5):847-58
references.pmid: 11459382
references.citation: Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11(2):230-9
references.pmid: 12002817
references.citation: Biochem J. 1975 Sep;150(3):511-20
references.pmid: 1212203
references.citation: J Interferon Res. 1986 Jun;6(3):267-79
references.pmid: 2427623
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2013 Jul;56(4):209-16
references.pmid: 24328005
references.citation: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Jul;179(1):80-6
references.pmid: 9704769
references.citation: Amino Acids. 2011 Nov;41(5):1173-83
references.pmid: 20972599
references.citation: Nutr Res Rev. 2002 Jun;15(1):123-52
references.pmid: 19087401
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:757-60
references.pmid: 15206800
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Dec;291(2):326-33
references.pmid: 1952947
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 May 14;144(3):1147-53
references.pmid: 3107562
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1978 Jul;31(1):237-44
references.pmid: 307593
references.citation: J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jun;24(6):809-15
references.pmid: 19074538
references.citation: Mol Immunol. 2008 Aug;45(13):3580-8
references.pmid: 18565585
references.citation: J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008 Dec;34(6):948-51
references.pmid: 19012691
references.citation: Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1993 Nov;53(7):733-9
references.pmid: 8272760
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:27-35
references.pmid: 15206713
references.citation: Int J Tryptophan Res. 2013 Aug 14;6:21-33
references.pmid: 24009424
references.citation: Cell J. 2013 Spring;15(1):45-54
references.pmid: 23700560
references.citation: Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986;65(6):613-7
references.pmid: 3799158
references.citation: Adv Clin Chem. 1989;27:81-141
references.pmid: 2667296
references.citation: BMC Immunol. 2010 Dec 02;11:59
references.pmid: 21126355
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 2;104(1):329-34
references.pmid: 17182745
references.citation: Arch Dis Child. 1967 Feb;42(221):24-8
references.pmid: 6019464
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2005 Oct;35(10):3054-63
references.pmid: 16134082
references.citation: Biochem J. 1976 Nov 15;160(2):315-24
references.pmid: 1008859
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Aug 15;169(4):1810-6
references.pmid: 12165503
references.citation: J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;27(10):878-93
references.pmid: 23904410
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Mar;328(3):682-91
references.pmid: 19075042
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1980 May;136:498-508
references.pmid: 7388254
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:77-83
references.pmid: 15206718
references.citation: Life Sci. 1987 Jul 20;41(3):273-80
references.pmid: 3110526
references.citation: Int J Tryptophan Res. 2010;3:175-86
references.pmid: 22084598
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Aug;112(2 Pt 1):297-303
references.pmid: 18669726
references.citation: Reproduction. 2003 Jun;125(6):785-90
references.pmid: 12773100
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 15;261(8):3648-53
references.pmid: 2419335
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jul;88(1):47-50
references.pmid: 8684760
references.citation: Am J Physiol. 1995 Jun;268(6 Pt 1):C1321-31
references.pmid: 7611349
references.citation: Pharmacol Rev. 1993 Sep;45(3):309-79
references.pmid: 8248282
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 1983;6(2):101-97
references.pmid: 6371429
references.citation: PLoS One. 2010 Jul 28;5(7):e11825
references.pmid: 20689575
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012 Jan;37(1):299-300
references.pmid: 22157865
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:517-24
references.pmid: 10721095
references.citation: Biochem J. 1989 Dec 1;264(2):597-9
references.pmid: 2481450
references.citation: Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1980;2(1-2):17-20
references.pmid: 7211623
references.citation: Virol J. 2013 May 17;10:154
references.pmid: 23680027
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1966 Oct;45(10):1527-34
references.pmid: 5925511
references.citation: Int J Tryptophan Res. 2011;4:19-27
references.pmid: 22084600
references.citation: Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1191-3
references.pmid: 9712583
references.citation: Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;398:749-53
references.pmid: 8906352
references.citation: Biochem J. 1988 Oct 1;255(1):369-72
references.pmid: 3196323
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Mar 7;104(5):349-52
references.pmid: 22349199
references.citation: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2007;(935):1-265, back cover
references.pmid: 18330140
references.citation: Biochem J. 1985 Sep 15;230(3):635-8
references.pmid: 3877502
references.citation: J Nutr. 2013 Jun;143(6):859-66
references.pmid: 23616514
references.citation: Immunol Cell Biol. 2003 Aug;81(4):247-65
references.pmid: 12848846
references.citation: Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1988 May;369(5):337-40
references.pmid: 3166737
references.citation: Biochem J. 1976 Jul 15;158(1):79-88
references.pmid: 962891
references.citation: J Clin Pathol. 1985 Apr;38(4):468-72
references.pmid: 3988961
references.citation: J Physiol. 2001 Mar 1;531(Pt 2):417-23
references.pmid: 11230514
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jun;119(6):1243-50
references.pmid: 22617590
references.citation: Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Jun;105(6):641-8
references.pmid: 9647155
references.citation: Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1326-1331
references.pmid: 19935037
references.citation: J Interferon Res. 1990 Dec;10(6):599-603
references.pmid: 2128302