title: Cognitive components of a mathematical processing network in  9-year-old children.
abstract: We determined how various cognitive abilities, including several measures of a proposed domain-specific number sense, relate to mathematical competence in nearly 100 9-year-old children with normal reading skill. Results are consistent with an extended number processing network and suggest that important processing nodes of this network are phonological processing, verbal knowledge, visuo-spatial short-term and working memory, spatial ability and general executive functioning. The model was highly specific to predicting arithmetic performance. There were no strong relations between mathematical achievement and verbal short-term and working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition, finger knowledge and symbolic number comparison performance. Non-verbal intelligence measures were also non-significant predictors when added to our model. Number sense variables were non-significant predictors in the model and they were also non-significant predictors when entered into regression analysis with only a single visuo-spatial WM measure. Number sense variables were predicted by sustained attention. Results support a network theory of mathematical competence in primary school children and falsify the importance of a proposed modular 'number sense'. We suggest an 'executive memory function centric' model of mathematical processing. Mapping a complex processing network requires that studies consider the complex predictor space of mathematics rather than just focusing on a single or a few explanatory factors.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szűcs
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.forename: Fruzsina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soltesz
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nobes
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabriel
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014706:Verbal Learning
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 2004 Sep;133(3):355-81
references.pmid: 15355144
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33(3):229-50
references.pmid: 18473198
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37426
references.pmid: 22616007
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54651
references.pmid: 23382934
references.citation: Behav Brain Funct. 2010 Feb 18;6:13
references.pmid: 20167066
references.citation: Learn Instr. 2013 Oct;27:31-39
references.pmid: 27667904
references.citation: ZDM. 2010 Oct;42(6):515-525
references.pmid: 22003371
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2012 May;22(5):1078-85
references.pmid: 21768226
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2007 May 1;417(2):181-6
references.pmid: 17367929
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2001 Sep;80(1):44-57
references.pmid: 11511134
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2012 Feb;111(2):139-55
references.pmid: 22018889
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2010 Dec;107(4):394-406
references.pmid: 20643417
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 Jan;15(1):3-10
references.pmid: 21093350
references.citation: Cognition. 2007 Apr;103(1):23-33
references.pmid: 16581052
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2011 Nov;47(6):1539-52
references.pmid: 21942667
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2013 Jan;16(1):136-48
references.pmid: 23278935
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 1994 Aug;58(1):88-111
references.pmid: 8064220
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2008 Nov-Dec;41(6):514-23
references.pmid: 18625783
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2011 Nov;23(11):3318-30
references.pmid: 21452942
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2002 Mar;128(2):278-94
references.pmid: 11931520
references.citation: Cogn Sci. 2014 Jan-Feb;38(1):101-27
references.pmid: 23855416
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2009 Jul;7(7):e1000157
references.pmid: 19621066
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1998 Aug;8(2):176-87
references.pmid: 9740760
references.citation: Br J Educ Psychol. 2012 Mar;82(Pt 1):42-63
references.pmid: 22429058
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2002 Jan;81(1):74-92
references.pmid: 11741375
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 2005 May-Jun;38(3):207-21
references.pmid: 15940959
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33(3):205-28
references.pmid: 18473197
references.citation: Cortex. 2013 Nov-Dec;49(10):2674-88
references.pmid: 23890692
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2012 May;50(6):1092-103
references.pmid: 22266260
references.citation: Cognition. 2010 Jul;116(1):33-41
references.pmid: 20381023
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 1999 Nov;74(3):240-60
references.pmid: 10527556
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2005 Jan;131(1):3-29
references.pmid: 15631549
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Feb;13(2):92-9
references.pmid: 19138550
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 1993 Apr;26(4):214-26
references.pmid: 8515186
references.citation: Cognition. 2007 Mar;102(3):361-95
references.pmid: 16488405
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jun 13;8(6):e67374
references.pmid: 23785521
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2009 Aug;103(4):546-65
references.pmid: 19254797
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2010 Jun;14(6):277-90
references.pmid: 20493761
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 2000 Aug;41(1):49-100
references.pmid: 10945922
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Jul 02;8(7):e67918
references.pmid: 23844126
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 1997 May;33(3):423-8
references.pmid: 9149921
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 1999 Sep;27(5):779-90
references.pmid: 10540807
references.citation: Br J Dev Psychol. 2010 Mar;28(Pt 1):89-107
references.pmid: 20306627
references.citation: J Learn Disabil. 1997 Jan-Feb;30(1):34-46
references.pmid: 9009877
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2008 Sep;11(5):644-9
references.pmid: 18801118
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2013 Oct;116(2):139-56
references.pmid: 23773916
references.citation: Front Hum Neurosci. 2011 Dec 21;5:165
references.pmid: 22203797
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2004;26(1):465-86
references.pmid: 15276905
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Oct 2;455(7213):665-8
references.pmid: 18776888
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2001 Jun;79(2):192-227
references.pmid: 11343408
references.citation: Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1992;7(1):1-16
references.pmid: 14589674
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008 Apr;9(4):278-91
references.pmid: 18334999
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Nov;47(13):2859-65
references.pmid: 19540861
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2001;19(3):273-93
references.pmid: 11758669
references.citation: Child Dev. 2007 Mar-Apr;78(2):647-63
references.pmid: 17381795
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2011 Feb;108(2):278-92
references.pmid: 20974477
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 Aug;16(8):404-6
references.pmid: 22784928
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2013 Sep;116(1):45-58
references.pmid: 23506808
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1;57(3):651-8
references.pmid: 20828624
references.citation: PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4587
references.pmid: 19238205
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2005 Apr;90(4):303-17
references.pmid: 15777923
references.citation: Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001 Apr;11(2):157-63
references.pmid: 11301234
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 1996 Mar;125(1):4-27
references.pmid: 8851737
references.citation: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004 Feb;26(1):31-42
references.pmid: 14972692
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 10;109(28):11116-20
references.pmid: 22733748
references.citation: Child Dev. 2011 Mar-Apr;82(2):646-60
references.pmid: 21410912
references.citation: Mem Cognit. 1981 Mar;9(2):185-96
references.pmid: 7242333
references.citation: Child Dev. 2011 Jul-Aug;82(4):1224-37
references.pmid: 21679173
references.citation: Br J Educ Psychol. 2012 Mar;82(Pt 1):100-19
references.pmid: 22429060
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2004 Aug;88(4):348-67
references.pmid: 15265681
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 Jan;34(1):158-75
references.pmid: 22021081
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2013 Jul 19;4:444
references.pmid: 23882245
references.citation: Br J Educ Psychol. 2010 Jun;80(Pt 2):255-68
references.pmid: 19857376
references.citation: Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Feb 15;2 Suppl 1:S152-66
references.pmid: 22682904
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2009 May;103(1):17-29
references.pmid: 18513738