title: Retrospective study of factors affecting multiple ovulations, embryo recovery, quality, and diameter in a commercial equine embryo transfer program.
abstract: In this study, 198 donor mares of different breeds, ages, and reproductive category were inseminated with fresh, cooled and frozen or frozen and cooled semen at the embryo transfer station or in private artificial insemination centers during 10 breeding seasons. The results of this activity were retrospectively analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test and logistic regression to evaluate factors affecting multiple ovulations, embryo recovery, embryo quality, and embryo diameter. Out of the 661 cycles, 937 ovulations were recorded (mean ovulations/cycle: 1.42 ± 0.58). Ovulation rate and incidence of multiple ovulations were significantly affected by age, breed, and reproductive category. Uterine flushings for embryo recovery were performed between 7 and 10 days after ovulation and resulted in the recovery of 338 embryos (51.1% embryos/cycle and 36.1% embryos/ovulation, respectively). At least one embryo was recovered in 298 flushings (45.1%). The factors affecting embryo recovery were age, breed, reproductive category, type of semen, number of ovulations, and location of artificial insemination. Flushing protocol and day of flushing had no effect on embryo recovery. Age, type of semen, number of ovulations, and day of flushing had a significant influence on embryo diameter (N = 215). None of the factors included in the model had an effect on embryo quality distribution.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: d.panzani@vet.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Duccio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panzani
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rota
authors.affiliation: Private practitioner, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marmorini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vannozzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D047108:Embryonic Development; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Embryo quality; Embryo recovery; Mare; Ovulation rate