title: Health state utilities associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  With growing awareness of the importance of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment, cost-effectiveness analyses, including utilities, are needed to compare the value of treatment options. Although utilities have been reported for childhood ADHD, little is known about utilities representing adult ADHD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate utilities associated with adult ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health-state descriptions of adult ADHD were drafted based on literature review, interviews with four clinicians, and clinical trial data. Health states were revised based on a pilot study with 26 participants. Final health states were rated in time trade-off interviews with general population respondents in London and Edinburgh, UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 158 participants completed interviews (mean age =47.0 years; 49.4% female; Edinburgh =80 participants). Mean (standard deviation [SD]) utilities were 0.82 (0.17), 0.68 (0.28), and 0.67 (0.28) for health states describing treatment responders (health state A), nonresponders (health state B), and untreated patients (health state C), respectively. Most participants rated health state A as preferable to B (n=92; 58.2%) and C (n=97; 61.4%). The majority rated B and C as equal (n=125; 79.1%). Paired Student's t-tests found that A had a significantly greater mean utility than B (t=10.0; P<0.0001) and C (t=10.2; P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides utilities that may be used in cost-utility models of treatment for adult ADHD. Results reflected clear differences between health states representing treatment responders and nonresponders/untreated patients. Current utilities were comparable to those previously reported for childhood ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Louis S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Matza
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia Sutton
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, London, UK.
authors.forename: Evan W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kostelec
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Foula
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Televantou
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jordan
keywords: adult ADHD; time trade-off; utility
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