title: Clinical biomarkers of pulmonary carcinoid tumors in never smokers via profiling miRNA and target mRNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  miRNAs play key regulatory roles in cellular pathological processes. We aimed to identify clinically meaningful biomarkers in pulmonary carcinoid tumors (PCTs), a member of neuroendocrine neoplasms, via profiling miRNAs and mRNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the total of 1145 miRNAs, we obtained 16 and 17 miRNAs that showed positive and negative fold changes (FCs, tumors vs. normal tissues) in the top 1% differentially expressed miRNAs, respectively. We uncovered the target genes that were predicted by at least two prediction tools and overlapped by at least one-half of the top miRNAs, which yielded 44 genes (FC<-2) and 56 genes (FC>2), respectively. Higher expressions of CREB5, PTPRB and COL4A3 predicted favorable disease free survival (Hazard ratio: 0.03, 0.19 and 0.36; P value: 0.03, 0.03 and 0.08). Additionally, 79 mutated genes have been found in nine PCTs where TP53 was the only repeated mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified that the expressions of three genes have clinical implications in PCTs. The biological functions of these biomarkers warrant further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA ; Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Zhifu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Eckloff
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vasmatzis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Center and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Wieben
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wigle
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Carcinoid; Survival; mRNA; miRNA
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