title: Unique effects of the chain lengths and anions of tetra-alkylammonium salts on quenching pyrene excimer.
abstract: Pyrene (Py) excimer, through its unique fluorescence quenching, exhibits high sensitivity and high selectivity in detecting specific electron-deficient molecules, providing a potential platform for sensing technology, optical switch, and probing hydrophobicity of molecular environment. In solution state, its quenching mechanism has been well-studied. However, there remain many unknown properties regarding the quenching mechanism of the solid-state Py excimer. In this paper, the effects of a series of tetra-alkylammonium salts (with a variety of chain lengths and anions) on Py excimer quenching are investigated to identify the controlling parameters of the fluorescence quenching in the binary system. Several experimental approaches including steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, UV absorption, (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and time-dependent fluorescence decay are employed to seek for the fundamental understanding of the quenching mechanism. The result indicates a unique quenching effect of tetrabutylammonium cation on the pyrene excimer, and which is not observed in the other cations with different chain lengths (the same associated hexafluorophosphate anions). Meanwhile, hexafluorophosphate anion (in the presence of tetrabutylammonium) is able to effectively retain Py excimer fluorescence when the system is prepared by evaporating solvent at high temperature. It is also confirmed that dynamic quenching is involved in the process. Hydrophobic environment around Py molecules shows strong correlation with the formation of Py excimer. The knowledge obtained in this study provides the insights to how the interaction between salt and Py molecule affects the excimer fluorescence.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and ∥Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.
authors.forename: Hyun-Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Mu-Ping
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nieh
keywords: explosive sensing; fluorescence quenching; high-T solvent annealing; perturbing excimer; size of organic salts; thin film