title: Self-report tool for recognizing mania (SToRM): a new scale for aiding in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder is a disabling disease that is difficult to diagnose. Primary care physicians share in the burden of diagnosing and caring for significant mental illness, including bipolar disorder, but they lack an adequate screening and diagnostic tool that can fit into use in a primary care practice. Modeling after the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, we created the Self-report Tool for Recognizing Mania (SToRM) to aid primary care physicians in the screening and diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 13-question tool was created and distributed to returning patients over an 11-month time period at the psychiatric clinic of a university health center. Each completed questionnaire was scored as positive or negative and then compared to the preexisting psychiatric diagnosis for that respondent, as shown on the problem list of the respondent's electronic medical record.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 subjects completed and returned their questionnaires. Twenty-eight surveys were scored as positive for bipolar disorder while 25 subjects carried this diagnosis on their problem list, giving a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 87% (CI at 95%). When alternative scoring was used, sensitivity increased to 96% with only a slight decrease in specificity to 84%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, we find that the SToRM shows potential in the pursuit of a highly reliable, self-report tool which could help primary care providers screen and diagnose bipolar disorder. As such, the SToRM deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Blackman
authors.affiliation: Sparrow Health System & Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.affiliation: Allegiance Health.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Sparrow Health System.
authors.forename: Marissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University.
authors.forename: Megha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weismantel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bipolar disorder; early diagnosis; mental disorders; mood disorders