title: Recreational participation and the development of social competence in preschool aged children with disabilities: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between participation and social competence for preschool aged children with and without disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample was drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4983) which included children aged 4-5 years reported to have hearing problems (n = 164), vision problems (n = 146) and other physical disabilities (n = 114). Chi-square, correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to describe the participation and social competence of children with and without these conditions, as well as examine the association between these constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with disabilities had similar levels of participation but lower social competence than children without these disabilities. Further analyses revealed a small negative correlation between the two variables (ranging from -0.120 to -0.300 for the three groups) and that children who have low participation are more likely to have abnormal levels of social competence than children with higher participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between participation and social competence may not be as strong for this age group as anticipated in the literature, additional factors may be influential. Examination of the social competence scores identified two factors which may assist in explaining the variance in scores: (1) the experience of disability and (2) the quality of interactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with disabilities who participate in similar activities to their typically developing peers may not necessarily develop commensurate levels of social competence. As well as focusing on increasing the participation of children in activities other factors that may have a stronger influence on social competence should be considered, such as supporting (1) the social experience of disability and (2) the quality of interactions that children with disabilities experience.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D058992:Social Participation; D066107:Social Skills; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Hearing loss; participation; social competence; social inclusion; young children