title: Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity.
abstract: Between 1968 and 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) required all female athletes to undergo genetic testing as part of its sex verification policy, under the assumption that it needed to prevent men from impersonating women and competing in female-only events. After critics convinced officials that genetic testing was scientifically and ethically flawed for this purpose, the IOC replaced the policy in 1999 with a system allowing for medical evaluations of an athlete's sex only in cases of "reasonable suspicion," but this system also created injustice for athletes and stoked international controversies. In 2011, the IOC adopted a new policy on female hyperandrogenism, which established an upper hormonal limit for athletes eligible to compete in women's sporting events. This new policy, however, still leaves important medical and ethical issues unaddressed. We review the history of sex verification policies and make specific recommendations on ways to improve justice for athletes within the bounds of the current hyperandrogenism policy, including suggestions to clarify the purpose of the policy, to ensure privacy and confidentiality, to gain informed consent, to promote psychological health, and to deploy equitable administration and eligibility standards for male and female athletes.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan Q
authors.initials: NQ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Dworkin
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Martínez-Patiño
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rogol
authors.forename: Vernon
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosario
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wrynn
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vilain
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013177:Sports / Q000941:ethics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone