title: Orienting and maintenance of attention to threatening facial expressions in anxiety--an eye movement study.
abstract: Cognitive models posit that anxiety disorders stem in part from underlying attentional biases to threat. Consistent with this, studies have found that the attentional bias to threat-related stimuli is greater in high vs. low anxious individuals. Nevertheless, it is not clear if similar biases exist for different threatening emotions or for any facial emotional stimulus. In the present study, we used eye-tracking to measure orienting and maintenance of attention to faces displaying anger, fear and disgust as threats, and faces displaying happiness and sadness. Using a free viewing task, we examined differences between low and high trait anxious (HTA) individuals in the attention they paid to each of these emotional faces (paired with a neutral face). We found that initial orienting was faster for angry and happy faces, and high trait anxious participants were more vigilant to fearful and disgust faces. Our results for attentional maintenance were not consistent. The results of the present study suggest that attentional processes may be more emotion-specific than previously believed. Our results suggest that attentional processes for different threatening emotions may not be the same and that attentional processes for some negative and some positive emotions may be similar.
authors.affiliation: II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Psychology Department, University of Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: pawel.holas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holas
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krejtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cypryanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA; University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nezlek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attentional bias; Disgust; Eye-tracking; Fearful; Happy; Sad; Visual attention