title: Conditions for enhancing the encoding of an elementary motor memory by rTMS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Motor learning results in changes of movement representation in primary motor cortex (M1) a process involving long-term potentiation (LTP). Pairing motor training with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 enhances the formation of a motor memory. Here we determined the effect of pairing M1 stimulation and the execution of training movements at different times and frequencies on the formation of a motor memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formation of a motor memory was defined as increases in motor evoked potentials (MEP) of the training agonist (extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, ECU) and increases in peak acceleration of the trained movements that last more than 60min. Training consisted of auditory-paced ballistic wrist extension movements (30min, 0.5Hz) paired with 0.1, 0.25 or 0.5Hz subthreshold rTMS. The rTMS pulse was applied at either the onset, 100ms prior to or 300ms after the onset of training movement related increases in electromyographic (EMG) activity of ECU. This was compared to a Sham condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 0.1Hz rTMS applied at the onset of the training related increase in ECU-EMG activity resulted in increases in MEP amplitudes and peak acceleration when compared to the Sham.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formation of motor memory is enhanced above the naïve level by co-administration of low frequency rTMS at the time of execution of training movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the importance of time and frequency of rTMS in these settings and should be considered in the design of rehabilitation treatment strategies using rTMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: cathrin.m.buetefisch@emory.edu.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Buetefisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Korb
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Haut
authors.affiliation: Department of Language Speech Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shuster
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pergami
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Motor cortex; Motor learning; Plasticity; Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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