title: Infection dynamics of sylvatic dengue virus in a natural primate host, the African Green Monkey.
abstract: The four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. Herein, we present the first study of sylvatic DENV infection dynamics in a primate. Three African green monkeys were inoculated with 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) DENV-2 strain PM33974 from the sylvatic cycle, and one African green monkey was inoculated with 10(5) pfu DENV-2 strain New Guinea C from the human cycle. All four monkeys seroconverted (more than fourfold rise in 80% plaque reduction neutralization titer [PRNT80]) against the strain of DENV with which they were inoculated; only one (33%) of three monkeys infected with sylvatic DENV showed a neutralizing antibody response against human-endemic DENV. Virus was detected in two of three monkeys inoculated with sylvatic DENV at low titer (≤ 1.3 log10pfu/mL) and brief duration (≤ 2 days). Clinical signs included rash and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana khanley@nmsu.edu.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerbois
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Tiffany F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Kautz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vasilakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Preston A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Marx
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D003715:Dengue / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral
references.citation: Virology. 2014 Mar;452-453:237-46
references.pmid: 24606701
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2005 Mar 1;191(5):710-8
references.pmid: 15688284
references.citation: J Med Virol. 2008 Oct;80(10):1783-9
references.pmid: 18712848
references.citation: Vet Res. 2014 Mar 19;45:33
references.pmid: 24641615
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(4):e423
references.pmid: 19399166
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 1973 Jul;128(1):7-14
references.pmid: 4198027
references.citation: Virology. 2008 Aug 1;377(2):296-307
references.pmid: 18570968
references.citation: Infect Genet Evol. 2013 Oct;19:292-311
references.pmid: 23523817
references.citation: Vaccine. 2003 Oct 1;21(27-30):4307-16
references.pmid: 14505913
references.citation: Virology. 2007 Feb 20;358(2):402-12
references.pmid: 17014880
references.citation: J Virol. 1998 Feb;72(2):1647-51
references.pmid: 9445071
references.citation: J Immunol. 2011 Jun 1;186(11):6406-16
references.pmid: 21515797
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Jul;79(1):128-32
references.pmid: 18606776
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 May;11(5):663-9
references.pmid: 15890116
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Jul;5(7):518-28
references.pmid: 17558424
references.citation: Nature. 1963 Dec 7;200:1024-5
references.pmid: 14097736
references.citation: Biosecur Bioterror. 2010 Sep;8(3):273-6
references.pmid: 20718665
references.citation: Viral Immunol. 2006 Spring;19(1):10-32
references.pmid: 16553547
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Mar;14(3):502-4
references.pmid: 18325274
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jun 13;9(7):532-41
references.pmid: 21666708
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2010 Mar 19;6(3):e1000821
references.pmid: 20333252
references.citation: Vaccine. 2004 Sep 3;22(25-26):3440-8
references.pmid: 15308370
references.citation: BMC Ecol. 2008 Feb 13;8:1
references.pmid: 18269771
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 May 28;110(22):9072-7
references.pmid: 23674683
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2013 Oct;94(Pt 10):2202-2207
references.pmid: 23851439
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2010 Dec;39(6):389-98
references.pmid: 20524957
references.citation: J Med Primatol. 2010 Jun;39(3):177-86
references.pmid: 20345770
references.citation: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1986;80(1):5
references.pmid: 3726996
references.citation: Semin Immunol. 1992 Apr;4(2):121-7
references.pmid: 1617166
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Nov;65(5):405-13
references.pmid: 11716091
references.citation: Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1986;79(3):313-22
references.pmid: 3769119
references.citation: Vaccine. 2010 Jun 11;28(26):4229-34
references.pmid: 20434551
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1952 Jan;1(1):30-50
references.pmid: 14903434
references.citation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(11):e1928
references.pmid: 23209867