title: Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In children, dental caries is among the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Pulp interventions are indicated for extensive tooth decay. Depending on the severity of the disease, three pulp treatment techniques are available: direct pulp capping, pulpotomy and pulpectomy. After treatment, the cavity is filled with a medicament.This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003. The previous review found insufficient evidence regarding the relative efficacy of these interventions, combining one pulp treatment technique and one medicament.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of different pulp treatment techniques and associated medicaments for the treatment of extensive decay in primary teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 25 October 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 9), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 25 October 2013), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 25 October 2013) and the Web of Science (1945 to 25 October 2013). We searched OpenGrey for grey literature and the US National Institutes of Health Trials Register and the World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. We placed no restrictions on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials comparing different pulp interventions combining a pulp treatment technique and a medicament in children with extensive decay involving dental pulp in primary teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently carried out data extraction and risk of bias assessment in duplicate. We contacted authors of randomised controlled trials for additional information if necessary. The primary outcomes were clinical failure and radiological failure, as defined in trials, at six, 12 and 24 months. We performed data synthesis with pairwise meta-analyses using fixed-effect models. We assessed statistical heterogeneity using by I(2) coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 47 trials (3910 randomised teeth) compared to three trials in the previous version of the review published in 2003. All trials were single centre and small sized (median number of randomised teeth 68). Overall, the risk of bias was low in only one trial with all other trials being at unclear or high risk of bias. The overall quality of the evidence was low. The 47 trials examined 53 different comparisons: 25 comparisons between different medicaments/techniques for pulpotomy, 13 comparisons between different medicaments for pulpectomy, 13 comparisons between different medicaments for direct pulp capping and two comparisons between pulpotomy and pulpectomy. Regarding pulpotomy, 14 trials compared mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with formocresol (FC). MTA reduced both clinical and radiological failures at six, 12 and 24 months, although the difference was not statistically significant. MTA also showed favourable results for all secondary outcomes measured, although again, differences between MTA and FC were not statistically significant (with the exception of pathological root resorption at 24 months and dentine bridge formation at six months). MTA showed favourable results compared with calcium hydroxide (CH) (two trials) for all outcomes measured, but the differences were not statistically significant (with the exception of radiological failure at 12 months). When comparing MTA with ferric sulphate (FS) (three trials), MTA had statistically significantly fewer clinical, radiological and overall failures at 24 months. This difference was not shown at six or 12 months.FC was compared with CH in seven trials and with FS in seven trials. There was a statistically significant difference in favour of FC for clinical failure at six and 12 months, and radiological failure at six, 12 and 24 months. FC also showed favourable results for all secondary outcomes measured, although differences between FC and CH were not consistently statistically significant across time points. The comparisons between FC and FS showed no statistically significantly difference between the two medicaments for any outcome at any time point.For all other comparisons of medicaments used during pulpotomies, pulpectomies or direct pulp capping, the small numbers of studies and the inconsistency in results limits any interpretation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence to identify one superior pulpotomy medicament and technique clearly. Two medicaments may be preferable: MTA or FS. The cost of MTA may preclude its clinical use and therefore FS could be used in such situations. Regarding other comparisons for pulpectomies or direct pulp capping, the small numbers of studies undertaking the same comparison limits any interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials (Urb2i, EA4462), Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, Montrouge, France, 75018.
authors.forename: Violaine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smaïl-Faugeron
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Courson
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muller-Bolla
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Glenny
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fron Chabouis
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000628:therapy*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005566:Formocresols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008963:Molar; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011670:Pulpectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011672:Pulpotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017640:Silicates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D003764:Dental Materials; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D005566:Formocresols; D010087:Oxides; D017640:Silicates; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C031025:formocresol; C024823:ferric sulfate; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide