title: Body morphology differs in wild juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that express different migratory phenotypes in the Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A.
abstract: Body morphology of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the upper Willamette River, Oregon, U.S.A., was analysed to determine if variation in body shape is correlated with migratory life-history tactics followed by juveniles. Body shape was compared between migrating juveniles that expressed different life-history tactics, i.e. autumn migrants and yearling smolts, and among parr sampled at three sites along a longitudinal river gradient. In the upper Willamette River, the expression of life-history tactics is associated with where juveniles rear in the basin with fish rearing in downstream locations generally completing ocean ward migrations earlier in life than fish rearing in upstream locations. The morphological differences that were apparent between autumn migrants and yearling smolts were similar to differences between parr rearing in downstream and upstream reaches, indicating that body morphology is correlated with life-history tactics. Autumn migrants and parr from downstream sampling sites had deeper bodies, shorter heads and deeper caudal peduncles compared with yearling smolts and parr from the upstream sampling site. This study did not distinguish between genetic and environmental effects on morphology; however, the results suggest that downstream movement of juveniles soon after emergence is associated with differentiation in morphology and with the expression of life-history variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Billman
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Whitman
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Sharpe
authors.forename: D L G
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Schreck
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D009922:Oregon; D010641:Phenotype; D045483:Rivers; D012474:Salmon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons
keywords: Salmonidae; geometric morphometrics; life-history variation; phenotypic plasticity; smoltification