title: Developmental dissociation in the neural responses to simple  multiplication and subtraction problems.
abstract: Mastering single-digit arithmetic during school years is commonly thought to depend upon an increasing reliance on verbally memorized facts. An alternative model, however, posits that fluency in single-digit arithmetic might also be achieved via the increasing use of efficient calculation procedures. To test between these hypotheses, we used a cross-sectional design to measure the neural activity associated with single-digit subtraction and multiplication in 34 children from 2nd to 7th grade. The neural correlates of language and numerical processing were also identified in each child via localizer scans. Although multiplication and subtraction were undistinguishable in terms of behavior, we found a striking developmental dissociation in their neural correlates. First, we observed grade-related increases of activity for multiplication, but not for subtraction, in a language-related region of the left temporal cortex. Second, we found grade-related increases of activity for subtraction, but not for multiplication, in a region of the right parietal cortex involved in the procedural manipulation of numerical quantities. The present results suggest that fluency in simple arithmetic in children may be achieved by both increasing reliance on verbal retrieval and by greater use of efficient quantity-based procedures, depending on the operation.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Rachna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mutreja
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007858:Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36(6):763-87
references.pmid: 21761997
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2009 Jan;47(2):604-8
references.pmid: 19007800
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2006 Nov;27(11):915-24
references.pmid: 16575838
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 1988 Sep;117(3):258-75
references.pmid: 2971762
references.citation: J Exp Psychol Gen. 2001 Jun;130(2):299-315
references.pmid: 11409105
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2011 Mar 9;31(10):3560-4
references.pmid: 21389212
references.citation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2003 Dec;3(4):255-74
references.pmid: 15040547
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2007 Oct 1;45(13):2883-901
references.pmid: 17675110
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1;57(3):771-81
references.pmid: 21182966
references.citation: Biol Psychol. 2011 Apr;87(1):128-36
references.pmid: 21382434
references.citation: Dev Sci. 2011 Sep;14(5):989-1001
references.pmid: 21884315
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Jul 1;36(3):993-1003
references.pmid: 17490893
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2008 Jan 31;46(2):665-78
references.pmid: 18022652
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Jun;31(6):852-62
references.pmid: 20496376
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004 Feb;18(3):227-33
references.pmid: 14741309
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2010 Jun;31(6):863-71
references.pmid: 20496377
references.citation: J Neurophysiol. 2010 Aug;104(2):1177-94
references.pmid: 20410363
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2005 Nov;15(11):1779-90
references.pmid: 15716474
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Aug;16(4):251-61
references.pmid: 12112766
references.citation: Trends Cogn Sci. 2006 Feb;10(2):59-63
references.pmid: 16406760
references.citation: Neuron. 2002 Jan 31;33(3):475-87
references.pmid: 11832233
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 May;19(1):16-28
references.pmid: 12781724
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Sep;17(1):48-60
references.pmid: 12203688
references.citation: Science. 2009 Jun 19;324(5934):1583-5
references.pmid: 19423779
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2011 Nov;32(11):1932-47
references.pmid: 21246667
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Feb 1;54(3):2382-93
references.pmid: 20946958
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2002 Oct 1;22(19):8647-52
references.pmid: 12351738
references.citation: Cognition. 2012 Jun;123(3):392-403
references.pmid: 22405923
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Jun;6(6):435-48
references.pmid: 15928716
references.citation: Cognition. 2013 Jul;128(1):35-44
references.pmid: 23583543
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Feb 14;54(4):3048-56
references.pmid: 21073958
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2006 May;4(5):e125
references.pmid: 16594732
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Sep;17(1):184-200
references.pmid: 12482076
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Sep;24(9):1849-66
references.pmid: 22621262
references.citation: Cognition. 2008 Jan;106(1):548-57
references.pmid: 17275802
references.citation: Brain Lang. 2006 Dec;99(3):226-35
references.pmid: 16098571
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:151-88
references.pmid: 12052907
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009 Jun;33(6):909-25
references.pmid: 19428500
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2009 May 15;46(1):308-18
references.pmid: 19457376
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Sep;62(3):1520-8
references.pmid: 22634854
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2005 Jul;91(3):183-204
references.pmid: 15925643
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Apr 1;35(2):871-80
references.pmid: 17292628
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 May;34(5):1013-24
references.pmid: 22125269
references.citation: Cogn Neuropsychol. 2003 May 1;20(3):487-506
references.pmid: 20957581
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2009 Dec;19(12):2930-45
references.pmid: 19406903
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2005 Jul 1;26(3):839-51
references.pmid: 15955494
references.citation: Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005 Mar;22(3):397-405
references.pmid: 15722210
references.citation: Neuron. 2007 Oct 25;56(2):384-98
references.pmid: 17964253
references.citation: Front Psychol. 2011 Dec 21;2:373
references.pmid: 22203810
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 1;57(3):796-808
references.pmid: 21620984
references.citation: Exp Brain Res. 2009 Oct;198(4):465-75
references.pmid: 19618170
references.citation: Curr Biol. 2009 Oct 13;19(19):1608-15
references.pmid: 19781939
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2004 Oct;16(8):1339-51
references.pmid: 15509382
references.citation: J Cogn Neurosci. 2002 Jan 1;14(1):11-23
references.pmid: 11798383
references.citation: J Exp Child Psychol. 2008 Apr;99(4):233-51
references.pmid: 18241880
references.citation: Psychol Aging. 1993 Jun;8(2):242-56
references.pmid: 8323728
references.citation: Neuron. 2008 Apr 24;58(2):261-72
references.pmid: 18439410
references.citation: Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012 Feb 15;2 Suppl 1:S152-66
references.pmid: 22682904
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2002 Aug;16(4):206-18
references.pmid: 12112763
references.citation: Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33(4):447-73
references.pmid: 18568899