title: Recent research on the growth plate: Mechanisms for growth plate injury repair and potential cell-based therapies for regeneration.
abstract: Injuries to the growth plate cartilage often lead to bony repair, resulting in bone growth defects such as limb length discrepancy and angulation deformity in children. Currently utilised corrective surgeries are highly invasive and limited in their effectiveness, and there are no known biological therapies to induce cartilage regeneration and prevent the undesirable bony repair. In the last 2 decades, studies have investigated the cellular and molecular events that lead to bony repair at the injured growth plate including the identification of the four phases of injury repair responses (inflammatory, fibrogenic, osteogenic and remodelling), the important role of inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha in regulating downstream repair responses, the role of chemotactic and mitogenic platelet-derived growth factor in the fibrogenic response, the involvement and roles of bone morphogenic protein and Wnt/B-catenin signalling pathways, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor-based angiogenesis during the osteogenic response. These new findings could potentially lead to identification of new targets for developing a future biological therapy. In addition, recent advances in cartilage tissue engineering highlight the promising potential for utilising multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for inducing regeneration of injured growth plate cartilage. This review aims to summarise current understanding of the mechanisms for growth plate injury repair and discuss some progress, potential and challenges of MSC-based therapies to induce growth plate cartilage regeneration in combination with chemotactic and chondrogenic growth factors and supporting scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesSansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia rosa.chung@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesSansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
authors.forename: Cory J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Xian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation; D005355:Fibrosis; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D000072042:Salter-Harris Fractures; D015398:Signal Transduction; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D006133:Growth Substances
keywords: MSCs; cartilage tissue engineering; chondrogenesis; growth plate injury