title: Bacteriophage behavioral ecology: How phages alter their bacterial host's habits.
abstract: Bacteriophages have an essential gene kit that enables their invasion, replication, and production. In addition to this "core" genome, they can carry "accessory" genes that dramatically impact bacterial biology, and presumably boost their own success. The content of phage genomes continue to surprise us by revealing new ways that viruses impact bacterial biology. The genome of aClostridium difficilemyovirus, phiCDHM1, contains homologs of three bacterial accessory gene regulator (agr) genes. Theagrsystem is a type of quorum sensing (QS), via which the phage may modifyC. difficileinteractions with its environment. Although their mechanism of action is unknown, mutants in bacterial versions of these genes impact sporulation and virulence. To explore how phage QS genes may influenceC. difficilebiology, we examine the main categories of bacterial behavior that phages have been shown to influence and discuss how interactions via QS could influence behavior at a wider level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses; Public Health Agency of Canada; West Guelph, Ontario CA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario CA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kropinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation; University of Leicester; Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Martha Rj
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Clokie
keywords: Clostridium difficile; accessory gene; accessory gene regulator; autoinducing peptide; bacterial physiology; bacteriophage; microbial ecology; microbial interactions; quorum sensing; sporulation
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