title: Stochastic simulation modeling to determine time to detect Bovine Viral Diarrhea antibodies in bulk tank milk.
abstract: A stochastic simulation model was developed to estimate the time from introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in a herd to detection of antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples using three ELISAs. We assumed that antibodies could be detected, after a fixed threshold prevalence of seroconverted milking cows was reached in the herd. Different thresholds were set for each ELISA, according to previous studies. For each test, antibody detection was simulated in small (70 cows), medium (150 cows) and large (320 cows) herds. The assays included were: (1) the Danish blocking ELISA, (2) the SVANOVIR(®)BVDV-Ab ELISA, and (3) the ELISA BVD/MD p80 Institute Pourquier. The validation of the model was mainly carried out by comparing the predicted incidence of persistently infected (PI) calves and the predicted detection time, with records from a BVD infected herd. Results showed that the SVANOVIR, which was the most efficient ELISA, could detect antibodies in the BTM of a large herd 280 days (95% prediction interval: 218; 568) after a transiently infected (TI) milking cow has been introduced into the herd. The estimated time to detection after introduction of one PI calf was 111 days (44; 605). With SVANOVIR ELISA the incidence of PIs and dead born calves could be limited and the impact of the disease on the animal welfare and income of farmers (before detection) could be minimized. The results from the simulation modeling can be used to improve the current Danish BVD surveillance program in detecting early infected herds.
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: alefo@vet.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foddai
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enøe
authors.affiliation: Knowledge Centre for Agriculture, Cattle, Danish Cattle Federation, Agro Food Park 15, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Statistics and Data Analysis Section, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Matematiktorvet, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stockmarr
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halasa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003612:Dairying; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013269:Stochastic Processes
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: BVD; ELISA; Herd size; Simulation model