title: Apple pectin, a dietary fiber, ameliorates myocardial injury by inhibiting apoptosis in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myocardial cell death due to occlusion of the coronary arteries leads to myocardial infarction, a subset of coronary heart disease (CHD). Dietary fiber is known to be associated with a reduced risk of CHD, the underlying mechanisms of which were suggested to delay the onset of occlusion by ameliorating risk factors. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that a beneficial role of dietary fiber could arise from protection of myocardial cells against ischemic injury, manifested after occlusion of the arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three days after rats were fed apple pectin (AP) (with 10, 40, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day), myocardial ischemic injury was induced by 30 min-ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 3 hr-reperfusion. The area at risk and infarct area were evaluated using Evans blue dye and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, respectively. DNA nicks reflecting the extent of myocardial apoptosis were assessed by TUNEL assay. Levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation of AP (with 100 and 400 mg/kg/day) resulted in significantly attenuated infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) by 21.9 and 22.4%, respectively, in the AP-treated group, compared with that in the control group. This attenuation in IS showed correlation with improvement in biomarkers involved in the apoptotic cascades: reduction of apoptotic cells, inhibition of conversion of procaspase-3 to caspase-3, and increase of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a determinant of cell fate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that supplementation of AP results in amelioration of myocardial infarction by inhibition of apoptosis. Thus, the current study suggests that intake of dietary fiber reduces the risk of CHD, not only by blocking steps leading to occlusion, but also by protecting against ischemic injury caused by occlusion of the arteries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ha
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, 17-gil, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
authors.forename: Jongwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Apple pectin; apoptosis; coronary heart disease; dietary fiber; ischemia
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