title: Cardiac macrophages and apoptosis after myocardial infarction: effects of central MR blockade.
abstract: After myocardial infarction (post-MI), inflammation and apoptosis contribute to progressive cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Cardiac mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and β-adrenergic signaling promote apoptosis and inflammation. Post-MI, MR activation in the brain contributes to sympathetic hyperactivity and an increase in cardiac aldosterone. In the present study, we assessed the time course of macrophage infiltration and apoptosis in the heart as detected by both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and active caspase-3 immunostaining in both myocytes and nonmyocytes, as well as the effects of central MR blockade by intracerebroventricular infusion of eplerenone at 5 μg/day on peak changes in macrophage infiltration and apoptosis post-MI. Macrophage numbers were markedly increased in the infarct and peri-infarct zones and to a minor extent in the noninfarct part of the left ventricle at 10 days post-MI and decreased over the 3-mo study period. Apoptosis of both myocytes and nonmyocytes was clearly apparent in the infarct and peri-infarct areas at 10 days post-MI. For TUNEL, the increases persisted at 4 and 12 wk, but the number of active caspase-3-positive cells markedly decreased. Central MR blockade significantly decreased CD80-positive proinflammatory M1 macrophages and increased CD163-positive anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the infarct. Central MR blockade also reduced apoptosis of myocytes by 40-50% in the peri-infarct and to a lesser extent of nonmyocytes in the peri-infarct and infarct zones. These findings indicate that MR activation in the brain enhances apoptosis both in myocytes and nonmyocytes in the peri-infarct and infarct area post-MI and contributes to the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Naimeh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rafatian
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Katherine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Westcott
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Roselyn A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada fleenen@ottawaheart.ca.
authors.forename: Frans H H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Leenen
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000077545:Eplerenone; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; D000077545:Eplerenone; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: aldosterone; brain; cardiac remodeling; cell death; inflammation; mineralocorticoid receptors