title: Ophthalmia due to spitting cobra venom in an urban setting--a report of three cases.
abstract: To describe three presentations of spitting cobra venom induced ophthalmia in urban Singapore. Case notes and photographs of three patients with venom ophthalmia who presented to our clinic between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed. Two patients encountered the spitting cobra while working at a job site while the third patient had caught the snake and caged it. The venom entered the eyes in all 3 cases. Immediate irrigation with tap water was carried out before presenting to the Accident and Emergency department. All patients were treated medically with topical antibiotic prophylaxis and copious lubricants. The use of anti-venom was not required in any case. All eyes recovered with no long-term sequelae. If irrigation is initiated early, eyes can recover with no significant complications or sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Novena, Singapore.
authors.forename: Leslie Jonathan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun, Singapore.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanjay
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Yishun, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tiakumzuk
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sangtam
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*; D017815:Elapidae; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012846:Singapore; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004546:Elapid Venoms; D002701:Chloramphenicol
keywords: Naja Sumatrana; Ocular Envenomation; Spitting Cobra; Venom Ophthalmia
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