title: Phytochemical and antiproliferative activity of proso millet.
abstract: The phytochemical content, antioxidant activity and antiproliferative properties of three diverse varieties of proso millet are reported. The free phenolic content ranged from 27.48 (Gumi 20) to 151.14 (Mi2504-6) mg gallic acid equiv/100 g DW. The bound phenolic content ranged from 55.95 (Gumi20) to 305.81 (Mi2504-6) mg gallic acid equiv/100 g DW. The percentage contribution of bound phenolic to the total phenolic content of genotype samples analyzed ranged between 62.08% and 67.05%. Ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid are the predominant phenolic acid found in bound fraction. Caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid were also detected. Syringic acid was detected only in the free fraction. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the hydrophilic peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) assay. The PSC antioxidant activity of the free fraction ranged from 57.68 (Mi2504-6) to 147.32 (Gumi20) µmol of vitamin C equiv/100 g DW. The PSC antioxidant activity of the bound fraction ranged from 95.38 (Mizao 52) to 136.48 (Gumi 20) µmol of vitamin C equiv/100 g DW. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of the extract was assessed using the HepG2 model. CAA value ranged from 2.51 to 6.10 µmol equiv quercetin/100 g DW. Antiproliferative activities were also studied in vitro against MDA human breast cancer and HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Results exhibited a differential and possible selective antiproliferative property of the proso millet. These results may be used to direct the consumption of proso millet with improved health properties.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ruihai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005838:Genotype; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008897:Panicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; C004999:ferulic acid
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