title: Anesthetic preconditioning inhibits isoflurane-mediated apoptosis in the developing rat brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We hypothesized that preconditioning (PC) with a short exposure to isoflurane (ISO) would reduce neurodegeneration induced by prolonged exposure to ISO in neonatal rats, as previously shown in neuronal cell culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly divided 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats into 3 groups: control, 1.5% ISO, and PC + 1.5% ISO. The control group was exposed to carrier gas (30% oxygen balanced in nitrogen) for 30 minutes and then to carrier gas again for 6 hours the following day. The 1.5% ISO group was exposed to carrier gas for 30 minutes and then to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. The PC + 1.5% ISO group was preconditioned with a 30-minute 1.5% ISO exposure and then exposed to 1.5% ISO for 6 hours the following day. Blood and brain samples were collected 2 hours after the exposures for determination of neurodegenerative biomarkers, including caspase-3, S100β, caspase-12, and an autophagy biomarker Beclin-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged exposure to ISO significantly increased cleaved caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats compared with the group preconditioned with ISO and the controls using Western blot assays. However, significant differences were not detected for other markers of neuronal injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ISO-mediated increase in cleaved caspase-3 in the postnatal day 7 rat brain is ameliorated by PC with a brief anesthetic exposure, and differences were not detected in other markers of neuronal injury.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Drobish
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Chunxia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdou
authors.forename: Maryellen F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Eckenhoff
authors.forename: Huafeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane
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