title: Parahippocampal cortex is involved in material processing via echoes in blind echolocation experts.
abstract: Some blind humans use sound to navigate by emitting mouth-clicks and listening to the echoes that reflect from silent objects and surfaces in their surroundings. These echoes contain information about the size, shape, location, and material properties of objects. Here we present results from an fMRI experiment that investigated the neural activity underlying the processing of materials through echolocation. Three blind echolocation experts (as well as three blind and three sighted non-echolocating control participants) took part in the experiment. First, we made binaural sound recordings in the ears of each echolocator while he produced clicks in the presence of one of three different materials (fleece, synthetic foliage, or whiteboard), or while he made clicks in an empty room. During fMRI scanning these recordings were played back to participants. Remarkably, all participants were able to identify each of the three materials reliably, as well as the empty room. Furthermore, a whole brain analysis, in which we isolated the processing of just the reflected echoes, revealed a material-related increase in BOLD activation in a region of left parahippocampal cortex in the echolocating participants, but not in the blind or sighted control participants. Our results, in combination with previous findings about brain areas involved in material processing, are consistent with the idea that material processing by means of echolocation relies on a multi-modal material processing area in parahippocampal cortex.
authors.affiliation: The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Arnott
authors.affiliation: World Access for the Blind, Encino, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kish
authors.affiliation: The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: mgoodale@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Melvyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goodale
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thaler
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001766:Blindness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D055585:Physical Phenomena; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D013017:Sound Localization / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Audition; Multisensory; Neuroplasticity; Texture; Vision; fMRI