title: What makes public health studies ethical? Dissolving the boundary between research and practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The generation of evidence is integral to the work of public health and health service providers. Traditionally, ethics has been addressed differently in research projects, compared with other forms of evidence generation, such as quality improvement, program evaluation, and surveillance, with review of non-research activities falling outside the purview of the research ethics board. However, the boundaries between research and these other evaluative activities are not distinct. Efforts to delineate a boundary - whether on grounds of primary purpose, temporality, underlying legal authority, departure from usual practice, or direct benefits to participants - have been unsatisfactory.Public Health Ontario has eschewed this distinction between research and other evaluative activities, choosing to adopt a common framework and process to guide ethical reflection on all public health evaluative projects throughout their lifecycle - from initial planning through to knowledge exchange.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Public Health Ontario framework was developed by a working group of public health and ethics professionals and scholars, in consultation with individuals representing a wide range of public health roles. The first part of the framework interprets the existing Canadian research ethics policy statement (commonly known as the TCPS 2) through a public health lens. The second part consists of ten questions that guide the investigator in the application of the core ethical principles to public health initiatives.The framework is intended for use by those designing and executing public health evaluations, as well as those charged with ethics review of projects. The goal is to move toward a culture of ethical integrity among investigators, reviewers and decision-makers, rather than mere compliance with rules. The framework is consonant with the perspective of the learning organization and is generalizable to other public health organizations, to health services organizations, and beyond.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Public Health Ontario has developed an ethics framework that is applicable to any evidence-generating activity, regardless of whether it is labelled research. While developed in a public health context, it is readily adaptable to other health services organizations and beyond.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3 M7, Canada. don.willison@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Willison
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ondrusek
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.forename: Lorraine E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saginur
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Upshur
mesh_terms: D001675:Bioethics; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics*; D002170:Canada; D026724:Ethical Review; D006801:Humans; D028681:Moral Obligations; D009864:Ontario; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011634:Public Health / Q000941:ethics*; D012107:Research Design; D012108:Research Personnel
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