title: Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: a longitudinal study of the relationship between NSSI, psychological distress and perceived parenting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates whether either adolescents' psychological distress and/or perceived parenting predicted the occurrence of NSSI. Furthermore, the consequences of NSSI are examined in a three-wave longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample at time 1 (age 12) consisted of 1396 adolescent reports and 1438 parent reports. At time 2 (age 13), 827 adolescent reports and 936 parent reports were obtained. Time 3 (age 14) included 754 adolescent reports and 790 parent reports. Psychological distress of adolescents was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Perceived parenting behaviors were examined by the Parental Behavior Scale and the Psychological Control Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10% of the adolescents engaged in NSSI at least once before age 15. Higher psychological distress of adolescents at time 1 was associated with the presence of NSSI at time 2 or 3. The association between psychological distress at time 1 and perception of decreased parental rule setting at time 3 was mediated by the presence of NSSI at time 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that psychological distress at age 12 predicts NSSI over time and that parental awareness of NSSI changes the perception of parenting behaviors.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Imke.Baetens@ppw.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Imke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baetens
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onghena
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grietens
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ciska
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Wiersema
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Belgium; Northwestern University, USA.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Adolescence; Longitudinal; Non-suicidal self-injury; Parenting; Psychological distress