title: The crowded sea: incorporating multiple marine activities in conservation plans can significantly alter spatial priorities.
abstract: Successful implementation of marine conservation plans is largely inhibited by inadequate consideration of the broader social and economic context within which conservation operates. Marine waters and their biodiversity are shared by a host of stakeholders, such as commercial fishers, recreational users and offshore developers. Hence, to improve implementation success of conservation plans, we must incorporate other marine activities while explicitly examining trade-offs that may be required. In this study, we test how the inclusion of multiple marine activities can shape conservation plans. We used the entire Mediterranean territorial waters of Israel as a case study to compare four planning scenarios with increasing levels of complexity, where additional zones, threats and activities were added (e.g., commercial fisheries, hydrocarbon exploration interests, aquaculture, and shipping lanes). We applied the marine zoning decision support tool Marxan to each planning scenario and tested a) the ability of each scenario to reach biodiversity targets, b) the change in opportunity cost and c) the alteration of spatial conservation priorities. We found that by including increasing numbers of marine activities and zones in the planning process, greater compromises are required to reach conservation objectives. Complex plans with more activities incurred greater opportunity cost and did not reach biodiversity targets as easily as simplified plans with less marine activities. We discovered that including hydrocarbon data in the planning process significantly alters spatial priorities. For the territorial waters of Israel we found that in order to protect at least 10% of the range of 166 marine biodiversity features there would be a loss of ∼15% of annual commercial fishery revenue and ∼5% of prospective hydrocarbon revenue. This case study follows an illustrated framework for adopting a transparent systematic process to balance biodiversity goals and economic considerations within a country's territorial waters.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazor
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Silwood Park, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hugh P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Possingham
authors.affiliation: Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, Department of Maritime Civilizations, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Dori
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edelist
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brokovich
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Salit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kark
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D007557:Israel; D008522:Mediterranean Sea
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