title: The cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine infusions in dogs during isoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cardiopulmonary changes associated with intravenous (IV) infusions of dexmedetomidine at equipotent isoflurane-dexmedetomidine concentrations compared with isoflurane alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, crossover experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six adult intact female mixed-breed dogs weighing (mean ± SD [range]) 23.3 ± 3.8 (17.8-29.4) kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Measurements of respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR), systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP, MPAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP), cardiac index (CI), left and right ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI, RVSWI), systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance index (SVRI, PVRI), arteriovenous shunt (Q˙s/Q˙t), oxygen delivery (D˙O2), oxygen extraction ratio (O2 ER), oxygen consumption, arterial and mixed venous blood gases, and arterial packed cell volume (PCV) were obtained 30 minutes after instrumentation at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'Iso) of 1.73 ± 0.02% (1.3 MAC). Dexmedetomidine was administered IV at 0.5 or 3 μg kg(-1) over 6 minutes followed by an infusion at 0.5 (LD) or 3 μg kg(-1) hour(-1) (HD), respectively, with Fe'Iso at 1.41 ± 0.02 (LD) or 0.72 ± 0.09% (HD). Measurements were taken at 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after the start of the infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low dose produced significant decreases in HR, increases in SAP, DAP, CVP, MPAP, PAOP and LVSWI, but no change in CI. HD produced significant increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, CVP, PAOP, SVRI, LVSWI, O2 ER and PCV and significant decreases in CI and D˙O2. There were significant differences between treatments in HR, MAP, DAP, CVP, MPAP, PAOP, CI, SVRI, HCO3-, SBE, D˙O2, O2 ER and Q˙s/Q˙t.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiopulmonary changes associated with LD were within clinically accepted normal ranges whereas HD produced clinically significant changes. The LD may be useful as an anesthetic adjunct in healthy dogs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pascoe
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D007530:Isoflurane
keywords: dexmedetomidine; dogs; intravenous infusion; isoflurane