title: Nutritional indicators for gastrointestinal symptoms in female runners: the 'Marikenloop study'.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among runners the reported prevalence of exercise-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is high (25%-83%). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of GI symptoms in women during a 5-10 km run in general and to explore the association between nutritional intakes and GI symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Marikenloop-study (a cohort study to identify predictor variables of running injuries), a cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed in interested runners of the '2013 Marikenloop'.
  
  
  METHODS
  433 female runners filled in the questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was the frequency of running-related GI symptoms during running in general and during the last (training) run. Furthermore, dietary intake was determined before and during this run. Secondary outcome measures were several demographic and anthropometric variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During running in general, 40% of the participants suffered from GI symptoms and during their last run, 49%. The GI symptoms side ache, flatulence, urge to defecate and regurgitation and/or belching were most commonly reported. Lower age (OR=0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00), minor running experience (OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.7 to 5.7), higher body mass index (OR=1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2), consuming carbohydrate-containing drinks during running (OR=10.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 80.3) and experiencing GI symptoms during running in general OR=5.0, 95% CI 3.2 to 7.8) significantly contributed to GI symptoms during the last run in the logistic regression analysis. In contrast, time of eating and carbohydrate-containing drinks consumed prior to the run were not related to GI symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the current study confirms the high prevalence of GI symptoms in female runners. Several predictor variables contributed to the GI symptoms but more research is needed to specify the effects of prerunning eating and carbohydrate-containing drinks on GI symptoms during running.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Marikenloop study 2013: 50-50310-98-156 (ZonMw).
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dominique S M
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: ten Haaf
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands HAN, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Institute of Health Studies, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van der Worp
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans M M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Groenewoud
authors.affiliation: HAN, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Institute of Health Studies, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leij-Halfwerk
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria W G
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nijhuis-van der Sanden
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, The Netherlands HAN, University of Applied Sciences Nijmegen, Institute of Health Studies, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Bart
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Staal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: GASTROENTEROLOGY; SPORTS MEDICINE
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