title: Positive Darwinian selection in the singularly large taste receptor gene family of an 'ancient' fish, Latimeria chalumnae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical senses are one of the foremost means by which organisms make sense of their environment, among them the olfactory and gustatory sense of vertebrates and arthropods. Both senses use large repertoires of receptors to achieve perception of complex chemosensory stimuli. High evolutionary dynamics of some olfactory and gustatory receptor gene families result in considerable variance of chemosensory perception between species. Interestingly, both ora/v1r genes and the closely related t2r genes constitute small and rather conserved families in teleost fish, but show rapid evolution and large species differences in tetrapods. To understand this transition, chemosensory gene repertoires of earlier diverging members of the tetrapod lineage, i.e. lobe-finned fish such as Latimeria would be of high interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here the complete T2R repertoire of Latimeria chalumnae, using thorough data mining and extensive phylogenetic analysis. Eighty t2r genes were identified, by far the largest family reported for any species so far. The genomic neighborhood of t2r genes is enriched in repeat elements, which may have facilitated the extensive gene duplication events resulting in such a large family. Examination of non-synonymous vs. synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) suggests pronounced positive Darwinian selection in Latimeria T2Rs, conceivably ensuring efficient neo-functionalization of newly born t2r genes. Notably, both traits, positive selection and enrichment of repeat elements in the genomic neighborhood, are absent in the twenty v1r genes of Latimeria. Sequence divergence in Latimeria T2Rs and V1Rs is high, reminescent of the corresponding teleost families. Some conserved sequence motifs of Latimeria T2Rs and V1Rs are shared with the respective teleost but not tetrapod genes, consistent with a potential role of such motifs in detection of aquatic chemosensory stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The singularly large T2R repertoire of Latimeria may have been generated by facilitating local gene duplication via increased density of repeat elements, and efficient neofunctionalization via positive Darwinian selection.The high evolutionary dynamics of tetrapod t2r gene families precedes the emergence of tetrapods, i.e. the water-to-land transition, and thus constitutes a basal feature of the lobe-finned lineage of vertebrates.
authors.forename: Adnan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany. sigrun.korsching@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Sigrun I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Korsching
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D008019:Life Style; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013045:Species Specificity; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D009711:Nucleotides; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000098706:Taste Receptors, Type 2
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