title: First-in-man demonstration of a fully implanted myoelectric sensors system to control an advanced electromechanical prosthetic hand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advanced motorized prosthetic devices are currently controlled by EMG signals generated by residual muscles and recorded by surface electrodes on the skin. These surface recordings are often inconsistent and unreliable, leading to high prosthetic abandonment rates for individuals with upper limb amputation. Surface electrodes are limited because of poor skin contact, socket rotation, residual limb sweating, and their ability to only record signals from superficial muscles, whose function frequently does not relate to the intended prosthetic function. More sophisticated prosthetic devices require a stable and reliable interface between the user and robotic hand to improve upper limb prosthetic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implantable Myoelectric Sensors (IMES(®)) are small electrodes intended to detect and wirelessly transmit EMG signals to an electromechanical prosthetic hand via an electro-magnetic coil built into the prosthetic socket. This system is designed to simultaneously capture EMG signals from multiple residual limb muscles, allowing the natural control of multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the status of the first FDA-approved clinical trial of the IMES(®) System. This study is currently in progress, limiting reporting to only preliminary results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our first subject has reported the ability to accomplish a greater variety and complexity of tasks in his everyday life compared to what could be achieved with his previous myoelectric prosthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interim results of this study indicate the feasibility of utilizing IMES(®) technology to reliably sense and wirelessly transmit EMG signals from residual muscles to intuitively control a three degree-of-freedom prosthetic arm.
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States. Electronic address: Paul.F.Pasquina.mil@health.mil.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Pasquina
authors.affiliation: The Alfred Mann Foundation, United States.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evangelista
authors.affiliation: The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: The Alfred Mann Foundation, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lockhart
authors.affiliation: The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nanos
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: The Alfred Mann Foundation, United States.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ipsen
authors.affiliation: Advanced Arm Dynamics, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandersea
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butkus
authors.affiliation: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: The Alfred Mann Foundation, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hankin
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011474:Prosthesis Design / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation
keywords: IMES(®); Implantable devices; Implantable electrodes; Myoelectric; Prosthesis
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