title: Success rates for functional MR imaging in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Functional MR imaging is widely used for research in functional brain development in healthy children. However, obtaining high-quality brain imaging data from pediatric research participants requires cooperation that is challenging for young children. In this study, we examined success rates for fMRI in typically developing children in both longitudinal and cross-sectional research study designs to inform the recruitment needs of future pediatric brain imaging studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the cross-sectional study, 459 healthy children (5-18 years of age, 215 girls) were recruited. A subset of 30 healthy children 5-7 years of age from the cross-sectional cohort were selected and scanned for 10 consecutive years in the longitudinal arm of the study. Following anatomic scans, each participant attempted 4 functional MR imaging tasks. Success rate was defined as the proportion of fMRI tasks completed. Differences in success rates across sexes and in cross-sectional-versus-longitudinal cohorts were evaluated by using the Fischer exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cross-sectional study, 74% of the children completed all tasks. Success rates for individual tasks ranged from 34% to 67% for children 5-7 years of age and 76%-100% for those 8-18 years of age. In the longitudinal study, 89% of children completed all tasks in all 10 years. We established significance (P < .0001) between the cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts for both 0% and 100% task completion rates. There was no significance between sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When designing pediatric fMRI studies in children, the sample sizes indicated by power analysis should be scaled up according to age (ie, 33% for ages 8-18 years, 50% for ages 5-7 years).
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium (A.R., G.R.L., S.K.H.), Department of Radiology akila.rajagopal@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajagopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (A.B., M.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byars
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology (A.B., M.S.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schapiro
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium (A.R., G.R.L., S.K.H.), Department of Radiology.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium (A.R., G.R.L., S.K.H.), Department of Radiology Departments of Radiology (S.K.H.) Pediatrics (S.K.H.) Otolaryngology (S.K.H.) Physics (S.K.H.) Neuroscience (S.K.H.) Biomedical Engineering (S.K.H.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003887:Desensitization, Psychologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007803:Language Arts; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
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