title: Modulation of hunger and satiety: hormones and diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight recent research developments relating to the effects of, and interactions between, hormones and diet, as well as underlying mechanisms, on appetite, energy intake and body weight. For this purpose, clinically relevant English language articles were reviewed from October 2012 to April 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced energy intake suppression differ between dietary protein and lipid. High-fat, energy-dense diets compromise the satiating effects of gut hormones, and, therefore, promote further overconsumption. These effects are mediated by changes in the signalling in both peripheral and central pathways, and may only be partially reversible by dietary restriction. Additional factors, including probiotics, meal-related factors (e.g., eating speed and frequency), circadian influences and gene polymorphisms, also modify energy intake and eating behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research continues to unravel the pathways and mechanisms underlying the nutrient-induced and diet-induced regulation of energy intake, as well as the changes, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, brought about by the consumption of high-fat, energy-dense diets. Much further work is required to translate this knowledge into novel, and effective, approaches for the management and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Feinle-Bisset
mesh_terms: D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones