title: Risk assessment and reward processing in problem gambling investigated by event-related potentials and fMRI-constrained source analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The temporo-spatial dynamics of risk assessment and reward processing in problem gamblers with a focus on an ecologically valid design has not been examined previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated risk assessment and reward processing in 12 healthy male occasional gamblers (OG) and in 12 male problem gamblers (PG) with a combined EEG and fMRI approach to identify group-differences in successively activated brain regions during two stages within a quasi-realistic blackjack game.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups did not differ in reaction times but event-related potentials in PG and OG produced significantly different amplitudes in middle and late time-windows during high-risk vs. low-risk decisions. Applying an fMRI-constrained regional source model during risk assessment resulted in larger source moments in PG in the high-risk vs. low-risk comparison in thalamic, orbitofrontal and superior frontal activations within the 600-800 ms time window. During reward processing, PG showed a trend to enhanced negativity in an early time window (100-150 ms) potentially related to higher rostral anterior cingulate activity and a trend to centro-parietal group-differences in a later time window (390-440 ms) accompanied by increased superior-frontal (i.e., premotor-related) source moments in PG vs. OG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that problem gambling is characterized by stronger cue-related craving during risk assessment. Reward processing is associated with early affective modulation followed by increased action preparation for ongoing gambling in PG.
authors.forename: Stephan F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Miedl
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005715:Gambling / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time; D012201:Reward; D018570:Risk Assessment
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