title: The influence of the European paediatric regulation on marketing authorisation of orphan drugs for children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug development for rare diseases is challenging, especially when these orphan drugs (OD) are intended for children. In 2007 the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation was enacted to improve the development of high quality and ethically researched medicines for children through the establishment of Paediatric Investigation Plans (PIPs). The effect of the EU Paediatric Drug Regulation on the marketing authorisation (MA) of drugs for children with rare diseases was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all designated orphan drugs, their indication, MA, PIPs and indication group (adult or child) were obtained from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The outcome and duration of the process from orphan drug designation (ODD) to MA, was compared, per indication, by age group. The effect of the Paediatric Drug Regulation, implemented in 2007, on the application process was assessed with survival analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-one orphan drugs obtained MA since 2000 and half are authorised for (a subgroup of) children; another 34 are currently undergoing further investigations in children through agreed PIPs. The Paediatric Drug Regulation did not significantly increase the number of ODDs with potential paediatric indications (58% before vs 64% after 2007 of ODDs, p = 0.1) and did not lead to more MAs for ODs with paediatric indications (60% vs 43%, p = 0.22). ODs authorised after 2007 had a longer time to MA than those authorised before 2007 (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 2.80 (1.84-4.28), p < 0.001); potential paediatric use did not influence the time to MA (Hazard ratio (95% CI) 1.14 (0.77-1.70), p = 0.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EU Paediatric Drug Regulation had a minor impact on development and availability of ODs for children, was associated with a longer time to MA, but ensured the further paediatric development of drugs still off-label to children. The impact of the Paediatric Drug Regulation on research quantity and quality in children through PIPs is not yet clear.
authors.forename: Annemarie Rosan
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kreeftmeijer-Vegter
authors.forename: Anthonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Roselinda H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: van der Vlugt-Meijer
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D009965:Orphan Drug Production
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