title: Nanotechnology in radiation oncology.
abstract: Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter on atomic and molecular scales, is a relatively new branch of science. It has already made a significant impact on clinical medicine, especially in oncology. Nanomaterial has several characteristics that are ideal for oncology applications, including preferential accumulation in tumors, low distribution in normal tissues, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and clearance, that differ from those of small molecules. Because these properties are also well suited for applications in radiation oncology, nanomaterials have been used in many different areas of radiation oncology for imaging and treatment planning, as well as for radiosensitization to improve the therapeutic ratio. In this article, we review the unique properties of nanomaterials that are favorable for oncology applications and examine the various applications of nanotechnology in radiation oncology. We also discuss the future directions of nanotechnology within the context of radiation oncology.
authors.affiliation: All authors: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. zawang@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: All authors: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tepper
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000379:methods*
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 1;72(21):5566-75
references.pmid: 22952218
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4607-12
references.pmid: 9539785
references.citation: Br J Radiol. 2004 Feb;77(914):88-96
references.pmid: 15010378
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2013 Jan;9(1):25-7
references.pmid: 23041410
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 22;109(21):8230-5
references.pmid: 22547809
references.citation: Semin Radiat Oncol. 2002 Jul;12(3):250-9
references.pmid: 12118390
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 1999 Nov;17(11):3512-21
references.pmid: 10550149
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Oct 15;16(20):4968-77
references.pmid: 20802016
references.citation: Int J Oncol. 2013 Feb;42(2):597-608
references.pmid: 23229536
references.citation: J Control Release. 2000 Mar 1;65(1-2):271-84
references.pmid: 10699287
references.citation: Radiother Oncol. 2014 Jan;110(1):172-81
references.pmid: 24183870
references.citation: Science. 2005 Nov 18;310(5751):1132-4
references.pmid: 16293748
references.citation: J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 10;25(26):4043-50
references.pmid: 17827452
references.citation: Biofactors. 2007;30(4):265-70
references.pmid: 18607076
references.citation: Ther Deliv. 2013 Feb;4(2):239-50
references.pmid: 23343162
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Sep 1;84(1):e77-83
references.pmid: 22795728
references.citation: J R Soc Interface. 2013 Jan 09;10(80):20120740
references.pmid: 23303217
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Sep 1;78(1):150-5
references.pmid: 20138443
references.citation: Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1310-1
references.pmid: 17773600
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2002 Aug 12;87(4):385-92
references.pmid: 12177774
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Jul 1;86(3):463-468
references.pmid: 23708084
references.citation: Appl Phys Lett. 2013 Oct 28;103(18):183505
references.pmid: 24273330
references.citation: Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug;29(4):376-9
references.pmid: 16891865
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 19;348(25):2491-9
references.pmid: 12815134
references.citation: Nat Med. 2012 Dec;18(12):1835-40
references.pmid: 23142818
references.citation: Ann Biomed Eng. 2011 Mar;39(3):946-52
references.pmid: 21132370
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 1;74(3):824-30
references.pmid: 19117696
references.citation: Med Phys. 2009 Aug;36(8):3543-8
references.pmid: 19746788
references.citation: Am J Clin Oncol. 2014 Oct;37(5):444-9
references.pmid: 23388562
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 15;13(6):1868-74
references.pmid: 17363543
references.citation: Br J Cancer. 2008 Sep 16;99(6):900-10
references.pmid: 19238631
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Jan 19;97(2):116-26
references.pmid: 15657341
references.citation: Invest New Drugs. 2002 Aug;20(3):343-9
references.pmid: 12201498
references.citation: Clin Transl Oncol. 2013 Aug;15(8):593-601
references.pmid: 23359187
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Jan;31(1):63-70
references.pmid: 23242163
references.citation: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2013 Apr 24;5(8):2800-14
references.pmid: 23547912
references.citation: Chem Rev. 2008 Jun;108(6):2064-110
references.pmid: 18543879
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 2012;63:185-98
references.pmid: 21888516
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2011 Jan-Feb;3(1):11-32
references.pmid: 20229595
references.citation: J Control Release. 2007 Feb 26;117(3):333-41
references.pmid: 17215057
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 3;106(44):18437-42
references.pmid: 19841273
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2014 Jan-Feb;6(1):40-60
references.pmid: 23996830
references.citation: Future Oncol. 2012 Sep;8(9):1167-81
references.pmid: 23030491
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2000 Jul;6(7):2829-34
references.pmid: 10914731
references.citation: J Control Release. 2011 Feb 28;150(1):117-24
references.pmid: 21075152
references.citation: Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1300
references.pmid: 17773595
references.citation: Nanomedicine. 2012 Aug;8(6):818-21
references.pmid: 22633900
references.citation: Nanomedicine (Lond). 2013 Oct;8(10):1601-9
references.pmid: 23265347
references.citation: Cancer. 2010 May 1;116(9):2159-65
references.pmid: 20187094
references.citation: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov;7(11):653-64
references.pmid: 20838415
references.citation: Nat Mater. 2013 Nov;12(11):967-77
references.pmid: 24150415
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 16;363(25):2434-43
references.pmid: 21158659
references.citation: Nanomedicine (Lond). 2008 Oct;3(5):703-17
references.pmid: 18817471
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jul 1;309(5731):65-6
references.pmid: 15994516
references.citation: Phys Med Biol. 2009 Apr 21;54(8):2323-40
references.pmid: 19321922
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jun 15;18(12):3229-41
references.pmid: 22669131
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Feb 1;88(2):395-403
references.pmid: 24315565
references.citation: Inflammopharmacology. 2012 Dec;20(6):297-306
references.pmid: 22965242
references.citation: Biochem J. 1972 Jul;128(4):142P-143P
references.pmid: 4638786
references.citation: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2012 May-Jun;4(3):291-309
references.pmid: 22162415
references.citation: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov 15;63(4):1262-9
references.pmid: 16253781
references.citation: Eur J Radiol. 2006 Jun;58(3):367-74
references.pmid: 16472955
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2003 Jan;3(1):63-74
references.pmid: 12559176
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Oct;25(10):1165-70
references.pmid: 17891134
references.citation: Nature. 2013 Mar 14;495(7440):S14-6
references.pmid: 23486097