title: Occurrence and sources of perfluoroalkyl acids in Italian river basins.
abstract: This paper presents a survey on the occurrence and sources of 11 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) in the main river basins in Italy, covering about 40% of the Italian surface area and 45% of the Italian population. Total concentrations of PFAA ranged from<LOD to 8μgL(-1), the highest concentrations being measured in the rivers impacted by industrial discharges. Among the rivers directly flowing into the sea, Brenta, Po and Arno present significant concentrations, while concentrations in Tevere and Adige, which are not impacted by relevant industrial activities, are almost all below the detection limits. The total estimated PFAA load of the five rivers was 7.5ty(-1) with the following percentage distribution: 39% PFBS, 32% PFOA, 22% short chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA), 6% PFOS and 1% long chain PFCA. PFOA and PFOS loads, evaluated in the present work, represent 10% and 2% of the estimated European loads, respectively. In Italy the most important sources of PFAA are two chemical plants which produce fluorinated polymers and intermediates, sited in the basin of rivers Po and Brenta, respectively, whose overall emission represents 57% of the total estimated PFAA load. Both rivers flow into the Adriatic Sea, raising concern for the marine ecosystem also because a significant PFOS load (0.3ty(-1)) is still present. Among the remaining activities, tanneries and textile industries are relevant sources of respectively PFBS and PFOA, together with short chain PFCA. As an example, the total PFAA load (0.12ty(-1)) from the textile district of Prato is equivalent to the estimated domestic emission of the whole population in all the studied basins.
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy. Electronic address: valsecchi@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valsecchi
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy. Electronic address: rusconi@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy. Electronic address: viviano@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viviano
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo St., RM, Italy. Electronic address: pagnotta@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Romano
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pagnotta
authors.affiliation: Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea, Directorate for the Environment Assessments, Division for Environmental Certification, Chemicals and Green Public Procurements, Via Cristoforo Colombo, n. 44, 00147 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: zaghi.carlo@minambiente.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zaghi
authors.affiliation: Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea, Directorate for the Environment Assessments, Division for Environmental Certification, Chemicals and Green Public Procurements, Via Cristoforo Colombo, n. 44, 00147 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serrini
authors.affiliation: IRSA-CNR - Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy. Electronic address: polesello@irsa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polesello
mesh_terms: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D007558:Italy; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Emission factors; Italy; Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA); Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA); Perfluorosulphonic acids (PFSA); River waters