title: Brief exposure to cigarette smoke impairs airway epithelial cell innate anti-viral defence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human rhinovirus (hRV) infections commonly cause acute upper respiratory infections and asthma exacerbations. Environmental cigarette smoke exposure is associated with a significant increase in the risk for these infections in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of short-term exposure to cigarette smoke on innate immune responses of airway epithelial cells infected with hRV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBEC-3KT) was exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 30 min and subsequently infected with hRV serotype 1B. Viral-induced cytokine release was measured with AlphaLISA and viral replication quantified by shed viral titer and intracellular viral copy number 24h post-infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSE induced a concentration-dependent decrease in CXCL10 (p<0.001) and IFN-β (p<0.001), with a 79% reduction at the highest dose with an associated 3-fold increase in shed virus. These effects were maintained when infection was delayed up to 24h post CSE exposure. Exogenous IFN-β treatment at t=0 after infection blunts the effects of CSE on viral replication (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single exposure of 30 min to cigarette smoke has a lasting impact on epithelial innate defence providing a plausible mechanism for the increase in respiratory infections seen in children exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Jayden
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Linping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gangell
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: e.fantino@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fantino
authors.affiliation: Children's Lung, Environment and Asthma Research Team, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001980:Bronchi / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000235:genetics; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012906:Smoke; D016899:Interferon-beta
keywords: Cigarette smoke; Epithelial cells; Innate immunity; Interferon-β; Rhinovirus