title: Ultraviolet A irradiation increases the permeation of fullerenes into human and porcine skin from C₆₀-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) aggregate dispersions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterise C₆₀-poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) dispersions, to analyse the cutaneous absorption of fullerenes as well as to evaluate whether UVA radiation (UVA-R) could modify its permeation profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dispersions were characterised according to their pH, particle size, zeta potential, and morphology. Skin absorption studies were performed using porcine or human skin under UVA or sham irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The C₆₀ aggregate size was 129 ± 54 nm (as determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis) and the zeta potential was -4.93 ± 1.72 mV. The C₆₀ aggregates presented an irregular shape (as measured by transmission electron microscopy) and permeated through human and porcine skin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C₆₀-PVP aggregates were adequately characterised. Human skin was less permeable than porcine skin, and the presence of UVA-R increased the C₆₀ content up to the dermis.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriele Dadalt
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Souto
authors.forename: Adriana Raffin
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pohlmann
authors.forename: Sílvia Stanisçuaski
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Guterres
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010316:Particle Size; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013552:Swine; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D011205:Povidone; C069837:fullerene C60