title: Downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is implicated in the antiviral activity of acetylsalicylic acid in HCV-expressing cells.
abstract: Previously, we described that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) decreases HCV expression, but the mechanisms involved have not been clearly established. We evaluated the participation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the regulation of HCV-RNA induced by ASA. Huh7 cells expressing non-structural HCV proteins were exposed to 4 mM ASA and incubated at the same times we reported HCV downregulation (24-72 h), and iNOS mRNA and protein levels were then measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Nitric oxide levels were measured at the same time. Inhibition of iNOS mRNA by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) and activation of the iNOS gene promoter by ASA treatment were evaluated. In Huh7 replicon cells treated with ASA, we found decreased levels of iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein and nitrosylated protein levels at 48-72 h. ASA exposure also reduced the transactivation of the iNOS promoter in HCV replicon cells at 48 h, and this was partly due to the decrease in the affinity of transcription factor C/EBP-β for its binding site in the iNOS promoter. siRNA silencing of iNOS decreased HCV-RNA expression (65 %) and potentiated the antiviral effect (80 %) of ASA compared with control cells. ASA reduces iNOS expression by downregulating promoter activity, mRNA and protein levels at the same time that it decreases HCV expression. These findings suggest that the antiviral activity of ASA is mediated partially through the modulation of iNOS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Ave. Francisco I. Madero y Ave. Gonzalitos s/n CP 64460, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Clara Patricia
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ríos-Ibarra
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lozano-Sepulveda
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Espinosa
authors.forename: Ana Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rincón-Sánchez
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordova-Fletes
authors.forename: Ana María G
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rivas-Estilla
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D001241:Aspirin