title: Neuropharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics of the citrus flavonoids hesperidin and hesperetin--a mini-review.
abstract: Hesperidin (Hsd) and its aglycone, hesperetin (Hst), are two flavonoids from citrus species that have various biological properties. Over the past decade, a large number of papers have been published regarding the biological activities of these compounds and their molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we reviewed the neuropharmacology of Hsd and Hst as a recently emerged topic that has not been addressed in the past. Some of molecular targets and signaling pathways for neuropharmacological effects of Hst and Hsd, including antidepressant, neuroprotective and the effects of Hsd/Hst on memory, have also been included in the review. We also discussed the mechanisms of actions for antidepressant activities of Hsd and Hst. In addition, pharmacokinetics of Hsd and Hst, their interaction with some drugs such as atenolol, diltiazem, felodipine and verapamil, as well as related underlying mechanisms have been discussed.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roohbakhsh
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamideh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parhiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rezaee
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: Iranshahim@mums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iranshahi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000737:chemistry; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D016593:Terfenadine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C093230:fexofenadine; D006569:Hesperidin; C013015:hesperetin
keywords: Aliskiren; Anti-nociceptive; Bioavailability; Cytochrome P450; Fexofenadine; Flavonoid