title: Cholesterol crystals induce inflammatory cytokines expression in a human retinal pigment epithelium cell line by activating the NF-κB pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in ARPE-19 cells after stimulation with cholesterol crystals.
  
  
  METHODS
  APRE-19 cells were cultured, primed with IL-1α, and treated with cholesterol crystals under different concentrations. Inflammatory cytokines (mature-IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) in supernatant and inflammatory cytokines (pro-IL-1β, IL-18) in cell lysate were detected by western blot. The NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY 11-7082 was used to determine the pathway of cytokine expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholesterol crystals did not induce the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, but did increase pro-IL-1β expression in ARPE-19 cells. Cholesterol crystals increased pro-IL-1β expression by activating the NF-κB pathway. Cholesterol crystal activation of the NF-κB pathway also leads to increased IL-6 and IL-8 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cholesterol crystals can induce inflammatory cytokine expression in ARPE-19 cells by activating the NF-κB pathway.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Haijiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dib
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Alp
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouzika
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Yueran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410015, China.
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Joan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Demetrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Vavvas
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D003460:Crystallization; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C434003:3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenitrile; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009570:Nitriles; D013450:Sulfones; D002784:Cholesterol
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