title: Natural variation in arsenate tolerance identifies an arsenate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: The enormous amount of environmental arsenic was a major factor in determining the biochemistry of incipient life forms early in the Earth's history. The most abundant chemical form in the reducing atmosphere was arsenite, which forced organisms to evolve strategies to manage this chemical species. Following the great oxygenation event, arsenite oxidized to arsenate and the action of arsenate reductases became a central survival requirement. The identity of a biologically relevant arsenate reductase in plants nonetheless continues to be debated. Here we identify a quantitative trait locus that encodes a novel arsenate reductase critical for arsenic tolerance in plants. Functional analyses indicate that several non-additive polymorphisms affect protein structure and account for the natural variation in arsenate reductase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. This study shows that arsenate reductases are an essential component for natural plant variation in As(V) tolerance.
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain [2] [3].
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Bermejo
authors.affiliation: 1] Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain [2].
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: del Llano
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarco-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Dannys Jorge
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Martinez-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leo-del Puerto
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Riansares
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cámara
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paz-Ares
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alonso-Blanco
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leyva
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053502:Arsenate Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry*; D018053:Arsenites / Q000737:chemistry; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013884:Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018053:Arsenites; D053502:Arsenate Reductases; D013884:Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase; C015001:arsenite; D001151:Arsenic; D010100:Oxygen