title: Effects of fluoridated milk on root dentin remineralization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of root caries is increasing with greater life expectancy and number of retained teeth. Therefore, new preventive strategies should be developed to reduce the prevalence of root caries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fluoridated milk on the remineralization of root dentin and to compare these effects to those of sodium fluoride (NaF) application without milk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty extracted human molars were divided into 6 groups, and the root cementum was removed from each tooth. The dentin surface was demineralized and then incubated with one of the following six solutions: Sodium chloride NaCl, artificial saliva, milk, milk+2.5 ppm fluoride, milk+10 ppm fluoride and artificial saliva+10 ppm fluoride. Serial sections were cut through the lesions and investigated with polarized light microscopy and quantitative morphometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were statistically evaluated using a one-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The depth of the lesion decreased with increasing fluoride concentration and was the smallest after incubation with artificial saliva+10 ppm fluoride. SEM analysis revealed a clearly demarcated superficial remineralized zone after incubation with milk+2.5 ppm fluoride, milk+10 ppm fluoride and artificial saliva+10 ppm fluoride. Ca content in this zone increased with increasing fluoride content and was highest after artificial saliva+10 ppm fluoride incubation. In the artificial saliva+10 ppm fluoride group, an additional crystalline layer was present on top of the lesion that contained elevated levels of F and Ca.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incubation of root dentin with fluoridated milk showed a clear effect on root dentin remineralization, and incubation with NaF dissolved in artificial saliva demonstrated a stronger effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Bastian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Heidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.
authors.forename: Ella A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005459:Fluorides
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