title: Triterpene glycosides from red ginseng marc and their anti-inflammatory activities.
abstract: Three new triterpene glycosides ursan-3β,19α,22β-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (2'→1″)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), ursan-3α,11β-diol-3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'→1″)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6″→1‴)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6‴→1‴')-α-D-glucopyranoside (2) and lanost-5,24-dien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'→1″)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(6″→1‴)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), together with one known compound were isolated and identified from the marc of red ginseng. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds (1-3) were investigated for anti-inflammatory effects using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In the cell proliferation assay, lipopolysaccharide stimulation decreased cell proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, but the suppression of cell proliferation was significantly protected by treatment with compounds 2 and 3. Compounds 2 and 3 had a suppressive effect on the production of nitric oxide (NO), and they inhibited mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines such as two interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α. These findings suggest that compounds 2 and 3 have potential anti-inflammatory activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ill-Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ock
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea.
authors.forename: Inmyoung
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Hye
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ye-Sul
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Suk
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea. Electronic address: ateeque97@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ateeque
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D006027:Glycosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014315:Triterpenes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Antiinflammatory activity; Araliaceae; Panax ginseng; Triterpene glycosides