title: Human urinary mutagenicity after wood smoke exposure during traditional temazcal use.
abstract: In Central America, the traditional temazcales or wood-fired steam baths, commonly used by many Native American populations, are often heated by wood fires with little ventilation, and this use results in high wood smoke exposure. Urinary mutagenicity has been previously employed as a non-invasive biomarker of human exposure to combustion emissions. This study examined the urinary mutagenicity in 19 indigenous Mayan families from the highlands of Guatemala who regularly use temazcales (N = 32), as well as control (unexposed) individuals from the same population (N = 9). Urine samples collected before and after temazcal exposure were enzymatically deconjugated and extracted using solid-phase extraction. The creatinine-adjusted mutagenic potency of urine extracts was assessed using the plate-incorporation version of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strain YG1041 in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. The post-exposure mutagenic potency of urine extracts were, on average, 1.7-fold higher than pre-exposure samples (P < 0.005) and also significantly more mutagenic than the control samples (P < 0.05). Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was ~10 times higher following temazcal use (P < 0.0001), and both CO level and time spent in temazcal were positively associated with urinary mutagenic potency (i.e. P < 0.0001 and P = 0.01, respectively). Thus, the wood smoke exposure associated with temazcal use contributes to increased excretion of conjugated mutagenic metabolites. Moreover, urinary mutagenic potency is correlated with other metrics of exposure (i.e. exhaled CO, duration of exposure). Since urinary mutagenicity is a biomarker associated with genetic damage, temazcal use may therefore be expected to contribute to an increased risk of DNA damage and mutation, effects associated with the initiation of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and Centro del Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala alexandra.long@hc-sc.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Alexandra S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lemieux
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Mercado
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and.
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Centro del Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Carolina Romero
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Orellana
authors.affiliation: Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and Centro del Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and.
authors.forename: Kirk R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Holland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006166:Guatemala; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009153:Mutagens; D012906:Smoke; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
references.citation: J Anal Toxicol. 2006 Apr;30(3):187-95
references.pmid: 16803653
references.citation: Cancer Res. 1982 Nov;42(11):4792-6
references.pmid: 6751527
references.citation: Toxicology. 1998 May 15;127(1-3):69-84
references.pmid: 9699795
references.citation: Toxicol Lett. 1999 Sep 5;108(2-3):201-7
references.pmid: 10511263
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Aug 1;206(1):73-93
references.pmid: 15963346
references.citation: Br J Ind Med. 1988 May;45(5):353-8
references.pmid: 3378017
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2007 Jan;19(1):67-106
references.pmid: 17127644
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1990 Mar;11(3):397-403
references.pmid: 2311182
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1983 May;19(1):85-90
references.pmid: 6850572
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2007 May 15;41(10):3481-7
references.pmid: 17547167
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Jun;13(6):1005-12
references.pmid: 15184257
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2000 Oct 10;470(1):53-70
references.pmid: 10986475
references.citation: J Environ Monit. 2010 Apr;12(4):873-8
references.pmid: 20383368
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2010 Feb;22(2):99-103
references.pmid: 20055596
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1982 May-Jun;16(1):81-9
references.pmid: 6811131
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1991 Sep;264(1):7-14
references.pmid: 1881415
references.citation: Mutagenesis. 2013 Sep;28(5):591-9
references.pmid: 23867956
references.citation: Lancet. 2011 Nov 12;378(9804):1717-26
references.pmid: 22078686
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Nov;9(11):1205-9
references.pmid: 11097228
references.citation: Int J Occup Environ Health. 2011 Apr-Jun;17(2):103-12
references.pmid: 21618942
references.citation: Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2001 Sep;53(4):275-90
references.pmid: 11665852
references.citation: Carcinogenesis. 1997 May;18(5):981-8
references.pmid: 9163684
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1995 Jan;341(3):207-16
references.pmid: 7529362
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 1988 Aug 1;22(8):968-71
references.pmid: 22195721
references.citation: Environ Mutagen. 1984;6(2):121-30
references.pmid: 6368216
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2006 Jan;612(1):1-13
references.pmid: 16002329
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2007 Jan 10;626(1-2):88-101
references.pmid: 17095286
references.citation: J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2000 Nov-Dec;10(6 Pt 1):544-51
references.pmid: 11140438
references.citation: J Environ Monit. 2011 Aug;13(8):2172-81
references.pmid: 21687856
references.citation: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1994;65(5):329-38
references.pmid: 8175189
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1993 Jun;291(3):171-80
references.pmid: 7685058
references.citation: Toxicol Sci. 2002 Apr;66(2):185-200
references.pmid: 11896285
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1986 Aug-Sep;171(2-3):91-8
references.pmid: 3528839
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Feb;113(2):192-200
references.pmid: 15687057
references.citation: Biochem J. 1926;20(3):447-60
references.pmid: 16743679
references.citation: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010 Jul;20(5):406-16
references.pmid: 19536077
references.citation: Mutagenesis. 2006 Sep;21(5):295-304
references.pmid: 16891332
references.citation: Cancer Lett. 1987 Jan;34(1):103-12
references.pmid: 3802064
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1990 Nov;245(3):177-83
references.pmid: 2233838
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4 Suppl):973-83
references.pmid: 15060190
references.citation: Sci Total Environ. 2012 Mar 15;420:54-64
references.pmid: 22309740
references.citation: J Toxicol Environ Health. 1981 Jul-Aug;8(1-2):95-103
references.pmid: 7328717
references.citation: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1993 Oct;54(10):615-27
references.pmid: 8237794
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Dec;12(12):1389-94
references.pmid: 14693727
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Aug;74(8):3555-9
references.pmid: 333441
references.citation: Biomed Environ Sci. 1988 Jun;1(1):42-50
references.pmid: 3268107
references.citation: Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Aug 15;24(8):1169-214
references.pmid: 21688801
references.citation: IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2010;95:1-430
references.pmid: 20701241
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Mar;256(3):1189-94
references.pmid: 2005581
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1997 Jun 13;391(1-2):99-110
references.pmid: 9219554
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Jul 15;170(2):211-20
references.pmid: 19443665
references.citation: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1989;61(5):335-40
references.pmid: 2707871
references.citation: Indoor Air. 2002 Sep;12(3):198-207
references.pmid: 12244750
references.citation: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010 Jun;20(4):385-92
references.pmid: 19707249
references.citation: Lancet. 1979 Jun 9;1(8128):1250-1
references.pmid: 87722
references.citation: J Occup Environ Hyg. 2011 Aug;8(8):503-11
references.pmid: 21762011
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Jun;17(6):1452-9
references.pmid: 18559561
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1989 Jul-Aug;18(4):475-81
references.pmid: 2774665
references.citation: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004 Mar;8(3):377-83
references.pmid: 15139478
references.citation: Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1984;4(6):459-75
references.pmid: 6151258
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Dec;124(6):884-93
references.pmid: 3776971
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2002 Feb 15;36(4):747-53
references.pmid: 11878393
references.citation: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1983;9 Suppl 2:39-42
references.pmid: 6356339
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1983 Jul;118(1-2):69-75
references.pmid: 6346087
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2000 Nov 20;455(1-2):29-60
references.pmid: 11113466
references.citation: Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1995;68(1):36-43
references.pmid: 8847111
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1989 May;223(1):41-8
references.pmid: 2716761
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2001 May 31;492(1-2):81-90
references.pmid: 11377247
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1980 Sep;79(1):45-52
references.pmid: 7001220
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1983 Jul;121(1):25-32
references.pmid: 6306458
references.citation: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 Feb;38(2):169-75
references.pmid: 10629278