title: Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adult male cigarettes smokers: a community-based study in Jordan.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of COPD among cigarette smokers in the Middle East is not well studied. A prospective descriptive study was performed in the north of Jordan. Male cigarette smokers (≥ 10 pack-year) aged 35 years and older were recruited from the community. They completed a questionnaire and a postbronchodilator spirometry. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria (postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second <70%) was used to define COPD. A total of 512 subjects completed the study protocol. According to the GOLD criteria, 42 subjects (8.2%) had COPD. Of those, 27 subjects (64.3%) had symptomatic COPD. Using the GOLD criteria, eight subjects (19%) with COPD had mild disease, 24 (57.1%) had moderate disease, eight (19%) had severe disease, and two (4.8%) had very severe disease. Only 10.6% were aware of COPD as a smoking-related respiratory illness, and 6.4% had received counseling about risk for COPD by a physician. Chronic bronchitis (cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years) was reported by 15% of the subjects, wheezes by 44.1%, and dyspnea by 65.2%. Subjects with COPD reported having more chronic bronchitis 18/42 (42.9%) and wheezing 28/42 (66.7%) than subjects without COPD. The prevalence of COPD increased with increased number of pack-years smoked. In conclusion, COPD prevalence among cigarette-smoking men in Jordan is lower than in the developed world. COPD was largely underdiagnosed, despite the majority of participants being symptomatic and having moderate to severe disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mousa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Omari
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Basheer Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Khassawneh
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Yousef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khader
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ali Shakir
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dauod
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001364:Awareness; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014797:Vital Capacity
keywords: COPD; GOLD; Jordan; chronic bronchitis; smoking; spirometry
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