title: Effects of supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid content on circulating inflammatory markers in a randomized controlled trial of healthy adults.
abstract: The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated (n-3 PUFA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may have anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated the dose-response effect of EPA+DHA supplementation on circulating TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP and explored associations between red blood cell (RBC) membrane PUFA content and TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. Young adults with low fish intake (n=116) received one of five doses (0, 300, 600, 900, or 1,800 mg/d EPA+DHA) for 5 months. There were no significant effects of supplemental EPA+DHA on IL-6 or CRP; however, there was a marginal treatment effect for TNF-α (p<0.08). At baseline, higher quartiles of RBC DHA were associated with lower TNF-α (p=0.001); higher quartiles of arachidonic acid were associated with higher TNF-α (p=0.005). EPA+DHA supplementation had no dose-response effect on TNF-α, IL-6, or CRP in healthy young adults; however, associations between inflammatory markers and RBC PUFA warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Flock
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States. Electronic address: aus164@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ann C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Skulas-Ray
authors.affiliation: Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, United States.
authors.forename: Trent L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gaugler
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kris-Etherton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: C-reactive protein (CRP); Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA); Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); Inflammation; Omega-3
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