title: Activity-based therapy for recovery of walking in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: results from a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of activity-based therapy (ABT) on neurologic function, walking ability, functional independence, metabolic health, and community participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial with delayed treatment design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient program in a private, nonprofit rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteer sample of adults (N=48; 37 men and 11 women; age, 18-66y) with chronic (≥12mo postinjury), motor-incomplete (ASIA Impairment Scale grade C or D) spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9h/wk of ABT for 24 weeks including developmental sequencing; resistance training; repetitive, patterned motor activity; and task-specific locomotor training. Algorithms were used to guide group allocation, functional electrical stimulation utilization, and locomotor training progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurologic function (International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury); walking speed and endurance (10-meter walk test, 6-minute walk test, and Timed Up and Go test); community participation (Spinal Cord Independence Measure, version III, and Reintegration to Normal Living Index); and metabolic function (weight, body mass index, and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements in neurologic function were noted for experimental versus control groups (International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury total motor score [5.1±6.3 vs 0.9±5.0; P=.024] and lower extremity motor score [4.2±5.2 vs -0.6±4.2; P=.004]). Significant differences between experimental and control groups were observed for 10-meter walk test speed (0.096±0.14m/s vs 0.027±0.10m/s; P=.036) and 6-minute walk test total distance (35.97±48.2m vs 3.0±25.5m; P=.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ABT has the potential to promote neurologic recovery and enhance walking ability in individuals with chronic, motor-incomplete SCI. However, further analysis is needed to determine for whom ABT is going to lead to meaningful clinical benefits.
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA. Electronic address: mike_jones@shepherd.org.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Candace
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tefertiller
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Backus
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sweatman
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tansey
authors.affiliation: Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002908:Chronic Disease; D026241:Exercise Movement Techniques; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D020127:Recovery of Function; D055070:Resistance Training; D058992:Social Participation; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Exercise therapy; Gait disorders, neurologic; Motor activity; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries