title: Nutritional risk factors for age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of nutritional factors, serum lipids, and lipoproteins in late age-related macular degeneration (late AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Intake of red meat, fruit, fish, vegetables, and alcohol, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI) were ascertained questionnaire-based in 1147 late AMD cases and 1773 controls from the European Genetic Database. Serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins were determined. The relationship between nutritional factors and late AMD was assessed using logistic regression. Based on multivariate analysis, area-under-the-curve (AUC) was calculated by receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multivariate analysis, besides age and smoking, obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.44, P = 0.014) and red meat intake (daily: OR: 2.34, P = 8.22 × 10(-6); 2-6x/week: OR: 1.67, P = 7.98 × 10(-5)) were identified as risk factors for developing late AMD. Fruit intake showed a protective effect (daily: OR: 0.52, P = 0.005; 2-6x/week: OR: 0.58, P = 0.035). Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels showed no significant association with late AMD. ROC for nutritional factors, smoking, age, and BMI revealed an AUC of 0.781.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Red meat intake and obesity were independently associated with increased risk for late AMD, whereas fruit intake was protective. A better understanding of nutritional risk factors is necessary for the prevention of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Lebriz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8793-8971
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ristau
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yara T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lechanteur
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2121-430X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carel B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hoyng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirchhof
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anneke I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: den Hollander
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6375-7682
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fauser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins
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