title: Bone temperature during cementation with a heatsink: a bovine model pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone cement is an effective means of supporting implants, but reaches high temperatures while undergoing polymerisation. Bone has been shown to be sensitive to thermal injury with osteonecrosis reported after one minute at 47°C. Necrosis during cementing may lead to loosening of the prosthesis. Some surgeons fill the joint cavity with cool irrigation fluid to provide a heatsink during cementing, but this has not been supported by research. This paper assesses a simple technique to investigate the efficacy of this method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used a model acetabulum in a bovine humerus to allow measurement of bone temperatures in cementing. Models were prepared with a 50 mm diameter acetabulum and three temperature probe holes; two as close as possible to the acetabular margin at half the depth of the acetabulum and at the full depth of the acetabulum, and one 10 mm from the acetabular rim. Four warmed models were cemented with Palacos RG using a standard mixing system and a 10 mm polyethylene disc to represent an acetabular component. Two of the acetabular models were filled with room temperature water to provide a heatsink. An electronic probe measured temperature at 5 second intervals from the moment of cementing.In the models with no heatsink, peak temperature was 40.3°C. The mean temperature rise was 10.9°C. In the models with a heatsink, there was an average fall in the bone temperature during cementing of 4.4°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that using a heatsink while cementing prostheses may reduce the peak bone temperature. This study demonstrates a simple, repeatable technique which may be useful for larger trials.
authors.affiliation: Peterborough City Hospital, Bretton Gate, Peterborough PE3 9GZ, UK. edward@edspurrier.co.uk.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spurrier
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Latimer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003890:Desiccation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006813:Humidity; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D008954:Models, Biological; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements
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