title: Acute human brain responses to intracortical microelectrode arrays: challenges and future prospects.
abstract: The emerging field of neuroprosthetics is focused on the development of new therapeutic interventions that will be able to restore some lost neural function by selective electrical stimulation or by harnessing activity recorded from populations of neurons. As more and more patients benefit from these approaches, the interest in neural interfaces has grown significantly and a new generation of penetrating microelectrode arrays are providing unprecedented access to the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). These microelectrodes have active tip dimensions that are similar in size to neurons and because they penetrate the nervous system, they provide selective access to these cells (within a few microns). However, the very long-term viability of chronically implanted microelectrodes and the capability of recording the same spiking activity over long time periods still remain to be established and confirmed in human studies. Here we review the main responses to acute implantation of microelectrode arrays, and emphasize that it will become essential to control the neural tissue damage induced by these intracortical microelectrodes in order to achieve the high clinical potentials accompanying this technology.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University of Elche Elche, Spain ; CIBER-BBN Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: House
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital La Fe Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Botella
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Fundación Jimenez Díaz and Hospital Rey Juan Carlos Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albisua
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University of Elche Elche, Spain ; CIBER-BBN Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soto-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University of Elche Elche, Spain ; CIBER-BBN Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Arantxa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Normann
keywords: biocompatibility; in vivo recording; intracortical microelectrode; neural prosthesis; neurosurgery
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