title: Consumption of berries, fruits and vegetables and mortality among 10,000 Norwegian men followed for four decades.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been investigated by several studies, whereas fewer studies have examined consumption of vegetables and fruits in relation to all-cause mortality. Studies on berries, a rich source of antioxidants, are rare. The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between intake of vegetables, fruits and berries (together and separately) and the risk of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality due to cancer and CVD and subtypes of these, in a cohort with very long follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from a population-based prospective Norwegian cohort study of 10,000 men followed from 1968 through 2008. Information on vegetable, fruit and berry consumption was available from a food frequency questionnaire. Association between these and all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality due to cancers and CVDs were investigated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men who in total consumed vegetables, fruit and berries more than 27 times per month had an 8-10% reduced risk of all-cause mortality compared with men with a lower consumption. They also had a 20% reduced risk of stroke mortality. Consumption of fruit was inversely related to overall cancer mortality, with hazard rate ratios of 0.94, 0.84 and 0.79 in the second, third and firth quartile, respectively, compared with the first quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries was associated with a delayed risk of all-cause mortality and of mortality due to cancer and stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1046, 0317, Oslo, Norway, anette.hjartaker@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hjartåker
authors.forename: Markus Dines
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Steinar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tretli
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009043:Motor Activity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D009664:Norway; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
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