title: Alterations of regional homogeneity in pediatric bipolar depression: a resting-state fMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) has attracted increasing attentions due to its high prevalence and great influence on social functions of children and adolescents. However, the pathophysiology underlying PBD remains unclear. In the present study, the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to detect abnormalities of baseline brain functions in depressed PBD youth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen youth with PBD-depression aged 10 - 18 years old and 18 age- and sex-matched normal controls were recruited in this study. The fMRI data under resting state were obtained on a Siemens 3.0 Tesla scanner and were analyzed using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method. Correlations between the ReHo values of each survived area and the severity of depression symptoms in patients were further analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared with the control group, PBD-depression patients showed decreased ReHo in the medial frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, and the right putamen. Significant negative correlations of the mood and feelings questionnaire scores with mean ReHo values in the medial frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus in PBD-depression patients were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that extensive regions with altered baseline brain activities are existed in PBD-depression and these brain regions mainly locate in the fronto-limbic circuit and associated striatal structures. Moreover, the present findings also add to our understanding that there could be unique neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying PBD-depression.
authors.forename: Weijia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Shaojia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Rongfeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Dali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China. cjr.luguangming@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Linyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 1;67(5):422-31
references.pmid: 20159144
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2008 Feb;10(1 Pt 2):144-52
references.pmid: 18199233
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;41(4):327-36
references.pmid: 17464719
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2010 Oct 15;53(1):58-64
references.pmid: 20595014
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57978
references.pmid: 23526961
references.citation: Early Interv Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;2(4):225-33
references.pmid: 19190727
references.citation: Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003 Dec;5(6):417-8
references.pmid: 14609495
references.citation: Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 7;38(2):127-33
references.pmid: 22414616
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2012 Jun;14(4):432-41
references.pmid: 22524493
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;36(7):980-8
references.pmid: 9204677
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013 Jul;38(4):232-40
references.pmid: 23735583
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;51(2):157-170.e5
references.pmid: 22265362
references.citation: Brain Imaging Behav. 2012 Sep;6(3):397-403
references.pmid: 22370913
references.citation: Brain Connect. 2013;3(3):240-54
references.pmid: 23510272
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2013 Sep 5;150(2):610-5
references.pmid: 23489395
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2004 May;22(1):394-400
references.pmid: 15110032
references.citation: Sleep Med. 2012 Jun;13(6):720-7
references.pmid: 22503940
references.citation: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Mar;11(2 Pt 2):334-43
references.pmid: 20218796
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;10(1):105-16
references.pmid: 15340357
references.citation: Hum Brain Mapp. 2009 May;30(5):1502-10
references.pmid: 18649351
references.citation: PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48181
references.pmid: 23133615
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2011 May;128(1-3):76-82
references.pmid: 21429714
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2007 Apr 1;35(2):488-500
references.pmid: 17254803
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Apr 1;71(7):603-10
references.pmid: 22206876
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2012 Jun;14(4):313-25
references.pmid: 22631617
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5669-74
references.pmid: 11960021
references.citation: Cereb Cortex. 2000 Mar;10(3):206-19
references.pmid: 10731217
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2006 May;36(5):609-18
references.pmid: 16469198
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;133:429-35
references.pmid: 728692
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):738-44
references.pmid: 21854858
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2010 Jul 30;183(1):59-68
references.pmid: 20553873
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2012 Aug-Sep;203(2-3):175-9
references.pmid: 23017873
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Aug 15;42(2):998-1031
references.pmid: 18579414
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2012 Jun;14(4):356-74
references.pmid: 22631620
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Nov 1;68(9):839-46
references.pmid: 20739018
references.citation: Radiology. 2011 Nov;261(2):551-9
references.pmid: 21875854
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;160(7):1345-7
references.pmid: 12832254
references.citation: Epilepsy Res. 2011 Nov;97(1-2):83-91
references.pmid: 21856123
references.citation: Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2014;32(1):51-62
references.pmid: 23603441
references.citation: Brain Res. 2010 Mar 19;1321:169-79
references.pmid: 20053346
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 May 1;55(9):875-81
references.pmid: 15110730
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2009 Mar 31;171(3):189-98
references.pmid: 19230623
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 Aug;216(4):485-99
references.pmid: 21390505
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Mar 15;73(6):565-73
references.pmid: 22980587
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2012 Mar;14(2):175-84
references.pmid: 22420593
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1999 Oct 15;19(20):9029-38
references.pmid: 10516320
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2012 Jan 17;507(1):5-9
references.pmid: 22178142
references.citation: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014 Feb 17;10:317-23
references.pmid: 24570585
references.citation: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1995 Feb;36(2):327-34
references.pmid: 7759594
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Jan;43(3):181-8
references.pmid: 18582900
references.citation: Neuroimage. 1997 Feb;5(2):83-96
references.pmid: 9345540
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2008 Mar 1;40(1):110-20
references.pmid: 18191584