title: Turkish migrant GP patients' expression of emotional cues and concerns in encounters with and without informal interpreters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare patients' expressions of emotional cues and concerns, and GPs' responses during consultations with and without informal interpreters. Furthermore, informal interpreters' expression of emotional cues and concerns and their responses were examined too.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two audiotaped medical encounters with Turkish migrant patients, eleven with and eleven without an informal interpreter, were coded using the Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES) and the Verona Codes for Provider Responses (VR-CoDES-P).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In encounters with informal interpreters, patients expressed less emotional concerns than in encounters without informal interpreters. Only half of all patients' cues is being translated by the informal interpreter to the GP. Furthermore, 20% of all cues in encounters with informal interpreters is being expressed by the interpreter, independent of patients' expression of emotions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of an informal interpreter decreases the amount of patients' expression of emotional concerns and cues. Furthermore, a substantial amount of cues is being expressed by the informal interpreter, corroborating the often-made observation that they are active participants in triadic medical encounters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GPs should be trained in communication strategies that enable elicitation of migrant patients' emotions, in particular in encounters with informal interpreters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.c.schouten@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schinkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059019:Clinical Coding; D003142:Communication; D003463:Cues; D054521:Cultural Competency; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013637:Tape Recording; D014421:Turkey
keywords: Cues; General practice; Immigrants; Informal interpreting; Intercultural communication; Patients’ emotions; Turkish migrant patients