title: Hepatic MR imaging techniques, optimization, and artifacts.
abstract: This article describes a basic 1.5-T hepatic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol, strategies for optimizing pulse sequences while managing artifacts, the proper timing of postgadolinium 3-dimensional gradient echo sequences, and an effective order of performing pulse sequences with the goal of creating an efficient and high-quality hepatic MR imaging examination. The authors have implemented this general approach on General Electric, Philips, and Siemens clinical scanners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Electronic address: flavius.guglielmo@jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Flavius F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Guglielmo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Methodist Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, 2301 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19148, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Diffusion-weighted imaging; Extracellular space contrast agents; Hepatic MRI protocol; Hepatic MRI sequence optimization; Hepatocyte-specific contrast agents; Minimizing hepatic MRI artifacts; Parallel imaging techniques; Postgadolinium pulse sequences