title: Inactivation of avirulent pgm(+) and Δpgm Yersinia pestis by ultraviolet light (UV-C).
abstract: Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of bubonic plague. Though not considered a foodborne pathogen, Y. pestis can survive, and even grow, in some foods, and the foodborne route of transmission is not without precedent. As such, concerns exist over the possible intentional contamination of foods with this deadly pathogen. Here we report the inactivation of avirulent (pYV-minus) strains of Y. pestis by ultraviolet light (UV-C, 254 nm). Two strains of Y. pestis containing an intact pgm virulence locus (pgm(+)) and strains from which the pgm locus was spontaneously deleted (Δpgm) were tested using cells grown in both logarithmic and stationary phase. The D10 values for inactivation (the UV-C dose required to inactivate one log of bacterial cells) of Y. pestis on the surface of agar plates ranged from 0.69 to 1.09 mJ/cm(2). A significant difference was observed between the inactivation of cells of Y. pestis strain Yokohama grown in logarithmic and stationary phases, but no significant difference between growth phase sensitivity to UV-C was observed in Y. pestis strain Kuma. No difference in D10 values was observed between pgm(+) and Δpgm strains of Yokohama grown to either logarithmic or stationary phase. A measurable difference was observed between the D10 of Kuma pgm(+) and Kuma Δpgm grown in logarithmic phase, but this difference was diminished in the Kuma strains grown to stationary phase. Though strain variations exist, the results showing that UV-C can inactivate Y. pestis cells on agar surfaces suggest that UV-C would be effect in inactivating Y. pestis on food surfaces, particularly foods with a smooth surface.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA. Electronic address: George.Paoli@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Paoli
authors.affiliation: Food Safety& Intervention Technologies Research Units, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sommers
authors.affiliation: Food Safety& Intervention Technologies Research Units, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
authors.forename: O Joseph
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Scullen
authors.affiliation: Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
authors.forename: Chandi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wijey
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000528:radiation effects*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Food; Irradiation; Ultraviolet light; Yersinia pestis; pgm locus