title: Is there really an increased incidence of thyroid cancer?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Between 1975 and 2009, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased from 4.9 to 14.3 cases per 100 000 individuals, with a more pronounced increase in women (from 6.5 to 21.4 cases per 100 000 women). In the USA, in 2013, there are now more cases of thyroid cancer than all leukemias, pancreas and liver cancers combined. This review assesses the current evidence around the hypothesis that thyroid cancer is overdiagnosed: cancers are being detected that were never destined to cause a patient harm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a large reservoir of slow or nonprogressing thyroid cancers; up to one-third of the population may unknowingly harbor a thyroid cancer. At least two activities have contributed to the detection of this reservoir of thyroid cancer: the increasing use of advanced imaging modalities in the recent years (i.e., computed tomography and MRI) and increased rates of thyroid surgery coupled with more aggressive evaluation of excised thyroid glands. Despite the increased incidence of thyroid cancer, mortality has not changed over the last 4 decades. This mismatch between incidence and mortality is most consistent with increased identification of nonlethal disease (overdiagnosis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing, although mortality is stable. The major cause of the increased incidence is detection of subclinical disease - overdiagnosis. Patients are still treated aggressively and are exposed to side-effects of treatment without any certainty of benefit. Strategies to avoid unnecessary intervention and to explicitly involve patients in decision-making should be pursued. Research is needed to help predict which cancers are likely to become problematic.
authors.affiliation: aKnowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota bVA Outcomes Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont cGeisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures