title: Induced and natural variation of promoter length modulates the photoperiodic response of FLOWERING LOCUS T.
abstract: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) regulates the floral transition in many plant species by integrating environmental seasonal signals and internal cues. Here we show that two interdependent regulatory regions are necessary and sufficient to convey photoperiod responsiveness to FT. While a minimal distance between the regulatory regions is required to fully suppress FT expression under short days, increased distance reduces promoter response to long days. Natural variation at FT creating promoter length differences is widespread, correlates with longitudinal and latitudinal clines and affects a promoter region physically interacting with both photoperiod control regions. Three major FT promoter variants correlate with differences in FT allele usage in F1 hybrids. We propose that FT variation in cis could be adaptive by conferring differences in FT transcriptional control ultimately translating to increased fitness.
authors.affiliation: 1] Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany [2] Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China [3] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Liangyu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1] Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany [2].
authors.forename: Jessika
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adrian
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pankin
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jinyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: 1] Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany [2] Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences "From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules", 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Korff
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turck
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002678:Chimera; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008027:Light; D017440:Photoperiod; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C418905:FT protein, Arabidopsis
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