title: Apical extrusion of debris from root canals using reciprocating files associated with two irrigation systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare apical extrusion of debris in canals prepared with two reciprocating file systems and two different irrigation systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty single straight root canals in human mandibular pre-molars were prepared using Reciproc R40 (REC) and WaveOne Large (WO) instruments. Before preparation, the dimensions of a size 40 instrument from each system were measured under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 80X. The teeth were randomly divided into four different groups of 10: REC and VPro EndoSafe (REC/VPro); WO/VPro; REC and conventional irrigation (REC/CI); and WO/CI Eppendorf tubes containing a single tooth were weighed on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.1 mg before instrumentation. Irrigation was performed with a total volume of 8 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. After instrumentation, the teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tube and incubated at 37 °C for 15 days to evaporate the liquid. The tubes were weighed again, and the difference between the initial and final debris weights was calculated and statistically evaluated using analysis of variance (two-way anova) with a significance level of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference was observed between the VPro and CI irrigation systems (P > 0.05). Apical extrusion of debris was confirmed in all samples, and extrusion was greater in the REC groups than in the WO groups (P < 0.05). The WO file had a 20% smaller diameter at the tip (D0 ) than the measurement provided by the manufacturer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All systems were associated with apical extrusion of debris. The WO system was associated with less extrusion than the REC system. The amount of extruded debris was independent of the irrigation system used and was related to the instrumentation technique. Morphological analysis of instruments using SEM revealed no correlation between the diameter provided by the manufacturer and the measured diameter for the WO Large file.
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nevares
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Romeiro
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gominho
authors.affiliation: Dental College of Pernambuco, University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, Brazil.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: Reciproc; VPro EndoSafe; WaveOne; apical extrusion; endodontics; root canal irrigation