title: A versatile photoelectron spectrometer for pressures up to 30 mbar.
abstract: High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy is a rapidly developing technique with applications in a wide range of fields ranging from fundamental surface science and catalysis to energy materials, environmental science, and biology. At present the majority of the high-pressure photoelectron spectrometers are situated at synchrotron end stations, but recently a small number of laboratory-based setups have also emerged. In this paper we discuss the design and performance of a new laboratory based high pressure photoelectron spectrometer equipped with an Al Kα X-ray anode and a hemispherical electron energy analyzer combined with a differentially pumped electrostatic lens. The instrument is demonstrated to be capable of measuring core level spectra at pressures up to 30 mbar. Moreover, valence band spectra of a silver sample as well as a carbon-coated surface (graphene) recorded under a 2 mbar nitrogen atmosphere are presented, demonstrating the versatility of this laboratory-based spectrometer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanna K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Juhan Matthias
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kahk
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ignacio J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Villar-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grennberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rositza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yakimova
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rensmo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Edström
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Siegbahn
authors.affiliation: VG Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mårten O M
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: VG Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: VG Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Klas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Backlund
authors.affiliation: VG Scienta AB, Box 15120, 750 15 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Åhlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Payne