title: The human antiviral factor TRIM11 is under the regulation of HIV-1 Vpr.
abstract: TRIM11 has been reported to be able to restrict HIV-1 replication, but the detailed aspects of the interfering mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that TRIM11 mainly suppressed the early steps of HIV-1 transduction, resulting in decreased reverse transcripts. Additionally, we found that TRIM11 could inhibit HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activity, which may be related to its inhibitory effects on NF-κB. Deletion mutant experiments showed that the RING domain of TRIM11 was indispensable in inhibiting the early steps of HIV-1 transduction but was dispensable in decreasing NF-κB and LTR activities. Moreover, we found that low levels of Vpr decreased TRIM11 protein levels, while high levels increased them, and these regulations were independent of the VprBP-associated proteasome machinery. These results suggest that the antiviral factor TRIM11 is indirectly regulated by HIV-1 Vpr through unknown mechanisms and that the concentration of Vpr is essential to these processes. Thus, our work confirms TRIM11 as a host cellular factor that interferes with the early steps of HIV-1 replication and provides a connection between viral protein and host antiviral factors.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weitong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Binlian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, The People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rongge
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008156:Luciferases; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D053586:Virus Internalization; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D054325:vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514912:vpr protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D008156:Luciferases; C510874:TRIM11 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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