title: Early renal abnormalities as an indicator of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Accurate assessment of cardiovascular (CV) risk is a prerequisite for devising effective therapeutic strategies in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as it allows to refine prognosis and treatment targets as well as the cost-benefit ratio for specific pharmacological interventions. The presence of subclinical vascular organ damage plays a well known role in determining overall risk and a wider use of low cost, easy to perform diagnostic tools to stratify CV risk is very much needed. Besides their well known prognostic value for progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD), subclinical renal abnormalities such as microalbuminuria and/or a slight reduction in estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), have been shown to be powerful, independent predictors of CV diseases in patients with T2DM. Through the combined evaluation of these two biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD), clinicians can usefully and reliably get a perspective on global and CV outcome of their diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi and I.R.C.C.S. Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Viale Benedetto XV, 16125, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viazzi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bonino
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ratto
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Cosmo
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pontremoli
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Mar;29(3):657-62
references.pmid: 24398892
references.citation: Hypertension. 2003 Jul;42(1):14-8
references.pmid: 12756221
references.citation: Lancet. 2010 Jun 12;375(9731):2053-4
references.pmid: 20483450
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jul;22(7):1353-64
references.pmid: 21719791
references.citation: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Aug;24(8):921-7
references.pmid: 24675005
references.citation: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jan 4;154(1):12-21
references.pmid: 21200034
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2013 Nov;36(11):3620-6
references.pmid: 23835690
references.citation: Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 Jul;64(1):40-8
references.pmid: 24613056
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2013 Oct;31(10):1925-38
references.pmid: 24107724
references.citation: Int J Cardiol. 2014 Mar 15;172(2):403-10
references.pmid: 24502877
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Mar;16 Suppl 1:S89-91
references.pmid: 15938043
references.citation: Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Dec;26(12):3950-4
references.pmid: 21441399
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2010 Nov;28(11):2204-9
references.pmid: 20616753
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2012 Jan;35(1):143-9
references.pmid: 22124714
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Aug;20(8):1813-21
references.pmid: 19443635
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Mar;29(3):595-600
references.pmid: 16505512
references.citation: Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014 Mar 13;13:59
references.pmid: 24624891
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Oct;23(10):1717-24
references.pmid: 22935482
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2003 Jan;63(1):225-32
references.pmid: 12472787
references.citation: Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2014 May;21(3):267-72
references.pmid: 24780454
references.citation: Lancet. 1982 Jun 26;1(8287):1430-2
references.pmid: 6123720
references.citation: J Hypertens. 2011 Sep;29(9):1802-9
references.pmid: 21738053
references.citation: Kidney Int. 2011 Jul;80(1):17-28
references.pmid: 21150873
references.citation: Lancet. 2012 Nov 10;380(9854):1662-73
references.pmid: 23013602
references.citation: Diabetes Metab J. 2014 Feb;38(1):51-7
references.pmid: 24627828
references.citation: J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Aug;17(8):2100-5
references.pmid: 16825327