title: The Drosophila mojavensis Bari3 transposon: distribution and functional characterization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bari-like transposons belong to the Tc1-mariner superfamily, and they have been identified in several genomes of the Drosophila genus. This transposon's family has been used as paradigm to investigate the complex dynamics underlying the persistence and structural evolution of transposable elements (TEs) within a genome. Three structural Bari variants have been identified so far and can be distinguished based on the organization of their terminal inverted repeats. Bari3 is the last discovered member of this family identified in Drosophila mojavensis, a recently emerged species of the Repleta group of the genus Drosophila.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied the insertion pattern of Bari3 in different D. mojavensis populations and found evidence of recent transposition activity. Analysis of the transposase domains unveiled the presence of a functional nuclear localization signal, as well as a functional binding domain. Using luciferase-based assays, we investigated the promoter activity of Bari3 as well as the interaction of its transposase with its left terminus. The results suggest that Bari3 is transposition-competent. Finally we demonstrated transposase transcript processing when the transposase gene is overexpressed in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bari3 displays very similar structural and functional features with its close relative, Bari1. Our results strongly suggest that Bari3 is an independent element that has generated genomic diversity in D. mojavensis. It can autonomously transcribe its transposase gene, which in turn can localize in the nucleus and bind the terminal inverted repeats of the transposon. Nevertheless, the identification of an unpredicted spliced form of the Bari3 transposase transcript allows us to hypothesize a control mechanism of its mobility based on mRNA processing. These results will aid the studies on the Bari family of transposons, which is intriguing for its widespread diffusion in Drosophilids coupled with a structural diversity generated during the evolution of Bari-like elements in their host genomes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palazzo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moschetti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Ruggiero
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caizzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: René Massimiliano
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Marsano
keywords: Bari3; Drosophila mojavensis; Luciferase promoter assay; Nuclear localization signal; Tc1-like elements; Transposase; Transposase transcript splicing; Transposon
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(2):1117-28
references.pmid: 24081583
references.citation: Mol Ther. 2004 Feb;9(2):147-56
references.pmid: 14759798
references.citation: Genetics. 1993 Feb;133(2):335-45
references.pmid: 8382176
references.citation: EMBO J. 1996 Oct 1;15(19):5470-9
references.pmid: 8895590
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 May 14;93(10):5008-13
references.pmid: 8643520
references.citation: EMBO J. 1990 Oct;9(10):3051-7
references.pmid: 2170105
references.citation: Biol Direct. 2011 Mar 17;6:19
references.pmid: 21414203
references.citation: J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2005 Mar 15;304(2):159-68
references.pmid: 15726639
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 10;108(19):7884-9
references.pmid: 21518873
references.citation: Blood. 2009 Aug 20;114(8):1461-8
references.pmid: 19471016
references.citation: Genetics. 1998 Sep;150(1):239-50
references.pmid: 9725843
references.citation: RNA Biol. 2013 Nov;10(11):1653-60
references.pmid: 24418889
references.citation: Cell. 1990 Jul 27;62(2):269-84
references.pmid: 2164887
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 13;277(37):34581-8
references.pmid: 12082109
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 25;16(22):10881-90
references.pmid: 2849754
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1993 Jul 20;232(2):584-99
references.pmid: 8345525
references.citation: Genetica. 2010 Mar;138(3):285-99
references.pmid: 19957019
references.citation: Development. 2011 Sep;138(18):4039-50
references.pmid: 21831924
references.citation: Genetics. 2009 Nov;183(3):1187-93
references.pmid: 19687136
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Dec 11;19(23):6646
references.pmid: 1661410
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 27;108(52):21164-9
references.pmid: 22160707
references.citation: Genetica. 2009 Dec;137(3):265-76
references.pmid: 19533383
references.citation: J Hered. 1990 Jan-Feb;81(1):83-6
references.pmid: 2185305
references.citation: Cytogenet Genome Res. 2005;110(1-4):462-7
references.pmid: 16093699
references.citation: Genome Dyn. 2012;7:68-91
references.pmid: 22759814
references.citation: Nat Rev Genet. 2013 Mar;14(3):152-3
references.pmid: 23381119
references.citation: Gene. 1999 May 31;232(2):183-90
references.pmid: 10352229
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Jul 29;78(2):211-23
references.pmid: 8044836
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):8050-4
references.pmid: 7644536
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Dec 1;31(23):6873-81
references.pmid: 14627820
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Apr 17;284(5757):604-7
references.pmid: 7366731
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 2002 May 17;318(5):1221-35
references.pmid: 12083513
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Nov 21;92(24):10824-30
references.pmid: 7479892
references.citation: BMC Evol Biol. 2012 Jul 23;12:119
references.pmid: 22823479
references.citation: Gene. 2005 Sep 12;357(2):122-8
references.pmid: 16076534
references.citation: J Evol Biol. 2006 Sep;19(5):1691-700
references.pmid: 16910998
references.citation: Methods Mol Biol. 2012;859:241-54
references.pmid: 22367876
references.citation: Evolution. 1980 May;34(3):421-430
references.pmid: 28568688
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1995 Sep;12(5):850-62
references.pmid: 7476131
references.citation: Nature. 2011 Nov 06;480(7377):391-5
references.pmid: 22056986
references.citation: Genetics. 1995 Dec;141(4):1425-38
references.pmid: 8601484
references.citation: Cell. 1997 Nov 14;91(4):501-10
references.pmid: 9390559
references.citation: Science. 1982 Oct 22;218(4570):348-53
references.pmid: 6289436
references.citation: Genetica. 1995;96(3):269-83
references.pmid: 8522166
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2010 Sep;74(1-2):19-32
references.pmid: 20512402
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jan;16(1):422-9
references.pmid: 8524324
references.citation: Cell. 1986 Jan 17;44(1):7-19
references.pmid: 3000622
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Nov 8;450(7167):203-18
references.pmid: 17994087
references.citation: Trends Genet. 2012 Dec;28(12):616-23
references.pmid: 23040327
references.citation: Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1077-81
references.pmid: 18403677
references.citation: Heredity (Edinb). 2000 Aug;85 ( Pt 2):101-6
references.pmid: 11012710
references.citation: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1996;204:125-43
references.pmid: 8556864
references.citation: Genetics. 1989 Dec;123(4):815-24
references.pmid: 2558959
references.citation: Mol Genet Genomics. 2008 May;279(5):451-61
references.pmid: 18247055
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Nov;159(3):1103-15
references.pmid: 11729156
references.citation: Nature. 2010 Feb 4;463(7281):662-5
references.pmid: 20062045
references.citation: PLoS One. 2013 Nov 14;8(11):e79385
references.pmid: 24244492
references.citation: Mol Gen Genet. 1999 Sep;262(2):268-74
references.pmid: 10517322
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 15;101(24):9009-12
references.pmid: 15184657
references.citation: Chromosome Res. 2008;16(1):203-15
references.pmid: 18293113
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1996 Apr;13(4):549-55
references.pmid: 8882498
references.citation: Genetics. 1998 May;149(1):179-87
references.pmid: 9584095
references.citation: Evolution. 2002 Mar;56(3):546-52
references.pmid: 11989684
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 1995 Jan;12(1):62-72
references.pmid: 7877497
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jul 1;32(Web Server issue):W321-6
references.pmid: 15215403
references.citation: Genetica. 2007 Jun;130(2):105-20
references.pmid: 16912840
references.citation: Nature. 1980 Apr 17;284(5757):601-3
references.pmid: 6245369
references.citation: Annu Rev Genet. 2012;46:21-42
references.pmid: 22905872