title: Infectious diseases in North Africa and North African immigrants to Europe.
abstract: The epidemiological transition has reduced infectious diseases mortality in most European countries, yet increased migrant influx risks importing diseases. All reported prevalence rates must be considered on a case-by-case basis depending on the disease in question, respective European Union (EU) country and migratory patterns at work. Tuberculosis has seen a re-emergence in Europe and is concentrated among migrants. Migrants arriving from North Africa (NA) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) carry higher rates of hepatitis C and B than the local EU population. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impact of NA migrants to Europe is very low but a hallmark of the HIV epidemic is the penetration and circulation of non-B strains, recombinant forms and HIV-drug-resistant profiles through SSA migrants using NA as a transit point into Europe. Leishmaniasis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease prevalent to Southern Europe although not specifically isolated in migrant groups. Although not endemic in NA countries, malaria represent S: a risk in terms of re-emergence in Europe through transitory migrants arriving from SSA with the destination to Europe. Schistosomiasis has been largely eliminated from NA. High migrant flux into European countries has resulted in changing patterns of communicable disease and collectively requires a continuous surveillance. World Health Organization guidelines recommend targeted screening and preventative vaccination, followed by integration of migrants into the local health-care systems allowing for long-term treatment and follow-up. Finally, effective public health campaigns as a form of prevention are essential for the mitigation of disease dissemination in the migrant pool and for second-generation children of migrants.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Onco-Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco meriem.khyatti@pasteur.ma.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khyatti
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Onco-Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Roxana-Delia
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Trimbitas
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Onco-Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Yassine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zouheir
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Onco-Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Abdelouaheb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benani
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Onco-Virology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Moulay-Driss
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: El Messaoudi
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hemminki
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000208:ethnology; D000352:Africa, Northern / Q000208:ethnology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology