title: Microbial and enzymatic activity of soil contaminated with a mixture of diflufenican + mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three active substances, diflufenican, mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, applied in combination, on soil microbial counts, the structure of soil microbial communities, activity of soil enzymes and their resistance to the tested product, the biochemical indicator of soil fertility, and spring wheat yield. Soil samples with the granulometric composition of sandy loam with pHKCl 7.0 were used in a pot experiment. The herbicide was applied to soil at seven doses: 0.057 (dose recommended by the manufacturer), 1.140, 2.280, 4.560, 9.120, 18.240 and 36.480 mg kg(-1) soil DM. Uncontaminated soil served as the control treatment. It was found that a mixture of the tested active substances increased the counts of total oligotrophic bacteria and spore-forming oligotrophic bacteria, organotrophic bacteria and actinomycetes, decreased the counts of Azotobacter and fungi, and modified the structure of soil microbial communities. The highest values of the colony development (CD) index and the ecophysiological (EP) index were observed in fungi and organotrophic bacteria, respectively. The herbicide applied in the recommended dose stimulated the activity of catalase, urease and acid phosphatase, but it had no effect on the activity of dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase. The highest dose of the analyzed substances (36.480 mg kg(-1)) significantly inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase. The values of the biochemical soil fertility indicator (BA21) decreased in response to high doses of the herbicide. Urease was most resistant and dehydrogenases were least resistant to soil contamination with a mixture of diflufenican + mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. The analyzed herbicide had an adverse influence on spring wheat yield, and doses of 18.240 and 36.480 mg kg(-1) led to eventual death of plants.
authors.affiliation: University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baćmaga
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borowik
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kucharski
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomkiel
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wyszkowska
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001192:Arylsulfatases / Q000032:analysis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D018533:Biomass; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development; D014510:Urease / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C521745:mesosulfuron-methyl; D009536:Niacinamide; C072847:diflufenican; D001192:Arylsulfatases; D014510:Urease; C474738:iodosulfuron
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