title: Relationship Between Drinking Water Fluoride Levels, Dental Fluorosis, Dental Caries and Associated Risk Factors in 9-12 Years Old School Children of Nelakondapally Mandal of Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between drinking water fluoride (F) levels, dental fluorosis and dental caries among 9-12 years old school children of Nelakondapally Mandal, Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 1500 school children aged 9-12 years, selected by stratified random sampling from different areas with different levels of naturally occurring F in drinking water. The children were assessed for dental fluorosis according to WHO basic survey guidelines. The overall oral health status of the child was assessed by decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT)/dmft index. Statistical analysis was done using mean, standard deviation, standard error, Z-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of fluorosis was 74.9%. Number of children having dental fluorosis was highest in children who consume water from bore wells. Caries prevalence in the study population was about 56.5%. Caries prevalence and mean DMFT/dmft scores were least in children with optimal F areas and highest in children with below optimal F areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was moderate prevalence of fluorosis in Nelakondapally Mandal of Khammam district, and caries prevalence is high in areas below optimal F areas. How to cite the article: Shanthi M, Reddy BV, Venkataramana V, Gowrisankar S, Reddy BV, Chennupati S. Relationship between drinking water fluoride levels, dental fluorosis, dental caries and associated risk factors in 9-12 year old school children of Nelakondapally Mandal of Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, India: A cross-sectional survey. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(3):106-10.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Mahsa University, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, G. Pulla Reddy Dental College & Hospital, G. Pulla Reddy Nagar, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: B Vishnuvardhan
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Kamala Nagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venkataramana
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College and Hospital, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gowrisankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: B V Thimma
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Mamata Dental College & Hospital, Khammam, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sireesha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chennupati
keywords: Child dental caries; DMFT/dmft index; Dean’s fluorosis index; dental fluorosis; fluoride
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