title: High diversity of hepatitis B virus genotypes in Panamanian blood donors: a molecular analysis of new variants.
abstract: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an infectious agent that causes more than half of the cases of liver disease and cancer in the world. Globally there are around 250 million people chronically infected with this virus. Despite 16% of the cases of liver disease in Central America are caused by HBV, the information regarding its genetic diversity, genotypes and circulation is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of the HBV genotypes from HBV-DNA positive samples obtained from screening blood donors at the Social Security System of Panama and to estimate its possible origin. From 59,696 blood donors tested for HBV infection during 2010-2012, there were 74 HBV-DNA positive subjects. Analysis of the partial PreS2-S region of 27 sequences shows that 21% of the infections were caused by genotype A, 3% by genotype D and 76% by genotype F. In addition, we were able to confirm circulation of six sub-genotypes A1, A2, A3, D4, F3, F1 and a proposed new sub-genotype denominated F5pan. We found a confinement of sub-genotypes F1 and F5pan to the western area of Panama. The tMRCA analysis suggests a simultaneous circulation of previously described sub-genotypes rather than recent introductions of the Panamanian sub-genotypes in the country. Moreover, these results highlight the need of more intensive research of the HBV strains circulating in the region at the molecular level. In conclusion, Panama has a high HBV genotype diversity that includes a new proposed sub-genotype, an elevated number of PreCore-Core mutations, and confinement of these variants in a specific geographical location.
authors.affiliation: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, A.P. India; INDICASAT-AIP Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Yamitzel Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Zaldivar
authors.affiliation: Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Zoila
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: De Castillo
authors.affiliation: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Alma Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, A.P. India; INDICASAT-AIP Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama.
authors.forename: Yaxelis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cristina
authors.affiliation: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pascale
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens
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